i ae Aver —Vedue Noro und_.S_ alt. other dis Pe lie above. cohile remarning_so/. vetlate 1 ® Meastrements of centr) tend noe Value of a cheracter red: Tn any “Inelicates hoe values lie pear-te Centre measure of centreu’ tendleney er Conc! etn her. obsenedkion- cround —Centéd vodue measwes' are olso called as Stotistica) averages ure af centre tenc is a vedlue @rounel observations have a J. to_ cluster: Such is considered as the post repre sorbakive figure ef she entire deta set I+ velps to find & gious is better off by comparing _tre_average. of- one_ group Tithe of another- For eg find tthe average income of mBBs doctors orc! BH MS —_deeters’ Average _desuiles the Centre of a series : 5 __centrt _3] Mel el Het tencleneyy ote en meclian ane _paode = fun * Tt ie the_art ic_ave i ey ii Lim mit au the obsenakims ane! z 2_ bora) ne: of observations » Scanned with CamScanner_ pee 10 Jemeles in paighar area is Q wo Hs 48 104 02'22 IB toe a I) __No- of obsenctions = 410 = fo of ol obse ~obsewations = 4494 [O+9 +10 0 flO +10 +t! +2 a3 nailt tp Susnmat? Ee Seto a a nO: of oben? [0 S For grouped! series * I f = av iq hts 20 child A 2526 26 228 30 257 26,30 26 28 _ 26 2 28 20 80,25) 25 27, BD os AES CE me ql - neat group anki aa ng out iraq ures fo fe aoe et mmuttiply wag ant £ frequency _fCx) > Suromat? et group Toh t Freq requenty distribution teble = i 14 wey ) Xq(midpoirt) Se £cx) q 24-26 os m4 a : 26-22 7 2z(w) fo oO “te 2g-3o 3 24 ifs | ¢ -|32 5 3l- 2 jo Ween t otk t_| 20 i aa efi ail C.Intevwal = of Mecun_in t2erkiog unit=8 — of = x bar | ZO _ Mean io real unit = working unit 4( 6 bor x C-T) i g E Scanned with CamScannera Merits : - eas: to coleuterte raewe| a x satis pale clo Cepemonly used in steetictic; Ee ey = dives us the avecige value ——Telps #2 compere Vahies ind groups = be = Ete aig Demi is ale" Ee | tof tue rbnorma! va ee Er des eee absewactoo gob roic treatment. A (aes Perey Nok fave _any ide or ahee oray b. L mere din Gre medes jin 4 data sek __Excump) birth uzight of 4o peonteles is 25, 2:5 32.2 2B 22:5, 2s a obsenation fs 2S mone ts e Toe its ffs | tO umdercstand IL =not affected by al Value _T redian -used fn qualrkeutive 1c Ff cake ++— Derrerits often trek cleaucky definecl- ~ wh [the data sek bas outliers, mean becomes flowed asa medi 4 hepresentcstive of the data sek. In cuch a cake used as measure of centre tendenc ie =Median divides the data sek Into 2 quel par oe _Hauf of the items are lessthan the median and reraining. Jeib larger ten median’ "Ia older to obteun median wo first a jeto_ ascending ~~ Scanned with CamScanner(eee ae ae! Valu : s ~—_‘Gample ESR alue of [I poctients q@eiladq lo 2 at! 10 i = > | d sDorrcnge in ascending order + S13, 3,449 iio ou 2 riddle value = Median = 4g. i if de p's ESR cve given S42 2q lo2@e io paren t BASS 2 FG lo lo y t I __pedian= 849 > 1 sas: 2 2 —— Meri E 2 nok inflisenced_ by inf\ aboorra)d —vedtes Tr + i i l Ie L ic i Measurement of [ation & its utility fron Boosted Tf : G ~ Aertbook % no - 56 + 6). I Scanned with CamScanner= AS. ow. 2 con represent ee DES 5 # Measurerrent of Dis persion +t Segle Sralue—..cotin butts, rtn CErt ; __the_brltre stony of -the atta seks far 9 a dota se Lexinly, i id ays 67 — ii) [a's 7 4 i : 6 + he In_tibove Sele awerage yeilies are Saree, but ‘ _ue_tbserve here js ch average fails to give oy Pe eee oe cottered 0es8_0 in the data xt- its frthe obeavections = This! octtered ness_i's_collesl_as lis P ersjon + —= Inn a) i 4 Cpefficient- of variation: 14 ~2) Oo po aiek jet __iS the simplest pt SS measure of A_series. Tricine a fl an _cli Ffe rence bebe cen alues of -the extreme ‘ite ro — Rox, ae _= Highest value of = ooest- value of a9 _ arvitem jn _a Series itero_in_a Series = akilit Nc = Dra __fluct being Hors of sampling. AS value js