INGAL, Dustin Joel

10- CARAVARIO
SCIENCEQuarter 1

PERIODICAL EXAM REVIEWER

LESSON 1: CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY ! LAYERS OF THE EARTH: !
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY ( 1912 )
States: Earth was once composed of only one
COMPOSITIONAL MECHANICAL
Are based on variations in Are based on the physical
supercontinent: PANGAEA [ Pan = all; Gaea = Lands ] the chemical composition of behavior and properties of
While ! PANTHALASSA ! [ Thalassa = Sea ]. the Earth’s Interior. the Earth’s materials.
- Proposed by ALFRED WEGENER.
- Explains how continents shift position on the CRUST LITHOSPHERE
Earth’s surface over time. The outermost layer of Uppermost layer of the
! Pangaea then broke into two separate continents: ! the Earth. Composed of a Earth. Contains the upper
great variety of igneous, mantle and the crust.
LAURASIA GONDWANA metamorphic, and
sedimentary rocks.
Northern Asia Australia, Antarctica,
Europe South America, Africa, MANTLE ATHENOSPHERE
North America Indian Sub-Continent, This part is not solid, but The plates of the
Arabian Peninsula ductile or plastic. This lithosphere move/float
part is mainly composed on this hot semi-liquid
of silicates. (silicone + zone, underneath the

EVIDENCES: oxygen)

CORE
lithosphere.

OUTER CORE
1. Matching Continents - Fit of coastlines The innermost part of the The only layer of the
2. Fossils - supported by Alexander Du Toit Earth. Mostly composed Earth that is true liquid.
3. Climate Mismatch of nickel and Iron. The flow of liquid here is
4. Glaciers - supported by Emil Argand responsible for Earth’s
Glacial Striations / Swiss Alps magnetic field.
5. Rocks - SAME AGE AND COMPOSITIONS
Harry Hess & Fred Vine, INNER CORE
6. Mountain Ranges contributed to the theory by An extremely hot, solid
proposing the idea of sphere of mostly iron
LESSON 2: PLATE TECTONIC THEORY seafloor spreading and its and nickel at the
role in plate movement. center of the Earth.
PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
A theory of geologic formation that states that the
Earth’s lithosphere is composed of fragments or plate SEAFLOOR SPREADING
that move around and interact with one another. Explains the formation of new oceanic crusts and
GREEK WORD: Tektonikos = “to build” mid-ocean ridges.
TECTONIC PLATES = “Large pieces of the PROCESS:
Earth’s Lithosphere” 1. Mid-Ocean Ridges — Mid-ocean ridges are
underwater mountain ranges that run through
TERMINOLOGIES: the world's oceans. These ridges are long chains
of underwater volcanoes and rift valleys.
TWO TYPES OF CRUST
2. Magma Upwelling — Beneath mid-ocean
Oceanic Denser and Relatively Thinner ridges, there's a semi-fluid layer of the Earth's
Crust mantle known as the asthenosphere. Heat from
Basalt: the Earth's interior causes convection currents
Formed by solidification of in the asthenosphere.
magma in seafloor spreading
CONVECTION CURRENT — A process that involves
Continental Thicker and Less Dense (which the movement of energy from one place to another.
Crust makes it float)
3. Crustal Separation — As the magma reaches
Granite:
the surface, it cools and solidifies to form new
Formed by solidification of
oceanic crust. This process creates a gap or rift
magma deep within the Earth’s
in the mid-ocean ridge.
crust.
4. Plate Movement — Crustal Separation: As the LESSON 4: VOLCANOES AND MOUNTAIN RANGES
magma reaches the surface, it cools and solidifies to VOLCANO
form new oceanic crust. This process creates a gap or A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface where
rift in the mid-ocean ridge. molten rock can escape from underneath.
Originated a Roman Myth. God “VULCAN” God of Fire.
5. Aging of Crust — As the oceanic crust moves away TERMS:
from the mid-ocean ridge, it gradually cools and Orogeny - Process: mountain building.
becomes more dense. This causes it to sink lower into Mountain - Refers to a large surface feature that
the mantle. rises above its relative or the Earth’s surface.
Mountain Ranges - Series of Mountain chains.
LESSON 3: EARTHQUAKES EPICENTERS Volcanism - Process: magma escapes from Earth’s
EARTHQUAKES interior to form cool and hard rocks.
Greek Word = “Seismos” Viscosity - Ability: flow of magma.
Shaking and trembling of the earth’s crust caused by Hotspots - Volcanoes that arise from the excretion
sudden release of energy. of magma to the mantle.
SEISMOLOGY/ist - Study/ies of Earthquakes
1. Hypocenter or Focus - It is called as the origin on TWO TYPES OF MAGMA FLOWS:
where the earthquakes occur. PAHOEHOE AA
2. Epicenter - It is a point that is directly above the
focus on the surface. Exhibit smooth surface Dangerous because of
characteristics. rough edges.
3. Seismic waves - It is where earthquake release its
energy.
SEISMIC WAVES TYPES OF VOLCANOES:

SURFACE WAVES BODY WAVES SHIELD - has a wide base.

