Distance Vector vs.

Link State
B

D
X

Distance Vector
Link State
Hybrid

Routing by rumor
Route table
Topology

Periodic Update

Incremental Update

Distance Vector vs. Link State

Distance Vector
Updates frequently
Each router is
"aware" only of its
immediate neighbors
Slow convergence
Prone to routing loops
Easy to configure

Link State
Updates are event
triggered
Each router is
"aware" of all other
routers in the "area"
Fast convergence
Less subject to
routing loops
More difficult to
configure

Comparison Continued
Distance Vector
Fewer router resources
required
Updates require more
bandwidth
Does not "understand"
the topology of the
network

Link State
More router resource
intensive
Updates require less
bandwidth
Has detailed knowledge
of distant networks and
routers

Link State
Example
OSPF
IS-IS

OSPF is used for corporate networks

IS-IS is used for ISPs

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

OSPF is an open standards routing protocol
This works by using the Dijkstra algorithm
OSPF provides the following features:
Minimizes routing update traffic
Allows scalability (e.g. RIP is limited to 15 hops)
Has unlimited hop count
Supports VLSM/CIDR
Allows multi-vendor deployment (open standard)

Link State
There are two types of Packets
Hello
LSAs

OSPF Hello
A

When router A starts it send Hello packet uses 224.0.0.5

Hello packets are received by all neighbors
B will write As name in its neighbor table
C also process the same way

"Hello" Packets

Small frequently issued packets

Discover neighbours and negotiate "adjacencies"
Verify continued availability of adjacent neighbours
Hello packets and Link State Advertisements (LSAs) build
and maintain the topological database
Hello packets are addressed to 224.0.0.5.

10

Link State Advertisement

(LSA)
An OSPF data packet containing link state and routing
information that is shared among OSPF routers
LSAs are shared only with routers with whom it has
formed adjacencies
LSA packets are used to update and maintain the
topology database.

11

Link State
There are three type of tables
Neighbor
Topology
Routing

12

Tables
Neighbor
Contain information about the neighbors
Neighbor is a router which shares a link on same
network
Another relationship is adjacency
Not necessarily all neighbors
LSA updates are only when adjacency is established

13

Tables
Topology
Contain information about all network and path to
reach any network
All LSAs are entered in to topology table
When topology changes LSAs are generated and send
new LSAs
On topology table an algorithm is run to create a
shortest path, this algorithm is known as SPF or
dijkstra algorithm

14

Tables
Routing Table
Also knows as forwarding database
Generated when an algorithm is run on the topology
database
Routing table for each router is unique

15

OSPF Terms
Link
Router ID
Neighbours
Adjacency
OSPF Area

Backbone area
Internal routers
Area Border Router
(ABR)
Autonomous System
Boundary Router
(ASBR)

16

Link
A network or router interface assigned to a
given network
Link (interface) will have "state" information
associated with it
Status (up or down)
IP Address
Network type (e.g. Fast Ethernet)
Bandwidth
Addresses of other routers attached to this
interface
17

OSPF Term: Link

A link is a network or router interface assigned to any given

network
This link, or interface, will have state information associated
with it (up or down) as well as one or more IP addresses

18

OSPF Term: Link State

Status of a link between two routers

Information is shared between directly connected routers.
This information propagates throughout the network unchanged and
is also used to create a shortest path first (SPF) tree.
19

Router ID
The Router ID (RID) is an IP address used to identify the router
Cisco chooses the Router ID by using the highest IP address of all
configured loopback interfaces
If no loopback interfaces are configured with addresses, OSPF will
choose the highest IP address of all active physical interfaces.
You can manually assign the router ID.
The RID interface MUST always be up, therefore loopbacks are
preferred

20

Neighbours
Neighbours are two or more routers that
have an interface on a common network
E.g. two routers connected on a serial link
E.g. several routers connected on a common
Ethernet or Frame relay network

Communication takes place between /

among neighbours
neighbours form "adjacencies"
21

Adjacency
A relationship between two routers that
permits the direct exchange of route
updates
Not all neighbours will form adjacencies
This is done for reasons of efficiency more
later