never stable, of the_variable Scanned with CamScanneree ee Yd Ta Hg blood Suga @ tO 22 meg /a4 _!20 0.250 gla) [Wy ofewe Devinbton 2 |= gr jethe avercige of chfference of the values of Herma “fron, me average of the series Such difference is _decmicolly clesctibed_as Deviations —meosr ap food pressure of je_represepbadive series” s daken_, Some Observections “are foun) above mean =~ po a others_are_belee_—_neg.cuti ive Weilas” 0.0 Subomin e_clifferences or clei vations fram mean |_the Siam foe of he an olus aad here chfiematee ait be_equal & _ the net inte Loill be Tero I vicar! deviation = = [x= =| 4 [HD eae F r n L iqnore he Sign add lifferences frome mean borat” 2 divide bf no: of chéervations2 [x- zl —— forthe for cL = when _mean_deviedi tion is clivided | essen | fircliq 1 out the mean clevicttion itsel, roel is described 45 Coefficient of mean deviation tient of mean dev? 'S a relative measure ofelspers) he] Comparatele to_sfrilar measure of ether series: Ady — a Mean. jean deviod’ 2 is tne cient ave herd tpvatestedleal f s_ for judging the Varia bility 2. sthereby render the seedy of. -centret tendency 0 of a Series reore puede? i. thy wig) light on —typicalns consideration the values. of Gul it items. 0] ° ot bl adgeb rode _p| Scanned with CamScanneraa} SUO.ndre} deviation + = His the most widely used measure of dfs egos ao ¢ iy ; “Fo SOri eS ane js,..comment “clenoter)_ ty Syotbol"s di pera oH is defined a2 the square root: ofthe averag’ of “ey Sytores of deviations when such_deviations for athe veues of ‘individual Hens ina serfes are obtained from. Avithmetic average: — 8 (worked putas under | 19. Case of frecpensy distribection where fi means +h freg were of iam Hers * Calculation of standard deviction st find the mean of series __ Sum of obsew? _ Xx = observ” (the inelivi Js are the cliffer ne J on? 2 [x=] Scanned with CamScanner$): Find the Square root of this variance 42 get root _ on_squeured deviation catled standard devictt”. | = jo Ge si y 4 ol eas =alvariane =.) [ighany nie ae at ceed on fr i : To fs * a Fore xaraple + To fired the mean respirato, rate } ——for exornr i I HS Sp When‘in 9 cases +the rate found te ne 20,2592 24 16 1% 12 19 2/ tbe i : = K = IG TIT 418419 420421422 423424 Scanned with CamScannerVariance = 60 _ Bs 60 = a-1 ee —Staupdard deviatine = 7-5 = 274. Uses| of clendord deviation + = Lt |surmmavises the deviations of a Marge chichribur —tore mean in one figure used as_unit P verricction _ =ndlicates whether the vartation af difference of 20 ut0t frm the mean is bey chance te nottural or Iclere tr some Special reasons: = nelin ce or real ple = alsa helpe in finding suitable size of sample for —valtd | conclusions a a|_dbelficient of _yariction + ia —Tt js a measure usecl to compare relotive vawiabihty - The variation of the same character in 2 or mere different serte has +o be compared quate cfm = ve stint jaction of 2 different characters in _ cl the saorne series has 4o be compared =_it Goropares -the variability icrespective Of the ae measurement usecl in 9 or more di slribuh'ons: — confi cient of variation (CY) ts used to compare the, varia bili biy-af- one thesacter ino different groups differpoe_mognitude °F values or 2. 