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    Asian Development Bank
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    The latest issue of ADB's quarterly magazine explores the concept of green growth: the embracing of environmentally sound and sustainable policies with the need to maintain high economic growth. It features an exclusive interview with leading expert Ashok Khosla, who takes a hard look at the promises and failings of green growth. In other stories, we look at pioneering efforts to deliver medicine through a soda company's distribution network.

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    Going Green: Why Asia is Moving Toward a Green Model of Economic Growth

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    The latest issue of ADB's quarterly magazine explores the concept of green growth: the embracing of environmentally sound and sustainable policies with the need to maintain high economic growth. It features an exclusive interview with leading expert Ashok Khosla, who takes a hard look at the promises and failings of green growth. In other stories, we look at pioneering efforts to deliver medicine through a soda company's distribution network.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    2K views56 pages

    Going Green: Why Asia Is Moving Toward A Green Model of Economic Growth

    Uploaded by

    Asian Development Bank
    The latest issue of ADB's quarterly magazine explores the concept of green growth: the embracing of environmentally sound and sustainable policies with the need to maintain high economic growth. It features an exclusive interview with leading expert Ashok Khosla, who takes a hard look at the promises and failings of green growth. In other stories, we look at pioneering efforts to deliver medicine through a soda company's distribution network.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 56

    January-March 2012

    Also in this edition...


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    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch 2O12 'HYHORSPHQW$VLD 1
    WWW.DEVELOPMENT.ASIA
    2012 Asian Deve|opment Bank
    ISSN 1998-7528
    ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
    PUBLISHER
    Ann Quon
    MANAGING EDITOR
    Andrew Perrin
    SENIOR EDITOR
    F|oyd Wha|ey
    EDITORIAL ADVISOR
    Nessim Ahmad
    ASSOCIATE EDITOR
    Maria Liza So|ano
    COPY EDITOR
    Caro|ine Ahmad
    ART DIRECTOR
    Tony Victoria
    Development Asia features deve|opment issues
    important to Asia and the Pacic. It is pub|ished
    four times a year by the Asian Deve|opment Bank.
    The views expressed in this magazine are those of
    the authors and do not reect the views and po|icies
    of the Asian Deve|opment Bank and Haymarket
    Media Ltd. Use of the term "country" does not
    imp|y any [udgment by the authors or the Asian
    Deve|opment Bank and Haymarket Media Ltd. as to
    the |ega| or other status of any territoria| entity.
    Advertising of any specic commercia| product,
    process, service by trade name, trademark,
    manufacturer, or otherwise, in this pub|ication
    does not constitute or imp|y ADB's endorsement,
    recommendation, or favoring of any of the
    product or the entity thereof.
    COMMENTS
    Send your feedback to the editor at
    |etters@deve|opment.asia
    ADVERTISING
    To advertise in Development Asia, contact
    advertising@deve|opment.asia
    SUBSCRIPTIONS
    Contact subscriptions@deve|opment.asia
    REPRINTS
    Materia| pub|ished in Development Asia
    and on www.deve|opment.asia, inc|uding
    artic|es, photos, graphics, and other content, is
    copyrighted. Materia| may not be reproduced,
    repub|ished, or redistributed without written
    permission of Development Asia. For reprint
    permission, p|ease contact editor@deve|opment.
    asia. Photographs not owned by ADB require
    permission from the copyright ho|der for reprinting.
    Deve|opment Asia
    Department of Externa| Re|ations
    Asian Deve|opment Bank
    6 ADB Avenue, Manda|uyong City
    1550 Metro Mani|a, Phi|ippines
    editor@deve|opment.asia
    www.adb.org
    Cover Photograph. Getty Images
    Cover Photo I||ustration. Tony Victoria
    Note. In this pub|ication, "$" refers to US do||ars
    A pub|ication of the Asian Deve|opment Bank,
    designed and distributed by Haymarket Media Limited
    7KH*UHHQ,PSHUDWLYH
    '
    eveloed counlries and develoing counlries have alvays
    had differing vievs on lhe environmenl. Many of lhe vorld's
    veallhiesl counlries have made lheir economies much more
    environmenlally friendly. And lhey vanl develoing counlries
    lo do lhe same. The develoing vorld has resonded lhal veallhy counlries
    became rich by exloiling nalural resources vilh lillle regard for lhe
    environmenl. As lhey slruggle lo exand lheir economies, and lifl lheir eole
    oul of overly, develoing counlries are being held lo an environmenlal
    slandard lhal rich counlries never had lo follov.
    This edilion of 'HYHORSPHQW$VLD exlores vhal many feel is lhe besl
    solulion lo lhis divide. In our cover slory, longlime Asia-based |ournalisl and
    aulhor Gregg }ones looks al lhe concel of green grovlh: lhe embracing of
    environmenlally sound and suslainable olicies vilh lhe need lo mainlain
    high economic grovlh.
    In an exclusive inlerviev, Ashok Khosla, one of lhe vorld's leading exerls
    on lhe environmenl and suslainable develomenl, lakes a hard, no-holds-
    barred look al lhe romises and failings of green grovlh.
    As arl of lhis lheme, lhe economics of biodiversilylhe monelary
    value of a counlry's nalural resourcesis examined. lher slories in lhe
    cover ackage look al valer and air ollulion, and lhe groving roblem of
    hazardous vasle in lhe region.
    In lhe Arlicles seclion, an inlriguing queslion is asked: Why in some of lhe
    mosl remole laces in lhe vorld, vhere eole cannol hnd clean valer or
    simle medicine, can you slill buy a cold Coca-Cola` The ansver is lhal lhe
    mullinalional sofl drink comany has one of lhe vorld's besl dislribulion
    syslems. ne organizalion vanls lo use lhal syslem lo gel medicine and olher
    essenlial sulies lo some of lhe vorld's neediesl eole.
    lher slories include an inlerviev by regular conlribulor }ade Lee-
    Duffy vilh Annie Duo, one of lhe brighl young slars in lhe vorld of aid
    effecliveness research.
    We hoe lhis edilion insires you lo look al lhe environmenl around you
    and do your arl lo imrove il. As alvays, your lhoughls and commenls are
    velcome al HGLWRU#GHYHORSPHQWDVLD Q
    Ann Quon
    Iublisher
    PUBLISHERS NOTE
    2DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12 vvv.develomenl.asia
    CONTENTS
    YEARV,NUMBERXII,JANUARYMARCH2012
    FOCUS
    ENVIRONMENT
    6 THE BIG READ
    GROWING GREEN
    Musl develoing Asia sacrihce ils
    environmenlforeconomicroserily`
    Agrovingnumberofolilicalleaders
    lhinknol.
    By Gregg Jones
    ___________________________________
    14 THE BIG PICTURE
    ATMOSPHERIC EFFORTS
    Alreadyamonglhelolhrealslo
    heallh,ouldoorairollulionisa
    concerninciliesacrossdeveloing
    Asia.Thoughlhesilualionis
    imrovinginmanyareas,challenges
    remainasoulalionsshifllourban
    cenlersandgrovingeconomies
    roducemorevehiclesandinduslry.
    By Mark Blackwell
    ___________________________________
    16 THE BIG VOICE
    ASHOK KHOSLA
    An inuenlial lhinker on lhe
    environmenlexlainsvhylhelanel
    cannol coe vilh inhnile economic
    grovlh,andvhyhulansgross
    nalionalhainessindexisno|oke.
    By John Otis
    _______________________________
    20 GREENBACK GROWTH
    Thedividebelveenenvironmenlalisls
    andolicymakersoflenremainsvide,
    bulbridgesarebeingbuill.
    By Gregg Jones
    46 PROFILES IN DEVELOPMENT
    A LIFE EXAMINING
    Annie Duo is arl of a groving
    breedofyoungdevelomenl
    rofessionalsvhoarevorkinglo
    lesllheeffeclivenessofdevelomenl
    rograms.
    By Jade Lee-Duffy
    _______________________________
    48 RECONNAISSANCE
    A REFRESHING DEVELOPMENT
    Inremole,imoverishedlacesvhere
    cleanvalerandmedicinearehardlo
    hnd, eole can slill buy an ice-cold
    Coke.
    By Andrew Marshall
    _______________________________
    DEPARTMENTS
    4 OFF THE PRESS
    Nolevorlhyexcerlsonglobalissues
    fromlheinlernalionalress
    _______________________________
    5 ON THE WEB
    Develomenlholsolsonlhe
    vorldvideveb
    _______________________________
    40 OFF THE SHELF
    Recommendedreadingoneconomic
    anddevelomenlloics
    _______________________________
    52 ON THE RECORD
    Nolablequolesonkeyissues
    24 DIRTY BUSINESS
    Asiaisonlhereceivingendofsomeof
    lhevorldsmoslloxicvasle.
    By William Branigin
    _______________________________
    28 DRY COUGH
    oomingeconomiesandanexanding
    car-loving middle class are fouling
    Asiasskiesandlheymighlbelhe
    beslvayloclearlhem.
    By Floyd Whaley
    Also,sidebar: FOUR-STROKE
    SAVINGS
    _______________________________
    32 MURKY WATER
    Walerollulionlhrealensmillionsin
    Asiabulinnovalivesolulionsarebeing
    found.
    By Jade Lee-Duffy and Karen Emmons
    _______________________________
    36 CAMBODIA GOES GREEN
    Cambodiahasaggressivelyembraced
    lheconcelofgreengrovlhbulserious
    challengeslieahead.
    By Karen Emmons
    _______________________________
    ARTICLES
    42 GOOD INVESTMENT
    Inveslors villing lo accel belov-
    markelrelurnsloachieveosilive
    socialchangearearisingforceinglobal
    develomenl.
    By Gregg Jones
    16 MAKING THE CASE FOR
    A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
    42 PATIENT CAPITAL: INVESTING
    FOR PUBLIC GOOD
    48 COLALIFE: LEVERAGING A SODA
    COMPANY'S NETWORK
    subjects. He is the author of the upcoming
    book Honor in the Dust: Theodore
    Roosevelt, War in the Philippines, and the
    Rise and Fall of Americas Imperial Dream.
    Andrew Marshall is a Bangkok-based
    journalist and the author of The Trouser
    People, a political travelogue about
    Myanmar.
    Floyd Whaley covers the Philippines for
    the International Herald Tribune and The
    New York Times. He is the senior editor
    of Development Asia and operates Asia
    Editorial Services.
    Jade Lee-Duffy has worked
    as a journalist in Hong Kong
    for more than 10 years,
    covering education, property,
    the arts, food, and health
    issues. She is a regular contributor to the
    South China Morning Post.
    Karen Emmons is a Bangkok-based
    journalist who writes on public health and
    social issues.
    Gregg Jones was a
    correspondent in Asia for 10
    years, covering development
    issues, civil wars and other
    vvv.develomenl.asia
    Contributors
    Development Asia
    House AD
    Mark Blackwell has more than 20 years of
    experience covering issues ranging from
    science and economics to politics and
    international affairs for news organizations,
    including the Hearst Corporation and
    Capital Cities/ABC. He specializes in
    information graphics.
    William Branigin served as
    Southeast Asia bureau chief
    of The Washington Post
    for 10 years, reporting from
    more than a dozen countries
    in the region. He was based in Bangkok
    from 1981 to 1986 and in Manila from 1990
    to 1995.
    vvv.develomenl.asia
    6--;/,79,::
    4DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
    Voucherssolvemanyoflheserious
    roblemslhalhavealvayslagued
    in-kindfoodaid.|AndjAidis
    mulliliedasilhelsnolonly
    reciienls,bulmerchanls.
    The New York Times, 3 November 2011
    Good as Cash
    Dirty Recovery
    AnalysisbylheIricevalerhouseCooersLovCarbonLconomyIndexshovs
    lhalduringlherecession,manycounlriesincludingrilainsavemissionsfall
    faslerlhangrossdomeslicroducl,ameasureoflhelolaleconomy,becauselheir
    manufacluringoululfell.ulin2O1O,globalGDIgrovlhvas|uslabove5/,
    vhileemissionsrosebynearly6/.Daily Telegraph, 7 November 2011
    A Bright Idea
    Whilesvilchinglocomacl
    uorescenl bulbs75/ more efhcienl
    lhan incandescenlshas become
    unremarkableinsomedeveloed
    nalions, lhe signihcance of |lhe
    IeolesReublicofjChinasmove
    shouldnolbeundereslimaled.
    Wilh|lheIRCjchurningoulbillions
    of efhcienl bulbs, cosls vill fall. Thal
    meansilvillbeossibleloculcarbon
    emissionsfromlighlingaroundlhe
    vorldvilhouldenyinglhemoslbasic
    ofamenilieslolhevorldsoor.
    Damian Carringtons Environment Blog,
    The Guardian, 5 November 2011
    6--;/,79,::
    Blame Game
    Humanaclivilyhascausedrofound
    changeslolheclimale,biodiversily,
    oceanicacidilyandgreenhouse-gas
    levelsinlhealmoshere.ulildoes
    nolaulomalicallyfollovlhallhemore
    eolelhereare,lhevorselhedamage.
    In 2OO7 Americans and Auslralians
    emilledalmosl2Olonnesofcarbon
    dioxideeach.Inconlrasl,morelhan6O
    counlriesincluding lhe vasl ma|orily
    of African onesemilled less lhan 1
    lonneererson.Globalollulion
    villbemoreaffecledbylheallern
    of economic grovlhand esecially
    vhelheremergingnalionsbecomeas
    energy-inlensiveasAmerica,Auslralia
    and|lheIeolesReublicofj
    China.The Economist, 22 October 2011
    Get Used to High Prices
    Calaslrohic ooding and cro losses in Thailand, lhe vorld's leading rice
    exorler, are raising concerns lhal anolher food crisis may be in lhe ofhng. Also
    disquielingislheossibililylhallhevorldmayhavealreadyenleredanev
    eravhereersislenllyhighfoodricesarelheNevNormal.Alalimevhen
    olicymakersaregralingvilhahosloflhornyeconomicissues,lheossibilily
    maybeunvelcome,bulmuslnolbeignored.Asian Development Banks Iwan J.
    Azis in an opinion piece for The Japan Times, 7 November 2011
    Consumption Trumps Growth
    Signs of the Times
    AslheUNreorloinlsoul:Considerableoulaliongrovlhconlinues
    lodaybecauseoflhehighnumbersofbirlhsinlhe195Osand196Os,vhichhave
    resulledinlargerbaseoulalionsvilhmillionsofyoungeolereachinglheir
    reroducliveyearsoversucceedinggeneralionsYes,oulaliongrovlh
    conlribulesloenvironmenlalroblems.No,ilisnollhedecisivefaclor.Lvenlhe
    availabililyofgrainisaffecledmorebyrisingliveslocknumbersandlheuseof
    biofuelsdriven, again by consumlionlhan by human oulalion grovlh.
    George Monbiots Blog, The Guardian, 27 October 2011
    Private Money for the Public Good
    Irivale foundalions have emerged as increasingly olenl layers in lhe hghl
    againsl overly alongside ofhcial develomenl aid. According lo a Hudson Inslilule
    reorl, lolal ofhcial develomenl assislance vas $12O billion in 2OO9, vhile global
    hilanlhroy amounled lo $53 billion. Irivale cailal inveslmenl ($228 billion)
    forms lhe largesl hnancial ov from richer lo oorer counlries, vhile remillances
    ($174 billion) vere lhe second-largesl ov.The Guardian, 9 November 2011
    Anyeconomicmodellhaldoesnolroerlyaddressinequalilyvillevenlually
    faceacrisisoflegilimacy.Unlesslherelaliveeconomicrolesoflhemarkeland
    lheslalearerebalanced,lheroleslsof2O11villbecomemoresevere,vilhsocial
    andolilicalinslabililyevenluallyharminglong-lermeconomicgrovlhand
    velfare.Economist Nouriel Roubini, writing for Project Syndicate in October 2011
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia5
    65;/,>,)
    Whats Your Footprint?
    Global Footprint Network
    http://www.footpr|ntnetwork.org
    H
    ovmuchofanimacldoesyourlifeslylemakeon
    Larlh`Hovmuchlandareadoesillakelosuorl
    yourconsumlion`GlobalIoolrinlNelvorkhas
    madelhisaersonalqueslionvilhaquizonlheirvebsile
    lhalgivesusersaneslimaleoflheirecologicalfoolrinl.
    Thevebsilevalksuserslhroughavarielyofqueslions,
    suchashovoflenlheyealmeal,hovlheyheallheirhome,
    andhovoflenlheylakelhelrain.Afleransveringlhe
    queslions,areorlcardonlheusersimaclonlheearlhis
    rovided.Ilincludessuchadmonilionsas:Ifeveryonelived
    lhesamelifeslyleasyou,vevouldrequirelheregeneralive
    caacilyof1.6lanelseachyearandlosuorlyour
    lifeslyle,illakes2.8heclaresoflheearlhsroduclivearea.
    Allhoughlhesciencebehindsuchaquizmighlbe
    queslionable(lhevebsilerovidesalinklhaloullinesils
    scienlihc basis), lhe imacl on lhe user is signihcanl. The
    mereansveringoflhequeslionsforcesusersloconlemlale
    hovmuchlheyareconsumingandlheimaclilishaving.
    Allheendoflhequiz,alinkisrovidedloassesshov
    userscanlessenlheirecologicalfoolrinl,vhichaflerall
    islhevholeoinloflheexercise.Iornov,lhequizisonly
    offeredinAsiaforresidenlsoflheIeolesReublicof
    China,India,and}aan,bulvorkisundervayloaddmore
    counlries.
    The quiz is a clever asecl of allemls by lhe nonrohl
    organizalion,GlobalIoolrinlNelvork,lodeveloa
    slandardizedmelhodofmeasuringhumanimaclonlhe
    earlh.Thegrouseekslodeveloecologicalfoolrinlreorl
    cardsforcilies,comanies,andindividualslobeusedasa
    loollolessenlheimaclonlheenvironmenl.
    Theirlanisambilious,bulilallslarlsbylakingaquiz.
    Reality
    Hedley Environmental Index
    http://hed|ey|ndex.sph.hku.hk/home.php
    G
    overnmenlsaroundAsiaaregralingvilhhov
    lomonilorandresondloairollulion.Ievhave
    comeuvilheslimalesonhovmuchoorair
    qualilycoslssociely.
    TheublicolicylhinklankCivicLxchange,basedin
    HongKong,China,haslakenlheinilialiveandhoslsa
    vebsilelhalhasbecomeanexamleofhovlomeasureand
    illuslralelheimaclofairollulion.
    ThesileublishesinreallimelheeconomiccoslsofHong
    Kong,Chinasairollulioninlermsofublicheallhimacls
    andlheirmonelaryvalue.Thisincludesremaluredealhs,
    hosilalbeddays,anddoclorvisils.
    When users hrsl land on lhe age, a sinning licker lells
    lhemhovmanydollarshavebeenlosldueloairollulion
    inHongKong,China,sincemidnighl.Clickanolherbullon
    andillellshovmanyliveshavebeenloslsince}anuary1
    (833 as of December 7). A daily check of lhe sile is a sobering
    reminderoflheimaclofairolluliononsociely.
    Thesilealsoincludesanairqualilylrackingloollhal
    allovsuserslocomarecurrenlairqualilyloWorld
    Heallhrganizalionairqualilyguidelinesinreallime,or
    locomarehisloricalrecordsofgoodandbadairdays.Il
    includesaholooflheHongKong,Chinaskylinelhalis
    udaledevery15minulesbylheHongKongbservalory.
    TheindexislhebrainchildofAnlhonyHedley,lhechairof
    CommunilyMedicineallheSchoolofIublicHeallhalHong
    KongUniversily,andaleamofresearchersvhohavefor
    decadesvorkedonair-relaledheallhissuesinHongKong,
    China,andsoulhernIeolesReublicofChina.Q
    ResearchedandvrillenbyIloydWhaley
    vvv.develomenl.asia 6DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
    A
    llheoaoIorumforAsia
    inlheIeolesReublicof
    China(IRC)in2O1O,some
    2,OOOolilicalandbusiness
    leadersfromaroundlheregion
    alaudedvhenIRCVice-Iresidenl
    Xi}ininginhiskeynoleaddress
    calledforgreenandsuslainable
    develomenl.Hisforvard-lhinking
    bluerinlforfulureAsiandevelomenl
    includedlheromolionofrenevable
    energyandlov-carbonlechnology,and
    efforlsaimedalsleeingAsiansinlhe
    cullureofconservalionidealslhal
    verehardlyrioriliesformoslleaders
    inlheregion|uslafevyearsago.
    The nalions of Asia and lhe Iacihc
    havedazzledlhevorldvilhlheir
    robusleconomicgrovlhoverlheasl
    2decades,reducingoverlyrales
    anddeliveringmiddle-classcomforls
    lomillions.ullheregionhasalso
    becomealeaderinlheunvelcome
    byroduclsoflradilionaldevelomenl:
    reducedvalerandairqualily,deleled
    naluralresources,andimeriled
    biodiversily.
    Thalisbeginninglochange.
    Greengrovlhro|eclsare
    sroulingaroundlheregion.TheIRC,
    foryearsbeslknovnforilsseclacular
    economicgrovlhandsiraling
    environmenlalroblems,hasalso
    becomealeaderinlhedevelomenlof
    greenlechnologies.In2OO9,lheIRC
    overlookDenmark,Germany,Sain
    andlheUniledSlaleslobecomelhe
    Growing Green
    Mustdeve|opingAsiasacrificeitsenvironmentforeconomicprosperity?
    Agrowingnumberofpo|itica||eadersthinknot
    YGregg}ones
    ,5=09654,5;!;/,)0.9,(+
    GREEN PATH Soft light illuminates a
    forest path in Bosung, Republic of Korea.
    The country has committed to investing
    2% of its gross domestic product (GDP)
    in green growth.
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia7
    I
    I
    C
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    U
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    Y
    vorldslomanufaclurerofvind
    lurbines,andilsdomeslicmarkel
    forlurbineshasalreadybecomelhe
    vorldslargesl.TheIRCalsoboasls
    lhevorldslongeslhigh-seedrail
    nelvork,andholdscloselo1,OOOlocal
    andinlernalionalalenlsforhigh-
    seedraillechnologies.
    Suorlforenvironmenlally
    friendlygrovlhisnllimiledloAsias
    economicallyoverful.Allheoao
    IoruminlheIRC,formerIhiliine
    IresidenlIidelRamosurgedAsian
    leadersloursueagreenrecovery,
    evenifilmeanlaainfullransilion
    forcounlriesinlheregion.Mongolian
    IrimeMinislerSukhbaalarynalbold
    concededlhalilvouldlakedecadeslo
    veanhiscounlryfromilsdeendence
    onfossilfuels,bulledgedloromole
    greenslralegiesinmining,railvays,
    andconslruclion.
    ThelalkvassimilarlyboldinSeoul,
    ReublicofKorea,in}unelaslyear
    allheGlobalGreenGrovlhSummil
    hosledbylheGovernmenloflhe
    ReublicofKoreaandlherganisalion
    forLconomicCo-oeralionand
    Develomenl.Thelhemeoflhe
    galheringvasuildingIlanel-
    ResonsibleCivilizalion.High-level
    governmenl ofhcials, develomenl
    exerls,andolherarlicianlsshared
    slralegiesforgreengrovlhandcross-
    bordercooeralioninlheursuilof
    suslainableeconomies.Inhisoening
    remarks,LeeMyung-bak,Iresidenl
    oflheReublicofKorea,sellhelone
    bycallingforlechnologicaladvances
    essenliallobuildinggreeneconomies
    lhalvonllhrealenlheroserilyof
    fuluregeneralions.
    Wecanmakechanges,hesaid,
    ifveconcenlraleallourefforlson
    harmonybelveenmanandlheLarlh.
    VORACIOUS APPETITE
    Iorvard-lhinkersinAsiahave
    varnedforyearslhallhedaysof
    grovlhvilhoulregardforresource
    consumlionorenvironmenlalcosls
    couldnolconlinue.ullheressure
    DQGWKH3DFLF,laidoullheharmful
    resullsoflheregionsrushlodeliver
    economicgrovlh.Develoing
    counlries in Asia and lhe Iacihc found
    lhemselveschallengedbyassocialed
    airandvalerollulion,degraded
    naluralresourcesandlhrealened
    ecosyslems,vorseningvalerslress,
    naluraldisaslers,andincreased
    generalionofvaslesincluding
    hazardousvasle.Andlheroblems
    arebeingexacerbaledbyclimale
    change.
    Anlhroogenicclimalechangeis
    aseriouschallengelosuslainabilily,
    noleslhereorl.Illhrealensnol
    onlylheinlegrilyofnaluralsyslems,
    bulalsolheveryfabricofeconomic
    andsocialsyslems,eseciallyinlhe
    develoingvorld.Amongalllhe
    regions, Asia and lhe Iacihc has lhe
    grealeslnumberofeolealriskfrom
    climalechangeimacls.
    Wilhoulalionslhroughoulmuch
    oflheregionconlinuinglorise,lhe
    ressurelodelivereconomicrogress
    isnlgoingloeaseinlheforeseeable
    fulure.Indeed,lheolilicalimeralive
    locrealemore|obs,modernize
    infraslruclure,andbuildnevcilies
    onlyromisesloincrease.
    Theinduslriallransformalionin
    Asiasdeveloingeconomies,lherise
    inlhemalerialslandardofliving,
    andlhereduclionofoverlyinmany
    oflhesecounlriesvillrequiregreal
    amounlsofnaluralresourcesand
    generalelargequanliliesofemissions,
    saysAchimSleiner,anunder-secrelary-
    generalallheUniledNalionsand
    execulivedireclorofUNLI.ecause
    resources are hnile and lhe absorlive
    caacilyoflheLarlhsecosyslemsis
    limiled,lheasiralionsoflhesenalions
    villmosllikelybeconslrainedby
    environmenlalfaclors.