- emits lava.
Waves that move along Waves that can travel
the surface of the planet through the Earth’s inner Ex. Mauna Loa - Hawaii
like ripples on water. layers.
CINDER CONE - has a steep conical hill.
S - Wave = slower - emits ash.
P - Wave = faster
Ex. Mauna Kea - Hawaii
Seismograph - Instrument used to record.
Seismogram - the recording. COMPOSITE - A halfway of having a wide
Triangulation - can be used to locate an earthquake. (Stratovolcano base and steep slope.
The location where all the circles intersect is the - Emits both lava and ash.
location of the earthquake epicenter.
Mayon Volcano - Philippines
MAGNITUDE INTENSITY
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES:
It is the energy released How destructive an
during an earthquake. earthquake is. ACTIVE POTENTIALLY INACTIVE
ACTIVE

EFFECTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE: Erupted within Morhpologically No recorded

1. Ground Shaking - It is a result of the passage of seismic 600 years. young-looking equations.
waves through the ground, and ranges from quite gentle in Erupted within but with no
small earthquakes to incredibly violent in large earthquakes. 10,000 years historical or Physical form has
based on analysis analytical records been intensively
2. Ground Rupture - Is another important effect of
of volcanic of eruption. weathered and
earthquakes which occurs when the earthquake movement material deposits. eroded.
along a fault actually breaks the Earth’s surface.
3. Landslides - Are caused by earthquakes both by direct
rupture and by sustained shaking of unstable slopes. Two Types of VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS:
4. Tsunamis - are a series of water waves caused when the
seafloor moves vertically in an earthquake.
EFFUSIVE EXPLOSIVE
5. Liquefaction - takes place when loosely packed,
water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose Produce Lava Flows Produce Ash and Pyroclastic
their strength in response to strong ground shaking. Density Currents
6. Subsidence - is the sinking or settling of the ground
surface.
7. Fires - are a major source of damage after earthquakes
LESSON 5: TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES LANDFORMS
The natural physical features of the Earth.
LITHOSPHERE PLATE
These are massive irregularly shape slab of solid rocks, AEOLIAN FORMS: formed by the chemical and
generally composed of both continental and oceanic mechanical action of the wind. Derived from the
Greek God of winds, Aeolus.
lithosphere.
TECTONIC PLATES 1. DUNES
Are gigantic pieces of the Earth’s crust and uppermost - It is mounds or small hills made up of sand.
mantle. 2. LOESS
- Predominantly silt-sized sediment formed by
TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARY:
the accumulation of windblown dust.
● Is the border between two plates. - Appears yellowish or brownish in color and
● Tectonic plates slowly and constantly move but exhibits “cat steps”.
in different directions. 3. MUSHROOM ROCK
● Are grouped into three main types based on the - Also called rock pedestal that is naturally
different movements: occurring rock that resembles the shape of a
mushroom.
DIVERGENT CONVERGENT TRANSFORM
EROSIONAL LANDFORMS: created from
Where the plates Where the plates Where plates
move apart from move towards slide past exclusively erosional and weathering activities.
each other. each other. horizontally.
1. MESAS
TENSIONAL COMPRESSION SHEAR STRESS - Called as table mountains, mesas are
STRESS STRESS elevated areas of land with a flat top and
sides that are usually steep cliffs.
2. BUTTES
3 TYPES OF CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES: - Almost similar to mesas as it has flat-topped
hill and steep sides.
OCEANIC- - Collision: oceanic crust and a
- The difference is that buttes cover a smaller
CONTINENTAL continental crust.
amount of area when compared to mesas.
- The denser oceanic crust moves
3. CANYONS
beneath the lighter cont. Crust
- Sometimes called gorge.
- A deep ravine between cliffs that is often
SUBDUCTION - Process: the oc.
carved by a river, wind, or glacier.
Crust sinks down the cont. Crust
and goes back to the mantle.
MOUNTAINOUS LANDFORMS: Landforms
Forms: Volcano arcs, trenches, that rise higher than the rest of their surroundings.
mantle plumes,
1. VOLCANOES
OCEANIC- - Collision: two oc. Crust plates - Controlled by geological processes that form
OCEANIC - Also causes one plate to subduct them and act on them after their formation.
from the other which is usually the - Identified from its opening at the top “vent”.
older. 2. HILLS
- Older crust is cooler. - Elevated portions of land that are formed by
geologic activities such as faulting.
Forms: Island Arcs, underwater 3. VALLEY
volcanoes, trenches - A low-lying area of land situated between hills
or mountains.
CONTINENTAL- - Collision: Two cont. Crust plates. - Usually formed by the actions of rivers and glaciers.
CONTINENTAL - Folding of parts of the cont plates - Could be V-shaped or U-shaped.