22

OSPF Design

Each router connects to the backbone called area 0, or the backbone area.
Routers that connect other areas to the backbone within an AS are called Area Border Routers (ABRs). One
interface must be in area 0.
OSPF runs inside an autonomous system, but can also connect multiple autonomous systems together. The
router that connects these ASes together is called an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR).
23

OSPF Areas
An OSPF area is a grouping of contiguous networks and
routers
Share a common area ID
A router can be a member of more than one area (area
border router)
All routers in the same area have the same topology
database
When multiple areas exist, there must always be an area
0 (the backbone) to which other areas connect

24

Why areas?
Decreases routing overhead
Compare to multiple smaller broadcast domains
instead of one large one
Speeds convergence
Confines network instability (e.g. route "flapping") to
single area of the network
Adds considerably to the complexity of setting up OSPF
CCNA certification deals only with single-area OSPF
25

Area Terminology

26

LSAs in Area
LSAs communicate with adjacent routers in the same
OSPF area
Subsequently, a change in a link state is "flooded" to all
area routers via LSAs
In larger networks, multiple areas may be created
LSAs are sent only to adjacent routers in the same
area
"Area border routers" connect areas, passing
summarized route information between
27

Path Calculation
Changes to the topological database of a router trigger a
recalculation to re-establish the best route(s) to known
networks
Uses the SPF (shortest path first) algorithm developed
by a computer scientist named Dijkstra
This is done by each individual router using its
detailed "knowledge" of the whole network
Leads to rapid and accurate convergence
Based on detailed knowledge of every link in the area
and the OSPF "cost" of each
builds an OSPF tree with itself at the route
28

Terminology: Cost
Various criteria can be selected by
the administrator to determine the
metric
Usually,
OSPF cost=108/bandwidth

Do not forget to
configure the
bandwidth`
command on serial
links to ensure
correct
default OSPF cost
29

Pros and Cons

Note that OSPF is a more sophisticated routing protocol
Converges rapidly and accurately
Can use a metric calculation that effectively selects
the "best" route(s) primarily based on bandwidth,
although an OSPF cost can be administratively
assigned
Use of OSPF requires
More powerful routing hardware
More detailed knowledge by the administrator,
especially when large multi-area networks are used
30

Types of Neighbors
OSPF can be defined for three type of neighbors
Broadcast Multi Access (BMA) ex- Ethernet
Point to Point
Non-Broadcast Multi Access (NBMA)

31

OSPF Network Types

32

Adjacencies
Point to Point all routers form adjacencies
BMA & NBMA one router is elected as DR
DR establish adjacency with every neighbor router
LSA updates are exchanged only to DR
DR is the router which has highest priority
All CISCO routers has priority 1
If priority is same then router id is seen
The RID is highest IP address of all interfaces

33

Point-to-Point Links

Usually
or HDLC

serial

interface

running

either

PPP

No DR or BDR election required

OSPF autodetects this interface type
OSPF packets are sent using multicast 224.0.0.5

All routers form adjacencies

34

Multi-access Broadcast Network

Generally LAN technologies like Ethernet and Token Ring

DR and BDR selection required
All neighbor routers form full adjacencies with the DR and
BDR only
Packets to the DR use 224.0.0.6
Packets from DR to all other routers use 224.0.0.5
35

Electing the DR and BDR

Hello packets are exchanged via IP multicast.

The router with
selected as the DR.

the

highest

priority

is

If Priority is same then Router ID is seen

Use the OSPF router ID as the tie breaker.
36

Terminology: DRs and BDRs

The
designated
router (DR) is
responsible for
generating
LSAs on
behalf of all
routers
connected to
the same
segment

37

DR Responsibility
When a router sees a new or changed link-state, it sends
an LSA to its DR using a particular multicast address
The DR then forwards the LSA to all the other routers
with whom it is adjacent
Minimizes the number of formal adjacencies that
must be formed and therefore the amount of LSU
(link state update) packet traffic in a multi-router
network

38

OSPF Summary
AD -100
Hop count is unlimited
Metric = Cost 108/BW
Classless, VLSM
Load balance up to SIX routers
Require more processing power

