History:

The history of mobile telephony dates back to the 1940s during the beginning of the Second World War, it is there where it begins the study, and created the first mobile phones that would be slowly improved radio coverage, size, weight, and, above all, price, that is why the company Motorola created a computer named Radiotelephones Talkie H12-16, which is a computer that allows contact with the troops via radio waves whose frequency band at that time did not exceed the 60 MHz. This was the beginning of one of the technologies that more progress has, even though it continues in the quest for innovations and improvements. During this period and 1985 began to improve and align the features of this new revolutionary system already that permitted to communicate at a distance. So it was that in the 1980s came to create a computer that dealt with similar resources to the Radiotelephones Talkie but that had been destined for people who were generally large employers and should be reported, it is there where you are creating the mobile phone and marks a milestone in the history of the wireless components since with this team you could speak to any time and any place. Over time, the mobile telephony was becoming more accessible to the public, until the point that any normal person, even a child could acquire a terminal.

That is the mobile telephony:

Mobile telephony, also called cellular telephony, is a telecommunications service that through a network of antennae on base stations allows you to receive and make calls from mobile terminals by means of electromagnetic waves (radio frequency signals with a higher frequency than those used in broadcasting, but with a lower-power).

Mobile Phone or cellular:

The mobile phone is a wireless device allows access to the network of cellular or mobile. It is called cell in most Latin American countries due to the fact that the service works through a network of cells, where each relay antenna signal is a cell, although there

are also mobile telephone networks satellites. Its main characteristic is its portability, which allows you to communicate from almost anywhere. The main function is the communication of voice, such as conventional phone. From the century XXI, the mobile phones have acquired functionalities that go far beyond just to call or send text messages, one could say that have been unified (but not replaced) with various devices such as PDAs, photo camera, handheld, alarm clock, calculator, micro projector, GPS or multimedia player, as well as to be able to carry out a multitude of actions in a small device and laptop that takes virtually the entire world of developed countries. In this type of evolution of the mobile phone is also known as smartphone. The first record with regard to the mobile phone is the company Motorola, with its model DynaTAC 8000X. The model was designed by an engineer for Motorola Rudy Krolopp in 1983. The model weighed slightly less than a kilo and it had a value of almost 4000 us dollars. Krolopp would subsequently be incorporated to the computer for research and development of Motorola led by Martin Cooper. Both Cooper as Krolopp appear as owners of the original patent. From the DynaTAC 8000X, Motorola would develop new models such as the Motorola MicroTAC, launched in 1989, and the Motorola StarTAC, launched in 1996 to the market.

Operation of the mobile telephony:

Telephone communication is possible thanks to the interconnection between mobile central and public. According to the bands or frequencies in which it operates the mobile, will be able to operate in a part of the world or another. Mobile telephony is a combination of a network of stations transmitting-receiving radio (repeaters, base stations or BTS) and a series of telephone exchanges of commutation of 1er and 5or level (MSC and BSC respectively), which enables communication between terminals portable phone (mobile phones) or between portable terminals and telephones of the fixed network traditional.

In its operations, the mobile phone establishes communication with a base station, and as it is moved, the computational systems to manage the network are changing the call to the next base station in a transparent manner for the user. That is why it is said that the base stations form a network of cells, which diaper of bee, serving each base station to the mobile teams that are found in his cell.

Evolution and technological convergence:

The evolution of the mobile phone has helped to reduce its size and weight, from the Motorola DynaTAC, the first mobile phone in 1983 that weighed 800 grams, more compact and with greater benefits of service. The development of batteries smaller and longer in duration, screens sharper, colors, the incorporation of software more userfriendly, make the mobile phone an element very appreciated in modern life. The advance of technology has made these devices incorporate functions that not long ago seemed futuristic, like games, playing MP3 music and other formats, e-mail, SMS, handheld PDA, digital photography, digital video, video call, Internet browsing, GPS, and up to digital television. Mobile Companies are already thinking about new applications for this small appliance that accompanies us to all parties. Some of these ideas are: means of payment, locator id and people.