2 characte _samel group. Expressed in pe eninge Scanned with CamScanner-His col \ the character Se The ratio of SsD_ and) eae is fours jo Je - sp expressed las fof wean is cy. DP vt00 % mean eve 2 x 100 J = —*4-In.a_Series of boys mean, S45: stolic BP was j}25 and _Sp_was 10, in “the same res mean height ond SD were (Gooms t Sans respectively « —-Find_¢ character shows ws_gr reater varktion x00 lo. CV of BP = 120 B35. Tt eV of height = Ss xloo = 31/ ; if 160 "bus Bp ts found 40 be a more variable character athe height 8: - 2.4.dimes SI Similarly weight has keen found to be mere vari ble than? "er Scanned with CamScannerphe validity of the design of experimentel research atedias I a fundamental part of scientific method cind antoperen shia \Vauipiry in RESEARCH]. "ey (orl Cy Validity is the extent to. which acon fh Conclusion or measurement is et founded and -likely corresponds accurately to the rea) usorle: a a Validity of measu rerent t00|_is the deg ree to nl which the tool measures what } claims to i p= | measure jtelVa liditey boos different types of evidence i or an op, collect pene | Withouta valid design valid sce 4 Internat alidity = The vali of Fi inding- willy ak sthe_res. can ‘b study the technical Sourdress of on th study _parckicwlarly concerned uith the __ ent oj Combral_of extraneous in Huences that might | 2) laffect the Outcome ae ae of + 1S an inductive eatioate of-the degree te ge! [taptch fae luisitensaboutcausal_relationships — ty ‘e canbe made ba ed_on the measures _ used -_ =Basic_rofoimum without hj Pot interpretable: fied Ne pepe jp Experioental treatment (x) produce a. hange in_the dependent variable (y) =JTo__answer this iane_ — the_possibility. hang. OP) et int ys) day 1 - yy Neecl_to_conbra/ everythin and. eliminate ic “possible _ extraneous. influences ich any study is J, © roust be able po rule outs of Other factors producing the. plends_itself. 40 _hfgbly cont rolled Ca al Scanned with CamScanner5S Histon events ra di te - i ——-that_are_not_par-+t of. ent = is —A_|- —) Maturation: Biologita|_or Psychological processes. dP with _participamts thork_mauy change due - ay tothe | ing of tirne-eg. Aging, fatigue MH Hung fe Testing fleca of one - she ack_upon-subseq ent 9 le chal ttre ofthe sarce eli g rg —4 —_—d),_Tr es_in inane "|| Yeters or intervie ._weithin_and betecen observers ipcluding—lack of agreement _ 6) Gtontt stical_reg. reason the fact that groups a= iF | elected on the basis ofexctre Scores are not (as. extreme on Siompene ste sting - - 2), )| Selection bias = ide WO_other than a random manner: tification of < Comparison gu. Ex igroup—of Cormpanisom “due 40 non-randorn reasons —— I Perinnerttl mortality —loss_of participants from — D) Selection = meee inter: i utile group qua Siexp signs) si : ight ag ‘ By,” i] Extecnal_Validiy: & i ale generally. -tentrolled_by.selecting su Subjects —| 40 the population of interest or to the other — | Settings or treatment vairiahes Can the resuit— ea reeto cobicl the fi indings cam be inferred — opuiations ih jeneralizability of resus ralizability.of H Hts... to _wohett popu Lation,— neraltzed.2 ape lication. in_realwortd: ente_,experimented _s jtuaktions and! eal 4. population. See aes ss Scanned with CamScanner__- kandero selection _Is the key te contro 0g most ahreats to external va Weliity- ___m_|| Types of external vatlidity : 2 kypes a ___a) a inded lcs Se etedd ae cee Ao thne_results canbe generalized from the _ experiment Sample toa_defined population, _~ pl Ecological validity: Refers tothe exert tn eohich & -the_resulks of ain experiment can_be generalized‘ Frorn_the set of enviormmental Conditions inthe €xperiment t2_other_erviormmentel conditions sng S ifede of ae tiple a)| Leternction effects of testing the fact thatthe |-prestest noay make the participants more — = avare of or sensitive to =the upcomi, trent by} Selection bfas = when participants are Selected —_ | _a_manner_so_-they _rK i fF " s | are ob nepresentortive of. I Population: an Pi t 7 ©) jReactive_effects_of experimental setting = “the face thet treatrents in constrained! Letborcetory 7 | Settings may net be effective in less conetrain. _# reol world Settings: 4) Mutiple_-treerkment intercferen de — when —__~* participants receive. more -thetn! one-treatment=_ the effect: of previous trecctrnent ay — eee influence