39

Basic OSPF Configuration

Router(config)# router ospf 1

The number 1 in this example is a process-id # that

begins an OSPF process in the router
More than one process can be launched in a router,
but this is rarely necessary
Usually the same process-id is used throughout the
entire network, but this is not required
The process-id # can actually be any value from 1 to
"very large integer
The process-id # cannot be ZERO
This is NOT the same as the AS# used in IGRP and
EIGRP
40

Configuring OSPF Areas

After identifying the OSPF process, you need to identify the interfaces that
you want to activate OSPF communications
Lab_A#config t
Lab_A(config)#router ospf 1
Lab_A(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
area ?
<0-4294967295> OSPF area ID as a decimal value
A.B.C.D OSPF area ID in IP address format
Lab_A(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
area 0
Every OSPF network must have an area 0 (the backbone area) to which
other areas connect
So in a multiple area network, there must be an area 0
The wildcard mask represents the set of hosts supported by the
network and is really just the inverse of the subnet mask.
41

OSPF Configuration
OSPF Process ID number is irrelevant. It can be the same on every
router on the network
The arguments of the network command are the network number
(10.0.0.0) and the wildcard mask (0.255.255.255)
Wildcards - A 0 octet in the wildcard mask indicates that the
corresponding octet in the network must match exactly
A 255 indicates that you dont care what the corresponding octet is
in the network number
A network and wildcard mask combination of 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 would
match 1.1.1.1 only, and nothing else.
The network and wildcard mask combination of 1.1.0.0 0.0.255.255
would match anything in the range 1.1.0.01.1.255.255

42

OSPF Configuration -1
S0

S1

20.0.0.2

30.0.0.1

R2
R1
S0

10.0.0.1

20.0.0.1

E0

10.0.0.2

S0

R3

30.0.0.2

E0

40.0.0.1

40.0.0.2

43

OSPF Configuration -1
S0

S1

20.0.0.2

30.0.0.1

R2
R1

S0

R3

S0
E0

10.0.0.1

20.0.0.1

30.0.0.2

10.0.0.2

E0

40.0.0.1

40.0.0.2

R1#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
R1(config-router)#^Z

44

OSPF Configuration -2
S0

S1

200.0.0.8/30

R2

200.0.0.12/30

R1

R3
S0
S0
E0

E0

200.0.0.16/28

200.0.0.32/27

45

OSPF Configuration -2
S0

S1

200.0.0.10

R2

255.255.255.252

R1
S0

200.0.0.17

200.0.0.13

200.0.0.9

255.255.255.252
S0

R3

200.0.0.14
E0

E0

200.0.0.33
255.255.255.224

255.255.255.240

200.0.0.18

200.0.0.34

46

OSPF Configuration -2
S0

S1

200.0.0.10

R2

255.255.255.252

R1
S0

200.0.0.17

200.0.0.13

200.0.0.9

255.255.255.252
S0

R3

200.0.0.14

E0

E0

200.0.0.33
255.255.255.224

255.255.255.240

200.0.0.18

R1#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#network 200.0.0.16 0.0.0.15 area 0
R1(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 8 0.0.0.3 area 0
R1(config-router)#^Z

200.0.0.34

R3#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R3(config)#router ospf 1
R3(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 32 0.0.0.31 area 0
R3(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 12 0.0.0.3 area 0
R3(config-router)#^Z

47

OSPF and Loopback Interfaces

Configuring loopback interfaces when using the OSPF routing
protocol is important
Cisco suggests using them whenever you configure OSPF on a
router
Loopback interfaces are logical interfaces, which are virtual,
software-only interfaces; they are not real router interfaces
Using loopback interfaces with your OSPF configuration ensures that
an interface is always active for OSPF processes.
The highest IP address on a router will become that routers RID
The RID is used to advertise the routes as well as elect the DR and
BDR.
If you configure serial interface of your router with highest IP
Address this Address becomes RID of t is the RID of the router
because e router
If this interface goes down, then a re-election must occur
It can have an big impact when the above link is flapping
48

Configuring Loopback Interfaces

R1#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End
with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#int loopback 0
R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.1
255.255.255.255
R1(config-if)#no shut
R1(config-if)#^Z
R1#
49