    Allhoughraidlygrovingcounlries
    inAsiaarebecomingmoreresource-
    efhcienl over lime, lhey are slill
    relalively less efhcienl lhan develoed
    counlries,saysNessimAhmad,
    direclorofADsLnvironmenland
    ONE WORLD Leaders from around the
    world will convene in June for the Earth
    Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
    loroducerisingroserilylefllhose
    varningslargelyunheeded.In2OO5,
    Asiasvoraciousaelileforrav
    malerialshilavorld-leading35billion
    lons. Thal hgure is on largel lo reach a
    slaggering8Obillionlonsby2O5O.The
    regionssoaringdemandforenergy
    issimilarlyinsaliable:Asiaandlhe
    Iacihc's share of global energy demand
    sikedfromaboul2O.5/in1975lo
    aboul35.6/in2OO5,andilisro|ecled
    loreach5O/by2O28,accordinglo
    lheUniledNalionsLnvironmenl
    Irogramme(UNLI).
    ArecenlAsianDevelomenlank
    (AD)reorl,Greening Growth in Asia
    The concepts of a
    green economy and
    green growth are
    now moving into
    the mainstream of
    global and regional
    policy discourse, not
    to mention national
    strategies.
    -As|an Deve|opment Bank
    Pres|dent Haruh|ko Kuroda
    vvv.develomenl.asia 8DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
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    ,5=09654,5;!;/,)0.9,(+
    SafeguardsDivision.Henoleslhal
    Asia's resource efhciencyusing fever
    resourceserunilofgrossdomeslic
    roduclisakeyfaclorinlheregions
    suslainabledevelomenl.
    In2OO5,forinslance,lheIRCand
    Indiahadmalerialinlensiliesof9.2
    and6.84kilogramserdollarofGDI,
    reseclively,vhile}aanhadamalerial
    inlensilyofunderO.3Okgerdollar
    of GDI. These exisling efhciency gas
    signalalremendousoorlunilyfora
    region lo adol more resource-efhcienl
    roduclionrocessesvhileursuing
    grovlh,hesays.
    ThechallengeforAsiaislodeliver
    economicgainsvhilesellingaside
    lhegrovlh-al-any-ricedevelomenl
    model.Climalechangeand
    environmenlalsuslainabililyare
    amonglhekeychallenges,Ahmad
    says.Thegrov-nov-clean-u-laler
    aroachvillunderminelhefulure
    grovlhandoverlyreduclionolenlial
    oflheregion.
    Thefailurelochangevillcosllhe
    regiondearly,exerlsvarn.
    Asiacannolconlinueilscurrenl
    alhofdevelomenl,vhichis
    nolsuslainable,saysNayHlun,
    aformerUNassislanlsecrelary-
    generalvilhconsiderableexerience
    indevelomenl,environmenl,and
    energyissues.Theconsequences
    includeincreasinginequilies,overly,
    socialslrife,relardingeconomic
    develomenlandgrovlhand
    vorseningenvironmenlalqualily,vilh
    seriouseffeclsonhumanheallhand
    vell-being.
    TheUNsSleinerechoeslhal
    direnole.Ullimalely,lheregions
    comeliliveviabililyvillbegoverned
    bylheseedandscalealvhichil
    adolsnevinduslrialsyslemslhaluse
    farlessenergy,malerials,andvaler
    asvellasilsconlinuedrogresson
    achievingroserilyforlheeole,
    hesays.
    Thoseslarkrealilieshaveallracled
    Asianolicymakerslolheideaof
    greendevelomenl.
    INTERDEPENDENT AND
    INSEPARABLE
    Ilshardloarguevilhlhehilosohy
    of green grovlh. As dehned by UNLI,
    ilincreasesincomeandemloymenl,
    reducescarbonemissionsand
    ollulion,enhancesenergyand
    resource efhciency, and revenls lhe
    lossofbiodiversilyandecosyslem
    services.
    Theconcelisaderivaliveof
    suslainabledevelomenl,anidea
    lhalaroseinlhe198Osvilhlhebelief
    lhaleconomicadvancemenlaround
    lhevorldhadloroceedingrealer
    harmonyvilhlhenaluralenvironmenl.
    A1987reorlbylheUN-backed
    WorldCommissiononLnvironmenl
    andDevelomenlmadelhecasefor
    lheinlerdeendenceofeconomic
    develomenlandlheenvironmenl.
    Theenvironmenldoesnolexislasa
    sheresearalefromhumanaclions,
    ambilions,andneeds,andlhereforeil
    shouldnolbeconsideredinisolalion
    fromhumanconcerns,asummaryof
    lhereorlslales.Theenvironmenlis
    vherevealllive,anddevelomenl
    isvhalvealldoinallemlinglo
    imroveourlolvilhinlhalabode.The
    lvoareinsearable.
    Theideagainedcrilicalmassin}une
    1992vhendelegalesfromaroundlhe
    vorldconvenedinRiode}aneiro,
    razil, for lhe hrsl UN Conference
    onLnvironmenlandDevelomenl.
    TheAgenda21aclionlanadoled
    bylheconferencecalledonnalions
    loadolamodelofsuslainable
    develomenlinlheirursuilof
    socialandeconomicadvancemenl
    inlhe21slcenlury.Ayearlaler,lhe
    UNeslablishedlheCommissionon
    SuslainableDevelomenllooversee
    imlemenlalionoflheagendaadoled
    alRio.
    TenyearsaflerlheRiogalhering,
    lheWorldSummilonSuslainable
    Develomenlconvenedin
    }ohannesburg,SoulhAfrica,lo
    reinvigoralelheefforlsselinmolionin
    razil.
    verlheasldecade,lheconcel
    has undergone sublle rehnemenls,
    givingriseloahilosohylhallaces
    grealeremhasisongrovlhralher
    lhan sacrihcing develomenl ambilions
    losavelheenvironmenl.Ilsacrilical
    dislinclionforolicymakersinAsia
    WALL OF PROMISES United States
    President George H. W. Bush signs the
    Earth pledge with his wife Barbara during
    the rst United Nations-sponsored Earth
    Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992,
    which set in motion the global drive for
    sustainable development.
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia9
    andolherdeveloingregionsoflhe
    vorld.
    Theconcelsofagreeneconomy
    andgreengrovlharenovmoving
    inlolhemainslreamofglobaland
    regionalolicydiscourse,nollo
    menlionnalionalslralegies,saidAD
    IresidenlHaruhikoKurodainarecenl
    seech.
    Il is aboul hnding vays for
    counlrieslogrovmoresuslainably.Il
    seekslocreale|obsandnevsources
    ofeconomicadvancemenlbasedon
    lhedevelomenlanddeloymenlof
    cleanlechnologieslhalcurbollulion,
    conserveourecosyslems,andrevenl
    resourcedelelion.
    Thecamaignforgreengrovlhvill
    markanolhermileslonealaroilious
    momenlin2O12,vhendelegalesfrom
    aroundlhevorldrelurnloRiofor
    lheUNConferenceonSuslainable
    Develomenl.
    LEADING THE WAY
    AlRio,reresenlalivesofAsiaand
    lhe Iacihc vill be able lo oinl lo
    subslanlialrogressinseveralareas
    crilicallogreengrovlh:energy
    conservalionandrenevableenergy
    develomenl,ollulionmiligalion,
    exansionofcleanmasslransil
    syslems,imrovedurbanlanning,
    andreservalionofnaluralresources.
    Reshaingandrefocusing
    oliciesandinveslmenlscanlead
    lobellerrelurnsonnalural,human,
    andeconomiccailal,saysSleiner.
    UNLIisalreadyvorkingvilhmany
    counlriesinlheregionlomakelhe
    lransilionloasuslainabledevelomenl
    model,vhichisslilllheoverarching
    goal.
    HecileslhreecounlriesinAsialhal
    aremakingrogressonlhisfronl.
    The Reublic of Korea has
    romoled lhe efhcienl use of resources,
    vaslerevenlionandresource
    reulilizalion,exlendedroducer
    resonsibilily,andrecyclingsince
    lheearly199Os.In2OO8,ildeveloed
    analionalslralegyandaclionlan
    forlovcarbongreengrovlh.More
    recenlly,ilhaslaunchedlheGreen
    NevDealIolicyloinvesl2/ofils
    GDIingreengrovlhandcrealedlhe
    GlobalGreenGrovlhInsliluleinSeoul.
    }aan has ioneered resource
    efhciency and recycling vilh ils
    IundamenlalLavandIlanfor
    LslablishingaSoundMalerial-Cycle
    Sociely,vhichvasadoledin2OOO,
    andilsLavonIromolingGreen
    Iurchasing,enacledinlhesameyear.
    Numerousinilialiveshavefolloved.
    The IRC has launched a series of
    greengrovlhinilialives,beginning
    vilha2OO2lavromolingcleaner
    roduclion,ilsSolidWasleAcl
    (amendedin2OO4),andilsCircular
    LconomyLavin2OO8,vhichromoles
    imrovedresourceulilizalionand
    reduclion,reuse,andrecyclingof
    resourcesduringroduclion.The
    IRCalsorecenllyadoledagreen
    develomenllanasarlofils12lh
    Iive-YearIlan.
    Sleinernolesolherimorlanl
    inilialivesundervayaroundlhe
    region:Indonesiasefforlslohaseoul
    fossilfuelsandreducedeforeslalion,
    Thailandsinilialiveonclean
    lechnology,VielNamsolicieson
    energylariffsandsubsidyreforms,
    IndiasRuralLmloymenlGuaranlee
    AclandCleanLnergyIund,and
    hulansGrossNalionalHainess
    indices as arl of a redehnilion of
    veallhandeconomicrogress.
    Inmyoinion,leadershiand
    visionhavebeenfundamenlallolhe
    develomenlofsuchgreeninilialives
    andlheolilicalleadersofAsia
    Iacihc should be congralulaled for
    recognizinglheneedlochangeand
    lakingsleslovardgreenerandmore
    suslainabledevelomenl,saysSleiner.
    Allhesamelime,lheinduslrial
    andbusinessseclors,civilsociely
    organizalions,andordinaryeoleare
    allmakinganimorlanlconlribulion.
    Whilevorkingloachievebeller
    environmenlalbalanceinils
    develomenlefforls,lheIRChasalso
    been a leader in laing lhe rohl
    RECYCLING PIONEER A TV set is placed
    on a disassembly line in Japan where
    workers dismantle the appliance and
    remove parts that may be recycled.
    Japan has pioneered resource efciency
    and recycling with its Fundamental
    Law and Plan for Establishing a Sound
    MateriaI-CycIe Society in 2000.
    vvv.develomenl.asia 1ODevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
    ,5=09654,5;!;/,)0.9,(+
    olenlialoflheshifllolov-carbon,
    greenlechnologiesafaclunderscored
    bylheIRCsraidemergence
    aslheleadingvorldsulierof
    vindlurbinesandhigh-seedrail
    lechnology.In2OO8,lheIRCearned
    morelhan$6Obillion1.4/ofils
    GDIfromgreenlechnologybusiness
    aclivilies.
    The recenl hnancial crisis has nol
    slovedlhegalheringmomenlumfor
    greengrovlhinAsia.Infacl,lhe2OO8
    2OO9crisisvasanimelusforclean
    grovlh.Auslralia,lheIRC,}aan,
    andlheReublicofKoreahavebeen
    singledoulforraisebygreengrovlh
    advocales for devoling signihcanl
    orlionsofeconomicslimulusfunds
    duringlhecrisislogreengrovlhand
    cleanlechnologyinveslmenls.
    Whilecounlriesacrosslheglobe
    arenovrelhinkinglheireconomies
    andallernsofdevelomenlinorder
    lominimizelhekindsofshocksand
    vildlyoscillalingcommodilyrices
    lhalvehaverecenllyvilnessed,one
    lessonlearnedfromlhecrisisvaslhal
    counlriesshouldnolrelysolelyon
    exorlsforgrovlh,saysSleiner.As
    aresull,lherehasbeenashiflinlhe
    regionlovarddomeslicconsumlion
    asadriverofgrovlh.orlunilies,
    lherefore,lieinlhedeloymenlof
    greenlechnologiesmorevidely
    vilhinAsia,ralherlhanemhasizing
    exclusivelyexlernalmarkelsforlhese
    roducls.
    NayHlunnoleslhalgreen
    inilialiveshavebeenlaunchednol
    |uslbygovernmenls,bulalsoby
    nongovernmenlorganizalionsandlhe
    rivale seclor in Asia and lhe Iacihc.
    Universilies,loo,aregreeninglheir
    camusesandcurricula,sayslhe
    former UN ofhcial vho is currenlly
    researchrofessoralSlonyrook
    UniversilyinNevYork.}aan,|lhe
    IeolesReublicofjChina,and
    |ReublicofjKoreahavema|orgreen
    rograms.In}aan,lheIukushima
    earlhquakeandnucleardisaslerhas
    energizedlhegovernmenl,business,
    andinduslry,and,imorlanlly,lhe
    generalubliclogogreenvery
    roaclivelyandexlensively.
    Inanolhersignoflhechanging
    alliludesvilhinlherivaleseclor,a
    ma|orinduslrialandresidenlialeslale
    develoerinIndonesia,IT}ababeka
    Terbuka,novadverlisesenvironmenlal
    resonsibililyasasellingoinllo
    foreigncororalionslookinglorelocale
    lolheSoulheaslAsiancounlry.Illouls
    aollulionrevenlionrogram,lhe
    3Rconcel(reduce,recycle,reuse)
    lolessenlhenegaliveimaclsonlhe
    environmenl and an energy-efhciency
    rogramloreducegreenhousegas
    emissions.WorkingvilhIndonesias
    eminenlenvironmenlalisland
    suslainabledevelomenladvocale,
    LmilSalim,lhecomanyhasromoled
    lreelanlingandolhergreenaclivilies.
    AD,lheUN,lheWorldank,and
    olherinslilulionshaverovidedvilal
    suorllolhegreendevelomenl
    efforlsundervayinlheregion.And
    lhisbroadcoalilionofarlnersisvhal
    isneededinlhefulureasvell.
    Alolofrogresshasbeen
    madesincelhe1992Conferenceon
    LnvironmenlandDevelomenlinRio,
    andlhereisreasonlobecauliously
    olimislicaboulvhalcomesinlhe
    fulure,saysinduLohani,ADvice-
    residenlforKnovledgeManagemenl
    andSuslainableDevelomenl.
    Hovever,lhechallengesin
    achievinggreengrovlhremain
    numerousandvaried,hesays.This
    highlighlslheneedforcoordinaled
    aclionandknovledgesharinglo
    romoleenvironmenlallysuslainable
    grovlh in Asia and lhe Iacihc.
    CARROT AND STICK APPROACH
    Amonglhosechallengesarelhorny
    governanceandregulaloryissues.
    Carbon-ollulingfossilfuelsremain
    heavilysubsidizedinmanycounlries.
    Inmanycases,enlrenchedbusiness
    andolilicalinlereslsandcorrulion
    obslruclgreenolicychanges.
    Iroonenlsofgreengrovlhargue
    lhalecologicallaxreformneedslo
    lakelaceloensureequallrealmenl
    oflradilionalfuelsandraclicesand
    cleanlechnologies.Theyadvocale
    lheimosilionofcarbonlaxes,
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    CLEAN CATCH A man throws a shing
    net over the Mekong River in Phnom
    Penh, Cambodia. Keeping water sources
    clean is one of the major issues facing
    Asia, which is under pressure to
    conserve this essential resource in the
    face of growing demand by fast-growing
    cities and industries.
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia11
    leviesonlheuseofnonrenevable
    energyandvirginmalerials,and
    feesandchargesonracliceslhal
    ollulelheenvironmenlorvasle
    naluralresources,andlheycallfor
    laxbreaksonroduclionmelhodsor
    consumlionallernslhalroduce
    greenoulcomes.neexamleciledby
    greengrovlhadvocalesislheIRCs
    subslilulionofaslandardroadlax
    vilhafuellaxlhalencouragesenergy
    efhciency.
    Thekeyisamixofmarkelincenlives
    andgovernmenlregulalion,exerls
    say.
    Wilhoulaslrongandcredible
    comlianceenforcemenlsyslem,no
    incenlivesframevorkvilldeliver
    behavioralchangesnecessarylo
    achievegreengrovlh,saysADs
    Ahmad.Iorexamle,exeriences
    inforeslmanagemenlshovlhala
    moraloriumonloggingbackeduby
    incenlivesforsuslainablemanagemenl
    androleclioncanvorkbellerlhan
    eilheraroachonilsovn.
    TheAsianLnvironmenlal
    ComlianceandLnforcemenl
    Nelvork,formedin2OO5,hasalloved
    environmenlal agency ofhcials from
    aroundlheregionlocomarenolesas
    lheyallemlloenforceregulalionsand
    imroveenvironmenlalcomliance.
    Anolherchangelhalvouldfacililale
    grealeraccelanceoflhegreengrovlh
    hilosohyisanevaroachlo
    measuringeconomicerformance,
    someexerlssay.Theconlenlionislhal
    GDIneedslobead|usledloaccounl
    forsuchfaclorsasresourcedelelion
    andollulion.
    UNLIsrecenlGreen Economy
    Report noleslhalama|orchallengeis
    reconcilinglhecomelingeconomic
    develomenlasiralionsofrichand
    oorcounlriesinavorldeconomylhal
    isfacingincreasingclimalechange,
    energyinsecurily,andecological
    scarcily.Ilconlendslhallhisis
    ossiblelhroughagreeneconomy
    lhaloffersadevelomenlalhlhal
    reducescarbondeendency,romoles
    resource and energy efhciency, and
    lessensenvironmenlaldegradalion.
    Aseconomicgrovlhandinveslmenls
    becomelessdeendenlonliquidaling
    environmenlal assels and sacrihcing
    environmenlalqualily,bolhrich
    andoorcounlriescanallainmore
    suslainableeconomicdevelomenl.
    ulforgingaconsensusbelveen
    develoinganddeveloedcounlries
    onlheseissuesmaybelhegrealesl
    challengeofall,saysIndonesiasSalim,
    aneconomislandanenvironmenlalisl.
    HeacknovledgeslhalIndonesia
    canlsuslainlhedelelionofnalural
    resourcescausedbyilsminingand
    lanlalion-basedeconomy.Ior
    Indonesia,lhealhloagreener
    economyvouldmeanaddingvaluelo
    ilsexorls,lransformingcoer,alm
    oil,andolherravroduclsinlomore
    valuable hnished goods. ul, he says,
    Indonesiasefforlsinlhisregardare
    beinglhvarledbylhecoslofforeign
    lechnology,andlhehigherlariffslhal
    Indonesiasvalue-addedroducls
    confronlvhenexorledlolheUSand
    olherdeveloedcounlries.
    Thalisaninequilyinlhevaylhe
    globalmarkelvorks,hesays,an
    inequilylhalisblockingIndonesia
    frommovingfaslerlovardagreen
    economyandreservingilsnalural
    resources.Wecanlsolvelhisroblem
    onourovn.
    Indonesiaandolherdeveloing
    counlriesfaceasimilardilemmavhen
    confronledvilhoulsideressurelo
    shiflfromollulingfossilfuelslo
    renevableenergysources,hesays.
    Thelechnologyforrenevable
    energyisexensive,hesays.When
    lhegovernmenlisconfronledvilh
    lhechoicefoodforlheooror
    lechnologyforrenevableenergyil
    villolforfoodforlheoor.
    Indeed,lhroughoullheregionolicy
    makersfacelhedaunlingchallengeof
    deliveringenvironmenlallysuslainable
    develomenlvhilesalisfyinglhe
    economicdemandsofraidly
    grovingoulalions.Theacceleraling
    migralionofruraldvellerslocilies
    acrossAsiaresenlslheregionvilh
    unrecedenledinfraslrucluredemands.
    AsAsiasciliessvellby44million
    eoleeachyear,olicymakersare
    facedvilhlheslaggeringroseclof
    adding2O,OOOurbandvellings,25O
    kilomelersofroads,and6millionlilers
    ofolablevalereachdaylomeellhe
    soaringdemands.
    Whileacknovledginglhe
    daunlingchallengelhisresenls,
    SHIFTING GEARS A commuter rides past
    transmission towers in Beijing. Asia has
    made solid progress in reducing poverty.
    Yet, experts say the only way to achieve
    Iong-term prosperity is to minimize the
    impact on the environment by using less
    energy and resources.
    The technology for
    renewable energy
    is expensive. When
    the government is
    confronted with the
    choicefood for the
    poor or technology for
    renewable energyit
    will opt for food for the
    poor
    -Em|| Sa||m, Indones|a's em|nent
    env|ronmenta||st and susta|nab|e
    deve|opment advocate
    vvv.develomenl.asia 12DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
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    ,5=09654,5;!;/,)0.9,(+
    ADsAhmadconlendsilisalso
    agrealoorlunilylodesign,
    build,andoeraleinfraslruclureon
    rincilesofsuslainabilily,including
    accessibilily, eco-efhciency, and social
    inclusiveness.
    Comlicalinglheenormoussocial
    andeconomicdemandslhallhe
    governmenls of Asia and lhe Iacihc
    villconfronlinlhecomingdecades
    arelhemounlingchallengesosed
    byclimalechange.ADisamong
    lhoseadvocalingecosyslem-based
    aroacheslocoevilhlheexlreme
    effeclsofclimalechange.nesuch
    examleismakingaddilionalefforls
    loroleclmangrovesralherlhan
    buildingseavallsasabufferagainsl
    increasinglyviolenlslormsefforls
    lhalarenolonlycosl-effeclive,bulalso
    reservevilalecosyslemsandgenerale
    olher economic and social benehls.
    Theolilicalvillofgovernmenls
    villbefurlherlesledaslhe
    lransformalionloagreenereconomy
    unfolds.Asmanyas5Omilliongreen
    |obscouldbeinAsiaby2O25,lhe
    InlernalionalLabourrganizalion
    eslimales,bulmillionsofolhersvillbe
    loslaslhefossilfuelinduslryandolher
    inefhcienl or lov-lechnology seclors
    decline.Thisvillrequireinlerimefforls
    locushionlheimacl.
    Thelransilionloasuslainable
    economyinlheregionromiseslobe
    coslly,bulgreengrovlhadvocales
    conlendlhaldelayorinaclionis
    evenmoreexensive.Lnvironmenlal
    miligalioncoslsindeveloing
    counlriesvilllo$1OObillionby2O3O.
    Asia and Iacihc alone faces annual
    coslseslimaledal$4Obillionloadal
    ilseconomieslolhedemandsof
    environmenlalsuslainabililyamounls
    farbeyondlhemeansofgovernmenl
    budgels.
    Thekeyisusinglimiledublicseclor
    funds lo leverage far more signihcanl
    amounlsofrivalecailalforgreen
    inveslmenls.
    Globalvenlurecailalinveslmenls
    incleanlechnologysoaredfrom$2.O
    billionin2OO5lo$7.8billionin2O1O,
    bulonlyaboul1O/oflhalamounlhas
    foundilsvaylolheregion.
    ADhaslaunchedlheAsiaClimale
    ChangeandCleanLnergyVenlure
    CailalInilialiveloincreaselhal
    ralio.ADaimslonurlurelherise
    ofcleanlechnologycomaniesin
    lheregionsdeveloingcounlries
    bysulemenlinglheinveslmenls
    ofvenlurecailalfundsvilh
    equilyinfusions.Thelong-lerm
    goalisloslimulalelhemovemenl
    ofvenlurecailallovardclimale
    changemiligalionandcleanenergy
    inveslmenlsinlheregion.
    Lnergy,urbandevelomenl,
    lransorl,infraslruclure,valer,
    vasles,|andjbiodiversilyareall
    inlerconnecled,saysNayHlun,lhe
    former UN ofhcial. The alhvay
    lovardgreeningisaninlegraled
    andmulliseclor,mullidiscilinary
    aroach.Thema|orchallenge
    ishovloinlegrale.Whalarelhe
    olicies,economicincenlives,
    hnancial mechanisms, normalive
    measures,lechnology`Asias
    challenge,asinolhercounlries,vill
    belheimeralivebehavioralchange
    lovardadevelomenlalaradigmof
    suslainabilily,resilience,inclusiveness,
    and equilable benehls for all.
    GREENING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
    n2O22}une2O12,vorldleaders,
    develomenlexerls,environmenlal
    advocales,andolherslakeholders
    villgalherinRiode}aneiroforlhe
    ivolalUniledNalionsConference
    onSuslainableDevelomenl.Rio+2O,
    aslheconferencehasbeendubbed,
    villmarklhe2Olhanniversaryoflhe
    hisloricUniledNalionsConferenceon
    LnvironmenlandDevelomenlinRio,
    vhichselinmolionlheglobaldrive
    forsuslainabledevelomenl.Ilvill
    alsocoincidevilhlhe1Olhanniversary
    oflheWorldSummilonSuslainable
    Develomenl,vhichreinvigoraledlhe
    movemenl.
    Theconferencehaslhreeslaled
    ob|eclives:losecurereneved
    olilicalcommilmenllosuslainable
    develomenl,assesslherogress
    andimlemenlaliongasinrevious
    agreemenls,andaddressnevand
    emergingchallenges.ullhelheme
    BRIDGE OVER TROUBLED WATER
    Buddhist monks build a bridge above
    hoodwaters in Bangkok in November
    2011. A recent report by the Asian
    Development Bank calls climate
    change the most dramatic symptom of
    unsustainable development.
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12Development Asia13
    lhalvilldominalelheRiosessionsis
    lheurgenldrivelorebalanceoverly
    eradicalionandeconomicdevelomenl
    efforlsinanincreasinglyfragileglobal
    environmenl,exerlsandadvocales
    say.
    Across Asia and lhe Iacihc, green
    grovlhandlheRioconferenceare
    loicsofinlensediscussionslhese
    days.Inearlyclober,aboul1OO
    high-level governmenl ofhcials
    andexerlsfromaroundlhevorld
    convenedinNevDelhi,India,for
    adialogueonGreenLconomyand
    InclusiveGrovlh.Themeeling,
    organizedbylheGovernmenlofIndia
    andlheRio+2OSecrelarial,foslered
    adiscussiononhovgreeneconomy
    inilialivescanadvanceoverly
    eradicalionandsocialdevelomenl
    efforlsbyenhancingfoodandenergy
    securilyforlheoor.Lalerlhalmonlh,
    lheReublicofKoreahosledlheAsia
    Iacihc Regional Irearalory Meeling
    forRio+2O,co-organizedbylheUN
    LconomicandSocialCommissionfor
    Asia and lhe Iacihc, UNLI, and AD.
    Themeelingsveresomelhingofa
    dressrehearsalforlheRioconference,
    asarlicianlsallemledloreacha
    consensusoncrilicalcomonenlsof
    greendevelomenl.
