CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The outbreak of the corona virus pandemic has taken the world

unaware and unprepared leaving almost every country in the world to be at a

standstill. The impact on human health has been severe, with an increasing

number of fatalities. With the spread comes economic hardship due to the

preventive strategies adopted. The 2019 novel corona Virus (SARS-COV-2,

which causes the COVID-19), was first identified in Wuhan China among

people living Pneumonia. These ones were associated with sea food and live

animal market such as bats, frogs, snakes, birds, marmots and rabbits. Further

investigations revealed that some individuals contracted the infection even

with no record of visiting the seafood market.

These observations indicated a human to human spreading capability

of the virus. Modes of transmission of the virus include respiratory droplets

and fecal-oral. The virus invades the oral cavity, respiratory mucosa and

conjunctiva, and has been found in stools of infected persons (Yong Shuangli

2020). This means the virus can be transmitted through coughing, sneezing,

contaminated hands, foods and water.

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The African continent first came in contact with the Corona virus pandemic

on February 14th, 2020 in Egypt. Since then different governments took

severe restrictive measures to curb the spread of the disease. As of March,

2022, the number of confirmed cases in Africa amounted to 11,549,076

which represented around 2.62 percent of the infections around the world.

South Africa was the most drastically affected country with more than 3.67

million infections followed by Morocco with the second highest infections at

1.1 million confirmed cases. Many African countries, including Nigeria, are

seriously battling with the disease amidst lack of resources, lack of technical

expertise, high population density and lack of proper awareness.

The first case of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Nigeria was

confirmed on the 27 of February 2020 after a virology test was carried out at

the Lagos University teaching hospital on the suspected Italian man who

arrived Nigeria from Milan on February 24 th 2020 on the Turkish airline.

Restriction of movements was imposed as a result of the outbreak which

generated controversies among the poor masses that depend on daily hustles

to fend for themselves and their families. Nigeria being a very populous

country with a high number of low-income earners who depend on their daily

efforts to get food for their families, control measures like the movement

restrictions and closure of business premises had a devastating impact on

them. Although the government responded with some palliative measures, it

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was unfortunate that these interventions were not sufficient, mainly due to

malpractices that ended up denying many supposed beneficiaries.

According to the Nigerian Center for Disease Control (NCDC), as at 8th

march 2022, a total of 449,729,293 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including

6,014,690 deaths have been reported globally. However, as at 8th march

2022, the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control has reported a total of 254,777

confirmed cases with 3,142 deaths across the 35 states of the federation and

the federal capital territory. Lagos was the most affected state with the

highest number of cases followed by the FCT, Rivers, Kaduna and Plateau

state leading (99,028, 28,565, 16,602, 11,232, and 10,249, respectively) and

was still leading with the highest recorded number of cases of covid-19.

As the disease continues to ravage most parts of Nigeria, there is growing

concern that the country is facing serious health and humanitarian crises.

This can be attributed to the inherent poor health care delivery services,

poverty, as well as the large number of individuals living in close

proximities, especially in rural areas and urban slums. The Nigeria Centre for

Disease Control is the country’s national public health institute, tasked with

the mandate to lead the preparedness, detection and response to infectious

disease outbreaks and public health emergencies. With support from the

Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN), the institute is working assiduously

in handling the COVID-19 pandemic. This involves rigorous detection

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strategies by testing, isolating and tracing of in-contact individuals. It also

carries public enlightenment campaigns and mobilization of citizens to

observe the standard prevention and control measures in response to the

outbreak.

In the bid to put an end to the pandemic, efforts have been made by several

researchers to come up with vaccines that will curb the spread of the virus.

However, the society is confronted with new important problems such as the

efficiency of vaccines, global equitable access to the vaccines and

vaccination passports to allow those vaccinated to travel overseas.

Discussions were held regarding restrictions for those not vaccinated, not

only in travel and indoor activities, but also in the workplace. The debate

reflects a classical public health ethical problem, formulated around 20 years

ago as a preamble to a code of public health ethics: ‘the need to exercise

power to ensure the health of populations and, at the same time, to avoid

abuses of such power are at the crux of the public health ethics’ (Todd &

Bambra, 2021).

In the last two decades, emerging and re-emerging infectious disease are

occurring in Nigeria in epidemic proportions and at a devastating public

health scale. Popular among the most recent epidemics are Ebola, Yellow

fever, Monkey pox, and sporadic episodes of Lassa fever. This is including

the dreaded Malaria that has become endemic. The lessons drawn from these

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outbreaks are believed to have helped in managing the present pandemic

caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It will be recalled that during the Ebola

outbreak, resources were made available; the public through mass

communication were sensitized on the causes, signs and symptoms of the

disease, preventive and protective measures against the disease resulting in

the timely and effective containment of the disease.

The outbreak of Corona Virus disease (Covid-19) required the same

procedure of creating awareness. In order to reduce the spread of the disease,

the world health Organization (WHO) recommends raising community

awareness of the risk factors for Corona infection and the protective

measures individuals can take which includes maintaining environmental

health; keeping personal hygiene; drinking boiled water; avoiding raw food

consumption; frequent hand washing; avoidance of touch (especially around

the eyes, ears and mouth); disinfecting surfaces of objects in households,

toilets, public places, vehicles, disinfecting excreta and environment of

patients in medical facilities to prevent water and food contamination.. The

Government, charitable groups, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)

and other agencies have created so much awareness campaigns on the corona

virus. Such awareness includes putting messages and jingles on radio and

television stations and putting posters around communities as part of a long

term programme to inform the public and help prevent further infections.

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The Nigerian Government, through the federal ministry of Health made it

officially known to its citizens about the reality of the virus using various

local media channels such as the broadcast media and the print media. In

response to the federal Government’s announcement, the Plateau State

Government put in place a total lockdown and restriction of movements into

the state prior to the confirmation of its first case of Covid-19 on the 22 nd of

April, 2020. Plateau Radio Television Corporation (PRTVC) is one of the

various broadcast media channels that was used by the State Government to

enlighten its populace about the outbreak of the virus in Plateau State.

Over the years, Plateau Radio Television Corporation (PRTVC) Jos has been

performing a critical role in information dissemination, educating the

populace and playing advocacy roles most especially in critical moments and

events. As a media house, PRTVC has aired several jingles about the

existence of the Covid-19 pandemic, its mode of transmission and the

preventive measures that can be taken by the public to curb its spread.

During the pandemic era, Plateau Radio Television Corporation (PRTVC)

and other television stations have deployed different mechanisms in creating

awareness on Coronavirus among the citizens, however, jingles has been one

of the prominent mechanism used by these television stations especially

PRTVC.

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However this study intends to interrogate the intensiveness or efficiency of

television in creating awareness on Coronavirus during the pandemic with

specific focus on jingles as a mechanism for awareness creation.

A jingle is a short musical tune used in advertisements to create association

of the consumers with the brand.

Jingles contain musical phrases and meaning that exclusively promotes and

positions the product being advertised. Usually, through advertising, slogans

are used to reinforce brand identity. However, jingles are not only used to

advertise products and reinforce brand identity; they are also used by media

outlets to create awareness, educate and enlighten the public about

impending dangers or the existence of an outbreak of deadly diseases such as

the Covid-19 virus.

This study therefore sought to understand the extent to which awareness

through jingles on corona virus by PRTVC is received by the people.

Awareness programme on any issue simply gives detailed information about

the issue at hand. Television is a major medium for dissemination of

information to the public while PRTVC is one of the numerous channels that

has the statutory responsibility for transmission of these information via

television and radio. It is against this backdrop that this research intends to

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measure the efficacy of Covid-19 awareness jingles disseminated by PRTVC

in Plateau State.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Jingles have been disseminated through various media channels such

as television, radio, newspaper etc. to educate and sensitize the public about

the outbreak of diseases or other public health challenges. That been said,

there is no sufficient empirical evidence regarding how such jingles influence

the health behavior of people. Research on memory for media news, and in

particular television news, has repeatedly suggested that people do not

remember very much of what they see, hear, or read (Findahl&Hoijer, 1985;

Mundorf, Drew, Zillmann, & Weaver, 1990; Neuman, 1976; Robinson &

Davis, 1990; Stauffer, Frost, & Rybolt, 1981; Stern cited in Barret, 1973;

Wagenaar, 1978; Wilson, 1974). Although, it is tempting to conclude that

these Covid-19 jingles will certainly influence health behavior, such an

assumption could be hasty and even costly without sufficient empirical

evidence. It is this gap that this study intends to fill.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study shall be guided by the following objectives

1. To assess the types of jingles presented on PRTVC for awareness

creation on Corona virus in Jos metropolis.

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 2. To assess the effectiveness of the jingles in influencing health

behavior of people in Jos metropolis.

3. To examine the constraints in using jingles for awareness purposes in

curbing the spread of Corona virus in Jos metropolis.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study shall answer the following questions;

1. What are the types of jingles presented on PRTVC for awareness

creation on Corona virus in Jos Metropolis?

2. How effective are the jingles in influencing health behavior of people

in Jos Metropolis?

3. What are the constraints in the use of jingles for the purposes of

curbing Corona Virus in Jos Metropolis?

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is focused on ascertaining the impact of some selected

jingles disseminated by Plateau Radio Television Corporation (PRTVC), Jos

on the spread of covid-19 in Jos Metropolis. It also seeks to examine the

effects of awareness jingles on the health behavior of people in Jos

Metropolis. The study will be carried out in Jos South Local Government

Area.

