Routing Protocols

Autonomous Sys. • It is a collection of devices under the same administrative authority.

IP Routing • The process of forwarding a packet from its source to its destination through a routed network.
Routing Table • All routers must have their own routing tables.
• To determine what output interface that the incoming packet will exit from it.
Routing Protocols • Select the best path to transfer the information between routers
Static Routing • Used if one simple path to destination (small networks).
• Build the routing table manually with fixed paths.
Dynamic Routing • Used if multiple paths to destination are available(Large networks)
- Distance Vector protocols: RIP and EIGRP
- Link State protocols: OSPF and IS-IS
Metric
• Best path to destination network using single protocol (lower prefered over high)
- RIP metric = Hop Count (max hop 15)
(two hops in this example) - OSPF metric = Cost
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
• OSPF is a link-state routing (Standard – Classless) protocol.
• All routers have complete map about the OSPF network.
OSPF Packet Format:

OSPF Packet Types:

Hello message - Neighbor discovery and build neighbor adjacency.
Database Description (DBD) - Check Database Sychronization between routers (DBD is summary of LSDB)
Link State Request (LSR) - Ask about additional information or missed data in the DBD
Link State Update (LSU) - Reply the LSR.
Link State Acknowledgement (LSACK) - Used after the router receive the new information by the LSU packet.
OSPF Neighbor States:
Down - no OSPF neighbors detected at this moment.
Attempt - one router sends Hello packet and no answer.
INIT (initiation ) - Hello packet received.
Two-way - Own router ID found in received hello packet.
Ex-start - Master and slave roles determined (The router has the higher OSPF ID send first)
Exchange - Database description packets (DBD) are exchanged.
Loading - Exchange of LSRs, LSUs and LSACKs packets
Full - OSPF routers now have full adjacency
OSPF Router ID:
• Every router has a Unique ID in the routing domain.
- Expressed as an IP address (32-bit)
• The criteria of choosing the OSPF router ID:
1. Manually Configured.
2. The highest IP of loopback (virtual) interface.
3. The highest IP of physical (active) interface.
Loopback Interface
- It is a virtual interface, and it becomes active immediately after it is configured.
- provides the stability to the router ID where it is virtual (no actual cable) and can't be fail .
Example:
- What is the router ID if a router has 2 interfaces with addresses of 192.168.1.1 and 192.168.2.1 and is configured with 2
loopback interfaces with addresses of 10.1.1.1 and 172.16.2.1 ? Answer: 172.16.2.1 (Highest loopback interface)
Example:
- What is the router ID if a router has 3 interfaces with active addresses of 172.16.2.1, 192.168.1.1, 192.168.2.1
- Answer: 192.168.2.1 (Highest active physical interface)
OSPF Networks Topology
1. PP (Point-to-Point) Network:
2. BMA (Broadcast Multi-access) Networks:
• Such as Ethernet, there is the possibility of many neighbor relationships on the same physical segment.
- To prevent this, OSPF will elect a (DR) and (BDR).
DR (Designated Router)
- Collection and distribution point of LSAs.
- LSA (Link State Advertisement) : portion of data to fill the data-base of the OSPF routers.
BDR (Backup Designated Router)
- Backup router if the DR fails.
DROthers
- Rest routers in the OSPF topology (neither DR nor BDR ).
- DR and BDR makes full adjacency with all other routers in the OSPF network.
How to elect the Designated Router (DR) ?
• The router with the highest priority.
• The router with the highest Router-ID (If priority are equal)
- Priority from 0 to 255, and has default 1
- BDR has second highest priority or highest second router-ID
Conditions of Neighboring Adjacency:
• To establish adjacency between two OSPF routers,
• Following parameters must be equal in both routers:
- Hello interval ( 10 Sec).
- Dead interval (40 Sec).
- Network type: any two interfaces must have the same network type.
If DR fails :
• BDR becomes DR.
• Elect new BDR.
• If DR return, it returns to DRother.
• If no Hello packet is received from adjacent router after the Dead interval:
- The router Advertises this adjacent is down.
- The router Removes it from its database.
- The router Floods a new LSDB with its new link state.
OSPF Area Design
• OSPF network is divided to areas.
- Each area contains a group of routers have the same database.
- Each area is defined by Area-ID (Integer value).

- Area 0 called the backbone area and must be directly connected to all other areas.
- Area Border Routers (ABR). Connect areas together.
The advantages of using Areas:
• Smaller database about the link state.
• The ability to isolate the unstable area.
OSPF LSA Types
Router LSA - Generated by Each router in the Same Area.
Network LSA - Generated by DR in BMA in the Same Area.
Summary LSA - Generated by ABR and flooded to Other Areas.

OSPF Metric
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 (𝟏𝟎𝟖 )
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 =
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉
• Cost : value of metric and uses a Reference Bandwidth of 100 Mbps for cost calculation.
• Reference bandwidth : can be changed by router configuration. (by the admin.)
- in the case of 10 Mbps Ethernet :
- OSPF Metric Cost value = 100 Mbps/10 Mbps = 10.
- Higher bandwidth implies to low cost.