Mobile Internet:
With the emergence of digital mobile telephony, it was possible to access pages of the Internet specially designed for mobile phones, known as WAP technology. The first connections made by a telephone call to a number of the operator through which data transmission in a similar manner as you would a PC modem. Subsequently, he was born on GPRS, which allowed access to the Internet using TCP/IP protocol. Using proper software it is possible to access from a mobile terminal to services such as FTP, Telnet, instant messaging, e-mail, using the same protocols as a conventional computer. The speed of the GPRS is 54kbit/s in optimal conditions, and rate depending on the amount of information transmitted and received.

Other more recent technologies that allow access to the Internet are EDGE, EvDO, HSPA and WiMAX. On the other hand, there is a growing supply of tablets (type iPad, Samsung Galaxy Tab, ebook or similar) by operators to connect to the internet and perform GSM calls (tablets 3G). Taking advantage of the UMTS technology, they begin to appear modems to PC that connect to the Internet using the mobile telephony network, achieving speeds similar to ADSL. This system is still expensive since the charging system is not a true flat rate but some operators set data limitations or speed (with the notable exception of Vodafone). On the other hand, these mobile can connect to databases WiFi 3G (also called gateways 3G ) to provide internet access to a wireless home network. In 2011, 20% of broadband users have the intention to change its fixed connection for a connection of mobile Internet.

Electromagnetic pollution and radiation from mobile phones and health:

The electromagnetic pollution, also known as electro pollution, is the pollution produced by the radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum generated by electronic equipment or other items product of human activity. Many bodies, such as the World Health Organization, the European Commission, the Completeness University of Madrid, the Spanish Association Against Cancer, the Ministry of Health and Consumption of Spain, or the Higher Council for Scientific Research of Spain have issued reports discarded damage to health due to emissions of electromagnetic radiation, including mobile phones. However there are some studies that indicate otherwise like the one published in 2003 by the TNO (Netherlands Institute for Technological Research), which stated that the radiation from the UMTS technology could be dangerous (although other research at the University of Zurich , which used up to 10 times the intensity used in the study of the TNO,

yielded results contrary). There are also numerous studies investigating the possible association between the presence of antennas for cellular telephony and various diseases. The rules in force in the various countries considered safe live in a building with a base station antenna and in the surrounding you, depending on the level of emissions of the same. It has not been able to establish with certainty that the exposure below the levels of radiation considered insurance involves a risk to health, but no data are available to ensure that there are no long-term effects. The Steward report commissioned by the Government of the United Kingdom suggest that children do not use the mobile phone more than in cases of emergency. On the basis of these potential risks there are organizations that claim to the fulfillment of the precautionary principle and consistent emissions to a minimum.

The generations of mobile telephony:

The beginning (0G): The pioneers. The first mobile telephony systems civil begin to develop from the late 1940s in the United States. They were systems analog radio that used in the first time amplitude modulation (AM) and subsequently modulation frequency (FM). It popularized the use of FM systems thanks to their superior audio quality and resistance to interference. The service was provided in the HF bands and VHF. The first computers were huge and heavy, so they were intended almost exclusively for use in vehicles. It is usually installed radio equipment in the trunk and he spent a cable with the phone until the dashboard of your car. One of the pioneers who are dedicated to the exploitation of this service was the American Bell. Its mobile service was named System Service. It was not a popular service because it was extremely expensive, but was operating (with tech updates, of course) from 1946 until 1985. First generation (1G): maturation of the idea.