subsequent ones: . Scanned with CamScanner"> Experioental_desige ie a_blueprint of procedure 1 Methodolegy is. the crucial aspect of ‘| Ex ecient research, is: an Pade =] -by -the researcher to maintain control over ——_ out, fe actors that may offect_+ the result of an ~ + oe — =! In. doing: this _1 researcher _attenpts — td. termine or predict: awolhat may ecu | —— Peticnental_researcly-_ isthat_enables the ‘ researcher to teat hig | hypothesis _by reaching _valt d_conclusions about _ ii —eladti ‘onships between _d ependemt. and independent >. Variables: Pu rpose —Te_investiqate cau se e| among -the variables. To understand -the elf; [oth _ Answer: =the question, “wi =aucy) Wie Pee = mE: erimenta| research shou df abl pstien edocs ly —procediu a a era oe mle te a ——=. Experimental research | iS ONE Of the | fT wea CO sel _ processes". General) Sie rT “Po: AMOK olloa a —- Teas follone a R se = Ax = hep research — Formos —_colleeting etamda, rdte.ed_derteu ar Validert? 2 ctr reli) — ————quatitative researc] h_methads: tines anced a to, un, clea nated e5—Greneralla: “98e.0F__ more variatl | Scanned with CamScanner| la deperdent variable bre manipuiated +o determine their . heck + on ~ Manipulation |e Researcher's decision related to what con he itty independent varia] sy it hven oe and assigned variq bles i i are those the researcher are -thase Cay - —___heeiv' ipuleetes - euinee Fe = a archer EES of +4 chdice_of medicine strategy respite et FT Chote. of potency a gender = Race Esl =>!| Control + 7 | See . Variables thet might have ~ — researcher's efforts to remove the influence ~ om _-the clependent variable: - athe goal is +o be assured the only. differences betioeen groups is that related +o the fea a Precio Fa of aug chevactn Eee, oplie Ee if posSfeestest tn belg hirer dieoiwedilfage pies in the time — Pre= existing cond” of pts. Context soci) factors * ow available Sor +reatment— on beheeen Spas — Experimental “Control aitenpts to. predict events thet uaill occur jp the experimental Sethog by. Deuctalizing athe effects of other. factors» ~ Scanned with CamScanner=> Three_control_roethods + = 8) Prysical control + Give al subjects, “equal mee eee clependent variables ' ff = ls_non= experinnental variables that _ i effect: the dependent variable 1S = Selective jcepbeol = Tdiectly reapplied by icalcomto| = Vowalsles not conducive + 7 Phqsical_or_selective_comtro|_may_be_contrnite! ys so Ei Sp-conf _Contrn lied _thrnugh this. a Following are the steps_of_ecperientn|_reseatch. «| State the ener reeeae ona 5 24 specify the i ea varia bles a . Spedfa te eepe dem: Variales 4 stote the tertostive buypatheses Determine ia_coeasute to be used 2 : : lif enna Centarenis) ariaieg ee ie cept lo FinalMestimete of petertial Success: . i Lenduct the study as plonnec! il Analyze tre collected. clato._ 2 Prepare research report t Hy ed e f § ee Scanned with CamScanneroe al. oe nines telat =i Research “denis nt A_research desic “arrangement of Conditions for colle wonalysis of data in a manner -that aims ba. icombine relevance to the _1e nth economy in procedure : = =.n fact_research design Is the conc cael — att uctiure Lwithin which research ps cindudied, Ho Consditutes the blueprint for the Collection | reeasurement andanalye's of deta - it research puspase keepiog i ip _vieus above explanation, “overall. 