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1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will provide an adequate reference material for users such

as the management of media outlets, consultants, Health institutions and

students to enable them make informed decisions particularly as it pertains to

sending and receiving awareness jingles as well as controlling the spread of

corona virus and other disease outbreak.

The Government can also make use of the findings and recommendations

from this study to make policies that will impact positively on public health

in the country.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Jingles - a jingle is a short musical tune used in creating

awareness, educate and enlighten the public on an

impending danger or existence of an outbreak of a deadly

disease such as covid-19.

 Corona virus- also known as covid-19 is defined as an

illness caused by a novel corona virus called severe acute

respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-COV-2;

formerly called 2019-nCOV), which was first identified

amid an outbreak of respiratory illness cases in Wuhan

City, Hubei Province, China.

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 Plateau Radio Television Corporation- Also known as

PRTV, is a broadcast media station owned by the Plateau

state government used for transmitting information to the

public.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains information on the following sub-topics:

Conceptual review, empirical review and theoretical framework. The

researcher used secondary sources. It consists of text books in mass

communication. Also, materials were sourced from related published journals

and previous empirical research works.

2.2 CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS

In this part of the literature review, issues surrounding Covid-19 and

radio jingles are reviewed.

An Overview Corona Virus

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped positive-sense single-stranded

RNA viruses belonging to the large family Coronaviridae in the order

Nidovirales. They are one of the largest RNA virus group with genome size

ranging approximately from 26 to 32 kilobases (Schoeman & Fielding, 2019,

p.33.). CoVs are widely distributed among birds and small mammals,

however, they have adapted to infect humans in recent decades, causing mild

to fatal respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia. Common clinical

presentation of coronavirus infection may include fever, cough, and fatigue,

while diarrhea and dyspnea have also been reported in some patients infected

with the virus (Wang, He, Yu, Hu & Bao, 2020, p.6). Coronavirus strains

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have been responsible for a number of outbreaks in recent years including the

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) of 2003, the Middle-East

respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) of 2012 and most recently, the

coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Wilder-Smith, Chiew & Lee, 2020,

p.11.).

The COVID-19 was initially linked to the outbreak of a respiratory illness in

Wuhan, China at the start of December 2019, by the end of January 2020, the

spread of the epidemic has been reported in about twenty other countries with

about 11791 confirmed infection cases and two hundred and thirteen

mortalities (Adhikari, Meng, Mao & Ye, 2020, p.5.). This prompted the

World Health Organisation (WHO) to declare the disease a public health

emergency of international concern on 31 January 2020 and a global

pandemic on 11 March 2020 (Cucinotta & Vanelli, 2020, p.161.).

According to Lowth (2020) COVID-19 infection can be classified into;

Asymptomatic, Mild, Moderate, Severe and Critical. Far from that, moderate,

severe and critical infections are mostly peculiar to people within the age

range of 50 years and above, because people within this range have health

compromise like; heart disease, lung disease, cancer and so on, which makes

them to have immune deficiency. They are the classes that have limited

chances of survival (particularly to those with underlying health

complications). It is important to know that, the underlying factor in the

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chances of surviving from COVID-19, is the immune system. From the

statistics of the death toll, majority of the people who have died from the

virus, are those whose immune systems were weak already, as a result of

other health challenges they were having.

On the 14 February, Africa’s first COVID-19 case was recorded in Egypt.

Three months later, (May 13 2020), the disease had spread throughout every

African country, with Lesotho being the last to record a new case. In Africa,

there are a total of 86,721 cumulative confirmed cases, 2,787 deaths reported

and 33,840 recoveries as at May 19 2020. Four countries alone, South Africa,

Egypt, Algeria and Nigeria recorded 47% of the cases in Africa. Though

Africa so far has the lowest number of cumulative confirmed cases, there are

concerns regarding the representation of the true prevalence of the disease, as

several countries report unavailable or low testing capacities. Furthermore,

underdeveloped health systems and the existence of several hard to reach and

or highly rural areas, also pose a threat to Africa’s ability to contain and

mitigate the spread of the disease and manage confirmed cases effectively

(Cherisch, 2020, p.47.).

According to Anyaogu (2020) Nigeria was the first sub Saharan African

country to record a case of COVID-19 after an imported case from Italy was

confirmed on February 27, 2020. The Nigerian government, as with other

national governments were grappling with the rising numbers of COVID-19

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cases and have instituted several containment measures in a bid to stem this

rising tide. Various steps were taken by both Federal and State Governments

to curb the spread of the virus, including restriction of interstate movements,

closures of schools, markets and other business places, bans on religious and

social gatherings as well federally-ordered lockdowns in two states and the

FCT. Other measures include social distancing, use of nose masks, good

hygiene, proper hand washing and use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers,

sneezing into elbows, etc. as advised by the Nigeria Centre for Disease

Control. The first index case In Plateau State was recoded on April 24 2020

through a woman who arrived from Kano.

Concept of Jingle
A jingle is a radio or television marketing slogan set to a memorable

melody. Jingles are written explicitly for a product. They may be unique

works designed to explain about a product or service, or to enable easy recall

for product information. As long as the slogan are catchy and difficult to

ignore there may be nearly no limit to what advertisers can use in a jingle. It

may be a slogan, a contact number, a radio station's call letters, a business's

brand or maybe the advantages of a product (Joseph, 2021, p.2). Jain and Jain

(2016) see jingle as, a short musical tune used in advertisements to create

association of the consumers with the brand. The jingle contains musical

phrases and meaning that exclusively promotes and positions the product

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being advertised, usually through advertising slogans to reinforce brand

identity. These jingles can also be used in non-advertising contexts to

establish and maintain a brand image. Jingles create sensory branding

through sound. Sensory branding has proved to be is very effective branding

strategy.

The radio jingle or musical commercial is seen by Arens (as cited in Nwosu

2015) as among the best and worst ad messages produced; it can bring

successes well beyond the average non-musical commercial on one side and

can waste the advertising budget and annoy audience beyond belief. He notes

that: Musical commercials have several variations. The entire message may

be sung; jungles may be written with a donut in the middle (a hole for spoken

copy) or orchestras may play symphonic or popular arrangements. Many

producers use consistent musical themes for background colour or to close

the commercial... Advertisers have three sources of music. They can buy the

right to use a tune from the copy-right owner, which is usually expensive.

They can use a melody in the public domain, which is free (Arsen as cited in

Nwosu, 2015, p.5.).

According to Pathak (2014) jingle contains one or more hooks and lyrics that

explicitly promote the product being advertised, typically through the usage

of one or more marketing slogans. Advertising buyer makes use of jingles in

radio and television commercials; they also can be utilized in non-marketing

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context to set up or maintain a brand. Jingles are a form of sound branding.

Joseph (2021) says, jingle had no definitive status: its infiltration of the radio

was more of an evolutionary method than an unexpected innovation. Pathak

(2014) adds that, product adverts with a musical tilt may be traced back to

1923, across the same time commercial radio started out within the United

States. If one entity has the simplest claim to the primary jingle it’s General

Mills, who aired the world’s first making a singing commercial. According to

Joseph (2021) the seminal radio bite, entitled Have You Tried Wheaties?

become first sung over the air on Christmas Eve of 1926 in Minneapolis St.

Paul radio market. The art of the jingle reached its peak during the economic

boon of the 1950s. The jingle was used in marketing of branded merchandise

like breakfast cereals, candy, snacks, soda pop, tobacco, and beer. As radio is

concerned with the voice, jingles had crucial roles in every radio program.

All most all radio commercials and stations are primarily based on jingles for

their identification (Pathak, 2014, p.6.).

2.2.1 MEDIA AND HEALTH COMMUNICATION

Media is a powerful avenue for the dissemination of wellness

education. It plays a fundamental role in the public response to a pandemic,

as it serves as a portal for communication between governments, health

institutions, and people. The ‘invisible’ nature of pandemics dictates an

important role for media as the “eye” of the public (Thomas et al, 2018,

17
p.158.). Media channels become windows through which the public looks for

accurate information, scientific sound facts, government decisions, and

reactions of the general public. Input that people collect as ‘receivers’ shape

their actions and reactions to the pandemic. Media also contributes

substantially to health awareness and promotion, making it an essential

mediator for health communication. It plays an important role in changing

attitudes and intentions, and in influencing health behaviour. ‘Health

communication’ is a broad term, defined as the study or use of

communication techniques to improve the health sector (Mheidly & Fares,

2020). Media’s effectiveness in health communication lies in strong written,

verbal, and visual communication strategies that can impact public views and

perceptions (NCDC, 2020.).

According to Akinfeleye (as cited in Anwar, Malik, Raeez Anwar,

2020) public health communication basically could be described as the form

of communication disseminated by the mass media for adequate health care

delivery office. Office of disease prevention and health promotion, U.S.

Department of Health and Human services posits that health communication

is the study and practice of communicating promotional health information,

such as in public health campaigns, health education, and between doctor and

patient. Hence, it will be right to assert that media health communication is

the dissemination of health information by the media in order to influence

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peoples’ health choice and improve their health literacy for sustainable health

development (Odorume, 2015, p.3.).

