GEC Reviewer
Module 3
Internet of Things (IoT) - refers to the collection of all devices that have the ability to connect to the
internet and collect and share data.
IoT gateway - is a physical device or virtual platform that connects sensors, IoT modules, and smart
devices to the cloud. Gateways serve as a wireless access portal to give IoT devices access to the
Internet.
4 components/elements of IoT – Sensors or devices, connectivity, data analysis, graphical user
interface.
Sensors or devices – They collect, send and act on data acquired from their environments.
Examples: Temperature sensors, Motion sensors, Pressure sensors, Proximity sensors
Connectivity - IoT devices can communicate with one another through a network over the internet.
It enables communication between IoT devices, sensors, and the cloud or other networks.
Data analysis - Only the relevant data is used to identify patterns, offer recommendations and
identify potential issues before they escalate. It is essential for identifying patterns in the data
collected from IoT devices and sensors.
Graphical user interface (GUI) - is typically used to manage IoT devices. This layer provides an
accessible, visual interface for monitoring, controlling, and managing IoT devices and data insights.
Some examples/applications of IoT – Smart lighting, child’s toy, driverless trucks, jet engines,
smart city.
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Cloud Computing - refers to the data and application being stored and run on the cloud.
The Cloud - refers to a network of remote servers hosted on the internet that store, manage, and
process data.
Cloud Providers - are the companies that own the cloud, and their purpose is to sell their
computers as a service.
Benefits of Cloud Computing - Faster time to market, Scalability and flexibility, Cost savings,
better collaboration, Advanced security, Data loss prevention.
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Big data analytics - refers to the process to analyze advance datasets from huge data resources.
Big data - a term that describes the large volume of data – both structured and unstructured – that
inundates a business on a day-to-day basis.
Two types of big data – Structured and unstructured data
Structured data - refers to data that is organized in a predefined format and typically resides in
fixed fields within a database or a file.
Unstructured data - refers to data that does not have a predefined structure or organization.
Big data: 3V’s – Volume, Velocity, Variety
Volume - refers to the amount of data
Velocity - refers to the speed of data processing
Variety - refers to the number of types of data
Why big data is important – cost reduction, time reduction, New product development and
optimized offerings, Smart decision making
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Data mining - It is a process of finding potentially useful patterns from huge data sets. It is typically
done to predict future data.
2 examples of data mining – Ecommerce, telecommunication
Applications of Data Mining - Sales, Marketing, Manufacturing, Fraud Detection, Human
Resources, Customer Service
Advantages of Data Mining - Profitability and efficiency, Wide applications, Hidden information
and trends
Disadvantages of Data Mining - Complexity, No guarantees, High cost
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Search engine optimization (SEO) - It is the process of improving your website to increase visitors
from Google, Microsoft Bing and other search engines
Search engine marketing (SEM) is the process of promoting a business through unpaid or paid
results on search engines—often both.
o SEO is the subset of SEM that focuses on organic results. It can generate traffic that you
don’t have to pay the search engine for.
o Pay-per-click (PPC) marketing is the subset of SEM that focuses on sponsored (paid)
results. It involves setting up ad campaigns and paying to run them and generate traffic.
Types of SEO – On-page SEO, off-page SEO, Technical SEO, Image SEO, Video SEO, Local SEO
On-page SEO - It focuses on elements you can control directly on your website
Off-page SEO - this is about doing things outside her page to increase search engine rankings. One
major aspect of off-page SEO is having high-quality backlinks, social media marketing,
linked/unlinked brand mentions and influencer marketing.
Technical SEO - is improving technical aspects of your website with the aim of improving its search
visibility.
Image SEO - is the process of optimizing images on your website so they may appear more
prominently in search results. And help with your wider SEO performance.
Video SEO - is the process of creating and optimizing videos for maximum visibility in search
results.
Local SEO - is an effort to improve your visibility in location-based search results.
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Module 4
Machine learning - Machine learning is a branch of AI focused on building computer systems that
learn from data.
Types of machine learning – Supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised
learning, reinforcement learning
Supervised learning - In supervised learning, a machine is trained with well-labeled data, which
means some data is already tagged with correct outputs. It uses labeled data, which means the
input data comes with the correct answers or outcomes. The algorithm learns by comparing its
predictions to these known answers.
Unsupervised learning - Unsupervised learning does not require classified or well-labeled data to
train a machine. It aims to make groups of unsorted information based on some patterns and
differences even without any labelled training data. It uses unlabeled data, meaning there are no
predefined answers or outcomes. The algorithm identifies patterns, relationships, or groupings in
the data on its own.
Semi-supervised learning – It is defined as the combination of both supervised and unsupervised
learning methods. It uses a small amount of labeled data along with a large amount of unlabeled
data to train a machine learning model.
Reinforcement learning - defined as a feedback-based machine learning method that does not
require labeled data. Computers make better decisions by trial and error or trying things out and
getting feedback
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Social media for businesses
Why is social media good for Businesses? - Social Media increases brand awareness, Social
posts drive traffic to your website, Social platforms help you promote content, Social media
remains a valuable communication avenue, Social platforms allow you to better understand your
customers, Social media keeps you a step ahead of your competitors
Top 3 examples of Social Media sites that is good for Businesses – Facebook, Instagram, TikTok
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Digital currency - refers to a form of currency that is available only in digital or electronic form.
Consumers and businesses can use digital currencies to execute transactions and trades.
A cryptocurrency - is a digital currency, which is an alternative form of payment created using
encryption algorithms. The use of encryption technologies means that cryptocurrencies function
both as a currency and as a virtual accounting system.
4 types of Cryptocurrencies - Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Tether (USDT), Solana (SOL)
The market cap (short for market capitalization) - is a measure of the total value of all Bitcoin
currently in circulation. It is calculated by multiplying the total number of Bitcoins in existence by
the current price of one Bitcoin.
Bitcoin (BTC) - Created in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin (BTC) is the original cryptocurrency.
Bitcoin is not only the largest cryptocurrency but also a significant player in global financial
markets, rivaling some of the biggest companies and economies in value.
Ethereum (ETH) - Ethereum is the second-largest cryptocurrency by market cap. It is both a crypto
currency and a blockchain platform, Ethereum is a favorite of program developers because of its
potential applications, like so-called smart contracts that automatically execute when conditions
are met and non-fungible tokens (NFTs).
Tether (USDT) - Tether (USDT) is a stablecoin, meaning it’s backed by fiat currencies like U.S.
dollars and the Euro and hypothetically keeps a value equal to one of those denominations. a
stablecoin means it is designed to mirror the value of the US Dollar closely.
Solana (Sol) - Developed to help power decentralized finance uses, decentralized apps and smart
contracts, Solana runs on a unique hybrid proof-of-stake and proof-of-history mechanisms to
process transactions quickly and securely.
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Up and coming technologies
Artificial intelligence - refers to the development of computer systems and machines that can
perform tasks that would typically require human intelligence.
Cloud computing
Internet of things
Quantum computing technology is a way of transmitting and processing information based on the
phenomena of quantum mechanics. The quantum computer uses qubits, which are based on the
principle of superposition.