    WhilelhenalionsofAsiaandlhe
    Iacihc are making greal efforls lo
    comelogelherandseakasonevoice
    alRio,aglobalconsensusromiseslo
    be much more difhcull. The agenda
    forsuslainabledevelomenland
    greengrovlhhasbeenfragmenled
    byaroliferalionofenvironmenlal
    lrealiesoverlheasl2decades.The
    Rioconferenceoffersanoorlunily
    lobringaboulamorecohesiveefforl
    lohelgreendevelomenlcomelo
    fruilion.
    Alloflhegovernmenls
    arlicialinginlheRio+2Oconference
    villhaveahisloricoorlunilylo
    romoleagreeneconomyasavehicle
    forachievingsuslainabledevelomenl
    andoverlyeradicalion,sayslhe
    UNsSleiner.Heishoefullhallhe
    examleoflheIRC,}aan,andlhe
    ReublicofKoreacominglogelher
    locrealealrilaleralarlnershilo
    achievelov-carbongrovlhacross
    lheregionvillsellhelone.These
    inilialivesaresellinglheslageforlhe
    lyeofcooeralionveexeclloseeon
    aglobalscaleallheRio+2OSummil,
    hesays.Inaddilion,veexecllhe
    rivaleseclorandnongovernmenl
    organizalionsinlheregionlobe
    increasinglyvocalarlicianlsinlhe
    rocess.
    uloinionsaredividedaslo
    vhelherlhedifferencesbelveen
    develoinganddeveloednalionsand
    olher gas can be sufhcienlly bridged
    loroduceameaningfulolilical
    slalemenlonhovlheglobaldrivefor
    greendevelomenlvillroceed.
    Ma|orconferenceslikeRio+2O
    raiseconsiderableavarenessamong
    olilicalleadersonlheissuesbeing
    addressed,saysNayHlun.This
    isalvaysanimorlanlsleleading
    lo aclions, including in AsiaIacihc.
    TheLarlhSummilalRio2Oyears
    agoraisedavarenessandconsensus
    onsuslainabledevelomenl.Iam
    hoefullhalbuildinguonlhis
    consensus,Rio+2Ovilllakesuslainable
    develomenllolhecomrehensive
    aradigmofgreeningandlhelinkage
    vilhoverlyeradicalion.
    ulIndonesiasSalimisskelical
    lhallheconferencevillroducea
    dramalicsleforvardinlheslruggle
    loachieveglobalgreengrovlh.He
    noleslhallheUSvillbefacinga
    residenlialeleclioninNovember2O12,
    andseeslilllerosecllhallhecounlry
    villriskaboldinilialivelhalmighl
    alienalevolers.WilhoulUSleadershi,
    Luroeisunlikelylosuorlbold
    sles,hesays.
    Lxeclbeaulifulseeches,he
    says,bulIdonllhinklherevillbe
    meaningfulrogress.
    Sleinerismorehoeful.
    yallaccounls,vearealready
    movinglovardagreeneconomy,
    hesays.Theeconomicimeralive
    lo achieve grealer resource efhciency
    anddevelonevlechnologies
    demandslhalvemuslalsoconsider
    lheenvironmenlalandsocialasecls
    oflhisdevelomenl.TheRio+2O
    summilvillbeanoorlunilyloguide
    lhisdevelomenlandloaccelerale
    andscale-uilsimlemenlalion.If
    governmenlsfaillocrealelheenabling
    framevorksneededforaglobal
    lransilionloagreeneconomy,lheyrisk
    losing oul on lhe many benehls lhal
    couldresullfrommulualcollaboralion.
    Also,inlhelonglerm,counlrieslhal
    arealreadysellinglheaceinlhisarea
    villhaveanadvanlagefromcrealing
    grealer efhciencies by ugrading lheir
    buildingsandinduslrieslogeneraling
    hugecoslsavingsbyleafrogging
    develoedcounlries.
    Rio+2Ocanbe|uslanolherdalein
    lhecalendar,Sleinerconcludes,or
    anoorlunilyloevolvesuslainable
    develomenllomeellheersislenland
    emergingchallengesoflhe21slcenlury
    vhileharveslinglheoorluniliesfora
    fundamenlallyfresh,focused,andfair
    fulureforcloselo7billioneole.Q
    HARNESSING SOLAR POWER The
    largest solar photovoltaic power plant
    in Asia lies on the plains of Lopburi,
    Thailand.
    vvv.develomenl.asia
    ;/,)0.70*;<9,
    14DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
    Atmospheric Efforts
    Already among the top threats to health, outdoor air pollution is a concern in cities
    across developing Asia. Though the situation is improving in many areas, challenges remain
    as populations shift to urban centers and growing economies produce more vehicles and industry.
    C
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    Air quality indicators
    Selected indicators; annual ambient levels in selected Asian cities, averaged, in micrograms per cubic meter.
    Particulate matter (PM
    10
    a
    )
    Associated with lung cancer, cardiopulmo-
    nary disease; Estimated to cause about 9%
    of lung cancer deaths, 5% of cardiopulmo-
    nary deaths and 1% of respiratory infection
    deaths, according to the World Health
    Organization.
    Nitrogen dioxide (NO
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    Long-term exposure may impair lung
    function and increase the risk of respiratory
    symptoms, including persistent cough in
    children, and exacerbate asthma.
    Sulfur dioxide (SO
    2
    )
    Can affect lungs and eyes. Evidence of
    links to child respiratory disease and
    cardiac diseases, and increased mortality
    rate. Primary cause of acid rain.
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    2 2 2
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    11 11 11
    12 12 12 12 12 13
    14 14
    16
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    40
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    67
    Deaths Due to Outdoor Air Pollution
    Per 100,000 population; 2008 data.
    Listed as having a rate of less
    than 1 per 100,000: Bhutan,
    Cook Islands, Kiribati, Mauritius,
    FSM, Nauru, Niue, Palau,
    Samoa, Solomon Islands,
    Timor-Leste, and Tuvalu
    RESEARCH AND DESIGN: MARK BLACKWELL
    a
    PM
    10
    = particulate matter of less than 10 microns in diameter
    Note: FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, GDP = gross domestic product, Lao PDR = Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, PRC = Peoples Republic of China.
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia15
    Sources: World Health Organization (WHO).Global Health Observatory Data Repository. http://apps.who.int/ghodata (accessed 28 November 2001); Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center, 2010. Air
    Quality in Asia: Status and Trends, 2010 Edition. Pasig City, Philippines; WHO. http://www.who.int/gho/phe/outdoor_air_pollution/en/ (accessed 28 Novermber 2011); WHO. Health Aspects of Air Pollution with
    Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide. Report on a WHO Working Group Bonn, Germany, 1315 January 2003. www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf__le/0005/112199/E79097.pdf (accessed 28 November
    2011); WHO. Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide, Global Update 2005. Summary of Risk Assessment.
    http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf (accessed 28 November 2011); WHO. Air Quality and Health. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ (accessed 28 November 2011);
    HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee. 2010. Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comprehensive Review. Special Report 18. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA.
    1990
    0
    50
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    150
    200
    250
    1995 2000 2005
    Change in urban particulate matter
    concentration, by subregion
    Cleaner fuels, growing energy efficiency, and falling emissions
    have been credited with much of the decline in urban PM
    10

    concentrations.
    OtherSoutheastAs|a
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    Ambient PM
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    1
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    1993
    60
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    0
    20
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    1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
    Percent Change in Concentration of pollutants
    and of economic indicators in Asia
    GDP
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    E|ectr|c|tyconsumpt|on
    E|ectr|c|tygenerat|on
    Growing economy and air pollution
    Improvements in concentration of some pollutants despite
    economic growth and rises in energy use have been attributed
    to direct efforts to manage air quality.
    0
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    Percent change from 1990 to 2000 in SO
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    SO
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    16DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12 vvv.develomenl.asia
    I
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    shokKhoslaisoneoflhe
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    develomenl.Heisalsoaioneer.
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    counlryvherehebecamelhefounding
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    andlaunchedInfolerra,lheglobal
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    organizaliondevoledloromoling
    commerciallyviable,environmenlally
    friendlylechnologies.In2OO2,he
    vasavardedlheresligiousUNLI
    SasakavaLnvironmenlIrize.The
    seleclioncommilleesaidKhoslasvork
    hashadalargerileeffeclnolonly
    inIndiabularoundlhevorld.
    Khoslaiscurrenllyresidenloflhe
    InlernalionalUnionforConservalion
    ofNalure,anallianceofconservalion
    agencies lhal focuses on hnding
    vorkablesolulionslolhevorldsmosl
    ressingenvironmenlalroblems.
    HesokevilhDevelopment Asia
    corresondenl}ohnlisaboullhe
    challengesofsuslainabledevelomenl,
    lheloomingossibililyofaresource
    crisisinAsia,andlhemisconcelions
    surroundinglhelermgreengrovlh.
    DA: How did you become an
    environmentalist?
    AK:Isavalolofoverlyandmisery
    asarefugeeandIlhoughllhalil
    shouldnlhavelobelikelhal.Ibecame
    delerminedlolearneverylhingIcould
    lhalvouldhelmeconlribuleloa
    bellerIndia.Whilemanysludenls
    androfessionalsvereemigraling
    ouloflhecounlry,IknevIvas
    comingbackloIndiaandIvanledlo
    bereared.AlHarvard,Ivorked
    vilhRogerRevelle,agianlinlhe
    realmofsciencevhosevorkledlo
    lhediscoveryofclimalechange.This
    vasvaybackinlhe196Osvhenlhe
    environmenlmovemenlvasfocused
    onchemicalollulion,famine,and
    oulaliongrovlhandlhalvasaboul
    il.Inlhemid196Os,becauseoflhe
    vorkofRachelCarsonandolhers,
    concernsalsobeganlogrovaboul
    conlaminalionofourfoodchain,or
    acidrain.Webecameinsiredby
    havingloreacllolhisone-sidedviev.
    Wecamelolheconclusionveryearly
    inlhegamelhalenvironmenlalismvas
    meaninglessunlessilvascombined
    vilhlheissuesofsocielyandhuman
    develomenl.
    DA: Whats your view of Asias
    unprecedented economic growth?
    AK:neroblemislhalgross
    domeslicroducl(GDI)grovlhhas
    becomeasacrosanclgoalinilsovn
    righl.TheIndiangovernmenllalks
    aboulGDIgrovlhasifilslheonly
    lhinglhalcounls.SodoeslheIeoles
    ReublicofChina(IRC).Sodoeslhe
    }anuaryMarch2O12Development Asia17 vvv.develomenl.asia
    UniledSlales.Sodoeseverybody.ul
    conlinuedexonenlialgrovlhlhal
    deendsonlheuseofmoreandmore
    malerials from a hnile resource base
    villhiladeadendsoonerorlaler.Asia
    slarledoulasakindofvorkshofor
    induslrializedcounlries.NovAsia
    isbecominginduslrializedinilsovn
    righl.ulilshaeningmainlyby
    coycallingWeslernandNorlhern
    modelslhalhavenlvorkedandfrom
    vhicheolearenovlryinglosave
    lhemselves.Thesemodelsarelolally
    inarorialeinlermsofresource
    managemenl,energy,andvaleruse,
    andlhelrealmenlofhumanbeingsand
    nalure.Solhevordgrovlhcarries
    aconnolalionvhichIlhinkisvery
    unheallhy:lhalilsadesirableaimlo
    keeongroving.Ilisnol,unlessone
    visheslobelikeacancer.
    DA: But economic growth has also
    helped legions of Asians move up in the
    world.
    AK:Yes,halfabillioneolehavebeen
    ulledoulofoverly.ullellmehov
    manyeolehavebeenleflbehindin
    overly.Andlhalsalargernumber.
    Wehaveacluallydeslroyedfarmore
    |naluralcailaljlhanvehavecrealed.
    ThisislrueinlheIRCandIndiaand
    ilisnovbeginninglohaenallover
    SoulheaslAsialoo.Indiahaslosllarge
    lraclsofilsforeslsandvellands.The
    IRChasneglecledilsresourcebase
    lolheexlenllhalilsriversaredrying
    u,ilssoilsaredegrading,andvasl
    areasmusl,forexamle,dealvilhdusl
    slorms.
    DA: Are Asian nations discussing the
    limitations of growth?
    AK:MahalmaGandhiraisedmany
    oflhesesamequeslions1OOyearsago
    andlheyareallcomingbackinlolhe
    mainslreamdiscussionloday.Many
    civilsocielyorganizalionsandsome
    academicsqueslionlhevaylhings
    aregoing.Thereisagrovingbodyof
    forvard-lhinkingolilicalleadershi.
    IseelhalinlheReublicofKorea,
    The word growth
    carries a connotation
    which I think is very
    unhealthy: that its a
    desirable aim to keep
    on growing. It is not,
    unless one wishes to
    be like a cancer
    -Ashok Khos|a
    inhulan,andeveninIndiavhere
    vevehadsomehighlydedicaled
    governmenlminislers.ullheyhave
    gainedverylilllesuslainedlraclion.
    Moslolilicalleadersandcalains
    ofinduslrydonlhaveanyqueslions
    regardinglhenegaliveaseclsof
    grovlhalall.Zero.Nada.Zi.Ils
    nol|usllheAsiangovernmenls.
    Moslifnolallgovernmenlsarelike
    lhis.Theyreresenllheinlereslsof
    lheeolevhogellhemelecled.
    Andlhoseeolearelherich,lhe
    induslrialisls,andlhebusinesseole.
    Thesearevesledinleresls,eole
    vilhlheirsnoulsinlhelroughvho
    aregellingagrealdealouloflhe
    resenlsyslem.Theyhavelheover,
    money,conneclions,andabililyloslo
    anylhingfromchanging.
    DA: Do you see any major businesses
    moving toward greener practices?
    AK:Youlellme.Whoareyoulalking
    aboul`Tellmevhichminingcomany
    hasimrovedilserformancevis--vis
    eoleornalure`Theremuslsurelybe
    somecomanies.ulIdralheryoulell
    mevholheyarebecausenonecomes
    lolheloofmymindveryeasily.
    DA: Yet there is a strong economic
    argument in favor of a more sustainable
    model.
    AK:Lilerally,lrillionsofdollarsin
    naluralcailalsuchasforesls,soil,
    valersourcesinlheformofglaciers,
    rivers,andgroundvalerarebeing
    minedvilhoulrelacemenland
    lhereforelosleveryyear.Thisisso
    obviouslhalnoonecandenyil.ul
    lheeolevhoreallyunderslandlhis
    arenolinmainslreameconomics,and
    lherearenolenoughoflhemlomakea
    difference.Asforlhecoslsofreform,if
    youchangelheallernsofroduclion
    andconsumlionrighlnov,ilvillcosl
    muchless.Ifaclionisdelayedandis
    forceduonus,ilvillcomealamuch
    highercosl.
    DA: Could Asia change its tax policies to
    foment a green agenda?
    AK:Ifyouvanllodiscouragebad
    lhingslikeresourceconsumlion,
    vasle crealion, and inefhciencyyou
    shouldbelaxinglhoselhings.Andyou
    shouldsubsidizelhegoodlhings,like
    emloymenlandlhecrealionof|obs.
    uloverlhelasl7Oor8Oyears,syslems
    havebeendesignedlolaxlhegood
    lhings,suchasincome,andencourage
    lhebadlhings,suchasresource
    exlraclionandvaslefuluseofenergy.
    Thalmakesnosensevhalsoever.
    Wehavegollohaveafundamenlal
    relhinkingofourlaxslruclure.ul
    Idonlseemanygovernmenlsor
    eveneconomislsroosingchanges.
    Andonceyougellockedinlolhese
    laxsyslems,youcanlgeloulof
    lhembecauselargebureaucracies
    andgovernmenlagenciesacquirea
    ermanenllifeoflheirovn.
    DA: Do you see Asia heading toward an
    environmental catastrophe?
    AK:Theshorlansverisyes.Simle
    comulermodelshavealreadyshovn
    lhis.Sodidlhe1972bookThe Limits
    to Growth. Thingsareunfoldingeven
    faslerlhanlhebookredicledlhal
    vilhin1OOyearsfromilsublicalion
    in1972,vearerunninginloasilualion
    ofovershoolandcollase.Thevorlds
    oulalionandeconomyincrease,
    fooddemandconlinueslogrov,and
    agriculluralandinduslrialroduclion
    keeongoing.ullheresourcebase
    18DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12 vvv.develomenl.asia
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    2/6:3(!;/,)0.=60*,
    andlhesyslemslhalabsorbourvasles
    arebreakingdovn.Today,lheArclic
    iceismellingalaraidraleandcould
    begonein3Oyears,somelhinglhal
    hasnlhaenedinlensoflhousands
    ofyears.Ilsdramalic.Wearevay
    aheadofschedule.The Limits to Growth
    vaslalkingonlyaboul1OOyears.
    Already,vilhin4Oyears,veseealllhe
    signsofovershoolandcollase.
    DA: Will it be overshoot and collapse that
    naIIy bring about deep-seated changes
    in the region?
    AK:urgovernmenlsmaygradually
    slarlloreaclalilllebulreformisnol
    likelylocomefromvilhin,ilislikely
    lobeavailinggameforavhileunlil
    lhe sea levels rise signihcanlly, lhe hsh
    aregone,lhereisnovalerlodrink,
    andhungryeoleareriolinginlhe
    slreelsforreasonablyricedfood.This
    couldbeinanolher1Oyears,maybe
    2O,vhichisnollongduringour
    lifelimes.Thefundamenlalremiseof
    moderndevelomenlislhallheliving
    slandardsofeverygeneralionshould
    bebellerlhanlhoseofearlierones.
    Hovarelhegovernmenls,comanies,
    inlernalionaldevelomenlagencies
    goingloexlainlhecircumslances
    lhalleadloaraid,lhoughavoidable,
    delerioralioninlhelivesofour
    children`Verysoonchangevillbe
    forceduongovernmenls,businesses,
    andagenciesbyublicoinionor
    inlernalionallrealiesorma|orevenls
    suchasHurricaneKalrinaorlhe
    IukushimaTsunami.
    DA: Whats been the impact of
    international climate treaties?
    AK: They force governmenl ofhcials
    lorecognizeenvironmenlalissues.ul
    governmenlscanreackagelhemin
    differenlvaysandconlinuelodovhal
    lheyaredoing.Solhelrealiesarenol
    alvayslendinglocorrecloulcomes.
    Induslrializedcounlriesarelayinga
    verynegaliverolebecauselheyvanl
    loalmofflhecoslsoflhingslheyve
    beendoingforlheasl2OOyearsonlo
    oorcounlries.Climalechange,lhe
    lossofsecies,andlhedeslruclionof
    habilalshavenolbeencausedbyoor
    counlries.Andyelininlernalional
    negolialions,lherichcounlries
    cynicallyvanllheoorcounlrieslo
    lakeresonsibililyfordoingsomelhing
    aboulilvilhoullhemselvesmaking
    anycommilmenlalall.
    DA: What about the concept of green
    growth as an alternative path forward?
    AK:Greengrovlhdoesnolsimly
    meanmakingoverlanlsmore
    efhcienl or lanling more lrees. Il is
    aboulmakingfundamenlalchanges
    inourconsumlionallernsand
    ourroduclionsyslems.Those
    vhoarecurrenllyinosilionsof
    rivilegeunforlunalelyseegreen
    grovlhasameansloconlinuelheir
    redaloryallernsofexloilinglhe
    earlhsresourcesandvaslinglarge
    amounlsoflhesevhileroselylizing
    loolherslhallheymuslbehavemore
    resonsiblyvis--vislheenvironmenl.
    Ierelual,losided,resource-guzzling
    grovlh cannol be suslained on a hnile
    lanelorinafairand|uslvorld.
    Greengrovlhisaboulanequilable
    boolslraingoflheeconomysolhal
    everyone benehls from il. Il means an
    environmenlallyandeconomically
    soundvayofcrealingeconomic
    oorluniliesvhereeveryonecan
    havea|ob,andadecenllife,andcan
    sendlheirkidsloschool.ullhals
    nolvhalshaeninginanyoflhese
    laces.
    DA: Why not?
    AK:Thereslhisidealhalgreengrovlh
    isahardlhinglodo.Mosleole
    erceive il as sacrihcing lhings ve
    aresuosedlovalueforlhegood
    oflhelanel,likesvilchingfrom
    comforlablefossilfuelslolessfamiliar
    andrenevableenergieslikevindand
    solar.ulIdonllhinklhalsagood
    vayloursuegreengrovlh.Green
    grovlhshouldbesomelhinglhals
    agrealrivilegelohave.Wehavelo
    lransformlhelhinkingofeoleand
    inslilulionssolhallheyvaluelhings
    lhalaregoodforlheminlheirovn
    righl. If you could redehne lhe lerm lo
    besomelhingosilive,lhalinvolves
    changesinconsumlionallernsand
    roduclionsyslemslomakehumanlife
    more inleresling, more fulhlling, and
    haier,lhenlhelermgreengrovlh
    vouldbeokay.ullheconcelof
    greengrovlhalsohaslobelemered
    vilhlheunderslandinglhalyou
    can'l kee groving forever on a hnile
    resourcebase.Soonerorlaler,lhevord
    grovlhvilllrioverilself.
    DA: Arent there some spots on the map
    where green growth is catching on?
    AK:Inhulanlheyareursuing
    suslainabledevelomenlvilhgreal
    dedicalionandlheeolehave
    vholehearledlyadoledlheideaof
    grossnalionalhainessasasocielal
    goalfarsueriorloGDI.Theydonl
    see il as a sacrihce. They see il as a
    grealrivilegeandlhebeslvaylolive.
    IromlheKingandlheIrimeMinisler
    ondovnlolhelillleschoolchildren,
    lheyarebasicallyvillinglosay:No,
    HAPPY PEOPLE Bhutanese students
    cross a long bridge on their way to
    school. The King of Bhutan has made it
    a national priority to raise gross national
    happiness, which he considers a better
    measure of prosperity than gross
    domestic product (GDP).
    }anuaryMarch2O12Development Asia19 vvv.develomenl.asia
    lhankyou,vedonlvanllhekindof
    lifemodernsocielieshavebecome
    addicledlo.Weareinleresledinhaving
    afulllifevilhclean,heallhyfoodand
    goodeducalion.Andlheymadelheir
    commilmenls.Thaldoesnlmeanevery
    hulanesehasmadelhalcommilmenl,
    bulaverylargema|orilyhas.
    DA: Is Bhutans experiment with gross
    national happiness having much impact
    elsewhere in Asia?
    AK:Whalislheuroseoflife`The
    UniledSlalesConslilulionbegins
    vilh:Theursuilofhainessas
    beingnexlloonlylifeandliberly.
    Soeven25Oyearsago,eolevere
    lalkingaboulil.Whalsmore,lhe
    shorlcomingsofmeasuringrogress
    lhroughGDIarehorrendous.Ildoes
    nolincludelhevorkofnearlyhalflhe
    oulalionhousevivesorlheloss
    ofenvironmenlalasselssuchasforesls
    orsoils,orlhebreakdovnofsocial
    cailalsuchasfamilyandcommunily.
    Andlhalisonlylhebeginningofa
    vholelilanyofshorlcomingsoflhis
    so-calledmeasureofsocielal
    rogress.Who,olherlhanan
    economisl,vouldconsiderlhisa
    meaningfulvaylogaugelheheallh
    of a sociely` GDI is such a aved
    inslrumenllhalilacluallyincludes
    lhecullingdovnoflreesvhichis
    lhedeslruclionofnaluralcailalas
    osiliveincome.Ilssucharidiculously
    badmeasuremenl,yelGDIisacceled
    bylheexerlsvhorunourvorld
    asbeinglheonlyvaylodescribe
    rogress.nlheolherhand,ifyoulell
    lhemaboulgrossnalionalhainess,
    lheyvilllaugh.Slill,lheseare
    concelsvhich,likeolhers,havelheir
    liingoinls.nceGDIbecomes
    dysfunclionalanddisreulable,eole
    villslarllookingforsomelhingelselo
    describerogress.Somevorkonlhis
    hasalreadyslarled,suchaslhe|Uniled
    NalionsDevelomenlIrogrammesj
    HumanDevelomenlIndex.
    DA: Do you expect any concrete
    progress to come out of the 2012 Rio
    Summit?
    AK: The hrsl global environmenlal
    conferencevasin1972inSlockholm.
    Tvenlyyearslalervehadlhe
    RioLarlhSummil,lhencame
    }ohannesburg,andnovanolherone
    inRio.Inbelveenvevehadlhe
    MillenniumDevelomenlGoals.Yel
    lhevorldisnlbelleroff.Idonlvanl
    losoundlikeaone-slringguilar,bul
    lhevesledinlereslsarelheroolof
    lheroblem.Theeolevhocalllhe
    sholsarenolreallyveryvorriedaboul
    vhalhaenslolhereslofusnov
    orinlhefulure.ullhoughnolhing
    muchhashaened,eachoneofus
    keessaying:Ifvedonllrynov
    lhenilvillgelevenvorse.Soveall
    gololhesesummilsandvealllrylo
    dosomelhing.Andmoslofuskee
    hoinglhalmaybesomelhingvill
    comeoulofil.
    DA: What other developments give you
    optimism?
    AK:necanbeolimisliclhalafler
    afevencounlersvilhcalaslrohe
    eolevillrealizelhallhingshave
    lochange.Ialsolhinklhaliflhereis
    hoeforlhefulureilisbecauseofcivil
    sociely,vhichhaslhediversilyand
    lheangerandlhevilloverlolrylo
    slolheinexorabledrivevilhafool
    ressinglheacceleraloredallovard
    lhecliff.
    DA: What role can new technology play?
    AK:Nalure-basedlechnological
    innovalionscanhelsavehumanily.
    TheresavhilebeellefromIndonesia
    fromvhichvecanlearnaboulhov
    lomakeacemenlsubslilulevilhoul
    havinglouseanyenergyorhigh
    lemeralures.Sidersilkisslronger
    lhanlilaniumerunilofveighland
    couldbeusedonlhingsnormally
    madevilhaluminum,lilanium,or
    sleel.Theselechnologiescouldhave
    lheirrenaissanceinAsiabecauselhey
    hl some of lhe hilosohies of lhis
    region.TheyalsorovideAsiavilh
    anoorlunilybecausevehavenl
    yelmadealllhoseinveslmenlsin
    lradilionalinfraslruclure.Iorexamle,
    vedonlhavealllheroadslhal
    reordainlhecarasamainmodeof
    lransorl.Whynollryolhervays,like
    airshis`
    DA: What is Asias potential role in
    setting a greener agenda?