According to Stanley (2020) the role of mass media in combating health

promotion for sustainable health development throughout the world remains

vital. Without the mass media, it might be difficult for health promoters and

stakeholders to communicate health information, monitor and co-ordinate

health activities in various countries of the world. that the media has ensured

successes to health programs through their communications and sensitization

of the citizenry. Notable successes being their role in the eradication of polio,

awareness on family planning and the containing of the Ebola virus. The

above leaves one to conclude that media’s health communication in Nigeria

is becoming an instrument for sustainable health development seeing that the

information they disseminate is providing knowledge to the people on ways

of combating diseases (Odorume, 2015, p.6.).

According to Odorume (2015) health communication seeks to; Increase

audience knowledge and awareness of health issue. Influence behaviors and

attitudes towards a health issue. Demonstrate healthy practices. Demonstrate

the benefits of behavior changes to public health outcomes. Advocate a

position on a health issue or policy. Increase demand or support for health

services and lastly to argue against misconceptions about health.

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2.2.2 MEDIA AND HEALTH COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES IN
NIGERIA
Mass media remain a key component and veritable tool in the

campaign toward sustainable health development in Nigeria. This is so

because through adequate health communication and campaigns on issues of

health such as drugs abuse, vaccines/immunizations, maternal health care,

family planning programs, healthful living practices, prevention practices,

cure eradication of diseases etc. The mass media have proven to be very

concern about our health development (Stanley, 2020, p.7.).

In 2003 and 2004, the fight against the eradication of poliomyelitis suffered a

serious setback in the Northern part of Nigeria owing substantially to wide

spread rumours and misconceptions among Muslims over the safety of the

vaccine. The federal government had to engage the media in conjunction

with the traditional rulers to alley these fears through health communication

on the polio virus and the safety of the vaccine (Odorume, 2015, p.6.).

In another development, the media in Nigeria were seriously engaged by the

government on the issue of family planning. Through media health

communication on the subject, the socio-economic consequences of an

unplanned family were drummed into the consciousness of Nigerians. The

media highlighted the health implications to the women who go on having

children every year and the economic consequence which reflects in

untrained children, inability to access health facilities and other needs. The

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media health communications on this subject resulted in family planning

consciousness amongst Nigerians (Olajuwon, 2020, p.19.).

In Nigeria, immunization sessions are organized and screened on the

television on regular basis. In recent times, during these immunization

sessions, health stakeholders address women on their vital roles as mothers of

the Nigerian children. The radio too had been put to very effective use in

broadcasting the program the masses, especially those that do not have access

to the television programs. During these exercises, the print media such as

newspapers and magazines, flyers and so on were not excluded (Stanley,

2020, p.7.).

Media health communications have aided in the fight and control of malaria.

Through this means, the people have been sensitized, and educated on the

causes and ways of checking the spread and treatment for the disease.

However, it is the area of checking or controlling malaria that the media,

especially radio in Nigeria has played a significant role. This is because

malaria seems to be endemic amongst the poor of the society who require

being educated on the causes and intervention methods. Thus, radio talks,

drama etc. are organized on regular basis in order to educate the poor masses

on how to fight mosquitoes. Media communication on malaria program such

as roll- back-malaria is carried daily emphasizing why we should sleep under

nets and keep our environments clean (Olajuwon, 2020, p.14.).

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Since the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDs) came into Nigeria,

media health communication on the disease has been immense. The people

have been sensitized through NTA Network health programs; adverts and

slogans on AIDs have been carried by mass media channel of Television and

Radio. Newspapers and magazines also carry articles and cartoons on the

scourge. Health providers from time to time take to the various media to

inform, educate, encourage and direct the public on the way forward with

HIV/AIDs. The media in Nigeria have fully taken up the challenge posed by

HIV/AIDs pandemic through effective communication on the disease to the

people (Orodume, 2015, p.11.).

Ebola virus disease (EVD) also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever has been

in existence for about four decades before its first case appeared in Nigeria

on July 20, 2014. According to Hewlett B and Hewlett B (as cited in

Oroduma 2015) Ebola virus disease was reported around the region of the

River Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) formerly Congo

Kinshasa and Zaire) in 1976. All these years, media health communication

on this pandemic in Nigeria was simply unfounded but with the first recorded

case of Ebola in Nigeria being found in Patrick Sawyer of Liberia, the

Nigerian media suddenly was agog with health communication that informed

the citizenry about all they need to know about the disease ranging from its

22
origin, causal agents, symptoms signs and safety behaviours (Orodume,

2015, p.17.).

2.2.3 MEDIA COVERAGE AND PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF COVID-

19 PANDEMIC
Since the outbreak of the virus, international and local news networks

promoted awareness and decreased anxiety among the public through live

coverage of news briefings, press conferences, and town halls. Health

officials and many others posted and explained health guidelines and

governmental instructions on websites, in journals, magazines, and on social

media platforms including Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. In the age of

social media dominance, monitoring all published posts related to the

pandemic poses a difficult challenge (O’Donnell, 2020, para.2). The

phenomenon of spreading misinformation during outbreaks has been known

to occur since the middle ages (Zaroscostas, 2020, p.9.). However, social

media amplify it considerably. Unverified sources posting on platforms play

central roles in reporting incorrect numbers of cases and inaccurate

guidelines, and advertising unapproved treatments and remedies as antiviral

cures. Such misinformation led to an increase in public anxiety about health,

and resulted in chaos, fraudulent schemes, financial abuse, and fear. In the

United States, for example, promoters of misinformation sent text messages

in the early stages of the outbreak about lockdowns, upcoming governmental

regulations, and economic collapse, spreading their messages widely through

23
the population. The National Security Council acted to clarify which

circulating text messages were false, to reduce fear and panic among

residents (Collins, 2020, para.2.). Claims that drinking hot water, snake oil,

or silver, and burning incense leaves would cure coronavirus became popular

(Brewster, 2020, p.8.). Advertisements run by Amazon for protective masks

spiked prices and increased hoarding of medical equipment, in times when

the medical community worldwide was in dire need of supplies (Palmer,

2020, p,16.). Many social media accounts fuelled conspiracy theories about

COVID-19 as a biological weapon and directed readers and viewers to buy

vitamins and other products from stores (Marantz, 2020, p.4.). Posts that

falsely linked 5G, a wireless communication technology that supports

cellular data networks, to COVID-19 also spread widely (O’Donnell, 2020,

para.4.). Anti-vaccine movements exploited the outbreak, using social media

accounts opposing vaccines to lure a surge in views and followers. The

Director-General of the WHO called the phenomenon an ‘infodemic.’ He

explained that fake news spread faster and more easily than the virus and is

just as dangerous. The WHO later made an announcement that it would be

working closely with social media platforms and search engine companies

like Facebook, Google, Pinterest, Tencent, Twitter, TikTok, YouTube,

among others, to deter the spread of rumors and misinformation (WHO,

2020.).

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2.2.4 IMPACT OF INFORMATION DISSEMINATION DURING
COVID-19
Information is a vital element in disease prevention; hence the media

must be ready to take up the responsibility of keeping the populace properly

informed in an understandable, clear yet forceful manner. The populace not

being properly informed about preventive and protective measures during

and emergence of an epidemic or pandemic as the case may be can have

serious repercussions (Mejia, et al, 2020, p.6.). Access to quality information

during a pandemic like COVID-19 is germane. It is the foundation for

knowledge. Access to information gives room to freedom of expression,

making it meaningful and helpful to the society. Confirmable and authentic

information like those published in scientific and professional journals is the

pointer to building a ‘knowledge society’. The internet is presently the major

dissemination tool for information. It reinforces the transmission process,

enabling the flow of messages. The internet helps guarantee high speed

digital connectivity, helping people cope with the pandemic by allowing

them to learn, work and socialize with friends from home during the

shutdown. Also, through the internet, government is able to give direct public

health information to the populace. Journalists are also able to reach larger

audience about the pandemic (Possetti & Bonticheva, 2020, p.7.).

With the aid of Information Communication Technology (ICT), awareness

about infectious disease is much easier in this dispensation. People are

25
informed about the disease through different avenues like Television news,

mouth to mouth communication, print media, radio and house to house

sensitization. The level of awareness of an individual about the outbreak will

determine how he/she reacts to the disease transmission. Those who are

aware about the disease outbreak will easily take preventive measures so as

not to be infected (Zhao, Wu, Kuang & Ben-Arieh, 2020, p.11.). Collinson,

Khan & Hefferson (2015) also corroborate this point by asserting that the

media’s report on an epidemic or pandemic outbreak can help inform the

public and in turn induce positive healthy behavior practices like hand

washing, social distancing, coughing into bent elbow, etc. This will go a long

way in reducing the probability of contacting the disease.

2.2.5 THE ROLE OF JINGLE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORONA

VIRUS
Mass media plays a huge role in circulating information, influences

the public behavior and can curtail the spread of disease (Anwar, Malik,

Raeez & Anwar, 2020, p.10). Since the outbreak of the Covid-19, News,

editorials, feature articles, public opinion write-ups, documentaries,

commentaries, advertisement, including jingles, and among others, press

releases, have gone out, carrying strong messages of precaution and general

enlightenment about Corona virus pandemic which is believed to has caused

the death of hundreds of persons across the world. All the methods employed

26
have, doubtless, been contributing significantly to achieving the goal for

which the information has been disseminated (Stanley, 2020, p.3.).