50S0- research dlesiqn Spli€into -|0}- sampling desiqn which ceals & method | of Comph 4-Seleching Hems +o be observecl for giver study. ») observational design © reicttes. tothe ~~ obsencctioe nditions under ¢ observations are tebe made _ ctotistic p Statisticol deatgn © concerns the question 0 f -hew many items care tobe observed & “|Land how -the. eee clactea gathe ted is +0 be analysed - Ws i sid) Operational desiqn ¢. deals 2 with technigies > -| by £ the produres. "specified in the sampling, _ | Sobisdical_ cund observatvonal designs can be JLearried out’ 1 - - ese Experimental research cl £SiGn is needed because tt facilitates. the Smooth Sailing ofthe | arfous_ research operations... thereby ~jpnakiing.. research.as.. efficient sas possible 4, gietding .maxtenal information € mininnc]— 7d expenditure. of ¢ ffoxrt_, time B. MOhey = 3 wr es Scanned with CamScanner- 2 n—OPPCopricte fon — 0 particular research problem invalves ig | 1 Anformato® | Availability ond skillS of researcher ~pbjective of problem to be studied ——§ —— Ld) Notre 4 — monly Sot He) ta ©) Availability of dime | and money for upark-_ ae | Hi Basic princtpl es_of ex perimental designs = h ) Prin ciple_of_ rep! feetiOD = According to this a ——|—€kperiment: shoute). -be_repeceted more than TF] Once» each treatment js applied th rman Lp tel its! “Experimental einits instead op one And by doing O Steetieticod eccurc cy of the —— experiments 1S increased. . - = __b) —PAociple of randonsization « Provides protection tn —— urhen_ree_conduck . erimeent against the fi effect of extraneous factors by randeesizetian This_priot ple indicates thas we Should design or_ —— | plan the ex inert ID such oc woy thet ipe | Sarfotiona." cousel_ty extraneen fence ts Can —4] seri dh be combined sander the geneva heading of chant oma! —_- Principle of local control: A nim portant mle —___|__ princi pleof expert mental _destyns. Onder Mt ~—fthe—_extraneous factor. the_knote Source of > (Narlability is_made.ts_ vary deliberately _ over A | . a i | as voide é-as_ necessary and meeds_ Lo be ! Saf denen gucha_usay thos the_veriability, ib caus | ——fan be measured oAd hen ce eliminated from the experimented error: Scanned with CamScannercTy pes.of-experimental desig yan lie bit fy pes of ex pen mente research design are based on how the researcher classifies the o Subjects according +0 vario: ts Conditions RF roups. oe Four kupes of designs a a a]. Doe nectmene’ll x 5) True a, -fenental ylides oA pA Ae |<] Quas i_Experi mente] \ ‘ ld] stochtc 750. poe Woxe non pec, cal oe yr fh peek ye cot Pre-experimental research design his fsthe | jSteoplest form of experimento) research clesign + 7" -|A-group or various groups are kept under béervation after factors are considered for cause +) He is_usuolly conducted to un derstand +2heiher further investigation needs to be ca ried | put on the target groups cuie to uahtch is consider [cost effective:] = Further bifurcated inte i @]|_One shot case study research design: a E-TES EAT = ALJ OL T-TEST fo alt re e9-OPD cases 4! ed ee fe xX | 0, 7 fs Reduction tn seu a administration “of. proldinuen BX: sceuof-womnc-scale— j — Ne contro} group. - Use of HareiHon Scale - dA Scanned with CamScanner- dig ae up “coroparison o ax Vf Pre-test EATMENT | Pest: rest Ai xX Oy (ssi | x | o e rimento| ye rules - eh ted there) gn riment Gro —) Tes rif pants bgt capecioee bel +g ro Nor which h can be manipurt ote by the — — researcher al A patioen lists sn® —2)-_fast-test only tontral_groupclesign i Scanned with CamScannernei a. pap cede atmnen| ag bout Tate a Ral alse: care of both popitlcction anc} : 5 7_& oe \ as Group “tart 9} Bo/201 3] = mse Tl 5 Solomon faur group com mparison — tnith oo Ontro| i +g. | t0.0_experimental. Qoups. Half the groups have a pretest. This isto zet-beh sfect_tself and) effect of dhe pretest cats Yo S aie see ze here Short term geen rain ore Se ae) Pre —T. Oo. £4 oy Scanned with CamScannerTrue ‘Texte Gop « Controlled enviernment “yield oO grader cles ree of pur ity 0 in a - Long tert = ____—__——— — — —- —=—_- “Randorei | “Pre test [rectment_| Igo f EPresh} pt Fe R RK ___R ° 1 0 foe Daf Svolves—eoani ipuuation of loclepenclent voices OF ~depenclent veer pales ——__usePy nl 7 tables). 