In 1981 the manufacturer Ericsson launches the NMT system 450 (Nordic Mobile Telephony 450 MHz). This system remained using radio channels analog (frequencies around 450 MHz) with modulation frequency (FM). It was the first system in the world of mobile telephony as understood today. Computers 1G can seem somewhat cumbersome for the current standards but were a great advance for your time, since it could be transferred and used by a single person. In 1986, Ericsson has modernized the system, bringing it up to the level NMT 900. This new version worked practically the same as the previous one but to higher frequencies (of the order of 900 MHz). This made it possible to service a greater number of users and move forward in the portability of the terminals. In addition to the TNM system, in the 1980s developed other mobile telephony systems such as: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) in the USA and TACS (Total Access Communication System). The TACS system was used in Spain with the trade name MoviLine. It was in service until its extinction in 2003. Second generation (2G): popularization. In the 1990s was born the second generation, which uses systems such as GSM, IS136, idem and ES-95. The frequencies used in Europe were 900 and 1800 MHz. The development of this generation is as cornerstone the digitization of the communications. Digital communications offer a better voice quality than analog, the increased level of security and simplify the manufacture of the Terminal (with a reduction in costs this entails). In this time they are born several standards for mobile communications: D-AMPS (EE. USA. ), PDC (Japan), cdmaone (USA and Asia) and GSM because modest. Many telephone operators implemented mobile division multiple access (TDMA) and division multiple access code (CDMA) on networks existing Amps thus making them

in networks D-AMPS. This resulted in an advantage for these companies to be able to achieve a migration of analog signal to digital signal without having to change items such as antennas, towers, wiring, etc. Including this digital information transmitting on the same channels (and hence, radio frequencies) existing and in use by the analogue network. The big difference is that with digital technology it became possible to make multiplexing, such that, in a channel before intended to transmit a single conversation at the same time it was possible to transmit several conversations simultaneously, thereby increasing the operational capacity and the number of users who could make use of the network in the same cell at a given moment. The standard that has been universalized mobile telephony has been the legendary GSM: Global System for Mobile communications or Groupe Special Mobile. Actually, GSM has met all its objectives but after a time he began to move closer to the obsolescence because it offered only a voice service or low-speed data (9.6 Kbps) and the market began to require multimedia services that necessitated an increase in the data transfer capacity of the system. It is at this moment when it begins to gestate the idea of 3G, but as the CDMA technology was not mature enough at that time it has opted for giving an intermediate step: 2.5G. Generation of transition (2.5G). Since the technology for 2G was increased to 2.5G, which include new services, EMS and MMS: y EMS is the messaging service improved, allows for the inclusion of polyphonic and icons within a message based on the sms; an EMS is equivalent to 3 or 4 sms. y MMS (Multimedia Messaging) This type of messages are sent using GPRS and allows for the insertion of images, sounds, videos, and text. An MMS is sent in the form of slide, in which each template can contain only one file for each type accepted, that is to say, can only contain an image, a sound and a text in each template, if you want to add more of these would have to be added another

template. It is worth mentioning that it is not possible to send a video of more than 15 seconds in length. In order to provide these new services necessitated a greater data transfer speed, which became a reality with the GPRS and EDGE. y GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) allows data speeds from 56Kbps to 114 Kbps. y EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) allows data speeds up to 384 Kbps. Third generation (3G): The current time. 3G was born from the need to increase the capacity of data transmission in order to offer services such as Internet connection from the mobile phone, the videoconference, television and the download files. At this time the technological development already allows a completely new system: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). UMTS uses CDMA technology, which makes you reach speeds really high (144 Kbps to 7.2 Mbps, depending on the terrain). UMTS has been a total success in the field of technology but has not triumphed excessively in the commercial aspect. It was expected to be a boon to sales as GSM but hasn't really proven to be as well because apparently, the majority of users have quite a lot with the transmission of voice and data transfer via GPRS and EDGE. Fourth generation (4G): The future. Generation 4, or 4G will be the technological developments that will provide the user of mobile telephony a higher bandwidth that will allow, among many other things, the reception of High Definition television. Today there is no system at this level that this clearly defined, but by way of example we can take a look at the systems LTE (Long Term Evolution).

The current status of mobile telephony:

There are today three technologies of cellular telephony predominant in the world: ES-136, ES-95 and GSM. ES-136 (Norma provisional 136) was the first technology digital cellular (D-AMPS, version the digital version of AMPS) developed in the United States, ES-136 is based on TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), a technique of multiple access which divides the radio channels in three time slots, each user receives in a different slot. This method allows three users in each radio channel communicate without interfering with one another. DAMPS (IS-54) is used mainly in North America, Latin America, Australia, parts of Russia and Asia. On the other hand, CDMA, a technology developed by Qualcomm, uses the technology of dispersed spectrum in which many users are sharing simultaneously the same channel but each with a different code. The foregoing allows a greater capacity to users per cell. A second-generation CDMA is also known as cdmaone. Until December 2000 there are more than 27 million users in more than 35 countries around the world using cdmaone. GSM (an acronym derived from originally from Grouped Special Mobile) is cellular technology developed in Europe considered as cellular technology more mature, with more than 200 million users in more than 100 countries around the world. GSM is a voice and data service based on circuit-switched high speed which combines up to 4 time slots in each radio channel.