The fact that broadcast media advertising, to which jingles belong, is a highly

effective and widespread means of advertising has been acknowledged by

many mass communication scholars as well as advertisers. Olubunmi (2013,

p.54.) gives emphasis to the foregoing point when she writes that, because

advertising informs, educates, persuades and reminds, it is especially critical

to the worldwide effort and fight against the new deadly and ravaging

disease.

Jingles are of immerse societal relevance for, as a form of advertising, they

help in turning the mends of those who listen to them towards a desired end

(Aderibigbe, 2013, p.18.). In other words, the jingles is a highly-persuasive

marketing communication device which is often designed in such that they

are worth paying attention to their composers or creators achieve this by

demonstration the ability to skilfully and briefly manipulate sound symbols

and effects as well as ideas in order to inform and persuade people to the

bidding of the jingle message (Sunday, 2012, p.43.). Here in lies the power

which can easily alter the perception and beliefs of people about the issues of

life. The Jingle, a form of broadcast advertisement has over the years been

exploited to build a society described by the jingle creator the messages of

jingles are largely designed and aimed at making human beings live in a

27
particular way, which may lead to the realization of a better life for those

concerned.

Stanley (2020) writes of the advantages of using jingles in COVID-19

creating awareness. He posits that the media that often broadcast the jingle

(the radio and the television) are simple, immediate, can be directly received

in homes and can put members of the audience in touch with one another.

According to Obaje (2017), jingles essentially are “commercial programmes

which use specific appeals to attention of potential consumers rouse their

interest and illicit consumption action from them”.

That jingles may be maximally exploited to convey critical information

meant for the benefit of the mass of the people has been widely

acknowledged Corroborating this fact, the Microsoft Encarta Encyclopaedia

(as cited in Sta) notes that, “Having proven its force in the movement of

economic goods and service advertising (or the jingle) since 1960 has been

directed increasingly towards matters concern. Health awareness and ant

driving campaigns are two examples of the use of the advertising industry as

a means to promote public welfare”. Thus, employing the jingle to create

wider awareness of the Corona pandemic is quite appropriate and expedient

at the moment.

The pivotal roles that the media played in the pandemic was promoting

physical and psychological health measures and ensuring resilience in people

28
belonging to different age groups and socioeconomic conditions. In COVID-

19, it is a prerequisite to ensure public knowledge regarding the following

things: Social distancing of 6 feet (2m) and its importance. Appropriate usage

of face masks: One way to encourage the use of facemasks among the masses

is for the government to provide them rather than people having to pay out of

pocket to purchase them. -Proper guidelines for recognizing, diagnosing, and

managing the disease: Online symptom checkers can create unnecessary

panic. -A comprehensive set of guidelines can be made available throughout

the internet from a single source like CDC or WHO, who do their due

diligence before releasing them. Steps should then be taken to mandate the

use of these guidelines worldwide. -Mental health should be prioritized along

with physical health (Anwar, Malik, Raeez & Anwar, 2020, p.11).

2.2.6 IMPEDIMENTS TO MEDIA FIGHT AGAINST THE SPREAD

OF CORONA VIRUS

The lack of truth about the presence of Corona virus in many

developed countries such as Korea, Singapore, Italy, Spain, the UK, the

United States of America, and Thailand has harmed than good to other parts

of the world that were yet to confirm a case. In Eastern Africa and Uganda to

be specific, most of the initial confirmed COVID-19 cases were from outside

the country and the same with West African, Northern Africa, Southern

Africa, and Central Africa. Although, the use of a medical mask was

29
recommended, no evidence has shown that the mask was manufacture for

viral prevention (Pius et al. 2020.). According to Rahman and Bahar (2020)

the medical mask itself was purposely to prevent contamination during

medical procedures that may expose the patients to infection from normal

microbial flora or potential pathogens and its recommendation has misled

many that it protects them from SARS-COV-2 the causative agent of

COVID-19. This misleading has brought a rumour in various media across

the world that the medical mask should not be used because it was tested and

discovered it has coronavirus.

Social media though contributed to the sharing of information on prevention

and control of COVID-19, misleading information from social media has

also hampered the fight against combating the coronavirus spread. The

rumour linking Corona virus spreading and 5G network has been a very big

challenge and a setback to public health effort towards combating Corona

virus (Ahmad & Vidal-alaball, 2020); the fake news which has spread

through social media has led to destruction of 5G network tower in most

developed country such as the United States of America (USA) and United

Kingdom (UK) (Satariano & Alba, 2020). The linking of COVID-19 and 5G

network was a distraction to the international which instead of observing

preventive measures put in place, people went on protest, attack and abuse of

engineers who have connection with 5 Gnetwork and this led to continuous

30
spreading amongst the people. This theory linking Corona virus and 5G

network also known as the conspiracy theory was traced by researchers to a

statement made by a Belgium Doctor in January 2020 where he raised

concern about health problems of COVID-19 and the 5G network (Downing,

Ahmad & Vidal-alaball, 2020.).

2.3 EMPIRICAL REVIEW

Ogheneruke and Wilson (2012) conducted a study titled Sociological

Bases of Radio Jingles and Audience Perception the study determined the

strength of radio as a medium and jingles as a vehicle of communicating

advertising messages. It underscored the sociological essence and influences

that shaped how audience of Delta Broadcasting Services perceived these

jingles aired through it. A survey was carried out in this regard. The survey

analysed responses from 43 respondents which cut across several

demographics variables - sex, age, gender, religious affiliation, residential

areas in Delta State.

The results of the study revealed that, on the quality of the jingles aired on

DBS radio, 23.4% of the respondents strongly agreed that the jingles aired on

DBS radio attract attention. This was in contrast to 34.0% who simply

agreed; 21.7% who are undecided; 15.4% who disagreed and 5.5% strongly

disagreed. 13.7% strongly agreed that the jingles have the ability to inform

and 21.2% just agreed that the jingles can inform. However, a significant

31
36.6% were totally undecided as to the ability of the jingles to inform. 18.1%

of the respondents disagreed while 10.4% strongly disagreed. The

respondents did not significantly agree on whether the jingles convey selling

points (USP) or not; probably they are not aware of the concept of conveying

USP. 27.7% were neutral on this; 24.5% and 20.5% disagreed and strongly

disagreed respectively, with only 11.8 and 15.4% strongly agreeing and

agreeing. 44.6% of the respondents strongly agreed that the jingles actually

influence them, although the direction of influence is not indicated or

measured. 34.5% simply agreed; 2.4% were undecided; 6.7% just disagreed

while 11.8% strongly disagreed. 12.3% of respondents say the jingles on

DBS radio have actually induced patronage. This number is very strong on

their views. Another 31.6% simply agreed while a significant 43.9% were

undecided on the prospects of the jingle inducing patronage for both the

station and the product. On the other side, 8.4% and 3.9% disagreed and

strongly disagreed on the prospects of such jingles inducing any form of

patronage, not to even mention sustaining same.

Result further showed that, 88.7% of the respondents are of the view that the

wordings of the jingles are the most important factor that influences their

likeness for their preferred jingle. Another 61.0% felt the timing actually

makes them prefer the jingle of their choice, obviously as it does not affect

their concentration in a programme. 96.9% pitched their tent with the music.

32
This is not supposing as music is a key accompaniment of jingles. Another

strong influence came from the way people like the jingles. 90.4% of them

agreed that they were motivated towards liking the jingles because their peers

loved it; 72.0% say the factor that influence their choice is the ability to

recall the lyrics, while the least response factor was the crowded nature of the

jingles within a particular time belt. 38.8% were in favour of this factor.

Finally, the respondents were asked what bearing sociological factors have

on their perception of radio jingles on DBS radio. Significantly, 90.8% of the

respondents think that a strong societal variable about the jingles is that they

should be societally acceptable. Societal acceptability does not cleave away

the issues of morals; rather it emphasizes the conceptual frame of what is

'mores'. Family involvement, identified by sociologists as a strong institution

in the society that shapes the way people behave accounts for 86.9%. This

compares favourably with cultural variables at 89.3% and environmental

variable at 82.4%. The defining frames around for cultural and environmental

variables arc the structure of the society, the cultural practice system, the

dominant religious practice and even the geographical factors as well as their

economic dispositions and political practices. No matter how divorced it

seems to draw these variables from the frames of perception they have a way

of eating in. influences from peer and ability to engage others account for

76% and 82% respectively.

33
The researchers concluded that, Radio itself as a medium of mass

communication has well defined characteristics that endear it to many across

board and cultures. Among its notable features are portability; ability to

break barrier; ability to cross time and space; frequency; immediacy and

attracts to itself defining frames of society. People perceive the stimuli from

radio variedly. Jingles arc about one of the dominant vehicle it employs to

carry message across. As a major vehicle, the jingle or musical commercial is

argued, could bring both success and failure to the production depending on

use and packaging.

Stanley (2020) conducted a study on the Impact of Jingles in the Fight

Against Covid-19 Among Rural Dwellers-A Survey of Tai Local

Government Area of Rivers State. The study employed the qualitative and

quantitative methods with the questionnaire used to gather the necessary

data: The target population was the rural people and the sample/sampling

technique consisted of one hundred people. The data collection tool was the

primary source and the data, which was analysed by the percentage method,

was collected through surveys and semi-interviews.