Verifying OSPF Operation

Router#

show ip protocols

Verifies the configured IP routing protocol

processes, parameters and statistics
Router#

show ip route ospf

Displays all OSPF routes learned by the router

Router#

show ip ospf interface

Displays the OSPF router ID, area ID and

adjacency information

50

Verifying OSPF Operation

(Cont.)
Router#

show ip ospf

Displays the OSPF router ID, timers, and statistics

Router#

show ip ospf neighbor [detail]

Displays information about the OSPF neighbors,

including Designated Router (DR) and Backup
Designated Router (BDR) information on
broadcast networks
51

The show ip route ospf

Command
RouterA# show ip route ospf
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile,
B - BGP, D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF,
IA - OSPF inter area, E1 - OSPF external type 1,
E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP, i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS
level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O
10.2.1.0 [110/10] via 10.64.0.2, 00:00:50, Ethernet0

52

The show ip ospf interface

Command
RouterA# show ip ospf interface e0
Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 10.64.0.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 10.64.0.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 10.64.0.2, Interface address 10.64.0.2
Backup Designated router (ID) 10.64.0.1, Interface address 10.64.0.1
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:04
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 10.64.0.2 (Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

53

The show ip ospf neighbor

Command
RouterB# show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID
10.64.1.1
10.2.1.1

Pri
1
1

State
FULL/BDR
FULL/-

Dead Time
00:00:31
00:00:38

Address
10.64.1.1
10.2.1.1

Interface
Ethernet0
Serial0

54

show ip ospf neighbor detail

show ip ospf database

55

Setting Priority for DR Election

Router(config-if)#
ip ospf priority number

This interface configuration command assigns the OSPF

priority to an interface.
Different interfaces on a router may be assigned different
values.
The default priority is 1. The range is from 0 to 255.
0 means the router is a DROTHER; it cant be the DR or
BDR.
56

57

EIGRP
IGRP

OSPF

DV
Easy to configure
Neighbor
Advanced Metric
Periodic
Broadcast

LS
Incremental Updates
Multicast
Open Standard

EIGRP

Hybrid
DUAL
Topology Database
Rapid Convergence
Reliable

58

Overview
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Ciscoproprietary routing protocol based on Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(IGRP).
Released in 1994, Unlike IGRP, which is a classful routing protocol,
EIGRP supports CIDR and VLSM.
it is probably one of the two most popular routing protocols in use
today.

Compared to IGRP, EIGRP boasts faster convergence times, improved

scalability, and superior handling of routing loops.
EIGRP is often described as a hybrid routing protocol, offering the
59
best of distance vector and link-state algorithms.

Comparing EIGRP with IGRP

IGRP and EIGRP are compatible with each other.
EIGRP offers multiprotocol support, but IGRP does not.
Communication via Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
Best path selection via Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
Improved convergence time
Reduced network overhead

60

Introducing EIGRP

EIGRP supports:
Rapid convergence
Reduced bandwidth usage
Multiple network-layer protocols

EIGRP Tables
EIGRP maintains 3 tables
Neighbor table
Topology table
Routing table

62

Neighbor Discovery
There are three conditions that must be
met for neighborship establishment
Hello or ACK received
AS numbers match
Identical metrics (K values)
? AS
?K
K1 BW
K2- Delay
K3-Load
K3-Reliability
K5-MTU

63

Metric Calculation
The metrics used by EIGRP in making routing decisions are (lower the metric the
better):

bandwidth
delay
load
Reliability
MTU

By default, EIGRP uses only:

Bandwidth
Delay

Analogies:
Think of bandwidth as the width of the pipe
and
delay as the length of the pipe.
Bandwidth is the carrying capacity
Delay is the end-to-end travel time.