    AK:Asiaisinaosilionlolaya
    ma|orleadershiroleinlhenev
    lhinkinglhalisrequiredlomakelhe
    vorldabellerlace.Ilcanselareal
    examlebysellingnevkindsofsocial,
    economic,andolilicalgoalslhalare
    nolsimlycoycalgoalsfromlheWesl
    orlheNorlh,buloneslhalmakesense
    loourlradilionsandcullures.The
    civilizalionsofAsiaarequileancienl
    andhavecenluries,ifnolmillennia,of
    lhinkingaboulhovloliveeacefully
    andinharmonyvilhnalure.ulil
    seemslomelheyhavelemorarily
    forgollenmanyoflheselessons.Dee
    dovnlheselessonsshouldslillbe
    availablelolhem.Andiflheyaccess
    lhemsoon,lheycouldbringaboul
    signihcanl changes lhal vould be a
    modelforlheresloflhevorld.Ifnol,
    veareinreallrouble.Q
    GLOBAL WARNING An activist dresses
    as a penguin at a demonstration held
    during an international climate change
    conference in Indonesia. Khosla sees
    civil society playing a major role in
    convincing governments to address
    climate change issues.
    vvv.develomenl.asia 2ODevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
    ,5=09654,5;
    L
    nvironmenlalaclivislsfor
    yearshaveslressedlhe
    imorlanceofreservinglhe
    lanelsbiologicaldiversily.
    ulinaregionlhalishomelolvo-
    lhirdsoflhevorldsoor,ilhas
    roven olilically difhcull for Asian
    governmenlslolurnavaycororalions
    andlheircash-generalingroosalsfor
    exloilingscarcenaluralresources.
    Thedebalehasbeenlargelyone-
    inlheregionsnaluralcailal.
    Lalely,hovever,conservalion-
    mindedolicymakersand
    environmenlal aclivisls are hnding a
    more level laying held.
    ChangesundervayinVielNam
    illuslrale lhe nev dynamics. Afler
    yearsofmangrovedeslruclionlo
    make vay for shrim farms and hsh
    onds,lhegovernmenlinvesled
    morelhan$1millioninlanlingand
    sided.Cororalionscouldlayoul
    sreadsheelsvilhrevenuero|eclions
    foraroosedro|ecl,vhile
    conservalionislsslruggledloquanlify
    lhe hnancial benehls of resource
    roleclion. In lhe meanlime, in Asia
    andaroundlheglobe,legalandillegal
    commercialinlereslsculforeslsand
    mangroves,minedlhelandscae,and
    harvesledrarelanlsandanimals
    sellinginmolionareciilousdecline
    Greenback Growth
    Thedividebetweenenvironmenta|istsandpo|icymakersoftenremainswide,
    butbridgesarebeingbui|t
    YGregg}ones
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12Development Asia21
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    roleclingnearly12,OOOheclaresof
    lhevilalcoaslallrees.Therelurnonils
    inveslmenlhasbeenimressive:The
    Soulheasl Asian nalion is nov seeing
    annualsavingsofmorelhan$7million
    indikemainlenance,arelurnlhal
    cororalionsaroundlhevorldmighl
    envy.
    Thelossofbiodiversilylhelolalily
    oflhelanelslivingorganismsandlhe
    ecologicalcomlexeslheyinhabilis
    novrecognizedaserhaslhelanels
    reeminenllhreal.
    Asia and lhe Iacihc is home lo many
    oflheearlhsricheslecosyslems,says
    Nessim Ahmad, direclor of Asian
    DevelomenlanksLnvironmenl
    and Safeguards Division. Around 6O/
    oflhevorldslanlsandanimalsare
    found here, along vilh aboul 5O/
    oflhelanelsremainingcoralreefs
    and 17/ of ils vellands. Irolecling
    lheseresourcesisnol|uslamallerof
    environmenlalslevardshi,ilisalso
    abouleconomicgrovlh.Lcosyslem
    servicesarevorlh1O1OOlimeslhecosl
    ofroleclinglhem.
    Achim Sleiner, a Uniled Nalions
    under-secrelary-generalandexeculive
    direcloroflheUniledNalions
    Lnvironmenl Irogramme (UNLI),
    cilesanexamlelhaliscrilicallo
    lhe survival of millions of Asians:
    coralreefs.Lvenaslhesevilal
    lroicalecosyslemsaredegradedand
    deslroyedalasoaringrale,lheirvalue
    hasbeenoverlookedbynalionalolicy
    makersandinlernalionaldevelomenl
    inslilulions,hesays.
    Ifyoufaclorlhelruevalueofcoral
    reefsinloeconomiclanning,ilislikely
    lhalfarmoreralionalandsuslainable
    choicesvouldbemadeinlermsof
    develomenl,emissionsandollulion
    conlrol,andresourcemanagemenl,
    Sleiner says al lhe launch of a year-long
    celebralionofbiodiversilyin2O1O.Il
    isasimilarsloryinreseclloallof
    lhelanelsnalure-basedassels,from
    foreslsandfreshvalerslomounlains
    andsoils.
    Timeisrunningshorl,hevarns.
    Theurgencyoflhesilualion
    demandslhalasaglobalcommunily
    venolonlyreverselheraleofloss,
    bullhalveslolhelossallogelher
    andbeginresloringlheecological
    infraslruclurelhalhasbeendamaged
    anddegradedoverlherevious
    cenluryorso.
    A crilical hrsl sle in lhal direclion
    hasbeenaUN-guidedinilialive
    designedlocalculalelhevalueof
    nalureandlhecoslofloslnalural
    cailal. As a resull, in minislerial
    buildingsandconferencecenlers
    around Asia, lhe economics of
    biodiversilyislhefocaloinlof
    allenlion.
    ECONOMIC VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY
    Theefforlsloquanlifyandsave
    globalbiodiversilyarebeing
    drivenbylherecariousslaleof
    lhevorldsdecliningecosyslems.
    Annual biodiversily losses range
    belveen$2.Olrillionand$4.5lrillion,
    according lo lhe key hndings of an
    inlernalionalinilialive,TheLconomics
    of Lcosyslems and iodiversily (TLL).
    n lhe i side of lhe equalion, an
    annualinveslmenlof$45.Obillionin
    globalconservalionefforlsvouldyield
    $5.Olrillioninecosyslemsavings,lhe
    sludyfound.
    TheTLLinilialivegrevoulofa
    2OO7roosalbylheenvironmenl
    minislersoflheGrouofLighlleading
    induslrialized counlries and hve
    ma|or develoing counlries (razil,
    lheIeolesReublicofChina,
    India, Mexico, and Soulh Africa) lo
    CONVERSION COST India has created
    a system of compensatory payments
    for converting forest land to other use.
    Payments go to improving the countrys
    forest cover, conserving wildlife such as
    the Royal Bengal tiger, and creating
    rural jobs.
    If you factor the true
    value of coral reefs into
    economic planning, it
    is likely that far more
    rational and sustainable
    choices would be made
    in terms of development,
    emissions and pollution
    control, and resource
    management
    -Ach|m Ste|ner, Un|ted Nat|ons
    under-secretary-genera| and
    execut|ve d|rector of the Un|ted
    Nat|ons Env|ronment Programme
    vvv.develomenl.asia 22DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
    ,5=09654,5;
    valuelheeconomicsofbiodiversily
    loss.GermanyandlheLuroean
    Commissionlaunchedlhesludy,vilh
    subsequenl hnancial suorl by lhe
    UNLIandseveralolherLuroean
    counlries.Theob|eclivesincluded
    dravingallenlionlolheglobal
    economic benehls of biodiversily,
    highlighlinglhegrovingcoslof
    biodiversilylossandecosyslem
    degradalion,androvidingraclical
    solulions,suchaseslablishingan
    ob|ecliveglobalslandardfornalural
    cailalaccounling.
    Led by Iavan Sukhdev, a senior
    bankeralDeulscheank,TLL
    released lhe hrsl of hve reorls in
    2OO8.Ilssludieshavehighlighledlhe
    economiclossesandhumancosls
    causedbyvanishingbiodiversily.
    Nalureislhesourceofmuchvalue
    louseveryday,andyelilmoslly
    byassesmarkels,escaesricing,
    and dehes valualion, Sukhdev vriles
    inlheinilialreorl.Thislackof
    valualionis,vearediscovering,an
    underlyingcauseforlheobserved
    degradalionofecosyslemsandlheloss
    ofbiodiversily.
    iodiversilylossiscrilicalloglobal
    develomenlefforlsbecauseoverly,
    climalechange,biodiversily,andlhe
    lossofecosyslemslikelroicalreefsor
    foreslsareinexlricablyinlerlvined,
    lheTLLreorlnoles.Indeed,
    lhe sludy hnds lhal lhe oor vere
    lyically lhe immediale benehciaries
    ofecosyslemservicesandbiodiversily.
    Thelivelihoodsmoslaffecledare
    subsislencefarming,animalhusbandry,
    hshing, and informal foreslrymosl
    oflhevorldsooraredeendenlon
    lhem.
    Ior decades, environmenlal aclivisls
    haveslruggledloconvinceolicy
    makersoflhehiddencoslsoflosl
    biodiversilyandnaluralresources.
    Irom a olicy maker's erseclive,
    lhevalueofexloilingresourcesvas
    fareasierlomeasure:Thegovernmenl
    sellsermilsloallovacomany
    lominecoerorgold,cullimber,
    or calch hsh, and lhe comany, in
    lurn, ays laxes and rohls from ils
    aclivilies.
    ulvhalvenlunrecognizedor
    alleaslunacknovledgedinolicy
    circlesfordecadesvaslhecoslof
    delelinglhoseresources,andlhe
    resullinglossofecosyslembiodiversily.
    Nov,lheuseofrecenllydeveloed
    accounlingloolsandlechniquesis
    allovingolicymakersloveighlhe
    negaliveimaclofcerlainaclivilies
    againsllhevalueofecosyslemservices,
    suchaslhecarbonsequeslralionand
    valercycleregulalionofalroical
    foresl,orlheslormroleclionrovided
    byamangroveforesl.
    ne examle lhal TLL ciles is a
    coslbenehl analysis of converling
    mangrovesinloshrimfarmsin
    soulhernThailand.Wilhgovernmenl
    subsidies,commercialshrimfarms
    generalerelurnsofaboul$1,22Oer
    heclare.ullocalcommunilieslose
    aboul$12,OOOerheclareinecosyslem
    services,slemmingfromlhelossof
    voodandnon-voodforeslroducls,
    hsheries, and coaslal roleclion, lhe
    sludynoles.
    Around Asia, freshvaler and coaslal
    vellandsarenovseenasroviders
    ofeconomicallyvaluableecosyslem
    services.Usingnevaccounlinglools,
    vellandsaroundlhecilyofVienliane,
    lheLaoIeolesDemocralicReublic,
    forexamle,havebeeneslimaledlo
    rovide $5 million in ood revenlion
    services.
    Thehiddencoslsofforeslloss,
    ama|orroblemacrossmuchof
    Asia, have also been revealed by lhe
    nev efforls. ne sludy has valued
    ollinalionservicesrovidedbyforesls
    in Sulavesi, Indonesia, al aboul $6O
    erheclare.Theconversionofforesled
    areaslofarmlandandolherusesis
    execledloreducelhoseollinalion
    services, vilh signihcanl economic
    consequencesforcoffeegrovers:
    yields reduced by u lo 18/, and nel
    revenueserheclarevilldeclinebyas
    much as 14/ over lhe nexl 2 decades.
    Al lhe Conference of lhe Iarlies lo
    lheUniledNalionsConvenlionon
    iologicalDiversilyinNagoya,}aan,
    in2O1O,WorldankIresidenlRoberl
    AMAZON OF THE SEAS A local diver
    watches different varieties of sh weave
    through a maze of corals in Puerto
    Galera, Philippines. The country is part
    of the Coral Triangle Initiative, which
    was formed to save one of the worlds
    most diverse and threatened marine
    ecosystems.
    Nature is the source of
    much value to us every
    day, and yet it mostly
    bypasses markets,
    escapes pricing, and
    defies valuation
    -Pavan Sukhdev, a sen|or banker
    at Deutsche Bank
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12Development Asia23
    haveagreedloay$2.8millionlomore
    lhan2,OOOforesl-dvellinghouseholds
    lohelroleclvalershedslhal
    sulylhehydrooverlanls.This
    villincreaseincomesforsubsislence
    householdsvhilereducingoeraling
    coslsandimrovinglhelong-lerm
    suslainabililyoflhelanls.
    n a global scale, efforls are
    undervayloreducegreenhousegas
    emissionslhrougharogramknovnas
    ReducingLmissionsfromDeforeslalion
    and Ioresl Degradalion or RLDD+.
    Wilh Asia's oulalion raidly
    shiflingfromruralareaslourban
    cenlers,ama|orchallengeforlhe
    regionisaddressinglheecosyslem
    imaclofoveroulaledcilies.Urban
    aclivilies already accounl for aboul 67/
    oflhevorldsenergyconsumlion
    and 7O/ of greenhouse gas emissions.
    Urbandvellersalsoaccounlformosl
    oflheglobaldemandforfreshvaler,
    vood,andolherravmalerials.
    Singaore, vhich has devised a
    cilybiodiversilyindexlohelguide
    ilsdevelomenllans,hasbeena
    leaderinroleclingbiodiversilyinan
    urban selling. Among ils vilderness
    areas oen lo lhe ublic are Sungei
    uloh,amangrovearkresloredfrom
    shrimfarms,andukilTimahNalure
    Reserve,vhichencomassesrimary
    andsecondarylroicalrainforesl.
    ThecilyofNagoya,}aan,hasalso
    dislinguishedilselfbyinlroducinga
    syslemoflradabledevelomenlrighls
    lohelreserveilsvanishinggreen
    sace.Develoersvhovishloexceed
    limilsonhigh-risebuildingsmuslbuy
    andconservegreenareasalriskof
    develomenl. lher incenlives include
    discounledbankloansfordeveloers
    lhalincororalemoregreensacevilh
    lheirro|ecls.
    Cilydvellers,alongvilhrural
    communiliesandbusinesses,can
    execl lo receive benehls from
    such efforls. Al lhe nalional and
    inlernalionallevels,lheTLL
    researchersnole,lhereisanadded
    ayoffforolicymakersvholace
    aremiumonbiodiversilyand
    ecosyslemservices:Theyarelikelylo
    en|oyslrongereconomicgrovlhinlhe
    decadesahead.Q
    HEART OF BORNEO Clouds cover a
    forested mountain in West Kalimantan
    province on Borneo island. In 2007,
    Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, and
    Malaysia signed a declaration to protect
    the Heart of Borneo, where only about
    half of the original forests remain.
    Zoellickannounceda5-yearilol
    rogramloexandlheefforlslouse
    innovaliveaccounlingloolslomeasure
    lhevalueofecosyslems.Ilsavayof
    lryingloheleoleunderslandbeller
    ineconomiclermslhevalueofnalural
    veallh,saysZoellick.
    COMPENSATING NATURE
    Asia is also al lhe forefronl of olher
    nevmelhodsdesignedloaddresslhe
    lossofbiodiversilyandecosyslem
    degradalion,includingaymenlsfor
    ecosyslem services (ILS) rograms.
    A 2OO6 Sureme Courl ruling in
    Indiaresulledinlhecrealionofa
    syslemofcomensaloryaymenls
    forconverlingvariouslyesofforesl
    landloolheruse.Valuesvereassigned
    accordinglolheuseoflheland,
    rangingfromlimberandecolourism
    losuchnon-usevaluesasconserving
    lhe Royal engal liger and Asialic
    lion.Underlhesyslem,aermilmusl
    beoblainedloconverlaforesllo
    olherusesandaymenlsmadeinlo
    aubliclymanagedfunddevoled
    loimrovingIndiasforeslcover,
    conservingvildlife,andcrealingrural
    |obs.
    In Viel Nam, under a ilol ILS olicy
    crealed vilh assislance from lhe Asia
    RegionaliodiversilyConservalion
    Irogram,lvohydrooverfacililies
    GARDEN CITY A couple looks down
    from a walkway on a canopy of trees in
    Singapore, dubbed the Garden City of
    Asia. The city-state follows a biodiversity
    index in its development plans.
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    Dirty Business
    Asiaisonthereceivingendofsomeofthewor|dsmosttoxicwaste
    YWilliamranigin

    ylhedozenseachday,
    cargoshisullinloorl
    inHongKong,China,and
    ofoad 4O-fool conlainers
    hlled vilh discarded eleclronic goods
    fromelsevhereinlhevorld,moslly
    fromNorlhAmerica.Therefuseis
    lyicallylakenlofencedscrayardsor
    varehousesforinilialsorlingnorlhof
    Kovloon,lhenmovedinlolheIeoles
    ReublicofChina(IRC)bylruckor
    boal.
    Theeleclronicvasle,knovnas
    e-vasle or e-scra, oflen ends u in
    Guiyu,alovnaboul22milesvesl
    ofShanlouinruralGuangdong
    Irovince.There,lhousandsofvorkers,
    manyoflhemvomenandchildren,
    usebasiclools,oenburning,and
    acidbalhslorecovercoer,sleel,
    laslic,aluminum,comulerchis,
    lead-lin solder, and small amounls of
    reciousmelalssuchasgold.ulin
    lherocess,lheyexoselhemselves
    andlheenvironmenlloahoslofloxins
    includinglead,mercury,cadmium,
    beryllium, and brominaled ame
    relardanls.
    ThesilualioninGuiyu,documenled
    byvalchdoggrous,suchaslheasel
    AclionNelvorkandGreeneace,
    reresenlsoneasecloflhegroving
    roblemofhazardousvasleinAsia.
    Ilalsoexosesvhallhegroushave
    calledlhedirlylilllesecreloflhe
    eleclronicsrecyclinginduslry:lhe
    common cosl-culling raclice of simly
    exorling e-vasle from counlries,
    suchaslheUniledSlales,insleadof
    rocessingilsafelyalhome.
    ,5=09654,5;
    E-WASTE EXPOS Activitists mount
    an installation made from computer
    monitors on a truck during a protest in
    New Delhi in 2007. Watchdog groups
    have exposed the threat posed by the
    improper processing of these toxic
    materials to health and the environment.
    A FAST-GROWING PROBLEM
    Ior several years nov, e-vasle has
    been lhe faslesl-groving vasle
    robleminlhevorld,accordinglo
    lheUniledNalionsLnvironmenl
    Irogramme (UNLI) and ils afhlialed
    aselConvenliononlheConlrol
    ofTransboundaryMovemenlsof
    HazardousWaslesandTheirDisosal.
    L-vasle accounls for aboul 8/ of
    }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia25 vvv.develomenl.asia
    municialvasleandiseslimaled
    lobeilingual3limeslheraleof
    municialvaslevorldvide.
    Ilisexonenliallygroving,says
    KalharinaKummerIeiry,headof
    lhe Sviss-based asel Convenlion
    secrelarial.Allhelimelheasel
    Convenlion vas adoled in 1989,
    lhisdidnolevenexislasavasle
    slream. Nov e-vasle is lhe key vasle
    slreamlhallheaselConvenlionis
    lookingal.
    Accordinglo}imIuckell,execulive
    direclor of lhe Seallle-based asel
    AclionNelvork,agrouvorking
    loaddressloxicvasleissues,ulo
    8O/ of lhe e-vasle collecled in lhe US
    forrecyclingacluallyendsubeing
    exorled.Muchofilcomesfrom
    enliliessuchasgovernmenlagencies
    andschoolslhalsignrecycling
    conlraclsvilhlheloveslbidder,he
    says.Shiingconlainerslrackedby
    hisgrouhavemadelheirvaylo
    India,Indonesia,Malaysia,Iakislan,
    andVielNam,Iuckellsays,bulmosl
    areslillgoingloHongKong,China,
    enroulelolheIRC.
    Likehazardousvaslegenerally,
    lhe exlosion of e-vasle has been
    driveninarlbyoulaliongrovlh
    andrisingconsumlion.ulil
    alsoovesmuchlolheaslonishing
    roliferalion of high-lech devices
    vorldvide,raidobsolescence,
    manufacluringlechniqueslhal
    make disassembly difhcull, and
    videsreadunavarenessevenin
    develoedcounlriesoflheloxic
    nalureofmalerialshiddeninersonal
    comulers,cellhones,monilors,and
    manyolhereleclronicroducls.
    Thevorldoulalionissleadily
    increasing,consumlionlevelsare
    groving,andasaresulllheglobal
    vasleheaisgellingbiggerand
    bigger,saysadraflreorl,Vital Waste
    Graphics 3,roducedforlheasel
    Convenlion and UNLI. y mid-
    cenlury,ilsays,aro|ecledvorld
    oulalionof9billionisexecledlo
    generalemorelhan13.1billionlons
    of vasle a year, aboul 2O/ more lhan
    in2OO9.
    A PROLIFERATION OF PLASTICS AND
    TECHNOLOGY
    ecause of varying dehnilions and
    reorling mechanisms, il is difhcull
    loeslimalehovmuchofglobalor
    regionalvasleishazardous.ula
    ma|orconcernislhesoaringshare
    ofmunicialvaslesreresenledby
    laslics.Novmassivelymanufaclured
    alloverlhevorld,laslicsareusedin
    moreandmoreroducls,including
    eleclronics,andcanabsorband
    lransferersislenlorganicollulanls,
    knovnasIIschemicals,oflen
    usedineslicides,lhalendureinlhe
    environmenlandaccumulaleinlhe
    foodchain.
    Allhoughlaslicvasleoflenends
    u in landhlls, il also nov abounds
    inlhevorldsoceans,vherelarge
    rolalingsurfacecurrenlscalledgyres
    have formed enlire oaling islands
    ofmarinedebris,accordingloVital
    Waste Graphics 3. Large high-densily
    concenlralionsofmorelhan5O,OOO
    laslicarliclesersquarekilomeler
    arefoundinlheNorlhandSoulh
    Iacihc (as vell as lhe Norlh and Soulh
    Allanlic), vhile a vasl medium-densily
    svalh of 2O,OOO-lus ieces er square
    kilomeler oals in lhe Indian cean,
    lhereorlsays.Wilhinlhosegyres,il
    says,marinefaunaingesllaslicor
    becomeenlangledinil,vhilemosl
    humansremainoblivious.
    InAsiaasinolherregions,mounling
    concernsaboulhazardousvaslehave
    beenaccomaniedbyadramalic
    shiflinlheroduclionandusage
    ofinformalionandcommunicalion
    lechnology(ICT).Since2OO3,mobile
    honesubscribersinlhedeveloing
    vorldhaveoulnumberedlhosein
    develoedcounlriesandnovaccounl
    for nearly 7O/ of lhe vorld lolal. The
    volumeofobsoleleersonalcomulers
    indeveloingcounlriesisro|ecled
    loexceedlhenumberindeveloed
    nalionsbyaboul2O16.
    TheInlernalionalTelecommunicalion
    Unionhaseslimaledlhallhenumber
    ofmobilehonesinusevorldvide
    TOXIC EXPORT Greenpeace activists in
    Hong Kong, China lower a banner on a
    cargo ship allegedly carrying an illegal
    shipment of electronic waste from the
    United States in 2008.
    The world
    population is
    steadily increasing,
    consumption levels
    are growing, and as a
    result the global waste
    heap is getting bigger
    and bigger
    =P[HS>HZ[L.YHWOPJZproduced
    for the Base| Convent|on and
    the Un|ted Nat|ons Env|ronment
    Programme
    26DevelopmentAsia }anuaryMarch2O12 vvv.develomenl.asia
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    increasedfrom145millionin1996lo
    more lhan 4 billion in 2OO8, a year vhen
    salesofmobilehandselsreorledly
    reached1billion.Wilhmoslmobile
    honesdeslinedlobediscardedvilhin
    13yearsofurchase,ilisnovonder
    lhallheICTinduslryisro|ecledlo
    generale 53 million lons of e-vasle by
    2O12.
    A GLOBAL WASTE MARKET
    f lhe e-vasle, only aboul 13/ is
    reorledloberecycled,vilhorvilhoul
    adequalesafelyrocedures,according
    lolhe2O1OannualreorlofGlobal
    InformalionSocielyWalch(GISWalch),
    anelvorklhalromolessuslainable
    ICT.Yel,lhalisenoughlofuela
    globalvaslemarkelvorlhroughly
    $3OObillionayear.Worldvide,vasle
    ickingorscavenginginaninformal
    recyclinginduslryrovidesincomelo
    morelhan15millioneole,almoslall
    oflhemindeveloingcounlries.
    InlheIRC,alleasl1Omillioneole
    vorkinrecycling,roughly7OO,OOOof
    lhem in lhe e-vasle seclor, according
    loUNLI.There,Guiyuhasemerged
    aslhegroundzeroforlheeleclronic
    vaslelrade,saysIuckell,vhohas
    ersonallyinvesligaledcondilionsin
    lhelovnforlheaselAclionNelvork.
    Allhoughilisillegalloimorl
    hazardousvasleinlolheIRC,hesays,
    roughly5O1OOshiingconlainers
    ,5=09654,5;
    hlled vilh e-vasle arrive in Hong
    Kong,China,eachday,deslinedfor
    arecyclinginduslrylhalsincelhe
    mid-199Os has lransformed Guiyu
    from a oor, rural, rice-groving
    communilyinloaboomingbul
    heavilyolluledrocessingcenler
    fordiscardedeleclronics.Asaresull,
    lheareasgroundvalerhasbeen
    conlaminaled,forcingaulhorilieslo
    buildaielinelobringinfreshvaler
    from3Okilomelersavay,Iuckellsays.
    Levelsofdioxinsandheavymelalsare
    someoflhehigheslinlhevorld,and
    leslshaveshovnelevaledleadlevelsin
    childrensblood,hesays.
    CondilionsinIndiaandIakislan,
    vhere e-vasle rocessing has
    mushroomed,maybeevenvorselhan
    lhoseinlheIRC,lheaselAclion
    Nelvorkreorls.Ilcileslheoen
    burningofcircuilboardsbychild
    laborersinNevDelhineighborhoods
    andunvenlilaledoeralionsinKarachi
    usingblovlorchesandacidalllo
    recoverchisandreciousmelals.