Findings of the study showed that, 55% opined that the jingle is best for the

rural people because the media it uses (particularly the radio) is more easily

accessible to the rural population than other forms of the mass media. 30% of

them said the musical and highly emotional quality of jingles makes it ideal

34
for a population that is mostly illiterate. Another 15% said that jingles are

ideal for the enlightenment of the rural people because this form of

advertising is often short, repetitive and so can be easily remembered.

According to them, because jingles easily grab attention, are catchy and in

the form of music, the rural people could more easily pay attention to its

message. Asked to provide another reason the jingle is especially suitable for

the rural population, 80% of the respondents explained that the print media

products (newspapers and magazines) were more expensive and they rarely

got to the rural areas, while 20% believed that jingles, with their messages,

can be easily heard on the radio or television which are commonly available

in their neighbourhood.

Furthermore, 80% of the respondents believed that the current means of

informing the rural people about the corona virus was not sufficient while

20% were of the view that the amount of Covid-19 awareness information

was grossly inadequate. When asked to explain why they took their

respective stands, 60% of them said that most of the current mass media

messages about Covid-19 have been straight news, commentaries, features,

editorials and opinion articles-which are rarely accessible to the majority of

the rural people. 40% explained that the language often used by the channels

for sending covid-19 information to the rural people has been too

sophisticated and complex for them. They said that they would prefer a

35
simpler and more attractive communication approach. The responses to

research question two thus revealed that the rural population currently lack

sufficient information about the coronal virus.

Finally, 65% of the respondents said yes, explaining that the effective and

constant used of jingles over the radio can change the behaviour of the rural

dwellers towards the corona virus, while 35% of them answered no. In trying

to find out why the respondents choose their respective optioned 40% of

them noted that a rural community saturated with Covid-19 jingles would

begin to live more carefully, wearing nose marks, constantly washing their

hands and using hand sanitizers as directed by our health officials practices

which are not yet in common use in most rural communities. 30% of

respondents believed that obeying the health rule of social distancing as well

as avoiding large gatherings of people and another 30% were of the view that

the Covid-19 jingles will easily keep the danger and deadlines of the disease

in the memory of the rural population.

The Researcher concluded that, since jingles are a form of advertising which

persuasively and entertainingly educates, informs, reminds it can effective

and successfully used to spread Covid-19 awareness among the rural people,

who are easily attracted to a communication device. The jingle, full of

repetition, music and emotion and commonly aired on the radio and

television-found everywhere in rural communities easily appeal to most

36
members of the rural population for which reason, it is considered ideal for

this reason it is ideal to utilize it in the fight against the virus among these

rural people.

Joseph (2021) conducted a study on the Effectiveness of Radio Jingles

Among Youths. The study ascertained the attractive elements in a jingle

among other things. The researcher employed survey method where

questionnaire was distributed to three hundred and sixty (360) radio listeners

in Mirchi, India.

Findings of the study revealed that, music is the element that attracts listeners

to the radio program mostly. It says that 63% of the respondents are attracted

by music. Remaining 14.5 % of respondents are attracted to the radio by the

script and 12.5% are attracted to the radio by the sound effect. Only 10% of

samples are attracted to a radio programme by its voice or sound. It showed

that 72% of listeners are listening radio because the radio jingles are highly

attractive. On the other side 28% of listeners is listening radio are not

influenced by the radio jingles. Also, 43% of listeners agree with repetition

and 30% people agree with remembering value of jingle. But branding

constitutes only 23%. 4% people did not agree with any of the above.

The results further showed that 63% people considered music as a best

component or element in a radio jingle. 29% people are saying words are the

influential component. The least attentive component in radio jingle is the

37
brand name. Finally, 70% of listeners listen to a radio based on radio jingle

and only 30% of respondents do not listen to a radio station based on radio

jingle.

The researcher concluded that, Radio jingles are an effective medium in

communicating with the people. People are capable recalling music for a

lifetime, in addition to the emotions it triggered. Listeners memorize

thousands of lyrics, melody, tempo, rhythm or perhaps pitch. At present there

are different types of jingles used by various radio stations in attracting the

listeners. Some of the jingles are highly attractive to listeners.

2.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF GAPS

The above the studies have established that, Jingles are the essential

part of a radio station. Jingles have the power to catch the audience towards

the radio programmes. Thus, jingles are desirable and necessary they can

bring about a marked positive change in the behaviour of rural people

towards the corona pandemic. However, this digs further to bring into bear

the effectiveness of jingles on the health behavior of people in Jos metropolis

as well as the constraints in using jingles for awareness purposes in curbing

the spread of Corona virus in Jos metropolis.

2.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The Study is anchored on the Health Belief Model (HBM) Theory.

The model was developed in the early 1950s by social scientists at the U.S.

38
Public Health Service in order to understand the failure of people to adopt

disease prevention strategies or screening tests for the early detection of

disease. Later uses of HBM were for patients’ responses to symptoms and

compliance with medical treatments. The HBM suggests that a person's

belief in a personal threat of an illness or disease together with a person’s

belief in the effectiveness of the recommended health behavior or action will

predict the likelihood the person will adopt the behavior (Abraham &

Sheeran, 2015.).

According to Abraham (2012) the HBM derives from psychological and

behavioral theory with the foundation that the two components of health-

related behavior are; the desire to avoid illness, or conversely get well if

already ill; and, the belief that a specific health action will prevent, or cure,

illness. Ultimately, an individual's course of action often depends on the

person’s perceptions of the benefits and barriers related to health behavior.

He further asserted that, the Health Belief Model is a theoretical model that

can be used to guide health promotion and disease prevention programs. It is

used to explain and predict individual changes in health behaviors. It is one

of the most widely used models for understanding health behaviors.

Abrahama and Sheeran (2015) aver that, the key elements of the Health

Belief Model focus on individual beliefs about health conditions, which

39
predict individual health-related behaviors. The model defines the key factors

that influence health behaviors which are:

i. Perceived susceptibility: This refers to a person’s subjective

perception of the risk of acquiring an illness or disease. There is wide

variation in a person's feelings of personal vulnerability to an illness

or disease.

ii. Perceived severity: This refers to a person's feelings on the

seriousness of contracting an illness or disease (or leaving the illness

or disease untreated). There is wide variation in a person's feelings of

severity, and often a person considers the medical consequences (e.g.,

death, disability) and social consequences (e.g., family life, social

relationships) when evaluating the severity.

iii. Perceived benefits: This refers to a person's perception of the

effectiveness of various actions available to reduce the threat of

illness or disease (or to cure illness or disease). The course of action a

person takes in preventing (or curing) illness or disease relies on

consideration and evaluation of both perceived susceptibility and

perceived benefit, such that the person would accept the

recommended health action if it was perceived as beneficial.

iv. Perceived barriers: This refers to a person's feelings on the obstacles

to performing a recommended health action. There is wide variation

40
 in a person's feelings of barriers, or impediments, which lead to a

cost/benefit analysis. The person weighs the effectiveness of the

actions against the perceptions that it may be expensive, dangerous

(e.g., side effects), unpleasant (e.g., painful), time-consuming, or

inconvenient.

v. Cue to action: This is the stimulus needed to trigger the decision-

making process to accept a recommended health action. These cues

can be internal (e.g., chest pains, wheezing, etc.) or external (e.g.,

advice from others, illness of family member, newspaper article, etc.).

vi. Self-efficacy: This refers to the level of a person's confidence in his or

her ability to successfully perform a behavior. This construct was

added to the model most recently in mid-1980. Self-efficacy is a

construct in many behavioral theories as it directly relates to whether

a person performs the desired behavior.

Justification for the Theory

The application of the theory to this study, hinges on the fact that,

jingles can be used as conduits for conveying the consequences of corona

virus associated with risk behaviors in a clear and unambiguous fashion to

understand perceived severity by Plateau Radio and Television Corporation

(PRTV). They can also be used in Communicating to the general public the

steps that are involved in taking the recommended action and highlighting

41
the benefits to action in this case, the covid-19 prevention protocols such;

wearing of facemask, social distancing and so on and so forth. These actions

represent key elements of the Health Belief Model and how Plateau Radio

and Television Corporation (PRTV) can use to design or adapt creating

awareness about corona among residents using jingles.

42
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter is centered on the methods of data collection for the

research study. It outlines the research design, the research method, the target

population, the sampling technique, the sample size, the method of data

collection, the validity and reliability, and the method of data presentation

and analysis.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is the proper planning and structuring of a research

activity. It involves step and processes to achieving a desired outcome of a

study of this magnitude. Therefore, the design adopted for this study is

descriptive survey design method as it is a technique considered to be more

efficient in handling large data and also measuring feelings, opinion or

perception of respondents. Survey according to Hauhn (2017) is the

collection of data attained by asking individuals questions either in person,

on paper, by phone or online.

3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

According to Wimmer and Dominic (2014) population can be seen as

a group or class of subject, variables, concepts or phenomena. The population

of this study constitutes residents of Jos south metropolis, specifically

residents of Rayfield, Bukuru and Dadin-kowa.

43
3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The sampling technique describes the method used to pick

respondents for the study. Sampling is therefore a process of selecting a

suitable sample of the population for the study (Tejumaiye, 2003).

Probability Cluster technique was employed to select sample for this study.