7 i _mo! practicatly. cliff __ elit is ous hoe rtlsoerrt his: He eta = Internal validity 1s Intermediate _betsieen i = 3 pd Pe mnerstof> aa \ ; i aE on —2 SSPE OTE ta 2 I woul Ho Roe — a) Noo. equsfvalent control groupe cles pos i & 4 Ke Po test [ae x On. fe Xa Opa | ee Scanned with CamScanner———— — RESEC Vor cocuc her MCN puleetES — -Q OF = mere yno we cimettt elect vecriccble” cn weutsley +o obcerver | otatc experiment + 2 ty pes neue _rerredies — this design & cs fetal reladonahin: wep wher Herr ac X - More D 2 GA acleperclemt—y-celteds_ b) Factorial desfan C O° 12. packers +o be fete) ooo Y 5 — 2x2 Potenty Scale im [- tm cM | Types of | Functional group-4. tq roup — 3 pathology | structucey =. proup=a | 9 Si lesen fecilitete Testing oF) Severce by pothe ays 7 . at Crgle” time ‘ = “et ¢ ——|) Lf ag uM cd | ASM [2 —— | é Psovic fon__group-. _groip-2 at = Struehure _ group-5 group i }— \ ytotlc| Pumehtoo _group-S group-6 =n, - 94 “QrOUp= 7 group -8. = = Giartedion..cimipA gece =O Structure “group=l_gro“p-2— est Scanned with CamScanner| apo vountages of experi rimentea|_reseatich desig, > rs_have_a ston nger cv held over var, rat‘inte: P * Randomization TH isa precess by eceive Ntovantio : Se eee bias and allows compareriitigs of IP Lett ensures thet trvesticiator has no Central over alle cactton oF fort Gparts to efther study or control qraip, thus. elirnircH in © the partitipants are Allocated into. gig jlention groMp or contro! group 10 receve or not 1 “Issues of the randomization cre very vitctl for the credibi lites of TI Yecuts , = Confounding bias + These are factors though mot clivectHly retake to disease orto the veuricHes bet mo affect -the oudttome of study @, Strodti erder, Cov) class Confouncling bis can be elirnineited yf 7 U i@d)_mndomis ation - farclomisatron SSS ) Random nO 2) [Restrided | [.) Randornicet gereration fondomisat| | 3) Randomicat| | conceal rent | treplerentat? | 24] Block — SS ) —Rardomisar? | J tardomicat?| x] Rondomizat” qeneretion ~Cequente of candorssettion cam be generated fom a rartlorn notable pr OQ fomputeriadd farleen no gerercibor + One _Guch Loraputerized rondo number geremdion on T = available online at Dud + randori ser. con T| Restricted Rondornicodion + Done jp > ves ae ave Sie - _ Blocking is used to enswwe close fbatance ofthe. ‘hos: jnau x OS =O! i U0 2NSure_ Cor| TSON LS DO * 122} cpproximatel gr chteny tine during the trial 49 Yathere we 2 grosps Te rrececthic Ke Car) Scanned with CamScannere es ejqne her jl A block cize of to partici ants Ps assignee! ae req ul hes Hocki within elrate. + Read the question darefully and perform the oxbhrinen as requires Wthere be anything in the apparatus that you do not know, to help you. ification en saree ‘k the examiner oF the laboratory 3. Before doi ical experiment, it is absolutely essential that you make a neat working OF alt Apparatus actually provided, and of the neeessary connection, and oblain the encirwas permission to proceed. ‘ 4. Express all observations in a tabular form, I is also desirable that all intermediate calculations and results should bé entered us neatly and : as possible. . ‘i 5. _ Nonumerical figures should be written over cit is sought to be discarded it should be run th ther in the prelinnis rough and the desi 6 ty 9 inal observations Hi : Please see that your table is in good order before you leave the laboratory, written near | af we stra PS acllsginpetine ox eae a Spe f ora ad oneal ectee 4) bec G, of diverse H_tardomis ttion: | tre Arata we enswe equal no: of ecw Trp Grants p. v Je Sin cach tn intone \ ae CM seneril diazo-20 «| se Suppose. | OO pent: igpats_o Re fect inte | diseach are enrolled na GHEE of a give or oa rtich tas Pr Theo grey | ee 1° Scanned with CamScanner