64

Neighbor Table
The neighbor table is the most important table in EIGRP
Stores address and interface of neighbor

65

Topology Table
Network

66

Topology Table
The topology table is made up of all the EIGRP routing tables in the
autonomous system.
DUAL takes the information and calculates the lowest cost routes to each
destination.
By tracking this information, EIGRP routers can identify and switch to
alternate routes quickly.
The information that the router learns from the DUAL is used to determine
the successor route, which is the term used to identify the primary or best
route.
Every EIGRP router maintains a topology table. All learned routes to a
destination are maintained in the topology table.
67

Routing Tables
A successor is a route selected as the primary route to
use to reach a destination.
DUAL calculates Successor (Primary Route) and places it
in the routing table (and topology table)
Can have up to 4 successors of equal or unequal value
DUAL calculates Feasible Successor (Backup Route) and
places it in the Topology Table.
Promoted to successor if the route goes down if it has a
lower cost than current successor
If no FS in Table - Send query
Multiple feasible successors for a destination can be
retained in the topology table although it is not
mandatory
68

EIGRP Concepts & Terminology

EIGRP routers that belong to different autonomous
systems (ASes) dont automatically share routing
information
The only time EIGRP advertises its entire routing table is
when it discovers a new neighbor and forms an
adjacency with it through the exchange of Hello packets
When this happens, both neighbors advertise their entire
routing tables to one another
After each has learned its neighbors routes, only
changes to the routing table are propagated
69

10Mbps

Dist to 172.16.100.0 =100

172.16.100.0

Dist to 172.16.100.0 =100

56Kbps
1.544Mbps

1.544Mbps

10Mbps 100
1,544Mbps 250
56Kbps -1000

Dist to 172.16.100.0 =350

Chennai receives an update from Mumbai with a cost of 100, which is Mumbai's cost to reach 172.16.100.0, This
cost is referred to as the reported distance (RD)
Bangalore will report its cost to reach 172.16.100.0. Bangalore's RD is 350
Chennai will compute its cost to reach 172.16.100.0 via Mumbai and Bangalore and compare the metrics for the
two paths
Chennai's cost via Mumbai is 1100. Chennai's cost via Bangalore is 600. The lowest cost to reach a destination is
referred to as the feasible distance (FD) for that destination
Chennai's FD to 172.16.100.0 is 600. The next-hop router in the lowest-cost path to the destination is referred to
as the successor.
70
A feasible successor is a path whose reported distance is less than the feasible distance, and it is considered a
backup route.

EIGRP Terms
Feasible distance (FD) - This is the lowest calculated metric to
reach destination. This is the route that you will find in the
routing table, because it is considered the best path
Reported distance (RD) - The distance reported by an
adjacent neighbor to a specific destination.
Interface information - The interface through which the
destination can be reached.
Route status - The status of a route. Routes are identified as
being either passive, which means that the route is stable and
ready for use, or active, which means that the route is in the
process of being recomputed by DUAL
71

EIGRP Terminology and

Operations
Successor Current Route
A successor is a route selected as the primary route to use to reach
a destination.
Successors are the entries kept in the routing table.
Feasible Successor - A backup route
A feasible successor is a backup route.
These routes are selected at the same time the successors are
identified, but they are kept in the topology table.
Multiple feasible successors for a destination can be retained in the
topology table.

72

Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)

Used by EIGRP for its routing updates in place of TCP
EIGRP can call on RTP to provide reliable or unreliable service
EIGRP uses reliable service for route updates
Unreliable for Hellos
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) is a transport layer protocol that
guarantees ordered delivery of EIGRP packets to all neighbors.
On an IP network, hosts use TCP to sequence packets and ensure
their timely delivery. RIP uses UDP
However, EIGRP is protocol-independent and does not rely on TCP/IP
to exchange routing information the way that RIP, IGRP, and OSPF
do.
EIGRP uses RTP as its own proprietary transport layer protocol to
guarantee delivery of routing information.
With RTP, EIGRP can multicast and unicast to different peers
simultaneously.
73

Diffusing Update Algorithm

(DUAL)
All route computations in EIGRP are handled by DUAL
One of DUAL's tasks is maintaining a table of loop-free paths to
every destination.
This table is referred to as the topology table
DUAL saves all paths in the topology table
The least-cost path(s) is copied from the topology table to the
routing table
In the event of a failure, the topology table allows for very quick
convergence if another loop-free path is available
If a loop-free path is not found in the topology table, a route
recomputation must occur
DUAL queries its neighbors, who, in turn, may query their
neighbors, and so on...
Hence the name "Diffusing" Update Algorithm
74