The technique was adopted because it is best suited when choosing a sample

from a large population without any form of bias. Rikke and Karin (2017)

said, one of the enormous advantages of probability sampling technique is

that, samples are selected in such a way as to be representative of the

population and provide the most valid result because they reflect the

characteristics of the population which they are selected. The technique

helped the reseachers in selecting media residents in Rayfield, Bukuru, and

Dadin Kowa area in Jos South Local Government Area.

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE

In order to systematically determine the appropriate number of

samples to be selected for the study, standard deviation statistical sample size

calculator method for unknown population with a 95% confidence level, 5

standard deviation and 8% margin of error was adopted. Since the total

number of residents in Rayfield, Bukuru and Dadin-kowa of Jos South Local

Government Area cannot be ascertained, three hundred and seventy-three

(373) were selected as the sample size.

44
The calculation formula and procedure are stated below:
2
Z ❑ × P(1−5)
= e❑
2

Where:

Z-score = 2.576 (at 95% Confidence Level)

P= Standard Deviation =6

e=Margin of Error = 8%
2
2.576❑ ×(1−6)
n= 8❑2

6.635776 ×36
n= 0064
238.887936
n= 0064
n= 373

The sampling frame for the study are distributed as follows:

Cluster Unit Respondents

Rayfield 124

Bukuru 125
Dadin Kowa 124

Total = 271
Source: Field Survey 2023

3.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

45
 The data used in this study were obtained from both primary and

secondary sources. The primary data was elicited from the opinions and

views of residents in Rayfield, Bukuru and Dadin-kowa of Jos South Local

Government Area, through questionnaire administration, whereas the

secondary data which were used for literature review were sourced from

published materials such as; books, newspapers, magazines, conference

papers and Journal articles retrieved from the libraries of NTA Television

College Jos and University of Jos as well as other online portals.

3.7 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

Research instruments for data collection means tools which are used

to collect data for the purpose of testing hypothesis or answering research

questions. A questionnaire is defined as a document containing questions and

other types of items designed to elicit information for data analysis (Babble,

1999). The researcher used structured questionnaires for the purpose of this

study as it simplified the statistical process. The 18-item questionnaire was

used for data collection in this study had two (2) major sections: Section A

sought to find out the demographic characteristics of respondents thus, its

useful for analysis. The researcher purposely left out the demand for

respondents’ name in order to further buttress confidentiality and honesty of

purpose. Section B is psychographic data which is the research questions that

carries contending issues that needs answers from the respondents. The

46
section contained closed-ended questions with the response formats of; Yes,

No and No Idea. The advantage of structured questionnaires is that it is

relatively cost-effective, it facilitates wider geographical coverage and

respondents can complete it at their own pace.

3.8 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

Phelan C. and Wren J. (2006) defined Reliability as " the degree to

which an assessment toil produces stable and consistent results ". The

essence of checking for reliability is to ascertain whether the measure is

accurately measuring the variables in the study. There are four types of

reliability which includes test-retest reliability, parallel forms reliability,

inter-rater reliability and internal consistency reliability. The researcher

adopts the test-test reliability to ascertain the reliability of the measure

selected for this study.

The validity of an instrument is the extent to which an instrument measures

exactly what it is meant to measure. There are three types of validity

including, content validity, criterion validity and congruent/ construct

validity. The researcher adopts the content validity method to measure the

validity of the instruments.

3.9 DATA PRESENTATION METHOD AND ANALYSIS

47
Acquired data was analyzed using simple percentages and frequency counts.

It is presented in tables and analyzed in simple language to show the

interpretation of the tables above each. The percentage was arrived at using

the following formula:

N X 100 = %

TR 1

Where N = Number of responses,

TR= Total response

48
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter of the study, the data used was presented, interpreted

and analysed. The data was collected from residents in Rayfield, Bukuru and

Dadin-kowa of Jos South Local Government Area. Three hundred and

seventy-three (373) copies of questionnaire were administered to residents in

Rayfield, Bukuru and Dadin-kowa of Jos South Local Government Area. Out

of the total number of questionnaire distributed, three hundred and forty-nine

(349) were filled by the respondents and retrieved by the researcher while

twenty-four (24) copies were invalid. This means that, 94% retrieval rate was

achieved. Therefore, the presentation, interpretation and analysis of data were

done based on the three hundred and forty-nine (349) retrieved

questionnaires.

4.2 DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION

Table 4.2.1 Demographic Data of Respondents

Variable Responses Frequency Percentage

18 - 25 99 28%
Age 26 - 35 112 32%
36 - 45 79 23%
46 and above 57 16%
Total 349 100%
Male 187 54%

49
 Gender Female 162 46%
Total 349 100%
Married 171 50%
Single 165 47%
Marital Status Divorced 2 1%
Widow 5 2%
Total 349 100%
GCCE/SSCE 90 26%
Qualification Diploma/ND/NCE 148 42%
Degree/HND 72 21%
Masters 39 11%
Total 349 100%
Civil Servant 98 28%
Self-Employed 109 31%
Occupation Student 87 25%
Others 55 16%
Total 349 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2022
Table 4.2.2 above presents the demographic data of the respondents.

Results indicate that, 28%(n=99) of the respondents were within the age

range of 18-25 years old, 32%(n=112) were within the age range of 26-35

years old, 23%(n=79) were within the age range of 36-45 years old while

165(n=57) were within the age range of 46 years and above. The gender

distribution shows that, 54%(n=187) of the respondents were males while

50
46%(n=162) were females. Also, 50%(n=171) of the respondents were

married, 47%(n=165) were singles, 1%(n=2) were divorced while 2%(n=5)

were widows.

Further results indicate that, 26%(n=90) of the respondents had GCE/SSCE

qualification, 42%(n=148) had Diploma/ND/NCE qualification, 21%(n=72)

had Degree/HND while 11%(n=39) had Masters qualification. Lastly, 28%

(n=98) of the respondents were Civil servants, 31%(n=109) were Self-

Employed, 25%(n=87) were Students while 16%(n=55) had other

qualifications.

These results confirm that, the respondents selected in this study have to a

certain degree understood every issue raised by the researcher and provided

accurate responses to the items because they are educated and have means of

livelihoods. The results also confirm that, the study is all inclusive. It covered

almost all sections of the society by featuring people from all genders, ages

and occupation. This makes the generalization made in the study valid.

Research Question 1: What are the types of jingles presented on PRTVC

for awareness creation on Corona virus in Jos Metropolis?

Table 4.2.2: Types of Jingles Presented on PRTVC.

Variable Yes No No Idea Total
6 I own a television set
at home.
297(85% 19(5%) 33(10%) 349(100%
) )

51
 Yes No No Idea Total
7 I often watch PRTVC
programs and
215(62% 91(26%) 43(12%) 349(100%
commercials.
) )
Yes No No Idea Total

I have come across at

least one covid-19
8 223(64% 67(19%) 59(17%) 349(100%
jingles on PRTVC
) )
station.

Yes No No Idea Total

9 The Jingles are

mostly dramatic.
262(75% 61(17%) 26(8%) 349(100%
) )

Source: Field Survey, 2022

Table 4.2.2 above assesses the types of jingles presented on PRTVC

for awareness creation on corona virus in Jos metropolis. The results indicate

that 85%(n=297) of the respondents affirmed that they own a television set at

home, 5%(n=19) expressed that they do not won a television set at home

while 10%(n=33) had no idea whether or not they own a television set at

home. Also, 62%(n=15) of the respondents affirmed that they often watch

PRTVC programs and commercials, 26%(n=91) expressed that they do not

often watch PRTVC programs and commercials while 12%(n=43) had no

idea whether or not they often watch PRTVC programs and commercials.

52
Further results indicate that, 64%(n=223) of the respondents affirmed that

they have come across at least one covid-19 jingles on PRTVC station, 19%

(n=67) expressed that they have not have come across at least one covid-19

jingles on PRTVC station while 17%(n=59) had no idea whether or not they

have come across at least one covid-19 jingles on PRTVC station.

Consequently, 75%(n=262) of the respondents affirmed that the Jingles are

mostly dramatic, 17%(n=61) expressed that the Jingles are not mostly

dramatic while 8%(n=26) had no idea whether or not the Jingles are mostly

dramatic.

These results confirm that, majority of the respondents and residents in Jos

metropolis own a television set and are disposed to watching programs on

PRTVC. The results largely confirm that, there Covid-19 jingles on PRTVC

and most of the jingles are dramatic in nature.

Research Question 2: How effective are the jingles on influencing the

health behavior of people in Jos Metropolis?
Table 4.2.3: Effectiveness of Jingles in Influencing the Health Behavior
of People.
Variable Yes No No Idea Total
1 I find these covid-19
0 jingles quite
240(69% 73(21%) 36(10%) 349(100%
informative.
) )

Yes No No Idea Total

53
1
1
I often recall these 197(56% 69(20%) 83(24%) 349(100%
jingles. ) )

Yes No No Idea Total

These covid-19
jingles have
1 209(60% 42(12%) 98(28%) 349(100%
influenced my health
2 ) )
behavior.