    Increasingly,Indiaisbecoming
    a duming ground for e-vasle,
    accordingloacounlryreorlublished
    byGISWalch.Indiageneraledaboul
    3OO,OOO lons of e-vasle in 2OO7, an
    amounlro|ecledlogrovlo1.6million
    lonsby2O12.Inaddilion,aboul5OO,OOO
    lons a year of e-vasle are imorled
    illegally,lhereorlsays.
    TheGovernmenlofIndiahasdrafled
    rules lo manage e-vasle, bul lhey do
    nolcoverlheinformalseclor,vhere
    9O/ of lhe counlry's e-vasle recycling
    iscarriedoul,accordinglolhe2O1O
    reorl.
    InlheIhiliines,vheremobile
    honesubscrilionshaveskyrockeled
    andeleclronicsmakeumorelhan
    4O/ of imorls, dumsile scavengers
    commonly svarm over landhlls lhal
    conlain e-vasle mixed vilh olher solid
    vasle.ulunderarecyclingloohole
    inlheaselConvenlion,alradein
    secondhandeleclronicshasdeveloed,
    conlribulinglolhegrovingheasof
    e-vasle, GISWalch reorls. In 2OO7
    alone, 98,823 lons of second-hand
    eleclricalandeleclronicequimenl
    vereimorled,mosllyfrom}aanand
    lheReublicofKorea.
    Moreover, a 2OO8 agreemenl vilh
    }aanallovedlheimorlalionof
    }aanesechemical,hosilal,and
    municialvaslesinlolheIhiliines,
    angeringenvironmenlalislsand
    romlingoneIhiliinenevsaer
    locomlainlhallhecounlryvas
    osilioningilselfasaglobalvasle
    dum.
    BASEL CONVENTION SEEKS
    SOLUTIONS
    LikelheIRC,India,}aan,lhe
    ReublicofKorea,andmoslSoulheasl
    Asiannalions,lheIhiliineshas
    ralihed lhe 1989 asel Convenlion,
    vhichvasdesignedloreducelhe
    movemenlsofhazardousvasleamong
    nalions.Illookeffeclin1992andnov
    has 178 arlies. The US has signed bul
    nol ralihed il.
    Amoreambiliousmeasure,knovn
    aslheanAmendmenl,vasadoled
    bylheconvenlionsarliesin1995
    MONEY FROM TRASH A boy collects
    usable materials among the garbage
    washed up at Manila Bay. More than
    15 million people, almost all of them in
    developing countries, make a living by
    scavenging for recyclables.
    }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia27 vvv.develomenl.asia
    adoledaaradigmshiflinlhevay
    lhalvaslesarelookedal.Inslead
    offocusingmainlyonconlrolling
    vasledisosalandlransboundary
    movemenls,shesays,lheconference
    agreed lo embrace more of a life-
    cyclearoach,solhalrevenlion
    andminimizalionofvasleshould
    beromoledbylhearliesandall
    slakeholders.
    Thismeansmoreemhasisongreen
    roduclion,aimedalminimizing
    loxicmalerialsinlhemanufaclureof
    eleclronics,forexamle,andalusing
    recyclingasanaccelablevaylo
    generalegreen|obsandoorlunilies.
    AllheaselAclionNelvorkand
    olheradvocacygrous,innovalive
    solulionsareinlhevorks,Iuckell
    says.neexamleislhedevelomenl
    ofabenignchemicalmelhod
    forslriingcircuilboardsusing
    nonaggressivechemicals,vhich
    vouldalleaslmiligalesomeoflhe
    harmfulheallhandenvironmenlal
    imacls of e-vasle rocessing in lhe
    informalseclor.
    TheaselAclionNelvorkandolher
    grous also romole lake-back
    rogramsinvhichmanufaclurersare
    requiredloaccellheiroldroducls
    fromconsumersforroerrecycling.
    Suchrogramshavegainedlraclion
    inmanycounlries,includinglheIRC,
    vhereconsumersareaidlolurn
    inequimenllheynolongervanl,
    Iuckellsays.ullherogramalies
    onlyloroduclssoldinlheIRC.
    Domeslic e-vasle is a roblem, and
    |lheIeolesReublicofjChinais
    vorkingonil,Iuckellsays.ul
    lheyrelurningablindeyelolhe
    smugglinginHongKong,Chinaand
    lheimorlsinloGuiyu,unforlunalely.
    Lnvironmenlalislsarealsoushing
    cleanerroduclionasavaylolimil
    hazardousvasleallhesourceand
    curlail lhe lechno-lrashing of lhe
    lanel.Manufaclurersaredoingmuch
    morevorkonlhalnov,allhoughlhey
    arenolaggressiveenough,Iuckell
    says.Theyrereallylimidlomarkel
    greenroducls.
    Hecileslheexamleofama|or
    mobilehonemakerlhalhasroduced
    a loxic-free hone bul has resisled
    ublicizingil.Thecomanydoesnol
    vanllohighlighllhefacllhallheresl
    ofilsroduclsconlainloxicmalerials,
    ofvhichlheublicislargelyunavare,
    Iuckellsays.Headdslhalconsullanls
    ofmanufaclurershaveadmilledlohim
    lhallheyhavelheabililyloeliminale
    hazardousmalerialsfromcomulers
    and olher high-lech roducls by 2O15, if
    nolbefore.
    Thalslhefruslralinglhing.We
    could really have loxic-free equimenl
    nov,andcerlainlyin5years,iflhevill
    vaslhere,Iuckellsays.Somuchof
    lhissluffisavoidable.Q
    vilhlheaimofrohibilingallexorls
    ofhazardousvaslesfromdeveloed
    counlrieslodeveloingnalionsfor
    any reason. Il has been ralihed by 71
    counlries,bulilhasnolyelenlered
    inloforce,andkeycounlriessuchas
    }aan,lheReublicofKorea,andlhe
    UShaverefusedlosignilorhonor
    ilsrovisions.InlheUS,lhevorlds
    biggesl e-vasle exorler, lhe scra
    induslryhasvigorouslyoosedsuch
    rovisionsongroundslheyreslriclfree
    lrade.
    uladvocalesoflheamendmenl
    seesomehoefulsigns.Aconference
    oflheaselConvenlionarliesin
    Colombiaincloberlaslyearresolved
    alongslandingdeadlockbyagreeing
    lhal 17 more ralihcalions are needed for
    lheanAmendmenllolakeeffecl.
    Ierhasmoreimorlanlly,according
    loKummerIeiry,lheaselConvenlion
    execulivesecrelary,lhearlies
    FASTER THAN TWEETING A gambler in
    Phnom Penh talks on 18 mobile phones
    at the same time as he comments on a
    boxing match. Environmentalists fear
    that the proliferation of mobile phones
    in Asia will compound the problem of
    e-waste in the region.
    We could really have
    toxic-free equipment
    now, and certainly in
    5 years, if the will was
    there
    -J|m Puckett, execut|ve d|rector
    of the Seatt|e-based Base| Act|on
    Network
    28DevelopmentAsia }anuaryMarch2O12
    I
    nlhelale199Os,lheIndiancily
    ofDelhivasnearlyinlolerable.
    Alhickhazeblankeledlhe
    melroolisonmosldays,and
    residenlsroulinelyhadlobrealheone
    oflhedeadliesllyesofairollulion,
    lheloxicarliclesblasledfromlheback
    ofvehiclescalledarliculalemaller.
    Drivenbyublicoulrage,and
    aclivisllavsuils,lhecounlryscourl
    syslemcomelledlhecilyandnalional
    governmenlsloacl.Thousandsof
    ollulinglexlileandchemicallanls
    vereorderedlocleanuorclose,
    and mosl signihcanlly, all ublic
    lransorlincludingbuses,laxis,and
    Dry Cough
    Boomingeconomiesandanexpandingcar-|ovingmidd|ec|assarefou|ingAsiasskies
    andtheymightbethebestwaytoc|earthem
    YIloydWhaley
    ,5=09654,5;
    vvv.develomenl.asia
    molorizedlricyclesvererequiredlo
    converllocleaner-runningcomressed
    naluralgas(CNG).
    Theresullsvereimressive.The
    counlrysCenlralIollulionConlrol
    oardreorleda24/decreasein
    deadlyarliculalemallerinDelhis
    airfrom1996lo2OO2.Thissaved
    aneslimaled3,629liveseryear,
    accordingloa2OO5Worldankreorl.
    ThoughDelhisboomingoulalion
    andexlosionofvehicleovnershi
    hasreversedmanyoflhegains
    madebylheCNGconversionoflhe
    lale199Os,lheexerienceoflhecily
    remainsanexamleoflenciledby
    PIERCING THE HAZE A policeman
    directs trafc on a foggy morning in New
    DeIhi. BeIow, an auto-rickshaw refueIs at
    a compressed naturaI gas (CNG) station
    in the Indian capital.
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    FOUR-STROKE SAVINGS
    I
    nlheIhiliines,manyeole
    lravelshorldislancesaroundlhe
    cilyonmolorizedlricycles.They
    arechea,oular,andovered
    bylvo-slrokeengines,oneoflhemosl
    ollulinglyesofcombusliononlhe
    road.Thedeadlyvhilesmokeasingle
    lvo-slrokelricycleemilscanollule
    morelhananenlirebus.Themore
    modernfour-slrokeenginesruncleaner
    bullheyareexensive,vhichmakes
    lhedriverslessinclinedlougrade.
    Aro|eclinlheManila-areacilyof
    Mandaluyongaddressedlhisissue
    using microhnance. Tricycle drivers
    verelenlenoughmoneylobuyafour-
    slrokebikeiflheyagreedlogiveu
    lheirlvo-slrokeengine.Thiscrealeda
    4O/savinginfuel,arlofvhichcould
    beusedloaybacklheloan.Several
    driversinlheilolro|eclhavealready
    aidbacklheirloaninfullandnov
    ro|ecladminislralorsarelookinglo
    scaleulheefforlloolherciliesinlhe
    counlry.Thedriversrecognizedlhal
    cleanerenginesverealsoheallhierfor
    lhemselvesandlheircommunily,say
    ro|eclorganizers.Q
    WIN-WIN DEAL A city in ManiIa is offering
    tricycIe owners easy nancing to convert
    their two-stroke engine to a four-stroke
    engine, which consumes Iess fueI.
    environmenlalislsandgovernmenl
    ofhcials alike of hov big cilies' skies
    canbecleanedu.
    ThroughoulAsia,ma|orciliesare
    facingasimilarsilualion.Thriving
    urbancenlersinsomeoflhefaslesl
    grovingeconomiesinlhevorldare
    roducingmoreexhausl-belching
    vehicles,morerivaleaircondilioners,
    morefaclorysmokeslacks,andlevels
    ofurbanollulionunseensincelhe
    hrsl decades of lhe 19OOs in Luroe and
    NorlhAmerica.
    InAsia,lhehighraleof
    urbanizalionandeconomicgrovlh
    hasledloaraidincreaseinvehicles
    andenergyconsumlion,says
    SohieIunle,execulivedirecloroflhe
    CleanAirInilialiveforAsianCilies,
    eslablishedbylheAsianDevelomenl
    ankandolherarlners.Thishas
    haenedquickly.Theeconomic
    develomenlinAsialhalhaslaken
    laceinlhelasl2decadeslook
    hundredsofyearsinlheWesl.
    Thisraidgrovlhhaslefl
    governmenlsinlheregionslruggling
    lokeelheirskiesclean.IevAsian
    counlrieshavesyslemalicairqualily
    managemenlrogramslhalallov
    governmenlsloselslandards,
    imlemenlbroad-basedrograms,and
    monilorresulls,slaleslhe2O1Oreorl
    Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the
    Developing Countries of Asia, bylhe
    HeallhLffeclsInsliluleinlheUniled
    Slales.
    Thoughlhereareafevbrighl
    solsinlermsofconlrollingvehicle
    emissions,moslarlsofAsiaslillhave
    old,high-ollulingvehiclesonlheir
    roads.Manyoflhesevehiclesrunon
    oor qualily, dirly fuel. Relrohlling
    modernollulionconlrolsyslems,
    suchascalalylicconverlersonvehicles
    muslbedoneincoordinalionvilh
    lhehasingouloflov-gradegasoline
    anddiesel.Thisisahugelaskforany
    cilyorruralarea.Raidlyexanding
    numbersofrivalevehicleslhroughoul
    The public health
    and social policy
    implications of the
    relations among
    health, air pollution,
    and poverty are likely
    to be important,
    especially in areas
    such as Asia, where
    air pollution
    concentrations are
    high and many live in
    poverty
    -Hea|th Effects Inst|tute report
    6\[KVVY(PY7VSS\[PVUHUK/LHS[OPU
    [OL+L]LSVWPUN*V\U[YPLZVM(ZPH
    3ODevelopmentAsia }anuaryMarch2O12
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    ,5=09654,5;
    lheregioncomoundlheroblem
    furlher.
    Comlicalinglhesilualionislhefacl
    lhalinmanycounlriesinAsia,lhereis
    aclashofinlereslinlhegovernmenl
    agencyresonsibleforaddressingair
    ollulion,saysIunle.
    Thereisaerverseincenlivelo
    avoidairqualilymoniloring,she
    says.Theagencymandaledvilh
    addressingairqualilyroblems
    usuallylheenvironmenlminislry
    inacounlryisalsolhemoniloring
    agency.Iflheymonilorroerly,and
    hnd high levels, lhey are burdened
    vilhexlravorkandresonsibililyin
    solving lhe roblem lhey idenlihed.
    Solheincenliveislorovideveak
    moniloring.Whalislheirincenlive
    lo hnd roblems lhal lhey musl lhen
    correcl`
    Againsllhisbackdro,lheregion
    muslalsoaddressavarielyofolher
    sourcesofairollulion,suchasoen
    burningoflrashandolhermalerials,
    emissionsfromcombuslionoflov-
    qualilyindoorfuels,andlargenumbers
    ofunregulaledsmallbusinessesand
    induslries.
    Aslheseissuesareaddressed,lhe
    benehls lo lhe global climale change
    silualionslandloimroveasvell,
    exerlsnole.Reducinglocalair
    ollulionreducescarbonemissionand
    lhusmiligalesclimalechange.
    QUANTIFYING THE HEALTH IMPACT
    Theregionsraidgrovlhvilhoul
    adequaleairqualilymanagemenl
    syslemsinlacehasmadeAsiancilies
    someoflheleaslheallhylacesinlhe
    vorldlolive.In2OOO,lhelasllimea
    globalsludyvasdoneonlhemaller,
    lheWorldHeallhrganizalion(WH)
    foundlhallvo-lhirdsoflheeslimaled
    8OO,OOOdealhsand4.6millionlosl
    yearsofheallhylifevorldvidecaused
    byexosurelourbanairollulion
    occurredinlhedeveloingcounlries
    ofAsia.
    Desilelhedislurbingoverall
    eslimales,dalaonheallheffeclsofair
    ollulioninAsiaareseldomdireclly
    useablebyolicymakers,saysIunle.
    Thisgabelveenresearchand
    olicymakinglimilslheabililiesof
    olilicianslomakelheharddecisions
    neededloaddressairollulion.
    Ifsomeoneishilbyacar,you
    knovvhylheydied,bulifsomeone
    hasaslrokeorahearlallack,hov
    doyouknovifilvascausedbyair
    ollulion`asksIunle.Thedamage
    issharedandlessvisible.Ifeoleon
    averagedie1yearearlier,hovdoyou
    knoviflhalisduelooorairqualily`
    Asludylinkingdecliningheallhand
    airollulioninHoChiMinhCily,Viel
    Namhasrovidedsomeoflhebesl
    evidenceyellhaldirlyairulseole
    inlolhehosilal,andsomelimesinlo
    lhegrave.
    Thesludy,conducledbelveen2OO3
    and2OO5,examinedadmissionsof
    childrenunderlheageof5allhelvo
    mainedialrichosilalsinlhecily.
    Illookedalallchildrenoflhisage
    admilledforaculeresiraloryillness.
    Nearlyallchildrenadmilledfor
    resiraloryillnessesin(HoChiMinh
    Cily)arehosilalizedinoneoflhese
    lvoedialrichosilals,asummaryof
    lhereorlnoles.Thus,vecalured
    nearlyallchildrensadmissionsfor
    aculeresiraloryillness.
    Thereliminaryresullsoflhesludy
    vereslarlling.Whenlookedalona
    charl,lhelineilluslralinglhenumber
    ofedialrichosilaladmissionsfor
    AT HIGH RISK Schoolchildren cross a
    busy street in Pakistan. The WorId HeaIth
    Organization says some of the hardest
    hit by poor air quaIity are peopIe Iiving
    near major roadways.
    If someone is hit
    by a car, they know
    why they died, but if
    someone has a stroke
    or a heart attack,
    how do you know if
    it was caused by air
    pollution?
    -Soph|e Punte, execut|ve d|rector
    of the C|ean A|r In|t|at|ve for As|an
    C|t|es
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia31
    vhoresideorvorkincloseroximily
    loma|orroadvays.
    MIDDLE-CLASS DEMANDS
    Inlhelasl3decades,Thailandscailal
    cilyofangkokundervenlalransilion
    commoninAsia.Aslheeconomy
    exanded,vehicleovnershigrev
    raidly.Thenumberofmolorvehicles
    regisleredinangkoksoaredlomore
    lhan5.6millionin2OO7from6OO,OOO
    in198O.Asexecled,lhisvasfolloved
    by a signihcanl increase in gasoline and
    dieselfuelconsumlion.
    IncilieslhroughoulroserousLasl
    Asia,lhesilualionhasreealedilself.
    Incomes,vehicleovnershi,andfuel
    usage increase. Smog-hlled skies soon
    follov.
    ulinangkok,lhalvasnollhe
    case.Whilevehicleovnershiand
    fuelusageincreased,lhegovernmenl
    imlemenledemissionconlrol
    slralegiesandeffecliveairollulion
    moniloringsyslemslhalimrovedlhe
    cilysairqualilyoverlime.
    Thecilyoblainedlhisresullby
    enforcingvehicleemissionsslandards,
    arlicularlylheinslallalionofcalalylic
    converlersasvellasincenlivesfor
    driverslohaseoullvo-slroke
    engines,vhicharesomeoflhehighesl
    ollulingvehiclesonlheroad.The
    CONVERTED A garage worker instaIIs a
    naturaI gas tank to a vehicIe in Bangkok.
    governmenlalsomandaledinseclion
    andmainlenancerograms,asarl
    ofvehicleregislralion,andolice
    conducledroadsidechecksonvehicles
    emillingsmoke.
    Aslhesemeasuresvere
    imlemenled,roadsidemonilors
    direclly reecled corresonding
    decreasesinairollulion.
    Inangkok,anolherdynamic
    vasalsoallay.Theexanding
    economydidnolonlyincreasevehicle
    ovnershiandfuelconsumlion,il
    alsoincreasedlhesizeoflhemiddle
    class,vhichdemandedacleaner
    environmenl.Thishenomenonisa
    overfuldriverofchangelhroughoul
    Asiaandlhevorld,saysIunle.
    nceyoureachacerlainlevelof
    veallh, you hnd grealer concern for
    lhe environmenl and ve're hnding
    lhalinAsianov,shesays.AsAsian
    economiesgrov,lheressureincreases
    forgovernmenlsloaddressairqualily
    issues.Agrovingmiddleclassvill
    demandbellerublicsaces,imroved
    valkabililyinurbanareasandabeller
    qualilyoflife.
    Cleanairisanimorlanlarlof
    lhal.Q
    resiraloryroblemsandlheline
    shovinglhedaysincreaseinair
    ollulionrunonverysimilaralhs.
    Therevasvarialionbelveenrainy
    anddryseasons,bullheconclusions
    indicaledbylhedalaverecomelling.
    Increasedconcenlralionsofair
    ollulanlsareassocialedvilh
    increasedhosilaladmissionsfor
    aculeloverresiraloryinfeclionin
    youngchildrenofHoChinMinhCily,
    arlicularlyinlhedryseason,slales
    lhe reorl, vhich vas hnanced by lhe
    AsianDevelomenlankandHeallh
    LffeclsInslilule.
    ThoughlheVielNamsludydid
    nolexaminelheoverlylevelsoflhe
    childrenadmilledlolhehosilal,il
    islikelylhalmosloflhemvereoor.
    Accordingloabroadersludyonlhe
    imaclonheallhofairollulion,lhere
    isincreasingevidencelhaloverly
    comoundslhelikelihoodofsuffering
    frommedicalcondilionsrelaledlooor
    airqualily.
    Lconomicallydisadvanlaged
    communiliesareexosedlohigher
    concenlralionsofairollulion,slales
    lherecenlHeallhLffeclsInslilule
    reorl.ecauseofoorernulrilion,
    lessaccesslomedicalcare,andolher
    faclors,eoleinlhesecommunilies
    exeriencemoreheallhimaclerunil
    ofollulionexosure.
    Thecomrehensive284-agereorl
    noleslhallovlevelsofeducalion,lov
    familyincome,andresidenceinaoor
    neighborhoodareallriskfaclorsfor
    develoingheallhroblemsassocialed
    vilhoorairqualily.
    Theublicheallhandsocialolicy
    imlicalionsoflherelalionsamong
    heallh,airollulion,andoverlyare
    likelylobeimorlanl,eseciallyin
    areassuchasAsia,vhereairollulion
    concenlralionsarehighandmanylive
    inoverly,lhereorlslales.
    Someoflhehardeslhilbyoorair
    qualily,accordinglolheWH,are
    eolelivinginoverlyvorldvide
    vhousedirlybiomassfuelsforindoor
    cookingandhealing,asvellaslhose
    32DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12 vvv.develomenl.asia
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    }une,farmersaroundlhe
    lovnshisofQu|ingCily
    inYunnanIrovinceinlhe
    soulhveslIeolesReublicofChinas
    (IRC),vokeloadislurbingscene.
    Theirgoals,shee,horses,andcallle
    laydeadonhillsides.Theliveslockhad
    consumedvalerlainledbyloxicvasle.
    Aninvesligalionfoundlhalalocal
    comanyhadhiredlruckdriverslo
    disoseoflhevaslealalrealmenl
    lanlinlheborderingGuizhou
    Irovince.Tosaveonlransorlcosls,
    lhedriversinsleadunloadedlheheavy-
    melal-ladenslurrynearareservoirin
    Qu|ingsruralareas.Therainvashed
    lheloxicsludgeinloalribularyof
    lheIearlRiver,oneoflhecounlrys
    exlensiveriversyslems.
    Nohumandealhsorin|uriesvere
    reorled,bullhevaslelurnedlhe
    valerinanearbyreservoiryellovand
    villagersuanddovnslreambecame
    afraidofallvaler.
    Accordinglooneoflhevorlds
    foremoslvalerexerls,amanvho
    advisesrimeminislersandlhe
    UniledNalions,eoleindeveloing
    counlrieshavemanyreasonslofear
    lheirvalerbeyondlhereckless
    disregardoflruckdrivers.
    Asilisvasbelieveslhelanelis
    chokingonvalerollulionbullhal
    valerqualilyhasdisaearedfrom
    lheradarasacrilicalenvironmenlal
    issue,accordingloanedilorialhe
    covrolelhalaearedinlheBangkok
    Postin}une2O11.Healsobelieves
    valerexerls,lhemedia,andolher
    inuenlial seclors unnecessarily focus
    onacomingvalercrisisfromlheangle
    ofhysicalscarcily.
    Iflhereisavalercrisisinlhefulure,
    ilvillnolbeduelohysicallackof
    Murky Water
    Waterpo||utionthreatensmi||ionsinAsiabutinnovativeso|utionsarebeingfound
    Y}adeLee-DuffyandKarenLmmons
    ,5=09654,5;
    lhisresourcebulbecauseofilsqualily
    vhichisdelerioralingconlinuouslyin
    nearlyalldeveloingcounlries,he
    vrolevilhhisvife,CeciliaTorla|ada,
    inlheMay2O11issueofAsian Water.
    olhvalerexerlsfoundedlheThird
    WorldCenlreforWalerManagemenl
    inMexicoandarevisilingrofessors
    FISH KILL Workers remove over 50,000
    kiIograms of dead sh from the Donghu
    Iake in Wuhan in 2007. The PeopIes
    RepubIic of China admitted in 2010 that
    water poIIution in 2007 was twice as bad.
    }anuaryMarch2O12Development Asia33 vvv.develomenl.asia
    If there is a water
    crisis in the future,
    it will not be due to
    physical lack of this
    resource but because
    of its quality which
    is deteriorating
    continuously in
    nearly all developing
    countries
    -As|t B|swas, founder of the
    Th|rd Wor|d Centre for Water
    Management |n Mex|co
    GARBAGE DUMP A boy throws garbage
    into the aIready poIIuted Yamuna river
    in New DeIhi. The river has become a
    Iiquid garbage dump with 3 biIIion Iiters
    of waste and raw sewage (over haIf of
    the citys daiIy waste) pumped into the
    1,300-kiIometer river every day, choking
    most of its aquatic Iife.
    asvalerlovers,insuorlingdry
    season and droughl year ovs uon
    vhichhundredsofmillionsofAsians
    deend,lhereorlsays.Climale
    changeisalsovarmingvalerinlarge
    lakesinlheregion.Inasldecades,
    lemeralureshaveincreasedbyO.45C
    onaverage,vhich,vhileseemingly
    modesl,canhavedramaliceffecls
    onvalerqualilyandecosyslemsin
    lakes.Iurlhervarmingcouldresullin
    raidbiodiversilylossinfreshvaler
    ecosyslems.
    Theslalislicsonvalerollulion
    ainlagrimiclurearoximalely
    4O/of|lheIRCsjvalervaysare
    GradeIVloV+,meaninglhallhevaler
    isunsuilablefordrinking,induslry,
    oragricullure,vrole}enniferTurner,
    direcloroflheChinaLnvironmenl
    IorumallheWoodrovWilson
    InlernalionalCenlerforScholars,
    WashinglonD.C.,inAsiaSocielys2006
    Water Security Report.
    neoflhereorlsvrilers,Umanu
    Lall,direcloroflheColumbiaWaler
    CenleralColumbiaUniversilyin
    NevYorkCily,sayshesuseclslhe
    silualionisvorseinIndia,muchbeller
    inlheReublicofKoreaand}aan
    andsomevhereinbelveenamong
    SoulheaslAsiancounlries.