VLSM Support
EIGRP supports the use of Variable- Length Subnet
Masks
Can use 30-bit subnet masks for point-to-point networks

Because the subnet mask is propagated with every route

update, EIGRP also supports the use of discontiguous
subnets
Discontiguous network is the one that has two or more
subnetworks of a classful network connected together by
different classful networks
75

Discontiguous Network

76

Configuring EIGRP

Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system

Defines EIGRP as the IP routing protocol

Router(config-router)#network network-number

Selects participating attached networks

EIGRP Configuration Example

EIGRP Configuration
S0

S1

200.0.0.10

R2

255.255.255.252

R1
S0

200.0.0.17

200.0.0.13

200.0.0.9

255.255.255.252
S0

R3

200.0.0.14

E0

E0

200.0.0.33
255.255.255.224

255.255.255.240

200.0.0.18

R1#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#router eigrp 10
R1(config-router)#network 200.0.0.16
R1(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 8
R1(config-router)#^Z

200.0.0.34

R3#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R3(config)#router eigrp 10
R3(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 32
R3(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 12
R3(config-router)#^Z

80

Verifying the EIGRP Configuration

To verify the EIGRP configuration a number of show
and debug commands are available.
These commands are shown on the next few slides.

81

show ip eigrp topology

show ip eigrp topology

[active | pending | successors]
82

show ip eigrp topology

all-links

show ip eigrp traffic

83

Administrative Distances

84

TELNET
Getting information about remote device
Can connect to remote device and configure a device
Password must be set
R1(config)# line vty 0 4
Password cisco
login

85

Discovering Neighbors on the

Network

86
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

86

Cisco Discovery Protocol

CDP is a proprietary utility that gives you a summary of directly

connected switches, routers, and other Cisco devices.

CDP discovers neighboring devices regardless of which protocol

suite they are running.
Runs on the Data link layer
Physical media must support the Subnetwork Access Protocol
(SNAP) encapsulation.
Only give directly connected device
By default enabled, you can enable or disable

Discovering Neighbors with

CDP
CDP runs on routers with Cisco IOS
software Release 10.3 or later and on Cisco
switches.
Show CDP ?
Summary information
includes:

Device ID
Local Interface
Port ID
Capabilities list
Platform

CDP
CDP timer is how often CDP packets are transmitted to
all active interfaces.

Router(config)#cdp timer 90
CDP holdtime is the amount of time that the device will
hold packets received from neighbor devices.

Router(config)#cdp holdtime 240

89

Using CDP

90

Using the show cdp

neighbors Command

The show cdp neighbor command (sh cdp nei for short) delivers
information about directly connected devices.

91

CDP
show cdp neighbor detail
This command can be run on both routers
and switches, and it displays detailed
information about each device connected
to the device

92

Using the show cdp entry

Command

The show cdp entry * command displays the same information as the show cdp
neighbor details command.
93

Additional CDP Commands

The show cdp traffic command displays information about

interface traffic, including the number of CDP packets sent and
received and the errors with CDP.
94

CDP Commands
To disable the CDP on particular interface use
the "no cdp enable" command

To disable CDP on the entire router use the "no

cdp run" in global configuration mode.

95

Summary
Cisco Discovery Protocol is an information-gathering tool used
by network administrators to get information about directly
connected devices.
CDP exchanges hardware and software device information
with its directly connected CDP neighbors.
You can enable or disable CDP on a router as a whole or on a
port-by-port basis.

The show cdp neighbors command displays information about

a routers CDP neighbors.
The show cdp entry, show cdp traffic, and show cdp interface
96
commands display detailed CDP information on a Cisco device.

97

Why Use Access Lists?

Manage IP traffic as network access grows

Filter packets as they pass through the router

What are ACLs?

ACLs are lists of conditions that are applied to traffic traveling across
a router's interface.
These lists tell the router what types of packets to accept or deny.
Acceptance and denial can be based on specified conditions.
ACLs can be configured at the router to control access to a network
or subnet.

Some ACL decision points are source and destination addresses,

protocols, and upper-layer port numbers.