Yes No No Idea Total

1 Covid-19 jingles adds

3 to my knowledge on
269(77% 21(6%) 59(17%) 349(100%
the pandemic.
) )

Source: Field Survey, 2022

Table 4.2.3 above assesses the effectiveness of jingles in influencing

the health behavior of people. Results indicate that 69%(n=240) of the

respondents affirmed that they find the covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC

quite informative, 21%(n=73) expressed that they do not find the covid-19

jingles presented on PRTVC quite informative while 10%(n=36) had no idea

whether or not they find the covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC quite

informative. Also, 56%(n=197) of the respondents affirmed that they often

recall the covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC, 20%(n=69) expressed that

they do not often recall the covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC while 24%

54
(n=83) had no idea whether or not they often recall the covid-19 jingles

presented on PRTVC.

Further results indicate that, 60%(n=209) of the respondents affirmed that the

covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC have influenced their health behavior,

12%(n=42) expressed that the covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC have

not influenced their health behavior while 28%(n=98) had no idea whether or

not the covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC have influenced their health

behavior. Lastly, 77%(n=269) of the respondents affirmed that the covid-19

jingles presented on PRTVC add to their knowledge on the pandemic, 6%

(n=21) expressed that the covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC did not add

to their knowledge on the pandemic while 17%(n=59) had no idea whether or

not the covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC add to their knowledge on the

pandemic.

These results confirm that, the covid-19 jingle presented on PRTVC had a

significant influence on people’s health behavior. The jingles being

informative added to the peoples’ knowledge of the pandemic thereby

making them adopt new health behavior.

Research Question 3: What are the constraints in the use of jingles for
the purposes of curbing Corona Virus in Jos Metropolis?
Table 4.2.4: Constrains in the Use of Jingle for Curbing the Spread of
Corona.
Variable Yes No No Idea Total

55
1 Compared to other
4 media techniques, the
171(49% 69(20%) 109(31%) 349(100%
covid-19 jingles did
) )
not give more
information on the
pandemic.
Yes No No Idea Total
1 Covid-19 messages
5 embedded in jingles
221(64% 54(15%) 74(21%) 349(100%
presented on PRTV
) )
have technical terms
not understood by the
people.
Yes No No Idea Total

1 The jingles are not 169(49% 68(19%) 112(32%) 349(100%

6 aired frequently. ) )
Yes No No Idea Total

1 Residents did not

7 take covid-19 jingles
251(72% 18(5%) 80(23%) 349(100%
presented on PRTVC
) )
serious because they
did not understand
the message.
Source: Field Survey, 2022
Table 4.2.4 above examines the contrsains in the use of for curbing

the spread of corona virus in Jos metropolis. Results indicate that, 49%

(n=20) of the respondents affirmed that compared to other media techniques,

the covid-19 jingles did not give more information on the pandemic, 20%

(n=69) expressed that compared to other media techniques, the covid-19

jingles give more information on the pandemic while 31%(n=109) had no

56
idea whether or not compared to other media techniques, the covid-19 jingles

did not give more information on the pandemic. Also, 64%(n=221) of the

respondents affirmed that covid-19 messages embedded in jingles presented

on PRTV have technical terms not understood by the people, 15%(n=54)

expressed that covid-19 messages embedded in jingles presented on PRTV

do not technical terms not understood by the people while 21%(n=74) had no

idea whether or not covid-19 messages embedded in jingles presented on

PRTV have technical terms not understood by the people.

Further results indicate that, 49%(n=169) of the respondents affirmed that the

covid-19 jingles are not frequently aired, 19%(n=68) expressed that the

covid-19 jingles are frequently aired while 23%(n=80) had no idea whether

or not the covid-19 jingles are not frequently aired. Lastly, 72%(n=251) of

the respondents affirmed that residents did not take covid-19 jingles

presented on PRTVC seriously because they did not understand the message,

5%(n=18) expressed that residents take covid-19 jingles presented on

PRTVC serious because they understand the message while 23%(n=80) had

no idea whether or not residents did not take covid-19 jingles presented on

PRTVC seriously because they did not understand the message.

The results confirm that, usage of jingles in curbing the spread of corona

virus in Jos metropolis was impeded by factors such as; language barrier,

shortness of message and inconsistency.

57
4.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.3.1 Research Question 1: What are the Types of Jingles Presented on
PRTVC for Awareness creation on Corona virus in Jos
Metropolis?

The question was set to assess the types of jingles presented on

PRTVC for awareness creation on Corona virus in Jos metropolis. From the

findings of the study, it has been deduced that, Television commands a

quantum of audience. This view was supported by majority of respondents in

Table 4.2.2 where 85% of the respondents affirmed that they own a television

set at home. Even though jingles are mostly for radio, they also make

significant impact if place on television because television is a common

household electronic gadget. This view was supported by majority of

respondents in Table 4.2.2 where 64% of the respondents affirmed that they

have come across at least one covid-19 jingles on PRTVC station. Jingles are

essentially meant to persuade the audience to conform to a particular idea.

This is done by employing different strategies of persuasive communication

techniques. This supports the submission of Sunday (2012) who avers that,

the jingle is a highly-persuasive marketing communication device which is

often designed in such that they are worth paying attention to their composers

or creators achieve this by demonstration the ability to skillfully and briefly

58
manipulate sound symbols and effects as well as ideas in order to inform and

persuade people to the bidding of the jingle message (Sunday, 2012, p.43.).

Covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC employed the drama strategy where

all the preventive measures of Covid-19 such wearing of nose mask, social

distancing, coughing to a tissue, constant washing of hands with soap and

water or sanitizers were presented to viewers in form of drama. This view

was supported by majority of the respondents in Table 4.2.2 where 75% of

the respondents affirmed that the Jingles are mostly dramatic. The audience

tends to relate with these concepts and ideas when they are demonstrated in a

dramatic way which is why the Covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC

adopted this method in order to create awareness on the Covid-19 pandemic

and reinforce prevention of the virus among residents.

These findings align with the position of Olubunmi (2013) who avers that,

because advertising informs, educates, persuades and reminds, it is especially

critical to the worldwide effort and fight against the Covid-19.

4.3.2 Research Question 2: How Effective Are the Jingles on

Influencing the Health Behavior of People in Jos Metropolis?
The question was set to assess the effectiveness of the jingles in

influencing health behavior of people in Jos metropolis. From the findings of

the study it has been deduced that, just like every other broadcast content,

jingle is stands on the pillars of; informing, educating and entertaining the

audience, depending on the objectives. This view was supported by majority

59
of the respondents in Table 4.2.3 where 69% of the respondents affirmed that

they find the covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC quite informative.

However, whatever the objective of a jingle is, it is always structured on

persuasive communication framework. It contains communication elements

and cues to persuade the audience to adopt a particular idea being

communicated to them. The insertion of music, lyrics, instrumentals and

drama draws the attention of the audience and makes easier for them to recall

and make reference with the message contained in the jingle.

Once the audience become retentive of the information contained in a jingle

they consequently become receptive to the ideas communicated to them and

begin to imitate or live in the particular way the jingle directs them. This

view was supported by majority of the respondents in Table 4.2.3 where 56%

of the respondents affirmed that they often recall the covid-19 jingles

presented on PRTVC. In sensitizing the public to adjust to the new reality

brought by the covid-19 pandemic, the Covid-19 jingle presented in PRTVC

reinforces the health implications of not adhering to the preventive measures

of Covid-19 as well as the benefits adhering to them. This made residents

adopted and adjusted their health behavior. This view was supported by

majority of the respondents in Table 4.2.3 where 60% of the respondents

affirmed that the covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC have influenced their

health behavior

60
These findings confirm the assumption of the Health Believe Model Theory,

which suggests that a person’s belief in a personal threat of an illness or

disease together with a person’s belief in the effectiveness of the

recommended health behavior or action will predict the likelihood the person

will adopt the behavior.

4.3.3 Research Question 3: What are the Constraints in the Use of

Jingles for the Purposes of Curbing Corona Virus in Jos
Metropolis??
The question was set to examine the constraints in using jingles for

awareness purposes in curbing the spread of Corona virus in Jos metropolis.

From the findings of the study, it has been deduced that, one of the

constraints of using jingles especially in health-related sensitization

campaigns is that is usually brief and short. Unlike broadcast materials like

documentaries and news commentaries that have longer duration, jingle does

not have the depth to cover everything about an outbreak like the covi-19

pandemic. The messages were short and only covered issues deemed critical

which in many cases created information and knowledge gap in the public.

This view was supported by majority of the respondents in Table 4.2.4 where

49% of the respondents affirmed that compared to other media techniques,

the covid-19 jingles did not give more information on the pandemic.

Secondly, the use of health or medical jargons constituted a great constraint

in the use of jingles to curb the spread of corona virus. At first term like;

61
Asymptomatic was not really understood by the public so there was

confusion on what the term really implies some were really confusing it for

immunity to the virus. Jingles that used such terms did not achieve the

desired impact because the audience could not relate with such terms. This

view was supported by majority of the respondents in Table 4.2.4 where 64%

of the respondents affirmed that covid-19 messages embedded in jingles

presented on PRTV have technical terms not understood by the people.

Consistency also impeded the usage of jingle to curb the spread of corona

virus. At the initial stage of the pandemic the sensitization was rigorous. At

almost every commercial break there were at least 3 different covid-19

jingles but as time evolved the consistency dropped and the audience began

to also treat the pandemic with laxity. This view was supported by majority

of the respondents in Table 4.2.4 where 49% of the respondents affirmed that

the covid-19 jingles are not frequently aired.