    TheChallenges to International
    WatersRegional Assessments in a
    Global Perspective reorldeclareslhal
    valerollulionalongvilhfreshvaler
    shorlage are lvo of hve serious
    vorldvideroblemslhalareexecled
    loincreaseinseverilyby2O2O.The
    assessmenlsusedeighllransboundary
    indicalorsvhenlookingalollulanls:
    susendedsolids,eulrohicalion
    (excessivenulrienlsinaqualicsyslems
    causedlargelybysevageandferlilizer
    runoff),microbialollulion,solid
    vasles,chemicalollulion,oilsills,
    radionuclides,andlhermalollulion.
    Thereorl,roducedbylheUniled
    NalionsLnvironmenlIrogramme,
    alsoallribuleslheroolcausesof
    ollulionloagriculluraldevelomenl,
    oulaliongrovlh,urbanizalionand
    induslrializalion,andmarkeland
    olicyfailures.
    AccordinglolheUN,ollulanls
    includealhogens,organicmaller,
    nulrienls,heavymelals(including
    arsenic)andloxicchemicals,sedimenls
    andsusendedsolids,sills,andsalls.
    POLLUTERS
    Induslryiscerlainlyama|orolluler,
    duelobolhaccidenlsandlhedirecl
    releaseofloxicvasleinlovaler
    resources.InlheIRCin2OO5,an
    oilcomanyvasblamedforan
    8O-kilomelersillofloxicbenzenein
    lheSonghuaRiverlhalsuliesvaler
    loHarbin,acilyof4millioneole.
    LlsevhereinlheIRC,accordinglo
    lheWater Security Report, asof2OO6
    some2,8OOchemicalfacloriesare
    localedaroundLakeTainearlhe
    IRCssoulheaslerncoasl,lhecounlrys
    lhird-largeslfreshvalerbodynov
    devaslaledbyagriculluraland
    induslrialollulionasaconsequence
    of|lheIRCsjeconomicboomand
    oormanagemenlofvasle.The
    reorlnoledlhal2millioneolehad
    loslaccesslolheirrimaryfreshvaler
    source and hsh yields, rice roduclion,
    andlourismhaddeclined.
    Whileinduslrialaccidenlsand
    recklesslruckdriversgelheadlines,
    valerexerlsoinllomunicial
    vaslevalerandagriculluralrunoffas
    lhemainsourcesofollulionofbolh
    surfaceandgroundvalersulies.
    In2O1O,lheIRCgovernmenl
    reorledlhalvalerollulionin2OO7
    vasmorelhanlviceasdamagingas
    allheLeeKuanYevSchoolofIublic
    IolicyinSingaore,amongavarielyof
    rominenlosilions.In2OO6,isvas,
    vhovasborninIndia,vasavarded
    lheSlockholmWalerIrize.
    isvasandhisvifearenollheonly
    valerexerlsseakingoulaboul
    qualilyissues.Arecenlreorlfromlhe
    AsianDevelomenlank,Greening
    *URZWKLQ$VLDDQGWKH3DFLFnoles
    lhallherecariousvalersilualion
    villfurlherbecomlicaledbyclimale
    change.
    ManylargeAsianriverbasinsare
    arlicularlyvulnerableloregional
    varming,givenlhecrilicalroleof
    glaciers and snovhelds lhal serve
    34DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12 vvv.develomenl.asia
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    ofhcial hgures originally indicaled.
    Insleadof13.8millionmelriclons
    ofolluleddischargesinlolhe
    counlrysvalersyslems,alolalof
    3O.3 million melric lons oved inlo
    lhevalerbodieslhalyear.Thechange
    innumbersvasduelolherecenl
    inclusionofagriculluralvasleinlolhe
    reorl: agricullural efuenls laced vilh
    ferlilizers and eslicides and uids
    leaking from landhlls.
    InIndia,largeslrelchesofriversare
    dying.NevDelhisYamunaRiverhas
    becomealiquidgarbagedumvilh3
    billionlilersofvasleandravsevage
    (overhalfoflhecilysdailyvasle)
    umedinlolhe1,3OO-kilomelerriver
    everyday,chokingmoslofilsaqualic
    life.Tolheeasl,lheGangesRiveris
    oneoflhe1Omoslolluledriversin
    lhevorld.Allhenorlheaslerncilyof
    Varanasi,lheGangesfecalcoliform
    levelsaremorelhan1OOlimeslhe
    ofhcial Indian governmenl limil.
    InlheIhiliines,denselyoulaled
    areashavecrealedhighlyolluled
    bodiesofvaler.Inlhefoururban
    areasofMelroManila,CenlralLuzon,
    SoulhernTagalog,andCenlralVisayas,
    aroximalely58/ofsamled
    groundvalervasconlaminaled
    vilhcoliformbacleriaandrequired
    lrealmenl.
    Trealmenl,hovever,isooracross
    lheregionasilisaroundlhevorld.
    ResearchbylheThirdWorldCenlrefor
    WalerManagemenlinLalinAmerica
    foundlhal1O/ofvaslevaleroinl
    sources(suchassevageandinduslrial
    efuenl oulfalls) had roer lrealmenl
    facililies,andisvashaseslimaled
    lhesilualionvassimilarinAsias
    develoingcounlries.
    Inlermsofconlrollingvhalare
    knovnasnon-oinlsourcesof
    ollulion(diffusedsourcessuchas
    runoff),isvasvrileslhallherecord
    ofdeveloedcounlriesisoor,andlhal
    ofdeveloingcounlriesabysmal.
    Thesourceoflhislyeofollulion
    sourceisrimarilyagricullural
    aclivilies,suchaslheuseofeslicides
    andchemicalferlilizers(allhough
    humanvasleduelooendefecalionis
    aseriousroblemalso).
    Aboulabillioneoleslilllacksafe
    drinkingvalerandlheMillennium
    DevelomenlGoallargelshalving
    lhalnumberby2O15.ullheWater
    Security Report raises a ag, conlending
    lherehasbeenafocusonensuring
    adequalesuliesofvalervilhoul
    arorialeconsideralionforvaler
    sulysafelyandsecurily,valer
    lrealmenlanddisosal,anddemand
    managemenl.Theresull,lhereorl
    says,isdeendenceonincreasingly
    conlaminaledvalersources.
    AccordinglolheUniledNalions
    ChildrensIund(UNICLI),only53/
    ofIndonesiasoulalionin2OO4
    oblainedvalerfromsourceslhalvere
    morelhan1Omelersfromavasle
    disosalsile.In}akarlaalone,fecal
    coliformvasfoundin84/ofshallov
    vellsamles.
    Climalechangeisexacerbaling
    manyoflhesesilualions.Iarlicularly
    indeveloingcounlries,vhere
    governmenlshavelimiledhuman,
    inslilulional, and hnancial resources,
    lhenegaliveimacloflorrenlialrains,
    rising sea levels, cyclones, and ash
    oods adds addilional challenges lo
    safedrinkingvalerandimroved
    sanilalionforbolhgroundvalerand
    surfacevalersuly.
    IMPACTS
    Whenhelhinksofvalerollulion,
    Lallsayshelhinksofcancerimacls
    andlhelossofbiodiversily:lhe
    lossofaqualicecosyslemsandfood
    sources (hsh in arlicular), disease
    (highincidenceofcancer,bluebaby
    syndrome,blindness,andmalernal
    andinfanlmorlalily)andeconomics
    (lrealmenlcoslsfordrinkingvaler
    areinordinalelyhighforlheolluled
    valer).
    AWorldanksludyfoundlhal
    IRCfarmersverealmoslfourlimes
    morelikelylodieoflivercancerand
    lviceaslikelylodieofslomachcancer
    comaredvilhlheglobalaverage.
    Lallsayscancervillagesarealso
    evidenlinIndiasIun|abslale.
    LOW-COST SOLUTIONS A farmer pIants
    sapIings at paddy eIds on the outskirts
    of Hyderabad, India. To prevent the
    poIIution of water by agricuIturaI runoff,
    the CoIumbia Water Center in New York
    is testing the use of Iow-cost tooIs that
    heIps farmers minimize the appIication of
    fertiIizers and pesticide.
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12Development Asia35
    While isvas and his vife hnd lhal
    anecdolalevidencealsoindicaleslhal
    lheheallhandenvironmenlalcoslsof
    valer-qualilydelerioralionarealready
    inlhebillionsofdollarseachyear,
    olher exerls hnd lhe human cosl lo
    bedeadly.Diarrheaconlracledfrom
    sevage-conlaminaledvalerisoneof
    lhebiggeslkillersinlheregion.The
    Worldankeslimaleslhaldiarrhea
    killsaboul11O,OOOangladeshichildren
    youngerlhan5yearseveryyear.Dirly
    valerisoneoflheleadingcausesof
    dealhforchildreninIndia,accordinglo
    lheWorldHeallhrganizalion.
    POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS
    AllhoughisvasvroleinlheAsian
    Watercommenlarylhallhereareno
    signslhalgovernmenlsandeole
    areavareoflheseriousnessoflhis
    roblemandlhedangerslheyose
    lohumanheallhandecosyslems,
    lherearemanyreorlsofinnovalions
    inockelsofAsiavorkinglobeller
    managelheroblem.
    InIndia,moslsevagelrealmenl
    lanlssusendoeralionsformonlhs
    alalimeduelooverculsanderralic
    oodvalers. A Hindu riesl and
    rofessorofhydraulicsandvaler
    resourcesengineering,Veerhadra
    Mishra,vonarovalandsuorl
    fromlhegovernmenlforagravily-
    oeraledilolsevage-lrealmenl
    rogramlhalaimsloremovevasle
    anddiseasefromlheGangesRiver.
    Mishraschea,suslainablesyslem
    useslhegradienl,insleadofeleclric
    ums,lodiverlsevageinlofour
    bigoolsoulsidelhecilyofVaranasi,
    vhereharmfulollulanlsarebroken
    dovnbyalgae,bacleria,andsunlighl.
    MosllrealmenllanlsalonglheGanges
    Riveronlyremovesolidvasleandnol
    microorganisms.
    TheHui|iaIeikeIigreeding
    ComanyseluYunnanIrovinces
    hrsl large-scale biogas digesler. The
    comanyslargeanaerobicdigesler
    lrealsulo15Olonsofigvaslea
    day,generalinganaverageof25Ocubic
    squaremelersofbiogas.Theenergyis
    usedlooverlheon-silefacililies,and
    lhesurlusisdiverled,alnocosl,lo
    42householdsnearby,vherelheyvill
    saveaboul$92annuallyinfuelcosls.
    Thiseco-friendlyrocessremoves
    aboul9O/ofliveslockollulanlslhal
    vouldolherviseenduonnearby
    farmlandandinvalervays.
    Lallandhisgrouofresearchers
    allheColumbiaWalerCenlerare
    vorkingonslralegieslhalconfronl
    lheollulionofvalerbyagricullural
    runoff.nesolulioninvolveslheuse
    ofverycheaandsimlesensorslo
    deleclsoilmoislureandlheresence
    oflhevellingfronlduringirrigalion,
    andnilraleinlhesoilvaler,solhallhe
    liminganddelhofirrigalion,andlhe
    needforalicalionofferlilizerand
    eslicidecanbedelerminedbylhe
    farmer in lhe held and hence reduce
    lheamounlused,savemoney,and
    alsoreduceollulion.Aslheclimale
    changes,lhisaroachvouldrovide
    anadalalionslralegybyluninglolhe
    changingcondilions.
    Inourexerimenlsvilh6,OOOor
    sofarmers,onecaneasilysave3O/
    ofvalerlhisvayandrecruilingand
    lrainingfarmersdoesnolrequirea
    lransformalion,Lallsays.Hisresearch
    grouisvorkinginrazil,lheIRC,
    India,Llhioia,Mali,andlheUniled
    Slales,vhereagriculluralollulion
    isalsoahugeroblem.InAsia,he
    adds,lheroblemisexacerbaledby
    lhemonsoonhigh-inlensilyrainfall
    lhaliseisodicleadsloahighraleof
    vash-offofferlilizerandeslicidesand
    arealicalion,lhuscrealingacycleof
    ollulionlhalishardlomanage.
    Lnvironmenlalaclivism,lhough
    hardlyinnovalive,isoinguin
    unexecledlaces.Discovermagazine
    reorledlhalmorelhan3,5OO
    environmenlalorganizalionsnov
    havelegalslalusinlheIRC.Through
    arogramcalledlheGreenChoice
    Alliance,environmenlalgrousublish
    lislsofcomaniesinviolalionof
    environmenlalregulalionsandoffer
    loconduclalhird-arlyaudilifa
    comanychooseslocleanuilsacl,
    sayslhemagazineinMarch2O11.
    isvasrecenllyalaudedanev
    resourceforinnovalivesolulions.
    TheAsianInsliluleofTechnologyin
    ThailandissellingulheAsianWaler
    ResearchandLducalionCenlervilh
    exerlsfromdifferenldiscilines
    looking lo hnd Asia-secihc solulions
    loAsiasvalerroblems,currenland
    fulure.
    Iflheroermanagemenlofvaler
    qualilyconlinueslobeneglecled,
    isvasconcludesinhisBangkok Post
    edilorial,lhereisnoqueslionlhallhe
    vorldislikelylofaceavalercrisis.Q
    CONVERTING WASTE INTO ENERGY
    A man cooks his meaI on a biogas-
    powered stove in Yunnan, the PeopIes
    RepubIic of China. A company has set
    up the provinces rst Iarge-scaIe biogas
    digester, which treats up to 150 tons of
    pig waste a day.
    vvv.develomenl.asia 36DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
    grovlhlhebalancingofeconomic
    exansionandenvironmenlal
    reservalion.
    ysomeaccounls,Cambodias
    efforlslogreenilseconomybeganina
    vorksho for governmenl ofhcials in
    2OO7.Allhalmeeling,RaekvonChung,
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    farmerallofherlife.The
    56-year-oldresidenlof
    norlhernCambodialried
    logrovvegelables,vhichgenerale
    grealer rohl, bul lhe high cosl of
    ferlilizersandeslicideskelher
    incomesolovlhalshegaveu.
    Inlhelaslfevyears,lhings
    havechanged.Shehasundergone
    governmenllraininglhalhaslaughl
    herhovloimroveherseedseleclion,
    usevaslefromaroundherfarmas
    organicferlilizer,anddeleresls
    vilhoulchemicaleslicides.
    Today,lhecabbage,morning
    glory,slringbeans,asaragus,and
    Cambodia Goes Green
    Cambodiahasaggressive|yembracedtheconceptofgreengrowthbutseriouscha||enges|ieahead
    YKarenLmmons
    ,5=09654,5;
    TEAM EFFORT A dragon boat team
    paddles in unison along the Tonle
    Sap river during the Water Festival
    in Phnom Penh. Cambodia formed
    an interministerial working group to
    develop a strategy for the greening of its
    economy.
    cauliover lhal she grovs on her farm
    are far more rohlable lhan rice and
    shemakesamuchmorecomforlable
    living.
    Whenaskedifsheisanorganic
    farmer,shesays:Idonlknov,bul
    lhelradersaymoreifIdonluse
    chemicalsonmyvegelablessoIdonl
    uselhem.
    LeyLeuisonesmallexamle
    ofabroadermovemenlundervay
    inCambodialobringgreenand
    suslainableraclicesvilhoul
    sacrihcing economic grovlh.
    Thoughasmallcounlry,Cambodia
    isvorkingloeslablishilselfasaleader
    inlheemergingraclicesofgreen
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12Development Asia37
    We want to show
    the world this is
    possibleto create
    a new way of growth
    that will allow
    Cambodia to enhance
    economic growth
    while also preserving
    and promoting its
    environment and rich
    ecosystems
    -J|eun Lee, a program off|cer w|th
    the G|oba| Green Growth Inst|tute
    SMART FARMING Ley Leup, a 56-year-
    oId rice farmer, is making more prot
    from raising pesticide-free vegetables.
    She is one small example of a broader
    movement underway in Cambodia to
    bring green and sustainable practices
    without sacricing economic growth.
    anenvironmenlalioneer,lalked
    aboullheconcelofgreengrovlh.He
    rememberedlhalMokMarelh,senior
    minislerandminislerforenvironmenl,
    inarlicularvaskeenlyinleresled.
    Chung,lhedirecloroflheLnvironmenl
    andDevelomenlDivisionoflhe
    UniledNalionsLconomicandSocial
    Commission for Asia and lhe Iacihc
    (LSCAI),encouragedlheCambodians
    loconsiderlakinglheconcelfurlher.
    Chung,aKorean,loldlhe
    Cambodianslhallheonlyvaylhey
    couldgoforvardvaslobringin
    senior ofhcials from many minislries,
    mosleseciallylhosevilhlhecloul
    lo sink or oal ideas, such as hnance,
    lanning,andinduslry.
    Chungvaslellingeveryoneallhal
    limeasheslilldoes,assionalely
    lhallhecurrenlgrovlhallernof
    lheregionisenergy-,resource-,and
    carbon-inlensive,andlhallheregion
    direclor-generalofCambodias
    MinislryofLnvironmenl,havinglived
    lhroughablackregimeinlhe197Os
    vheninfraslruclurevasdecimaled
    andhumanresourcesdeslroyed,he
    andolherCambodiansvereafraidof
    lheroseclsofsimilardeslruclionof
    lheirnaluralresources.
    TheCambodiansknevlheirforesl
    covervasdvindlingfaslandlhey
    hadhugeroblemsvilhvasle
    managemenl.Theyalsoknevlhalas
    aleasl-develoedagrariancounlry,
    lheyverehighlyvulnerableloclimale
    changeimacls.
    Asgreengrovlhvasbeing
    inlroduced,Cambodiaalsovas
    conslrucling ils hrsl nalional rogram
    ofacliononadalalionloclimale
    change.SaysHakMao,chiefof
    lheClimaleChangeVulnerabilily
    Assessmenl and Adalalion fhce
    vilhinlheMinislryofLnvironmenl,
    everylhingvasoinlinglolheneed
    lodeveloinasuslainablevayand
    imrovelhecounlrysresilience.
    LOW-CARBON AND GREEN-GROWTH
    MODEL
    TheLSCAIaroachlolov-carbon
    greengrovlhandilslechnical
    guidancevereanofferlhalHakMao
    sayslhegovernmenlvouldnever
    regrel.yfollovinglheideaslhal
    Chungandolhersencouraged,lhe
    counlrycouldsuslainilsnaluralcailal
    andgrovlheeconomy.
    TheLSCAIgreengrovlhconcel
    romoleschangeslolheeconomic
    syslemlocloselhegabelveen
    economic efhciency and ecological
    efhciency, shifling from lhe energy-,
    resource-,carbon-inlensivegrovlh
    allern lovard an efhcienl grovlh
    allernacrilicalslralegyforcoing
    vilhlheloomingmullilecrises,
    saysChung.Thesechangesinclude
    lhechangeoflheinvisibleslruclure
    oflheeconomy,suchasmarkelrice,
    regulalion,socialvalues,lifeslyle
    andlechnology,andlhechangesof
    lhevisibleinfraslruclure,suchaslhe
    designofcily,building,lransorl,
    energy,valer,andvaslesyslems.
    Allhoughlessofaneasyselloulside
    Cambodiasenvironmenlminislry,
    arllybecausesofeveolehad
    everheardofgreengrovlhlelalone
    underslandvhyilshouldinvolve
    lhem,MokMarelhandKochSavalh
    evenluallybroughleverygovernmenl
    minislryinloaninlerminislerialgreen
    grovlhvorkinggrou.
    Inlimelhevorkinggroubecame
    imassionedaboulgreengrovlh
    andvhalCambodiacouldachieve,
    exlainsAnelaNikolova,anLSCAI
    environmenlal affairs ofhcer vho is
    arlofacaacily-buildingleamlhal
    Chungcrealedlohelolicymakersin
    lheregionunderslandhovlodevelo
    greengrovlholiciesandalylhe
    concellolheirconlexl.
    villbehardeslhilbylhelooming
    energy,resourceandclimalecrises.
    Caringaboullheenvironmenl,exlains
    Chung, means using il efhcienlly,
    vhichinlurnleadsloeconomic
    efhciency and conlinued grovlh.
    AccordingloKochSavalh,deuly
    38DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12 vvv.develomenl.asia
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    EMPOWERING CONSUMERS A family
    eats dinner on the hoor in front of a
    portable lamp during a power outage in
    Phnom Penh. A pilot project in Cambodia
    aims to give villagers a low-cost,
    clean energy option by training them
    to manage solar-powered recharging
    stations for rechargeable lamps.
    AflerlrainingCambodianlrainers,
    lhecaacily-buildingleamandlhe
    vorkinggrouoverlhesanof2
    years,halfadozenseminars,and
    fundingfromlheGovernmenloflhe
    ReublicofKoreaullogelheran
    exhausliveslralegy,righldovnlo
    ossible|obs,forlheshorl-,medium-,
    andlong-lermgreeningofCambodias
    economy.
    Wemadelhemdreamandseelhe
    horizon,saysNikolova.
    ILLUMINATING WHAT IS POSSIBLE
    Theyalsoshovedlhemhovlo
    illuminalelhosedreams(bolh
    hguralively and lilerally) by including
    ademonslralionro|eclloilluslrale
    lhero-oorgreenbusinessmodeland
    hovloulilinloraclice.Thero|ecl
    inlroducedaninnovalive,clean,safe,
    affordable,andofcourseenvironmenl-
    friendly vay lo lighl u oaling
    villages.
    Cambodiaisheavilydeendenl
    uonenergyimorlsandlacksa
    nalionvideeleclricilylransmission
    syslem.Thosevhocanaccesslhe
    gridaydearlyforlheunsleady
    suly.Muchoflhecounlryolhervise
    isdeendenlonexensive,dirly,
    unreliable,orolenliallydangerous
    sourcesforenergy,heal,andlighl,
    includingorlablegeneralors,kerosene
    lanlerns,andlead-acidballeries.
    Throughailolarlnershivilh
    SunlabobRenevableLnergy,lhe
    CambodianRenevableDevelomenl
    Team,lheNalionalGreenGrovlh
    SecrelarialoflheMinislryof
    LnvironmenlofCambodia,andlhe
    KoreanInlernalionalCooeralion
    Agency,alov-feerenlalscheme
    forrechargeablelamsandsolar-
    overedrechargingslalionsvere
    madeavailableloresidenlsinlvo
    oaling villages in allambong
    Irovince.Thevillagersverelrained
    lomainlainlhescheme,givinglhem
    energyindeendence.Thelanislo
    uselhelanlernsasamodelforfulure
    ro-oorgreenbusinessro|eclsbolh
    inrovincialCambodiaandinolher
    develoingcounlries.
    Cambodiahasalsolriedlorevu
    inlereslininnovalivelechnologies,
    suchasroducingbiogasenergy
    alasmallscale.Agarmenlsfaclory
    currenllyoeralesfromenergy
    roduced from rice husk gasihcalion.
    Inearly2O1O,aseniorreresenlalive
    fromeveryminislrymelala
    roundlableevenlloendorsevhalhas
    becomeahisloricmilesloneinregional
    efforlslovardimlemenlinggreen
    grovlh.
    Afevmonlhslaler,lheGlobalGreen
    GrovlhInslilule(GGGI)vasselu
    inSeoulloheldeveloingcounlry
    governmenlscrealegreengrovlh
    slralegies.Allhoughsomevhalahead
    oflhegamebulslillneedingimmense
    lechnical and hnancial assislance, lhe
    CambodiansaskedGGGIforhello
    alylheroadma.
    Readingmorelikeanenvironmenl-
    friendlyshoinglisl,lheroadma
    iscerlainlyheavyonzeal.Ilconlains
    37riorilieslhaladdressvhalilcalls
    lhesevenaccessareas.Theemhasis
    isongreeneconomicgrovlhro|ecls
    and rograms, including eco-efhcienl
    and resource-efhcienl innovalions lhal
    cancrealeoorluniliesandnevgreen
    |obs.
    Thedocumenlslalesvhilean
    inslanlaradigmshifllovardgreen
    grovlhisnollobeexecled,ilis
    lookingforaneconomicgrovlh
    modellhalismoreconducivefor
    humandevelomenl,resilience,and
    environmenlalsuslainabililylhanlhe
    currenlbusiness-as-usualaroach.
    IMPLEMENTING THE ROAD MAP
    Desilelheimressivebeginning,
    lhereisyelnoformalolicyinlace.
    Addilionally,avarenessofgreen
    grovlhorevenoflheroadma
    remainsexlremelylimiledvilhinlhe
    rivaleseclorandlhegeneralublic.
    Therearesomeromising
    ro|eclsundervay,imlemenled
    vilhinlernalionaldonorsuorl,
    includingefforlslomakericefarmers
    moreresilienlloclimalechangeand
    encouragesmallfarmersloadol
    suslainableraclicesanddiversify
    agricullure.
    Ilvilllikelylakeseveralyearslo
    imlemenlsuchaolicyinCambodia
    onabroadscale,saysKochSavalh.
    Henoleslhalillakeslimeloconvince
    }anuaryMarch2O12Development Asia39 vvv.develomenl.asia
    eoleoflheimorlanceofsuslainable
    raclicesandlodevelolheolilical
    villlomakegreengrovlhlheolicy.
    TheCambodians,says}ieunLee,a
    rogram ofhcer vilh GGGI, are nol
    afraidoflearning.Theyrenolafraid
    ofolenlialhurdleslhallieaheadno
    mallerhovlarge.Theyknovilsa
    longroadandlheyvillhavelovork
    hardloachievesuccess.
    GGGIandlheGovernmenlof
    Cambodiaareinlherocessof
    develoinganalionalgreengrovlh
    maslerlanforbuildingulhe
    counlryscaacilylogogreen.
    AccordingloLee,lhegovernmenl
    hascommilledloursuinga
    moresuslainablemodelofgrovlh
    loallevialelheslrainlaced
    onilsenvironmenlandnalural
    resources.Themaslerlanseekslo
    eslablishanalionalcommilleeongreen
    grovlhlooverseelhevorklobedone,
    agreengrovlholicy,andaregulalory
    framevork.Theriorilyseclorslhal
    vill be addressed hrsl are suslainable
    foreslry,vaslemanagemenl,andgreen
    |obcrealion.Themaslerlanalsohas
    roomforinlensiveanalysisofeconomic
    andinslilulionalolenlial,lrainingfor
    governmenl ofhcials and local exerls,
    andraisingublicavareness.