99

Reasons to Create ACLs

The following are some of the primary reasons to create
ACLs:
Limit network traffic and increase network performance.
Provide traffic flow control.
Provide a basic level of security for network access.
Decide which types of traffic are forwarded or blocked at the router
interfaces
For example: Permit e-mail traffic to be routed, but block all telnet traffic.
If ACLs are not configured on the router, all packets passing through the
router will be allowed onto all parts of the network.

100

ACLs
Different access list for Telnet
When configuring ISDN you need to use access list
Implicit deny at bottom
All restricted statements should be on first
There are two types
Standard
Extended

101

Network
192.168.12.2

N1

192.168.12.0

N2

192.168.12.3

N3

192.168.34.0

N4

N5

192.168.56.0

N6
102

IP Packet

SRC IP Address
DEST IP Address
Protocol type
SRC Port
DEST Port

The first 2 bytes in the TCP/UDP header are the source port number
The next 2 bytes in the TCP/UDP header are the Destination port number
103

Types of Access Lists

Standard
Checks source address
Permits or denies entire protocol suite
Extended
Checks source and destination address

Generally permits or denies specific protocols

104

How to Identify Access Lists

Standard IP lists (1-99) test conditions of all IP packets from

source addresses.
Extended IP lists (100-199) test conditions of source and destination
addresses, specific TCP/IP protocols, and destination ports.
Standard IP lists (1300-1999) (expanded range).
Extended IP lists (2000-2699) (expanded range).

Standard ACLs
The full syntax of the standard ACL command is:
Router(config)#access-list access-list-number {deny | permit} source
[source-wildcard ]
The no form of this command is used to remove a standard ACL. This is
the syntax:
Router(config)#no access-list access-list-number

Config# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255

Config# access-list 1 permit any

106

Wildcard Mask
Access-list 99 permit 192.168.1.1 wildcard mask
All 32 bits of an IP Address can be filtered
Wildcard inverse mask
0=must match
1= ignore
MASK (192.168.1.1)
0.0.0.0 (host)
0.0.0.255

Matching IP
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0-255

0.0.255.255

192.168.0-255.0-255

0.255.255.255

192.0-255.0-255.0-255

255.255.255.255

0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255 (any)

107

The ANY and HOST keyword

Access-list 1 permit 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
Or
permit any
Access-list 1 permit 200.0.0.9 0.0.0.0
Or
permit host 200.0.0.9
108

Testing Packets with

Standard Access Lists

Outbound ACL Operation

If no access list statement matches, then discard the packet.

Reading an ACL

1.

First Hit or Best Fit?

Access-list 99 deny host 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0
access-list 99 permit any 255.255.255.255

2.

Access-list 99 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255

Access-list 99 deny host 192.168.1.1
access-list 99 permit any

3.

Access-list 99 deny host 192.168.1.1

Implicit deny at the end of every ACL

111

Creating ACLs
ACLs are created in the global configuration mode.
There are many
different types of ACLs including standard, extended, IPX, AppleTalk, and
others. When configuring ACLs on a router, each ACL must be uniquely
identified by assigning a number to it. This number identifies the type of
access list created and must fall within the specific range of numbers that
is valid for that type of list.

Since IP is by far the most

popular routed protocol,
addition ACL numbers have
been added to newer router
IOSs.
Standard IP: 1300-1999
Extended IP: 2000-2699
112

The ip access-group command

{ in | out }

113

Exercise Standard Access List

192.168.0.5
255.255.255.252

192.168.0.9
255.255.255.252

192.168.0.33
255.255.255.240

E0

A
192.168.0.18
255.255.255.248

S0
192.168.0.17
255.255.255.248

S0
192.168.0.6
255.255.255.252

S1

S0

E0

192.168.0.10
255.255.255.252

B
192.168.0.34
255.255.255.240

Account should be denied access to Sales

To steps to configure
Create a standard Access list
Apply ACL to proper interface inbound or outbound