Also, there was a problem of language barrier because majority of the covid-

19 jingle presented PRTV were in English language. This means it was only

the audience in urban areas that understood what jingle was all about since

English is the language of communication, but for rural dwellers there was

no communication at all because local dialects are the language of

communication. This view was supported by majority of the respondents in

Table 4.2.4 where 72% of the respondents affirmed that residents did not take

62
covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC seriously because they did not

understand the message.

These findings align with the submission of Ogheneruke and Wilson (2012)

who observe that, jingles are about one of the dominant vehicle it employs to

carry message across. As a major vehicle, the jingle could bring both success

and failure to the production depending on use and packaging.

63
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents summary of chapters, conclusion,

recommendations and suggestion for further studies.

5.2 SUMMARY
The study's introduction was discussed in Chapter 1. The COVID-

19 outbreak caused substantial reforms in several governmental and private

sectors. The epidemic, however, had the greatest impact on the health sector.

The pandemic made the people vulnerable to a catastrophic medical

emergency. Three months after the onset, the pandemic in Africa and Nigeria

saw its first case. Governments at many levels implemented the lockdown

technique in an attempt to stop the virus's spread, but it was unsuccessful.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and other health authorities used the

media as a vehicle for disseminating information on the preventive measures

of the virus using a variety of tactics because information is essential to

raising awareness and containing its spread which was the use of television

jingle. This study measured the measure the efficacy of Covid-19 awareness

jingles disseminated by PRTVC in Plateau State.

Chapter two presented related literatures written by previous researchers and

scholars. Works that provide conceptual, empirical and theoretical

perspective were reviewed. From the literature reviewed, jingle is used for

64
persuasive communication, as such is the most effective in managing and

containing public health crisis like Covid-19 pandemic. Jingle persuade the

audience to adopt a particular way of life because consistently making one or

more hooks and lyrics that explicitly appeal to the psychological disposition

of the audience through the usage of one or more slogans. The efficiency of

jingle in curbing the spread of corona virus is largely related to the potency

of the broadcast media in terms of information dissemination. Media is a

powerful avenue for the dissemination of wellness education. It plays a

fundamental role in the public response to a pandemic, as it serves as a portal

for communication between governments, health institutions, and people.

This was the fundamental reason why the media was among the key

machinery used in changing and shaping public perception of the pandemic

when fake news and conspiracy theories began to impede the efforts put in

place to contain the spread of the virus. Previous studies reviewed established

that, with the use of jingles people are capable recalling music for a lifetime,

in addition to the emotions it triggered. Audience memorize thousands of

lyrics, melody, tempo, rhythm or perhaps pitch. At present there are different

types of jingles used by various radio stations in attracting the listeners. The

study was anchored on the Health Believe Model Theory, which theories

that, an individual's course of action often depends on the person’s

perceptions of the benefits and barriers related to health behavior.

65
Chapter three looked at the methodology used in conducting this study.

Descriptive survey design was used in the execution of this research.

Questionnaire was used as an instrument to collect data from three hundred

and forty-nine (349) copies of questionnaire were administered to residents in

Rayfield, Bukuru and Dadin-kowa of Jos South Local Government Area who

were selected using cluster sampling technique.

Chapter four presented, interpreted and analyzed the data collected from the

respondents using simple percentage, tables and frequencies. Based on the

findings, majority of the respondents affirmed that they own a television set

at home and affirmed that they often watch PRTVC programs and

commercials. According to them, they have come across at least one covid-

19 jingles on PRTVC station. Majority of the respondents also affirmed that

they find the covid-19 jingles presented on PRTVC quite informative and

they often recall it. Majority of the respondents also affirmed that the covid-

19 jingles presented on PRTVC have influenced their health behavior and the

jingles added to their knowledge on the pandemic. Furthermore, majority of

the respondents affirmed that compared to other media techniques, the covid-

19 jingles did not give more information on the pandemic because the

messages embedded in jingles presented on PRTV have technical terms not

understood by the people. According to them the covid-19 jingles are not

66
frequently aired and residents did not take covid-19 jingles presented on

PRTVC seriously because they did not understand the message.

5.3 CONCLUSION
From the findings of the study, it can be concluded that, television

jingle has made the desired impact of reaching significant fraction of the

residents in Jos South because majority of the residents in Jos metropolis

own a television set and are disposed to watching programs on PRTVC. As a

result of that, the covid-19 jingle presented on PRTVC had a significant

influence on people’s health behavior by making them adhere to the

preventive measures of covid-19 which were; wearing of face mask in public

places, maintaining social distance, sanitizing their hands and so on. The

jingles being informative added to the peoples’ knowledge of the pandemic

thereby making them adopt new health behavior. And the usage of jingles in

curbing the spread of corona virus in Jos metropolis was impeded by factors

such as; language barrier, shortness of message and inconsistency.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
In line with the findings of this study, the following recommendations

have been made:

1. Health authorities such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and

Nigerian Center for Disease Control (NCDC) should have special

units in their information departments that are saddled with

67
 responsibility of creating jingle particularly in times of health

emergencies.

2. Broadcast media organizations should not soft pedal in airing jingle

especially in times of outbreak. The consistency serves as a constant

reminder to the audience.

3. Producers of jingles on health crisis should look for professional to

break down professional jargons and replace them with simpler terms

in the jingle to avoid using terms not understood by the general

public.

4. Jingles on health crisis should also be translated into local dialects

and language in order to facilitate the quick assimilation of the

message by all segments of the society.

5. Future researchers should consider using content analysis in order to

ascertain of the jingles contain elements of lyrics, melody, tempo,

rhythm and so on that trigger the emotion of the audience thereby

making them memorize the message.

68
 REFERENCES

Anietie I.E, Ime R., Akpan E. & Mfreke U., Edidiong I., Abere, O.,
Abraham, U. Michael, O., & Emmanuel, S. (2020). Assessment of
Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) ongoing programme awareness
campaigns on Corona virus in Nigeria. Electronic Research Journal
of Social Sciences and Humanities. Vol.2 issue 1., 130 - 133.
Asogwa, C, Ojih, U. (2013). Social networking sites as tools for sexual
perversion among students of University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Journal
of New Media and Mass Communication, 9: 27 - 38.
Asogwa, C. (2017). Gender differentials in Facebook use among
undergraduates of selected universities in Enugu State, Nigeria.
Gender & Behaviour. Journal of New Media and Mass
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Folarin, D. (2002). Theories of Mass Communication: an introductory text
(3rd ed.). Ibadan: Barkinfol Publications.
Hudron, K. (2019). Involvement level in social media use of library facilities
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Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication, 24(1): 62 - 70.
Onayinka, TS, Asogwa, CE, Ajilola, BA, Ige, JA. (2019). Influence of
Biafra-related social media contents on the acceptance of IPOB
agenda in South-East Nigeria. International Journal of
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Oniwon, OG, Salami, JO . (2019). Materialism, vulgarism, and profane
themes in Nigeria's hip hop music videos: A content analysis. .
International Journal of Communication , 25(1): 52 - 72.
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69
 APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE

Television Journalism Department

Nta Television College,
Affiliate of Abu Zaria
P.M.B Rayfield, Jos.
Plateau State, Nigeria.
July, 2023.

Dear Respondent,
I am a student of the above mentioned school conducting a research on " AN
APPRAISSAL ON THE IMPACT OF TELEVISION, IN CREATING
AWARENESS ON COVID 19: A STUDY OF PRTV JOS. for award of
National Diploma (ND) in mass communication certificate in the college.
This research work is purely for academic purpose, kindly respond to the
questions provided objectively. Any information you may provide shall be
treated in confidence.

Yours faithfully,
Justin Duncan Asanaenyi

SECTRION A: DEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND

1. AGE 18-25 ( ) 26-35 ( ) 36-45 ( ) 46 and above ( )
2. GENDER: MALE ( ) FEMALE ( )
3. MARITAL STATUS: MARRIED ( ) SINGLE ( )
DIVORCED ( ) WIDOW ( )

70
 4. QUALIFICATION: GCE/SSCE ( ) DIPLOMA/ND/NCE ( )
DEGREE/HND ( ) MASTERS ( )
5. OCCUPATION: CIVIL SERVANT ( ) SELF-EMPLOYED ( )
STUDENT ( ) OTHERS ( )

SECTION B: QUESTIONS TO EVALUATE COVID-19 JINGLES.

Read the following statements about your opinion on covid-19 jingles and
indicate your degree of agreement or disagreement.
Do not forget that there are no right or wrong answers; mark the one that
most closely approximates your preferences.

S/N ITEMS Yes No No

Idea
6 I own a television set at home.
7 I often watch PRTVC programs and
commercials.
8 I have come across at least one covid-19 jingles
on PRTVC station.
9 The Jingles are mostly dramatic
10 I find these covid-19 jingles quite informative.
11 I often recall these jingles.
12 These covid-19 jingles have influenced my
health behavior.
13 Covid-19 jingles adds to my knowledge on the
pandemic.
14 Compared to other media techniques, the covid-
19 jingles did not give more information on the
pandemic.
15 Covid-19 messages embedded in jingles
presented on PRTV have technical terms not
understood by the people.

71
16 The jingles are not aired frequently.
17 Residents did not take covid-19 jingles presented
on PRTVC seriously because they did not
understand the message.

72