out em canbe imine’ | Tne ge on wes ano Teva spss! ype toes wih ee ea Tee roster sna terra ‘ystems shown Fi Disadvantages of the RIP protceat: ~The maumam datance between any two sors he ‘ei, messed in osterhop) is 15 hops TWwoi9h the ink saw information exh ra copy ote nator tpt base. 6 posible to fd af stones tr pat © scanned with OKEN ScannerSe 3.44.2 Motee : rave oy 09 OF tat ue 1 ase on #9 = The cont tgs eh miineter i caes 38 et (SF proach meni co BE =A rover cn pve mile roving be tated on etre pet en. whi 98 3.44. Types af Links scaled = Inthe 096 pretest ting. connect be SF defines or pes of ed POM? Prin ase ek st nk vuln 53400" fg 21430, mine sent t nec - pit oot nk df a the ek omen | at res canects mo ote wilou ayo hot orrovter pent in betacen. samp of sch nk I wo eens connate by» tegen ie Each rower as bone ibaa atthe ote sie of the nk Ts shown fig 3142 ls et neces, to aug any retrace oi The meee are shown atthe 00 td a he Unk and thay a | srry tome (seu Fig. 2442: Pelt to pol ik ‘Teantent nk: [tsa netucrk having many roster ached t ae ‘Shown in Fig. 3143, Al LANs and sme WANG ae of | — ‘he ype A.C. le the outs Each router hes seta neighbours, @Q @ @ one © @: (500 Fg. 3243 nk ~ el sj. 14ia} Each router 9s been, a Trpeenen the mEDNLOHng ga oe reeaitow. ts cert ard note ed 9 ogee ate ed. This is kr ie pot be wt Ths bony a he dsinaed ate aig ea or HST ge Seat 1 arangement of Fi. 3144p, fone raghbout Le the dy eee ue eves ‘ reve fas vr ew, nee te SEIN re pe il nt cs APD a A, ewes (9) REI ep resettg comp, 148 j he vealaie arangement reduces the number g Tourcrment tha 90h 2s COOKE go ber av compare tothe urreshisic arrangement fate Bat there a ee fom each node espe rover and theres no. metre rm th figted tert ay other rode | su inks # peor at it eonneted to ony oe toateros honing 345. roms @ rows sneer (o Reprsrtaton son 345 The etc of i. 345) 8 sec ene ‘transient network. The data packets use the sarne link cota ene Pe evo Tsuen cane peed by sng te kat tode ad ylang the metvar by 2 ipa ‘ee ab om in Fig. 32450) Th En connec ‘outer A and the desigrated router is unidivectons tometer nwo. ‘When this Erk gets damaged the administration oF ‘ete eal ink botngen he two outs atest ee acu core Sem ss a7 ira Virtual Lin cat uncat Raing Prom ‘he ariitoo 8 ae» Wal ak tne oats when ok Setcen en gestern such +l I Cut be O48 oro gah wi, sould go ugh MAY outer, 1.145 Graphleal Representation : Let us ow scus ‘about mepretning ania. srapiely. Conser Fg 3440) wich ia sat AS, ih ple retwors andr here some pint 1 pl mets, nd ter swelas stb netwots, ‘he symbols such 86 Mand Ny me Wied for the trnint and sb netoeks. No inty should be chee tothe pont point neta the aptcl verano of the AS ab see by (SPF has Ben shown in Fig 3346, S446 Link State Advertisements (LSAs) : Fach emty network derbies the Unk Ste Aaveritaiet (SA) An SA aang the sats of cy nk = fren pes of is depending on he pe af etty sve asshonn inFg 3167, VIR eens cae eomat Somat Simm, ST (8g 247 trae tS 1. Ror tink The router proce a star rt adertzamen ris (om area. The sfrsement dere the colected ies of the rouers Unke to the aes Tis variant 2b ines he ype he reve. wheter tic an aren bere eter oan AS boundary 2 Network tnt (A esr Kk abriemant i protueed for evey nt mutiacers twa Tie adveiemen 6 rohied by the deine vse for he at rework ecieal the OSE ewes uly adacent te aeigrced tee, 3. Summary inka Summary tn aderierens describe a sng ete fo ‘deca, To einatoneercrbed are eter 10 the are but neato the Adonareus Ste. Some cendeng of out infomation ocars when ceang ‘het summary sae ademas pic rgrcension eatin Fig, S246:AS. ands graphical pretation @ scanned with OKEN Scanner[AS Summary Links: These ae He summary fink adversemer describe routes 10 Autonomous Sem routers. AS Exteral Links: AS external advertisements describe the Autonomous System. 3.14.7 OSPF Packet Types: bundy routes external 10 in Different types of OSPF packets are 35 shown Fig 3148." (OSPF pacts S.Unistate A Linkete 5 Unkstate quest upaate } Roe ok ewer ok Summary rk to netnceh 1 Surmary Ea i AS bouncy rote 1 Exeral ek ‘Hato 2.Daabe esztpton (6-506) Fig, 3.14.8: OSPF packet types = The OSPF protocol runs directly over IP, and uses the assigned number 89. Each OSPF packet consists of an OSPF header followed by the body of particular packet type. OSPF packets need to be sent to specifi IP addresses in nonbroadcast muti-access networks ~The OSPF operation consist of following stages ~ Neighbours are discovered by means of sending The Hello messages and designated routers are elected in muti-access networks. Adjacent routers are identified and link state databases are synchronized. ~ Link State Advertisements (LSA) are exchanged among the adjacent routers so as to maintain the topological databases and also. to advertise interarea and interAS routes. The routers use the information in the database to generate routing tables. ~ _AILOSPE packets have the same common header which is as shown in Fig, 3.149. This headers same for all the five packet types of OSPF. ig. 3.14.9 OSPF common header omoF the OSPF packet header ae a5 fotoy, various felds in Version : sre contents ofthis S-bit field tells us about the ven ofthe OSPF protocol. It is currently version 2, Type: this 8-bit field defines the type of the packet. There ay five types of OSPF packets and they can defined b ‘adjusting the contents of the type field from 1 to 5. Message length : This 16-bit field defines the length of the total mesay which includes the header as well as the body. Source router IP address This 32-bit field defines the IP address of the router tht sends the packet Area identification : This 32-bit field defines the area within which t ‘outing takes place Checksum ; Ts fed is used for error detection on the ene P20" excluding the Feld “UEMtcation type and authentication 2 we . © scanned with OKEN Scanner