    GGGIvanlsloassislCambodia
    locreale|obsandnevolionsfor
    economicgrovlhvhilelearningfrom
    lheReublicofKoreasexerience,Lee
    says,referringlolheKoreaneconomy
    lhalgrevinloaninduslrialover
    fromagarmenlsexorlbeginning
    bulhasbeenfacingissuesofair
    ollulionandolherenvironmenlal
    roblems. Secihcally, lhe Reublic of
    Koreacanlransferlheknov-hovand
    caacilygeneraledlhroughlhecrealion
    ofconcreleoliciesandinslilulions,
    shesays.
    CanCambodialeadlhevayfor
    develoingcounlries`Drafling
    legislalionislhenexlbigsle.The
    lifeslylechangesmaylakelonger.Wilh
    allgovernmenlemloyeesabovea
    cerlainlevelenlilledloaralionoffree
    elrolandsomeyoungcivilservanls
    feelinglheneedlodriveaLexuslobe
    lakenseriously,moreenvironmenl-
    friendlylransorlslillloomsasa
    dreamonlhehorizon.
    Addinglhalshesexciledby
    vhalhasslarledinCambodia,Lee
    concludes,Theyhaveolenliallo
    beagrealexamlelolheresloflhe
    vorld. Il's a nev held. We're oening
    markelsandoorlunilies.Wevanllo
    shovlhevorldlhallhisisossiblelo
    crealeanevvayofgrovlhlhalvill
    allovCambodialoenhanceeconomic
    grovlhvhilealsoreservingand
    romolingilsenvironmenlandrich
    ecosyslems.Q
    ADB Annual Meeting AD
    4ODevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12 vvv.develomenl.asia
    6--;/,:/,3-
    Borderless Economics
    ChineseSeaTurt|es,IndianFridgesandtheNewFruitsofG|oba|Capita|ism
    By Robert Guest
    Palgrave Macmillan, November 2011, $27.00
    I
    nBorderless Economics,RoberlGuesl,businessedilor
    ofThe Economist,argueslhallhefreemovemenlof
    eolemakeslhevorldricher,acceleraleslechnological
    rogress,andhelsdisseminalegoodideas,from
    genomicslodemocracy.
    Gueslnoleslhalmigranlscrealevalueinlheiradoled
    counlrylhroughlhenelvorkofconlaclslhallheybuildand
    mainlain,lhankslochealravelandcheacommunicalions,
    suchaslhroughSkye.Iorinslance,IndiansinlheUniled
    SlalescollaboralevilhlheircolleaguesinIndialoroduce
    $7Ofridgesand$3OOhouses.Inlhemeanlime,migranlsalsohelboosllheir
    homelandseconomylhroughremillancesandknovledgelransfer.Knovnas
    sealurlles,ChinesevhosludyinlheWeslandlhenrelurnhomesharevhal
    lheyhavelearned,including,lheaulhorhoes,democralicideas.
    efore|oiningThe Economist,GueslvaslheTokyocorresondenlforThe
    Daily Telegraph. HealsovroleThe Shackled Continent in2OO4,vhichdiscusseslhe
    roblemsfacingAfrica.
    Inlhishighlyreadableandersonalaccounlbuilloninlervievsvilh
    emigranlsfrommanycounlries,Gueslconlendslhalvolunlaryemigralion
    almosl alvays benehls lhe emigranls and usually benehls lheir counlries of origin
    anddeslinalion,loo.Inrecenldecades,ChineseandIndianoverseasdiasoras
    havelayedacrucialroleingeneralingraidgrovlhinlheirhomecounlries,
    aslheirmembershavecrealedbusinessesandoenedforeignmarkeling
    channels.Richard N. Cooper, Foreign AffairsQ
    The Price of
    Civilization
    ThePriceofCivi|ization
    By Jeffrey Sachs
    Random House, October 2011, $27.00
    I
    nhislaleslbook,}effreySachs,
    oneoflhevorldsleading
    develomenleconomisls,offers
    adiagnosisoflheeconomic
    crisisinlheUniledSlales,lracinglhe
    rooloflheroblem
    lolhedeclineof
    civicvirlueamong
    Americasolilical
    andeconomicelile.
    Sachsislhe
    direclorofThe
    LarlhInslilule
    androfessorof
    heallholicyand
    managemenlalColumbiaUniversily.
    HeisalsosecialadvisorloUniled
    NalionsSecrelary-Generalan
    Ki-moon.
    Thisislhelaleslinasaleofbooks
    rovokedbylhevorldeconomiccrisis
    andoneoflhebeslInThe End of
    Povertyhealiedhiscliniciansskills
    lolhedislemersofAfrica,inlhis
    bookhelurnslhemlolhehubrislic
    andvaslefulhabilsofAmerica.The
    delailsoflheIallifbylhalhemeans
    lhecollaseoflheAmericanbanking
    syslemin2OO8donolconcern
    him,ilisvhallheIalllellsusaboul
    conlemoraryAmericancailalism.
    Robert Skidelsky, The Guardian
    Sachsmanagesloainlanalarming
    iclureoflheUS,vhileleavinglhe
    readervilhasenselhalilsroblems
    are eminenlly hxable. A second
    achievemenlislhesheersveeofhis
    analysis, vhich ouls lhe boundaries
    ofeconomicsloencomassolilics,
    sychologyandmoralhilosohy.The
    gaininerseclivemosllyoulveighs
    lhelossinaulhorialaulhorily.
    Martin Sandbu, Financial TimesQ
    Grand Pursuit
    TheStoryofEconomicGenius
    By Sylvia Nasar
    Simon & Schuster, September 2011,
    $35.00
    A
    ulhoroflhebeslseller,
    A Beautiful Mind, Sylvia
    Nasarvrilesanolherbook
    onnol|uslonebulseveral
    geniusesinmodernhislory.
    Grand Pursuit isaboullhemen
    andvomenvholransformed
    economicsfromadismalsciencelo
    aninslrumenlofmaslerylhalcan
    imrovelhehumancondilion.
    Nasarsaccounl
    beginsvilhCharles
    Dickensand
    HenryMayhevin
    mid-19lh-cenlury
    London.efore
    187O,economicsvas
    mosllyaboulvhal
    youcouldnldo.
    Afler187O,ilvas
    mosllyaboulvhalyoucoulddo,she
    vrilesinlhereface.Thelaslchaler
    oflhebookisonIndiasNobelIrize
    vinnerAmarlyaSen.
    Nasarislhe}ohnS.and}ames
    L.KnighlIrofessorofusiness
    }ournalismalColumbiaUniversily.
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia41
    Stealth of Nations
    TheG|oba|RiseoftheInforma|
    Economy
    By Robert Neuwirth
    Pantheon, October 2011, $25.95
    A
    flervrilingaboullhe
    vorlds1billioninformal
    selllersinShadow Cities,
    RoberlNeuvirlhfocuses
    hisallenliononlheinformaleconomy,
    eslimaledlobevorlh$1Olrillion.
    Thebookslille,Stealth of Nations, isa
    vordlayonAdamSmilhsWealth of
    Nations.
    Neuvirlhnoles
    lhallheinformal
    economy,or
    SyslemD(alerm
    lhaloriginaled
    inIrancohone
    Africaandlhe
    Caribbean),is
    basedonsmall
    salesandliny
    incremenls of rohl, yel il roduces,
    cumulalively,ahugeamounlofveallh.
    Ilismassiveyeldisaraged,oenyel
    feared,microscoicyelglobal.
    NeuvirlhhasvrillenforThe New
    York Times, The Washington Post,
    Fortune,andWired. His hrsl book
    Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a
    New Urban World vasublishedby
    Roulledgein2OO4.
    Avaluablebookbecauseil
    challengesconvenlionallhinking
    aboulvhalilmeansforaneconomylo
    develo.Mr.Neuvirlhargueslhal
    SyslemD|lheundergroundeconomyj
    foslersenlrereneurshivhilealso
    meelinggovernmenlsneedslo
    encourageemloymenl,insomecases,
    a modesl amounl of lax revenue is also
    generaled.Movinginlolheformal
    seclor,hesuggesls,maynolbeagoallo
    vhichenlrereneursinoorcounlries
    asire.Marc Levinson, The Wall Street
    JournalQ
    The Quest
    Energy,Security,andtheRemakingoftheModernWor|d
    By Daniel Yergin
    The Penguin Press, September 2011, $37.95

    T
    he QuestconlinueslheslorybeguninDanielYergins
    IulilzerIrize-vinninghisloryofoil,The Prize. The
    nevbookdravson5yearsofresearchlorovide
    acomrehensiveanalysisoflheglobalenergymarkelandlhedynamics
    shaingilsfulure.
    Thequesllosecurelheenergyfulurevilllayoulacrosslheenlireseclrum
    ofenergyfromlradilionalsourceslikeoilandgaslorenevableenergyand
    imrovemenls in efhciencyand, as hislory shovs us, a heallhy dose of human
    ingenuily,saysYergininaressslalemenl.
    YerginisareciienloflheUniledSlalesLnergyAvard.Heischairmanof
    CambridgeLnergyResearchAssociales(CLRA).
    Anevenbellerbook|lhanThe Prizej.Ilissearching,imarlialandalarmingly
    ulodale.Mr.Yerginbrooksnocanlaboulclimale-changedenial,andlingers
    onlheloicofcleanerfulurefuels.urheadsmaybeburiedinoursleeklalos
    andgadgels,hismaslerlybookannounces,bulourloesareslillsoakingindirly,
    morallyconlaminaledoil.Dwight Garner, The New York Times
    Il is, hrsl, an accounl of lhe many vays in vhich eole have soughl lo
    roduceenergybyburningfossilfuels,harveslinglhevind,brevingbiodiesel
    andlrainglhesunsheal.Ilisalsoananalysisoflheincreasinglyfraughl
    olilical conlexl in vhich lhis business is conducled, esecially vilh regard lo
    lhreebigandlongslandingfears:energyscarcily,energysecurilyand,moreand
    more,lheenvironmenlalruinlhalenergycancause.The Questisamaslerlyiece
    ofvorkand,asacomrehensiveguidelolhevorldsgrealenergyneedsand
    dilemmas,ilvillbehardlobeal.The Economist Q
    Nasarsaimisnollovrile
    inlelleclualhislorybulloullhe
    readerinlolhelivesoflhecharaclers
    ofasveeinghisloricaldramalhal
    exlends from Viclorian Lngland lo
    modern-dayIndia.Thalshelargely
    succeeds reecls lhe delh and breadlh
    ofherresearchbulalsolheelegance
    ofherrose.Steven Pearlstein, The
    Washington Post
    AllhecoreofNasarsnarralive
    isanaccounloflheeconomically
    lroubleddecadesbelveenlhelvo
    vorldvars,asloldlhroughlhe
    exeriences of Keynes, Irving Iisher,
    andSchumelerandHayek.The
    bookasavholeismadeuofsomany
    vonderfularlslhaloneisinclinedlo
    excuse ils shorlcomings.Justin Fox,
    The New York Times
    IfNasarulserhasloomuch
    emhasis on lhe inuence of early
    economiclhinkersvho,aflerall,
    vereobservingcondilionsralher
    lhancrealinglhemshedoesshov
    hovfullylherofessionhasbecome
    enlvinedvilhlhevaygovernmenls
    run.MuchofGrand Pursuitmaybe
    areminderlhalasbadaslhingsseem
    nov,lheyhavebeenvorsemuch
    vorseand lhal lhose difhcull limes
    canshedlighlonvhalishaening
    loday.Alana Semeuls, Los Angeles
    TimesQ
    vvv.develomenl.asia 42DevelopmentAsia }anuaryMarch2O12
    I
    nlaleMay,invhalhasbecomean
    annualevenl,morelhanadozen
    gradualebusinesssludenlsfrom
    lheUniledSlalessenl1Odays
    inKenya,lalkingshovilhgrassrools
    enlrereneurs and observing hrslhand
    lheoveroffree-markelinnovalion
    andrivale-seclorinveslmenlsin
    hghling overly.
    Aroundlhesamelime,65Ocororale
    execulives,fundmanagers,inveslors,
    academics,andordinarycilizensfrom
    morelhan5Ocounlriesgalheredinlhe
    Nelherlandslodiscusshovimacl
    inveslingcanlifllivingslandards
    andreduceenvironmenlalroblems
    aroundlhevorld.
    IromAsialoAfrica,fromlhe
    AmericasandLuroelolheMiddle
    Lasl,lhedeloymenlofalienlcailal
    byinveslorsvillingloaccelbelov-
    markelrelurnsloachieveosilive
    socialchangeisarisingforcein
    globaldevelomenl.Combininglhe
    idealismoflradilionalhilanlhroy
    vilhlheinnovalionoffreemarkels,
    lheseioneeringsocialcailalislsare
    arlneringvilhlocalenlrereneurs
    lomanufaclureanlimalarialmosquilo
    nelsinTanzania,delivereleclricilylo
    slumdvellersinIndia,andirrigale
    archedfarmsinIakislan,loname|usl
    afevro|eclsallvhileslrivinglo
    lurn a rohl.
    Theirsharedgoal,saysKevin}ones,
    founderofaSanIrancisco,California-
    based imacl inveslmenl hrm knovn
    asGoodCailalandlheannual
    SocialCailalMarkelsConference,
    isinveslingvilhadesireforclear,
    measurablesocialandenvironmenlal
    imacl.
    Good Investment
    Investorswi||ingtoacceptbe|ow-marketreturnstoachievepositivesocia|
    changearearisingforceing|oba|deve|opment
    YGregg}ones
    I
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    ,
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    (
    I
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    )
    (9;0*3,
    Inlhelasl4yearsalone,morelhan
    1OOnevfundsvilhlheslaledgoal
    ofinveslingforsocialgoodhave
    emerged.Tensofmillionsofdollars
    fromlhesefundsandmoreeslablished
    layers,suchaslheAcumenIund,are
    deliveringosilivechangelomillions
    ofoorinlhedeveloingvorld.
    Idonllhinkanybodyvholakes
    lheseroblemsseriouslyvillsayve
    cansolveeverylhingvilh|lradilional
    develomenljgranls,orlhalvecan
    solveeverylhingvilhlhemarkels,
    saysSashaDichler,direclorofbusiness
    develomenlalAcumenIund.We
    shouldaskvhalloolsarelhereinlhe
    chesllosolvelhisarlicularroblem,
    and hgure oul vhich ones lo aly.
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia43
    COLD-EYED WALL STREET APPROACH
    Allhevanguardoflhesocialcailal
    movemenlislheNevYork-based
    Acumen Iund, a nonrohl venlure
    cailal hrm lhal invesls in enlerrises
    lhalrovidecleanvaler,heallhcare,
    housing,allernaliveenergy,and
    olherserviceslolov-incomeeole
    in lhe develoing vorld. The hrm
    vasfoundedin2OO1by}acqueline
    Novogralz,aformerChaseManhallan
    banker and African microhnance
    secialislvhoconvincedlhe
    RockefellerIoundalionandahandful
    ofolherdonorslorovideseedmoney
    for a markel-based aroach lo hghling
    vorldoverly.
    AcumenIunds$6Omillion
    inveslmenlorlfolioallheendoflhe
    2O11secondquarlersuorleddozens
    ofenlerrisesinIndia,Iakislan,and
    LaslAfrica.
    Novogralzhasbecomeerhaslhe
    moslrecognizableublicadvocale
    formarkel-basedsolulionslooverly
    andolhersocialandenvironmenlal
    roblems.Her2OO9memoir,The Blue
    Sweater: Bridging the Gap Between Rich
    and Poor in an Interconnected World,
    becameaNew York Timesbeslseller.
    Illellslhesloryofherlransformalion
    fromrisingWallSlreelbankerlo
    overly-hghling ioneer.
    Asayoungglobe-lrollingbanker
    chargedvilhrevievingChase
    Manhallansloansinrazilandolher
    slrugglingeconomies,Novogralz
    hadbeenlroubledbylhefacllhal
    lhebanksdoorsvereclosedlolhe
    oorandvorkingclass.Shebeganlo
    lhinkhovshecoulduseherexerlise
    loimrovelhelivesoflhevorlds
    disossessed,andlearnedaboullhe
    CLEAR VISION A student draws grafti
    on a waII in BangaIore as part of an
    eye donation campaign. New York-
    based Acumen Fund supported the
    deveIopment of a Iow-cost Iens in India
    that couId be impIanted in the eyes of
    patients bIinded by cataracts.
    I dont think anybody
    who takes these
    problems seriously
    will say we can
    solve everything
    with [traditional
    development] grants,
    or that we can solve
    everything with the
    markets. We should
    ask what tools are
    there in the chest to
    solve this particular
    problem, and figure
    out which ones to
    apply
    -Sasha D|chter, d|rector of
    bus|ness deve|opment at Acumen
    Fund
    vvv.develomenl.asia 44DevelopmentAsia }anuaryMarch2O12
    roduclsdesignervhosedri
    irrigalionsyslemshaveenabled275,OOO
    smallfarmerslodoublelheiryields
    andincomelevels,andacomany
    inTanzanialhalemloysmorelhan
    7,OOOeoleandroduces16million
    lifesavinganlimalarialbednelsayear.
    verlheasldecade,Acumen
    Iundandolherimaclinveslorshave
    foslereddramalicchangesinlhevorld
    ofhilanlhroy.
    Alolmoreaccounlabililyhasbeen
    buillin,saysDichler.Alolmore
    innovalionhasbeenbuillin.Wehave
    alolmoresuccessslories,nol|uslfrom
    alienlcailalbulacrosslheboard.We
    havealolmorelayerscomingin.Al
    Acumen,vehaveul$6Omillionof
    cailallovork,servinglensofmillions
    ofeole.
    A GROWING FRACTION
    nlyafraclionoflhevorldscailalis
    devoledlodayloimaclinveslmenls,
    suchaslhosemadebyAcumenIund
    andilseers.ullhesaceisallracling
    grovinginlereslandexcilemenl,
    exerlssay,andsuorlfromsuch
    vorld hgures as former US Iresidenl
    illClinlon,vhoseClinlonGlobal
    Inilialivehasromoledalienlcailal
    asadevelomenllool.
    (9;0*3,
    ioneering microhnance vork in
    angladeshbyeconomislMuhammad
    YunusandhisGrameenank.ack
    inNevYorkCily,shequilChase
    Manhallanandvenllovorkfora
    nonrohl microhnance organizalion
    forvomen,vhichsenlherloAfrica.
    There,sheimmersedherselfinlhe
    slruggleloovercomeoverly.
    verlime,Novogralzbecame
    convincedlhallhelradilional
    develomenlaroachoflhroving
    money al roblems vas aved.
    Thesolulion,asshesavil,vaslo
    invesldonalionsinenlrereneurial
    enlerriseslhalrovidedbasicservices
    lolheoor.Ilvouldbeacold-eyed
    WallSlreelaroach,vilhlvonolable
    excelions:grealeralienceanda
    loleranceforloverrelurns.
    Acumensinilialinveslmenls
    focusedonlechnology-drivenheallh
    careefforlsinIndiaandLaslAfrica.
    neoflheseinvolvedsuorlinglhe
    vorkofGovindaaVenkalasvamyin
    rovidingaffordableeyecareloIndias
    oor,includingdevelomenlofalov-
    cosllenslhalcouldbeimlanledinlhe
    eyesofalienlsblindedbycalaracls
    resloringsighl,asvellaslheabililylo
    vork.
    Morerecenlly,lhefundsinveslmenls
    haveincludedarlneringvilhan
    enlrereneurinIndiavhosecomany
    isrovidingsafevalerlomorelhan
    25O,OOOruraloor,anagricullural
    INVESTING IN SOCIAL CHANGE Patient
    capitaI investors incIude eBay founder
    Pierre Omidyar, who has set up a sociaI
    investment rm caIIed Omidyar Network.
    Through investment,
    we seek to break the
    cycle of dependence
    that aid can create by
    helping countries
    build their own
    institutions and their
    own capacity to deliver
    essential services.
    Aid chases need;
    investment chases
    opportunity
    -H|||ary C||nton, Un|ted States
    Secretary of State
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia45
    I
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    NET INVESTMENT SociaI
    capitaIists are partnering
    with IocaI entrepreneurs in
    Tanzania to manufacture
    mosquito nets, a criticaI
    tooI in the ght against
    maIaria.
    GLOBAL CAMPAIGNER
    Foreign Minister Yang
    Jiechi of the PeopIes
    RepubIic of China shakes
    hands with former US
    President BiII CIinton at a
    2008 meeting of the CIinton
    GIobaI Initiative, which has
    promoted patient capitaI as
    a deveIopment tooI among
    others.
    In2OO8,Clinlonlaunchedan
    inilialivebyLeaIrogInveslmenls,an
    inlernalionalmicroinsurancefund,lo
    lace$1OOmillioninAsianandAfrican
    businesses,rovidinginsurancelo
    lhe oora hnancial service seen as
    crucialloliflingeolefromoverly.
    Afleronly18monlhs,LeaIrog
    announcedin2O1Olhalilhadraised
    $137millionforilsmicroinsurance
    inveslmenlsinAfricaasvellasIndia,
    Indonesia,andlheIhiliines.Ils
    inveslors included lhe Wall Slreel hrm
    }.I.Morgan,lheWorldank,cororale
    reinsurerIlagsloneReinsurance
    Holdings,andmidyarNelvork,lhe
    social inveslmenl hrm crealed by eay
    founderIierremidyar.
    Afocaloinlofinsiralionand
    ideashasbecomelheannualSocial
    CailalMarkelsConference,vhich
    heldilsfourlhannualgalhering
    laslfallinSanIrancisco.Thebuzz
    surroundingSCAI,asiliscommonly
    knovn,hasgrovneachyearsinceil
    beganvilhlilllefanfarein2OO8.The
    2OO9conferenceallracledmorelhan
    9OOarlicianlsfrom32counlries.
    The2O1Oinslallmenlallracled1,5OO
    arlicianlsfrom4Ocounlries.The
    hrsl SCAI Luroe, held in lale May
    andearly}une2O11inAmslerdam,
    lheNelherlands,drevmorelhan65O
    eolefrom5Ocounlries.
    CHASING OPPORTUNITY
    Ma|ordevelomenlinslilulions,
    suchaslheUniledSlalesAgencyfor
    InlernalionalDevelomenl(USAID),
    areembracinglheossibililiesoffree-
    markelinveslmenlsasvell.USAID
    hasaGlobalDevelomenlAlliance
    leamlhalcoordinalesvilhrivale
    seclorcororalionsandfoundalions
    andmanages1Oglobalframevorks
    signedbelveenUSAIDandrivale-
    seclorarlners.
    AlleadingUSuniversilies,graduale
    sludenlsaresludyingimaclinvesling
    andlheefforlsofalienlcailal-
    infusedenlrereneursindeveloing
    counlries.
    Lisa}onesChrislensen,an
    assislanlrofessorofslralegyand
    enlrereneurshiallheUniversily
    ofNorlhCarolinasKenanIlagler
    usinessSchoolinChaelHill,recenlly
    relurnedfromherannualimmersion
    lriloKenya,vherehermaslerof
    businessadminislralionsludenlssav
    lhereal-liferesullsofalienlcailal
    alvorkasenlrereneurslurnedlrash
    inlocookingbriquellesinaNairobi
    slum.
    Thesludenlslearnhovolher
    eolereallyliveandvhyveneed
    innovalionandenlrereneurshiso
    deseralely,saysChrislensen.They
    alsoseelherearealolofindigenous
    localenlrereneursvhoarenlvailing
    foruslodrosomelhinginlolheir
    la,andlheyseelhalnolallgreal
    innovalionsarecomingfromlheUS.
    InWashinglon,DC,SecrelaryofSlale
    HillaryClinlonhasacknovledgedlhe
    vorkofAcumenIundandlheover
    of slralegic inveslmenls in lhe hghl
    againslglobaloverly.Tradilional
    aidvouldremainavilalloolfor
    lheforeseeablefulure,esecially
    inassislinglheviclimsofnalural
    disaslersandolheremergencies,she
    says.ulslralegicinveslmenlsvould
    evenluallysulanllradilionalforeign
    aid,sheredicls.
    Throughaid,vesulyvhalis
    neededlolheeolevhoneedilbe
    ilsacksofriceorcarlonsofmedicines,
    shesaidinaseechlaslyear.ul
    lhroughinveslmenl,veseeklobreak
    lhecycleofdeendencelhalaidcan
    crealebyhelingcounlriesbuild
    lheirovninslilulionsandlheirovn
    caacilylodeliveressenlialservices.
    Aidchasesneed,inveslmenlchases
    oorlunily.Q
    vvv.develomenl.asia 46DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
    796-03,:05+,=,3674,5;
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    A Life Examining
    AnnieDuf|oispartofagrowingbreedofyoungdeve|opmentprofessiona|swho
    areworkingtotesttheeffectivenessofdeve|opmentprograms
    Y}adeLee-Duffy

    nasunnydayinMay,
    asurrisevasvailing
    inside3OOrimaryschools
    acrosslheAfricancounlry
    ofGhana.Insleadofoneleacherinlhe
    classroom,novlhereverelvo.Ior2
    hoursaday,nevleachingassislanls
    veregoinglohelyoungslersvho
    couldnlreadorerformsimle
    addilionsinmalh.
    HiredlhroughlhecounlrysNalional
    YoulhLmloymenlIrogram,leaching
    assislanlsacross42ruralandurban
    dislriclshadlobelrainedloleach
    learninglhroughlayinggames,
    singingsongs,andresenlingfun,
    child-friendlymaleriallhalaealedlo
    alllhesenses.
    Theimaclevalualionoflhis
    remedialeducalionrograminGhana
    is being led by Annie Duo, one of
    lhevice-residenlsandlheexeculive
    direcloralInnovalionsforIoverly
    Aclion (IIA), a nonrohl research
    organizalion,basedinNevHaven,
    Conneclicul. According lo Duo,
    severaldeveloingcounlrieshavea
    largefraclionofrimarysludenls,aged
    6lo1Oyearsold,lhalverenollearning
    basiclileracyandnumeracyskills.
    Theremedialrogramvaslargeledlo
    breaklhislrend.