114

Exercise Standard Access List

192.168.0.5
255.255.255.252

192.168.0.9
255.255.255.252

192.168.0.33
255.255.255.240

E0

A
192.168.0.18
255.255.255.248

S0
192.168.0.17
255.255.255.248

S0
192.168.0.6
255.255.255.252

S1

S0
192.168.0.10
255.255.255.252

E0

B
192.168.0.34
255.255.255.240

Config# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.0.18 0.0.0.7

Config# access-list 1 permit any

Config#int e 0
Config-if# ip access-group 1 out
115

Extended ACLs
Extended ACLs are used more often than standard ACLs because they provide a
greater range of control.
Extended ACLs check the source and destination packet addresses as well as
being able to check for protocols and port numbers.
At the end of the extended ACL statement, additional precision is gained from a
field that specifies the optional Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) port number.
Logical operations may be specified such as, equal (eq), not equal (neq), greater
than (gt), and less than (lt), that the extended ACL will perform on specific
protocols.
Extended ACLs use an access-list-number in the range 100 to 199 (also from 2000
to 2699 in recent IOS).
116

Configuration
Access-list acl# {permit/Deny}
Protocol

IP

OSPF
EIGRP
ICMP
TCP
UDP

Protocol
Src IP src WCM
Dst IP dst WCM
Opetrator port

RP If you need to Block a routing protocol

Operator

eq
gt
lt
neq

117

Testing Packets with

Extended Access Lists

Extended ACL Syntax

119

Extended ACL LAB -2

192.168.0.5
255.255.255.252

E0
192.168.0.17
255.255.255.248

S0

192.168.0.9
255.255.255.252

S0
192.168.0.6
255.255.255.252

S1

S0
192.168.0.10
255.255.255.252

E0

192.168.0.33
255.255.255.240

192.168.0.34
255.255.255.240

192.168.0.18
255.255.255.248
192.168.0.34 should be denied FTP of 192.168.0.18

192.168.0.18 should be denied website of 192.168.0.34

On Router R1
Config# Access-list 100 deny tcp 192.168.0.34 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.18
0.0.0.0 eq 21
Config# access-list 100 permit IP any any

On Router R3
Config# Access-list 100 deny tcp 192.168. 0.18 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.34
0.0.0.0 eq 80
Config# access-list 100 permit IP any any

Config#int s0
Config-if# ip access-group 100 IN

Config#int s0
Config-if# ip access-group 100 IN

121

Deny FTP
access-list 101 deny tcp any any eq 21

access-list 101 permit ip any any

or

access-list 101 deny tcp any any eq ftp

access-list 101 permit ip any any

122

Rules
For extended access list apply near to the
source
For standard access list apply near to the
destination

123

Named ACLs
IP named ACLs were introduced in Cisco IOS Software Release 11.2,
allowing standard and extended ACLs to be given names instead of
numbers.

The characteristics of named accesslist:

Identify an ACL using an alphanumeric name.

You can delete individual statements in a named access list
Named access lists must be specified as standard or extended
You can use the ip access-list command to create named access
lists.

Named ACLs are not compatible with Cisco IOS releases prior to Release
11.2.
The same name may not be used for multiple ACLs.
124

Named ACLs
Numbered Access list did not give you any hint, What is
filtered
Named ACLs are both basic and advanced filtering tool

Name cannot start with a number or !

Cannot have space in the name

Should not have ? Character anywhere in the name

Name is case sensitive
125

Named ACL Example

R1(config)#ip access-list standard blocksales

R1(config-std-nacl)#deny 172.16.40.0 0.0.0.255

R1(config-std-nacl)#permit any
R1(config-std-nacl)#exit
R1(config)#^Z
R1#

#Int e 0
#Ip access-group blocksales out
126

Verify Access List

127

Basic Rules for ACLs

Standard IP access lists should be applied closest to the destination.

Extended IP access lists should be applied closest to the source.
Use the inbound or outbound interface reference as if looking at the port
from inside the router.
Statements are processed sequentially from the top of list to the bottom
until a match is found, if no match is found then the packet is denied.
There is an implicit deny at the end of all access lists. This will not appear
in the configuration listing.
Access list entries should filter in the order from specific to general.
Specific hosts should be denied first, and groups or general filters should
come last.
Never work with an access list that is actively applied.
New lines are always added to the end of the access list.
A no access-list x command will remove the whole list. It is not possible
to selectively add and remove lines with numbered ACLs.
Outbound filters do not affect traffic originating from the local router.
128