Forms: Mountains, Hills, Volcanoes, GLACIAL LANDFORMS: are the results of the
Mountain ranges, actions of glaciers. Glaciers - are huge slow moving
bodies of ice.
LESSON 6: PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS ALONG
PLATE BOUNDARIES
FLUVIAL LANDFORMS: Underwent sedime-
ntation, erosion, or deposition on the river bed.

GEOMORPHOLOGY 1. DELTA
The Scientific study of landforms and the processes - A low-lying triangular area located at the
that shape them. mouth of rivers.
2. PENINSULA
- Called byland or biland a piece of land that
TOPOGRAPHY projects into a body of water and is
The study of the current terrain features of a region connected with the mainland by an isthmus.
and graphic representation.
 3. SEA CLIIFS LESSON 8: EVIDENCES OF PLATE MOVEMENTS
- High rocky coasts that plunge down to the 1. SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) Harry Hess
edge of the sea. - A system that transmits underwater soundwaves.
- Results of erosional actions of wind and water
SEAFLOOR SPREADING THEORY
4. PLAINS
Robert Dietz & Harry Hess
- Flat and broad land areas that have no great
Hot, less dense material from below the earth’s crust
changes in elevation when measured with
reference to the sea level. rises towards the surface at the mid-ocean ridge.
- Old oceanic rocks will be pushed away and
5. PLATEAUS destroyed in the subduction zone.
- Also known as table lands or flat topped If subduction is faster than the seafloor spreading:
mountains. These are portions of land - The Ocean Shrinks.
elevated of feet above their surroundings.
If seafloor spreading is faster than subduction:
- The Ocean gets wider.
OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL
1. Trenches - long, narrow depression on the seafloor. MAGNETIC REVERSAL
2. Volcano Arc - A chain of volcanoes. The Earth’s magnetic field (north and south pole)
3. Mantle Plume - Column of the rising magma. switch from time to time due to the changing direction
4. Tsunami - Wherein the water may flip/kick upwards of the flow of materials in the earth’s liquid outer core.
to a few meters high.
Further evidence of plate movement:
OCEANIC-OCEANIC OCEAN DRILLING
1. Island Arc - Long, curved chain of oceanic islands. The aim of these drilling project was to know the age of
the ocean floor by gathering sample.
CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL MANTLE PLUMES AND HOTSPOTS
1. Mountains, Hills, Mountain Ranges, Volcanoes. The further the volcano is from the hotspot, the older.
PALEOMAGNETISM
LESSON 7: MECHANISM OF PLATE MOVEMENT Can determine the direction of the north and south
DRIVING FORCES FOR PLATE’S MOVEMENT pole using a compass.
1. MANTLE CONVECTION
Convection - Circulation of material(fluid) caused by MEASURING THE PLATE MOVEMENT:
differences in density. Also occurs in Land Breeze, Rate of movement is 0.60 to 10 cm per year.
Ocean Currents, Global Winds - Examined the fracture zones from the ridge.
Cold air - more dense, Hot air - less dense.
Cold air sinks while Hot air rises. METHODS IN MEASURING PLATE MOVEMENT:
In mantle convection, since the core release heat to the
lithosphere and brings back cooler materials. GEODETIC METHODS Space
Measuring Earth’s plate movement in space is a tool for
2. RIDGE PUSH scientists to calculate the motion of the plate using the
It is the gravitational force that causes a plate to move GPS (Global Positioning System) and the…
away from the crest of an ocean ridge, and into a Very long baseline interferometry - uses large
subduction zone. (Away from the ridge) telescopes to record and analyze the relative motion of
the plates. It observers quasars.
Mid Ocean Ridges: Elevated series of underwater
volcanoes or mountains where new ocean crust is GEOLOGIC METHODS Earth
formed. Paleomagnetic method - uses the transform faults
Rift Valley: Location between two separating plate along ridges.
where new crust is formed. Geometric Method - bases on the fracture that
extends transforms fault near the mid-ocean ridges.
3. SLAB PULL Seismic Method - considered less accurate means of
As a crustal plate moves further from an oceanic ridge, measuring plate movement. Uses the mechanisms of
it cools and become increasingly dense. This causes it earthquake to distinguish the orientation of faults.
to sink beneath the continental crust in a subduction
zone. The weight of this sinking, cooling plate causes a
major pulling action which causes the rest of the plate
to be pulled downwards as well. (sinking of a
subducting plate at convergent boundaries)