The future of mobile telephony:

The future of mobile telephony in this time is to wait for the carriers offering 3G services. For example, in Japan they are already operating with the technologies of 3G. The service with more success is i-mode of NTT DoCoMo that uses a network based on packages known as PDC-P, although it is a proprietary technology currently has more than 17 million subscribers. NTT DoCoMo also entertains thoughts with W-CDMA and its

contenders in that country for 3G services are DDI and J-Phone. In the United States, companies like Qualcomm and Sprint PCS have already started testing the service 3G. The battle for the licensing of 3G UMTS is another matter of great importance and there are several companies involved in obtaining the valuable licenses third-generation mobile telephony, such as: Telecom Italia (Italy); Vodafone, Orange and BT Cellnet (England); T-Mobil (Germany), France Telecom (France); KPN Telecom (Holland), NTTDoCoMo's (Japan), etc. The companies that dominate small markets must ally themselves with large groups. A part of the huge amounts of money that cost licenses, we must take into account that the telephone networks in these carriers are large networks, and complex, so that they will take time and major capital investments for implementing the technology. But many of the advantages of these networks are that a number of them are already offering data services, and prevail those telecommunications companies that have the most experience in wireless technologies and take advantage of this for new networks of the future. In relation to predictions of mobile users, The Yankee Group anticipates that in 2004 there will be more than 1150 million mobile users around the world, compared with the 700 million that was in 2000. On the other hand Ericsson predicts that there will be 1000 million users in 2002. These figures we anticipate a large number of capitals involved in wireless telephony, which with more reason manufacturers of technology, as well as suppliers of telecommunications services will be willing to invest their capital in this new adventure called 3G. Regardless of which technology in wireless telephony predominates, the only thing that you are interested in to the end user is the voice quality, that do not block the calls and that in fact offer the speeds promised. The time and market forces will give us the reason.

Introduction:
Wireless technologies are taking much boom and development in recent years, one of which has had a great development has been the mobile telephony, since its inception in the late 70s has revolutionized enormously the activities that we do daily. As in the case of cell phones have become a primary tool for the common people and business, makes them feel more secure and makes them more productive. The mobile telephonies have revolutionized the field of communications, redefining how we perceive the voice communications. Traditionally, cell phones remained out of reach of most consumers due to the high costs involved. As a result, companies supplying services invested time and resources to find new systems of greater capacity, and consequently less cost. Cellular systems are benefiting from these investigations and have begun to develop as products of mass consumption. Mobile telephony is a telephone communication system totally wireless. It will be seen as the sounds become electromagnetic signals, which travel through the air, being received and processed again in messages. Initially the cell phones were analogue. To assess the reasons why there was a necessary migration of these systems to digital system. The new revolution that implements the social use of cellular generates advantages and at the same time disadvantages. The accessibility of the new means of communication, in a sharp increase in the last few years, proposes a constant contact between the citizens. Arises at this point the dilemma or different interpretations regarding whether the new communicative method is positive or negative. The massive increase of the use of mobile phones in society has led us to reflect about the new behaviors that exist in people: we are interested in really know what the impact of mobile phones in people is. In this way we generate various hypotheses, questions that we will continue to work in response to the course of the work. It will seek to user interaction with the cellular and through the same with society.