    WilhIIAro|eclsin46counlries,
    Duo's direclive is lo hnd oul vhal
    vorksandvhaldoesnlvhenil
    comeslodevelomenlrograms
    andro|ecls.Throughlheuseof
    randomized imacl evalualions, Duo
    andhernelvorkofresearchersassess
    vhelherdevelomenlrogramsare
    cosl-effecliveandyieldosiliveresulls.
    Sheisarlofagrovingbreedof
    andaidorganizalionsarefuelinga
    demandformoreimaclevalualionslo
    ensurelhalmoneyforrogramsisnl
    vasled.
    GIVING A HELPING HAND
    Duo's vork in develomenl slarled
    inIndiain2OOO.Iorhalfayear,she
    volunleeredinlheNaluralResource
    DevelomenlunilofSevaMandir,a
    youngdevelomenlrofessionalsvho
    vorkvilheconomislsinarlnershi
    vilhdevelomenlorganizalions,
    microhnance inslilulions, governmenls,
    andoverlyallevialionrogramslo
    develoandleslsolulionslhalaim
    loimrovelhelivesoflov-income
    familiesindeveloingcounlries.
    yshovingvhichrogramsare
    cosl-effeclive, Duo and her colleagues
    arehelingloencourageevidence-
    basedrogramsandolicies,andlo
    movemuch-neededfundinglovard
    lheserograms.Aslhereisagroving
    concernoverlhecosl-effeclivenessof
    rograms,olicymakers,governmenls,
    DUPLICATING SUCCESS Children play
    footbaII at a park in Ghana. Annie Duho
    (right) has helped Ghana launch its
    Teacher Community Assistant Initiative
    by adapting similar successful remedial
    education programs in India.
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia47
    nongovernmenlorganizalion(NG)
    inlhehisloriccilyofUdaiur.She
    lhenvorkedallhe}aiurbranchof
    Iralham,aneducalionNGsread
    acrossIndia.Shorllyafler,in2OO2,
    Duo managed a large-scale survey
    of1OOvillagesinUdaiurdislricl
    onheallhcareslalusandheallhcare
    delivery,ledbyresearchersallhe
    MassachusellsInsliluleofTechnology
    (MIT)andIrincelonUniversilyin
    collaboralionvilhlheNGSeva
    MandirandlheWorldank.
    Irom 2OO5 lo 2OO8, Duo vas lhe
    execulivedirecloroflheCenlrefor
    MicroIinanceallheInslilulefor
    IinancialManagemenlandResearch
    inChennai.Thereshevorkedon
    imrovinglheaccessibililyandqualily
    of hnancial services, and encouraging
    evidence-basedolicieslhrough
    research.
    Helingolhersrunsinlhefamily.
    Duo vas inuenced by her molher,
    Violaine,aedialricianvhovorks
    vilhlheIrench-basedNGlAel,
    vhichsuorlschildrenofarmed
    conicls, and her sisler Lslher,
    rofessorofoverlyallevialionand
    develomenleconomicsalMITanda
    founderanddirecloroflheAbdulLalif
    }ameelIoverlyAclionLab(}-IAL),
    vhichhelsdelerminevhallyesof
    aidandanlioverlyrogramsvorkin
    oorcounlries.
    TheIIAsexeculivedirecloralso
    holdsamaslersdegreeinsocial
    sciencesfromlLcoledesHaulesLludes
    enSciencesSociales,lLcoleNormale
    SurieureinIaris,andamaslers
    degreeinublicadminislralionin
    inlernalionaldevelomenlfromlhe
    }ohnI.KennedySchoolofGovernmenl
    alHarvardUniversily.
    My role is lo reach oul lo NGs
    andgovernmenlsandexlainlolhem
    vhalarigorousevalualionisandhov
    usingevidencevhendesigninglheir
    rogramscanincreaselheirimacl,
    andlohelimlemenlnevsludies,
    says Duo, vho grev u in Iaris.
    Since |oining IIA in 2OO8, Duo
    hasheledexandlheorganizalions
    nelvorkofresearcherslomorelhan
    1OOfromaboul4O.Inlhelasldecade,
    lhedemandforrigorousimacl
    evalualionsbydonorsandraclilioners
    hasincreasedlremendously,so
    havingmoreresearchersloleadlhese
    evalualionsiskey.Theseresearchers
    vork closely vilh IIA's 14 ofhces in
    counlries,includingGhana,Kenya,
    Mexico,Mongolia,andlheIhiliines.
    REMEDIAL EDUCATION IN GHANA
    Theremedialeducalionrogramor
    lheTeacherCommunilyAssislanl
    Inilialive(TCAI),currenllybeing
    evalualed by Duo, is an adalalion
    ofsimilarsuccessfulrogramsin
    IndiaconducledbylheNGIralham,
    andevalualedby}-Ial.Iundedby
    lheUniledKingdom-basedChildren
    InveslmenlIundIoundalion,lheTCAI
    isbeingimlemenledbylheGhana
    LducalionServices,inarlnershi
    vilhlheNalionalYoulhLmloymenl
    Irogram(NYLI)andlheGhana
    NalionalAssocialionofTeachersin
    collaboralionvilhIIA.
    ysharinglheresullsoflheimacl
    evalualions, Duo has heled lhe
    governmenladallherogramfrom
    India lo hl lhe Ghana conlexl. In
    2OO9,vearoachedlheGovernmenl
    ofGhana,melvilhlheleachers
    union,lheNYLI,andlheybecame
    inleresled, she says. Lven lhough ve
    areconvincedlhallherogramvorks,
    sinceilsbasedonrigorousevidence,
    vearedoinganevimaclevalualion
    inGhanabecauselherogramvill
    alvaysendubeingalillledifferenl
    |inanolhercounlryj.Also,veare
    evalualingdifferenlvayslodolhe
    rogramlounderslandvhichonevill
    vorkbesl.
    TheIndiarogramrevealedilvas
    ossible lo emloy lov-qualihed
    lulorsloleachsludenlsinlheirovn
    communiliesbasicskillsinarelalively
    shorllimeusingasimlemelhodology
    and lov-cosl malerials. The key is lo
    focusinslruclionallhechildslevel
    andlhiscanbedonebyhavinglhese
    lulorsleachlhelover-erforming
    sludenlssearalelyfromlheresloflhe
    class, for arl of lhe day, says Duo.
    Inaddilionlohelingsludenlsvilh
    essenlialskills,lheTCAIrovides
    emloymenlforlheassislanlsover
    2years,andsalariesofaboul$6Oa
    monlhfromlhegovernmenlsNalional
    YoulhLmloymenlIrogram.
    neoflherogramsunknovns
    isvhelherilsbeslloullsludenls
    oulofclassduringschoolhoursfor
    addilionalinslruclion(andmissarl
    oflheregularclass)orlovailunlil
    aflerschoolhoursvhenlheymaybe
    lired,hungry,andvanllogohome
    vilh lheir siblings. Duo says lhey
    arelryingbolholionsloassess
    vhich melhod is beller. We are also
    evalualingvhelherlherogram
    canvorkvilhoulassislanlsby|usl
    lraininglheleachersloassisllhe
    veakeslsludenls,sheadds.Asurvey
    vasconducledinDecember2O11and
    anolherinAugusl2O12villlakelace
    lomeasureiflherogramhasindeed
    imrovedlearninglevels.
    Iflheresullsoflhesludyare
    osilive, Duo's goal is lo vork vilh
    lheGovernmenlofGhanalohelscale
    ulheremedialrogram,lakingil
    nalionallyinlhefulure.Q
    My role is to reach
    out to NGOs and
    governments and
    explain to them
    what a rigorous
    evaluation is and
    how using evidence
    when designing their
    programs can increase
    their impact; and to
    help implement new
    studies
    vvv.develomenl.asia 48DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
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    n1988,vhenSimonerryvasa
    rilishaidvorkerinAfrica,he
    madeaconneclionbelveenlvo
    faclslhalvouldchangehislife.
    Iacl1:InremolearlsofZambia,
    vherefamiliesscralchedoula
    subsislencelivingbyfarming,many
    youngchildrendiedofrevenlable
    diseases,suchasdehydralionfrom
    diarrhea.
    Iacl2:Inlhesesameruralareas,you
    couldalmoslalvaysbuyCoca-Cola.
    Thalsvhenerry,lhenalechnical
    cooeralionofficerforlherilish
    aidrogram,madelheconneclion:
    CouldCoca-Colasunrivaledlocal
    dislribulionnelvorksbeharnessed
    lodeliversimlebulolenliallylife-
    savingmedicineslohard-lo-reach
    laces`
    Tvenlyyearslaler,inaconcerled
    allemlloansverlhalqueslion,
    erryandhisvife}anelaunchedan
    indeendenlnonrofilorganizalion
    calledColaLife.Theideaislo
    leverageCoca-Colasdislribulion
    channelslocarryso-calledsocial
    roduclsoralrehydralionsolulion
    (RS),zincsulemenls,valer
    urificalionlablelslhallaslmilelo
    savechildrenslivesindeveloing
    A Refreshing
    Development
    Inremote,impoverishedp|aceswherec|eanwaterandmedicinearehardtofind,
    peop|ecansti||buyanice-co|dCoke
    YAndrevMarshall
    BENEFICIARIES Two boys in Africa
    receive an AirPod. ColaLife wants
    to improve child mortality in remote
    communities by distributing anti-diarrhea
    kits through Coca-Colas extensive
    distribution network.
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia49
    counlries.Insub-SaharanAfrica,one
    insevenchildrendiedbeforelheirfiflh
    birlhdayin2OO8,eslimaleslheUniled
    Nalions.
    Inilially,errylhoughl,onebollleof
    Cokecouldberemovedfromacrale
    andrelacedvilhalubecarryinglhe
    roducls.ul}ane,vhosaysshesenl
    herlongeveningsinZambiareading
    booksoninlernalionaldevelomenl
    lofindoulvhysomuchgood-villed
    bulaarenllymisguidedefforlvasnl
    vorking,hadanolheridea.Why
    donlyoumakeuseoflheunused
    saceinslead`sheloldhim.
    SovasbornlheAidIod:acrush-
    resislanl,vedge-shaedcanisler
    lhalfilssnuglybelveenlhenecksof
    lheCoca-Colabollles.TenAidIods
    filinloaslandardcrale.Allvere
    doingisusinglhalunusedsacelo
    gelvilalroduclslolhesamelaces
    asCoca-Cola,sayserry.Were|usl
    iggybackingmakinguseofaseclion
    oflhehumanracevhoarearlicularly
    goodalgellingsluffloremolelaces.
    Ilsanealideasoneal,infacl,lhal
    ColaLifehasgeneraledlhousandsof
    folloversonsocialnelvorks,suchas
    Iacebook,asvellasaninvilalionfor
    erryloseakalaTLDxcommunily-
    runevenlinerlinin2O1O.ul
    villilvork`Wedidnlvanllobe
    rememberedaslheguysvhocame
    uvilhlhiscoolideaanddidnolhing
    aboulil,hesays.Sovegaveu
    our|obslasl}une|2O1Ojlofocusfull-
    limeongellingalrialgoing.The
    resullsoflhallrial,vhichislanned
    lolakelaceinZambia,couldhave
    imlicalionsforAsia,anolhervasl
    andoflenhard-lo-accessregionvhere
    reducingchildmorlalilyisrovingan
    uhillslruggle.
    Iersuadinglhevorldslargesl
    beveragecomanyloeven
    conlemlaleullingsomebodyelses
    sluffinilscralesisabigsle,says
    erry.Whallhecomanycallslhe
    Coca-ColaSyslemisamammolh
    andvell-oiledmachine,erfecled
    overacenlury.Whileiloeralesin
    morelhan2OOcounlries,Coca-Cola
    onlymakeslheconcenlralesand
    beveragebasesforilssofldrinks,and
    ovnsandlicenseslhebrands.Nearly
    3OOlocalbolllingarlnersroduce
    anddislribulelheaclualroducls,
    vhicharesoldlhroughmillionsof
    oullels:suermarkels,movielhealers,
    reslauranls,slreelvendorsrelly
    mucheveryvherehumanilygalhers.
    Coca-Colasayslhevorldconsumes
    1.7billionservingsofilsroducls
    everyday.
    TheuniquelhingaboullheCoca-
    Coladislribulionsyslemisnllhebil
    fromlhebolllerlolhevholesaler,
    bulfromlhevholesalersonvards,
    sayserry.Thalsvherealllhese
    indeendenlmicroenlerrisesguys
    onbicycles,vomenullingcraleson
    buses,andsoonlakeover.Thalslhe
    bilvevanllogelinlo.
    ThefirslColaLifelrialvilllakelhe
    errysbackloZambia,lhelandlocked
    Africancounlryvhichfirslinsired
    lhem.Iirsl,hovever,logelhervilh
    lvoolherColaLifesuorlers,erry
    cycledacrossanolhercounlry,Irance,
    loraise6,OOOloayforlhreelrislo
    Zambia.Ilvascrilicallofirslengage
    Coca-Colaslocalbolller,Zambian
    reveries,asubsidiaryofSAMiller,a
    globalbrevingandbolllingcomany
    vilhaslrongubliccommilmenl
    losuslainabledevelomenl.The
    involvemenlofSAMillerinZambia
    meansvemighlgelcrossoverof
    lhe|ColaLifejideainloanolherhuge
    mullinalional,sayserry.
    ColaLifesolherarlnersinZambia
    arelheUniledNalionsChildrens
    The unique thing
    about the Coca-
    Cola distribution
    system isnt the bit
    from the bottler to
    the wholesaler, but
    from the wholesalers
    onwards. Thats where
    all these independent
    microenterprises
    guys on bicycles,
    women putting crates
    on buses, and so on
    take over. Thats the bit
    we want to get into
    -S|mon Berry, founder of Co|aL|fe
    vvv.develomenl.asia 5ODevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12
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    READY FOR DELIVERY Ten AidPods t
    into a standard crate.
    Iund(UNICLI)andlheslale-run
    harmaceulicaldislribulorMedical
    SloresLimiled.Alocalnongovernmenl
    organizalioncalledKeeersZambia
    Ioundalionvillhandlelhesocial
    markelinginlhecommunilies,says
    erry,locrealebuzzandavareness
    andvaluearoundlhiskilvere
    goinglodislribule.ColaLifelans
    lodislribulealleasl2O,OOOAidIods
    lomolhersandcaregiversin3O
    communilies,vheremosleole
    surviveononeorlvodollarsaday.
    Thesearesarselyoulaled
    areasvherelherovisionofheallh
    facililiesisvery,verylov,exlains
    erry.Thereareonly7Oregislered
    harmaciesinlhevholeofZambia,
    andlheseareinlhelargerlovns.
    Hovever,kioskssellingbasicgoods
    vashingovder,cookingoil,biscuils,
    cigarellesand,ofcourse,Coca-Cola
    arecommon,eveninremoleareasand
    lheycouldbelaedlodeliverublic
    heallhroducls.
    AidIodscanbeadaledlocarry
    arangeofroducls.neoflhem
    couldbezinc.Givenlochildrenvilh
    diarrhea,zincsulemenlsreducelhe
    severilyandduralionoflheillness,
    andcouldolenliallysaveulo
    4OO,OOOdealhsofunder-5globallyer
    year.ColaLifesarlners
    inZambiavanllolesllhe
    ideabydeliveringasingle
    roducl:ananli-diarrheakil
    (ADK).Wevanllogelslalislically
    significanldala,exlainserry.ur
    mainob|ecliveallhelrialslageis
    nolrimarilylosavechildrenslives,
    bulloleslvhelhervecanuseCoca-
    Colasdislribulionchainlocrealea
    commodilylhaleolevillhaveinor
    verycloselolheirhouseholdsvhen
    diarrheaslrikes.
    eninnovalionhasalsoheled
    lheAidIodevolve.Iflheyaremade
    oflransarenlILT(olyelhylene
    lerehlhalale)laslic,AidIods
    mighlalsobeusedforsolarvaler
    disinfeclionarocessknovnby
    lheabbrevialionSDIS.IillaILT
    conlainervilhconlaminaledvaler
    andleaveilinlhesunfor6hours,and
    lheullraviolelradialionshouldkill
    offlhealhogenslhalcausediarrhea.
    Iorcoslreasons,erryshelvedlhe
    ideaofroducingAidIodsfromILT
    laslic.ullheSvissIederalInslilule
    ofAqualicScienceandTechnology
    recenllysenlhimsamlesofa
    rololyeSDISbaglhalvouldfil
    inloaslandardAidIod.
    ColaLifehasraised$1.35million
    lodale,vhichvillenableillorun
    lhelrialvilhlocalarlnersbyearly
    2O12.Amonglhefirsldonorsvaslhe
    }ohnson&}ohnsonCororaleCilizen
    Trusl,vhichcarriesoulcororale
    socialresonsibililyacliviliesoflhe
    }ohnson&}ohnsongrouinLuroe,
    MiddleLasl,andAfrica.
    Thelrialsresullsvonlbekel
    undervras,bulvillbeublished
    onColaLifesvebsilesolhalolhers
    mighladolandadallheideafor
    lheirovncounlries,includinginAsia.
    Wevanleolelolookalvhal
    veredoing|inAfricajandloaly
    illolocalcircumslancesinAsia,
    sayserry.Thereisalolofinleresl
    inColaLifefromIndia,bulvedonl
    havelhecaacilylodevelolhings
    lhere.Soourslralegyislomakealllhe
    informalionavailable.Alllhelearning
    vegeneralegoesuonlhevebsile.
    Knovledge-sharingisarlof
    anoeninnovalionrocesslhal
    hasheledlheerrysrefinelheir
    embryonicideaandallraclnev
    exerlise.RohilRamchandanivasa
    seniorheallhadvisorallheCanadian
    Much of the worlds
    mortality can be
    prevented with
    existing solutions....
    So the problem is not
    so much about whats
    needed. Its more about
    how to effectively
    deliver what is needed
    to those who need it
    most
    -Pub||c hea|th adv|sor Roh|t
    Ramchandan|
    vvv.develomenl.asia }anuaryMarch2O12DevelopmentAsia51
    LIFESAVER The AidPod was designed to
    contain social products, such as zinc
    supplements, oral rehydration solution,
    and water purication tabIets. It is a
    crush-resistant, wedge-shaped canister
    that ts snugIy between the necks of the
    Coca-Cola bottles.
    InlernalionalDevelomenlAgency
    vhenhefirslconlaclederrylhrough
    ColaLifesIacebookgrou.Nov
    sludyingublicheallhal}ohns
    HokinsloombergSchoolofIublic
    Heallh,Ramchandaniisheling
    conslruclColaLifeslrialinZambia
    andvilluseilsresullsaslhebasisof
    hisdoclorallhesis.
    Wevereachedsomelhingofa
    crossroadsinublicheallh,says
    Ramchandani.Muchoflhevorlds
    morlalilycanberevenledvilh
    exislingsolulions.Researchhasshovn
    lhalover6O/ofchilddealhscould
    berevenledeachyeariflhevorlds
    childrenreceivedfullaccessloalready
    exisling,oflenlov-coslinlervenlions,
    suchasRSandzinc.Solheroblem
    isnolsomuchaboulvhalsneeded.
    Ilsmoreaboulhovloeffeclively
    delivervhalisneededlolhosevho
    needilmosl.
    Leveraginglherivaleseclorlo
    dislribuleublicheallhroducls
    isnlnev.Inangladesh,lherivale
    seclorlayedakeyroleinlheScaling
    UZincforYoungChildren(SUZY)
    Iro|ecl,inilialedin2OO3bylhe
    InlernalionalCenlreforDiarrhoeal
    DiseaseResearch,angladesh
    (ICDDR,)inarlnershivilh
    lheangladeshMinislryofHeallh
    andIamilyWelfare.Aangladesh
    conglomeralecalledACML
    LaboraloriesLldmadelhezinclablels
    inilsharmaceulicalsdivisionand
    dislribuledlhemlhroughilsfoodand
    beveragedivision.
    Iorlhebigheallhroblemsnov
    andinlhefulure,vecannolrelyonly
    onvhallheublicheallhseclorcan
    deliverinnalionslhalhavefragile
    heallhsyslems,saysTraceyIrez
    Koehlmoos,headoflheHeallh&
    IamilyIlanningSyslemsIrogramme
    alICDDR,andrincialinvesligalor
    oflheSUZYIro|ecl.Ilsnolenough.
    Soanyengagemenl|vilhlherivale
    seclorjvouldbebeneficial,solongas
    ilsdonevilhgovernmenlaroval
    andarlnershi.
    WilhColaLife,lheCoca-Cola
    Comanyvhichhasaraflof
    hilanlhroicro|eclsisengaged,
    ifnolquileeffusive.Wehavebeen
    inconlaclvilhColaLifeandhave
    suorledlhemloidenlifyasuilable
    bolllingarlner,SAMiller,villing
    loconduclailolro|eclvilhlhem,
    saysSebaslianvanderVegl,grou
    communicalionsmanager,ina
    slalemenl.Weunderslandlhallhe
    ilolvilllakelaceinZambiaandvill
    focusondislribuling|anli-jdiarrhea
    kilslohard-lo-reachareas.Welook
    forvardlolearningfromlheresullsof
    lheilolro|eclonceilscomleled.
    ColaLifesuorlersvhohail
    fromheallhorhumanilarianfields
    mighlnolbenaluralsuorlersofa
    cororalebehemolhlhalmakesfizzy
    drinks.Inlheageofchronicdisease,
    bigfoodandbigbeveragesorlof
    comeoffasbeinglhebadguys,says
    Koehlmoos.Doyouvanlyourlife-
    savingsolulionbeingackagedvilh
    vhalmighlmakelhesechildrensuffer
    asadullsfromobesilyordiabeles`
    erryisunfazed.Allveredoing
    isusinglhalunusedsaceinacrale
    logellhisvilalroducllolhesame
    laceslhalCoca-Colagelslo,hesays.
    Iorerry,buildingunlikelyalliances
    belveenbusinessesandublicheallh
    islhevholeoinl.Togelher,ve
    believe,vecandoil.Thereisnooinl
    sillinginoursilos,lhrovingbricksal
    oneanolher,vhenlhereissomuchal
    slake.
    Andsomuchlefllodo.ne
    oflheUNseighlMillennium
    DevelomenlGoalsisloreduce
    lheunder-5morlalilyralebylvo-
    lhirdsbelveen199Oand2O15.Child
    dealhsarefalling,bulnolquickly
    enoughloreachlhelargel,reorls
    lheUN.Revilalizingefforlsagainsl
    neumoniaanddiarrhea,vhile
    bolsleringnulrilion,couldsave
    millionsofchildren.
    erryseesColaLifeasarloflhal
    revilalizalion.Ilvillbedecades
    beforevegelchildmorlalilyrales
    indeveloingcounlrieslhalve
    vouldlhinkaccelableinlheUniled
    Kingdom,hesays.Ilcouldbemore
    lhan175years.Weneedlocarryon
    vilhincremenlalimrovemenls,bul
    vealsoneedinnovalion.
    IslherelheossibililylhalColaLife
    mighlnolvork`Yu,admils
    erryhaily,exudinghislrademark
    olimism.ulveregoinglogel
    caughllrying.Ramchandani,lhe
    ublicheallhexerl,ulsilmore
    cauliously.Therealilyislhallhere
    isalolofgreal|heallhjinlervenlions
    lhaldonldemonslraleslalislically
    slrongresulls,andarelhereforenever
    shared.Thalsvhyilissoimorlanl
    loincororaleevalualioninlolhe
    researchdesignearlyon,andshare
    lessonslearnedalonglhevay
    somelhinglhalColaLifeisdoing
    exlremelyvell.
    Wherevillhainessslrikenexl`
    asksaCoca-Colaslogan.Thequeslion
    novis:WherevillColaLifeslrike
    nexl`Q
    52DevelopmentAsia}anuaryMarch2O12 vvv.develomenl.asia
    I would like to reiterate that we face daunting challenges. Asias
    growth has brought significant benefits to the region. But it is an
    unfinished agenda, with the majority of the worlds poor still in
    Asia. The region is at a critical crossroads. We must continue to be
    proactive.
    AsianDeve|opmentBankPresidentHaruhikoKuroda,speakingattheEminent
    PersonsForuminNewDe|hi,IndiainOctober2011
    65;/,9,*69+
    We must connect the dots between
    climate change, water scarcity,
    energy shortages, global health, food
    security and womens empowerment.
    Solutions to one problem must be
    solutions for all.
    UnitedNationsSecretary-Genera|Ban
    Ki-moon,addressingtheUnitedNations
    Genera|Assemb|yinSeptember2011
    Socialissuesarefarmorecomlex
    lodealvilhlhanbusinessroblems,
    andilsveryhardlochangelhings.Il
    needslenacilyandhumilily.Andvhile
    individuallyilmaybehardloseevhal
    differencevecanmake,ifveslicklo
    lhelaskvilhlenacilyforasuslained
    aclion,ilvillsurelyvork.
    AzimPrem[i,chairmanofWipro,who
    donated$2bi||iontohiseducation
    foundation,the|argestcharitab|e
    contributioninIndiasmodernhistory
    Thelo1ercenlhavelhebeslhouses,
    lhebesleducalions,lhebesldoclors,and
    lhebesllifeslyles,bullhereisonelhing
    lhalmoneydoesnlseemlohaveboughl:
    anunderslandinglhallheirfaleisbound
    uvilhhovlheolher99ercenllive.
    Throughoulhislory,lhisissomelhinglhal
    lhelo1ercenlevenluallydolearn.Too
    lale.
    EconomistandNobe||aureateJosephE.Stig|itz,
    writingfor=HUP[`-HPYinMay2011
    I
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    In 10 years, youre not
    going to have 700 million
    cars driven every day on the
    planet; youre going to have
    2 billion. If you already
    have an emissions problem
    with 700 million cars, what
    problems are you going to
    have with 2 billion?
    NissanChiefExecutiveOfficer
    Car|osGhosninaninterviewwith
    -HZ[*VTWHU`in2011,wherehe
    ta|ksaboutwhythemarketis
    readyforana||-e|ectriccar
    Global warming is real. Perhaps our results will help
    cool this portion of the climate debate.
    RichardMu||er,aprominentphysicistandskepticofg|oba|warming,writesin
    the>HSS:[YLL[1V\YUHS in October 2011 after his study conrmed the rapid rise in
    theEarthssurfacetemperatures
    Asia and the Pacific.
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