Conclusion:
Mobile telephony is a reality that we cannot avoid. To the extent that the mobile we provide an effective tool for a better quality of life we will see how this type of technology little by little will be part of our everyday life. This evolution will progress until we come to as normal as the dial a phone number today. The mobile phones we vibrate to be small objects of desire that have the potential to communicate with anybody, without being at home and not glued to the handset of a telephone booth. But no one feels an urgent need to leave the house without the phone in your handbag or pocket. An electronic device whose functions are simple calls and text messages (the latter a breakthrough, and a new way to communicate, as if of telegrams will be dealt with). The concept of mobile telephony has changed radically and in all the senses. Has ceased to be a small object of desire in itself to be a genuine need, not only timely, but daily, and sometimes, recurrent throughout the day (telephones business). Not only call to communicate, we also sent text messages, e-mail, share messages and impressions in facebook, talk to our friends by videoconference, we connect ourselves to the messenger, we share images on Flickr, we launched our thoughts on twitter not being calls the only utility of mobile phones but we use it to be guided by the Google Maps or street view, listen to music while we travelled by underground, we walked along the street; Browse the Internet, download applications for App Store, Ovi or Android Mercado; read news directly from the network, even in some continents watching television on your mobile phone or make payment of our purchases; listen to the radio; take pictures, create and work with text documents, excel tables and presentations; we see films in dvix format or mp4, we connect to youtube to see videos, we use as a compass to guide us, such as personal agenda. Mobile telephony has entered into our lives pushing, becoming an instrument of communication and interaction in 360 , a swiss army knife for every occasion, every need, and every moment even. We saw birth but we were not we would be doing the idea of seeing you die, to park it in the drawer of our comfortable, to leave it to your best luck (although sometimes we may have intended). The motive is for the greater part of the world

our keys to the house, and if at any time, we leave it, for some it would be as feeling naked because you created unit. Some may think that this is bad, but others say that it is a useful unit. What's wrong with wanting to be available and communicated? If we do not want find is as simple as the terminal is powered off. The question is: what mobile telephony has changed our lives? Or do our lives have changed the way we understand mobile telephony? Perhaps it is a mix of the two things. On the one hand technology has advanced, and has been done hollow in our daily lives. And although sometimes a necessity does not exist, in the end, the time makes the adopt and even meet your responsibility. There are those who today still understand a mobile phone like a simple wireless phone with a key of calls, but the generations of the late 1990s, and especially the change of the century, have their cell phone as a jeep. What awaits us in the future? Possibly the mobile to be already a payment system adopted (as it already is in Japan), the keys to our house and our car, the DLNA command for our house domotics, our source of news (permanent post cast) within 10 years the mobile telephony, how will it be? We will have to wait a while yet, but what is clear is that not going to disappear. For us, today we need be agents of change. In the way that we know better the different communications technologies, in this case, the mobile telephony, and let us use it properly we can count on more tools to help us better carry our work and our personal lives.

Bibliography:
Pages that are used: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefona_mvilEn cach - Similares. www.eveliux.com/mx/la-evolucion-de-la-telefonia-movil.php. www.elconfidencial.com/.../el-futuro-de-la-telefonia-movil-tiene-no...En cach. www.monografias.com TecnologiaEn cach - Similares.

Table of contents:
Introduction. History. That is the mobile telephony. Mobile Phone or cellular. Operation of the mobile telephony. Evolution and technological convergence. Mobile Internet. Electromagnetic pollution and radiation from mobile phones and health. The generations of mobile telephony. The current status of mobile telephony. The future of mobile telephony. Conclusion. Bibliography.

BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA MINISTRY OF POPULAR POWER FOR THE DEFENSE EXPERIMENTAL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY POLYTECHNIC OF THE NATIONAL ARMED FORCES CORE-TINAQUILLO

MOBILE TELEPHONY

Teacher: Israel Varela

Bachelor: Yonathan Garcia Franmery Vanegas Yoselin Pineda Ing. Telecommunication Section: J Semester: 2do

Tinaquillo, January del 2012

REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA DEFENSA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL POLITECNICA DE LA FUERZA ARMADA NACIONAL

TELEFONIA MOVIL

PROFESOR: Israel Varela

BACHILLERES: Yonathan Garcia Franmery Vanegas Yoselin Pineda Ing. De Telecomunicaciones Seccion: J Semestre: 2do

Tinaquillo, Enero del 2012