Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION II - CAGAYAN VALLEY
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ISABELA
BENITO SOLIVEN NORTH DISTRICT
BENITO SOLIVEN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

HEALTH OPTIMIZING PHYSICAL EDUCATION (HOPE I)

MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES
FIRST SEMESTER - SECOND QUARTER
S.Y. 2024-2025

NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDs) - are non-infectious but can be inherited or developed based on the individual’s
lifestyle.

A significant proportion of Filipino adults continue to be exposed to the NCD risks of tobacco use, unhealthy diet and physical
inactivity.

A. POOR DIETARY HABITS - it occurs when the person does not follow the prinicples of good nutrition- adequacy, balance, and
variety.

ADEQUACY - refers to moderate amounts of nutrients to maintain normal body function.

BALANCE - it refers to correct combination of nutrients in one’s diet.
VARIETY - refers to consumption of different food products.

NUTRITION -is the health branch that stresses the importaance of the food for growth and development, as well as in lowering
the chances of acquiring diseases.
NUTRIENTS - are important food substances that help our body function properly.

MACRONUTRIENTS - such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water are required by the body in large amount.

a. Carbohydrates -maintains source of energy, maintains blood glucose level during exercise and replaces glycogen
stores after exercise.
b. Proteins - needed for growth, building, and repair body tissues, enough protein is essential to maintain muscle mass
and strength.
c. Fats - needed for immune system function and helps the body store and use vitamins.
d. Water - needed for waste removal, regulates body temperature, cushions

MICRONUTRIENTS - such as vitamins and minerals are only needed in very little amounts.

a. Vitamins - help the body use carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

b. Minerals - help in regulating the chemical reactions in the body.

INFLUENCES ON FOOD CHOICES

a. Individual Preferences - every individual has unique likes and dislikes concerning foods.
b. Cultural Influences - a cultural group provides guidelines regarding acceptable foods, food combinations, eating
patterns, and eating behaviors. Compliance with these guidelines creates a sense of identity and
belonging for the individual.
c. Social Influences - members of a social group depend on each other, share a common culture, and influence each
other's behaviors and values.
d. Religious Influences - religious proscriptions range from a few to many, from relaxed to highly restrictive. This will
affect a follower's food choices and behaviors.
e. Economic Influences - money, values, and consumer skills all affect what a person purchases. The price of a food,
however, is not an indicator of its nutritional value.
f. Environmental Influences - The influence of the environment on food habits derives from a composite of ecological
and social factors. Foods that are commonly and easily grown within a specific region frequently
become a part of the local cuisine.
g. Political Influences - political factors also influence food availability and trends. Food laws and trade agreements
affect what is available within and across countries, and also affect food prices.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION II - CAGAYAN VALLEY
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ISABELA
BENITO SOLIVEN NORTH DISTRICT
BENITO SOLIVEN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

B. SMOKING

Why is smoking harmful?

Almost every organ in the body is damaged when a person smokes. It weakens the body and leads to many diseases.
The smoke contains:
 Hydrogen Cyanide ( a deadly substance used in gas chambers)
 Insecticides
 Methanol and Butane Fuels
 Benzene ( casuses leukemia)
 Cadmium
 Formaldehyde (used for embalming)


Tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide are substances from tobacco that are among the most harmful to health.

 Tar - this toxic substance is carcinogenic and accumulates inside the respiratory system.
 Nicotine - is a toxic chemical compound that mostly consists nitrogen, which also makes cigarettes addictive.
 Carbon Monoxide - is a poisonous chemical from burnt cigarette that makes the heart do more work to supply sufficient
oxygen in the body.


What are the kinds of tobacco smoke?

 Mainstream smoke - commonly known as “first-hand smoke” is the smoke from lit cigarette that is both inhaled and
exhaled.
 Second-hand smoke - is a very dangerous smoke when taken in. It is the smoke puffed out by smokers called
environmental tobacco or sidestream smoke.
 Third-hand smoke - refers to cigarette offshoots which is attached to the smokers’ hair and clothing as well as various
surfaces like walls, floors, furniture, chairs, and toys.

C. SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE - occurs when individual lacks of recommended level of regular physical activity or he/she is physically
nactive.

WHAT ARE THE TYPE OF DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE?

1. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES - a disease of the heart and blood vessels and is the leading cause of death in the Philippines.

What are the types of cardiovascular diseases?

 Arteriosclerosis - a condition causing the arteries to harden and thicken. Some types are natural to growing old.
 Atherosclerosis - type of arteriosclerosis where fat hardens and becomes plaque on arterial walls.
 Coronary heart disease - coronary arteries are narroweded or blocked: a disease of coronary vessels and not the heart>
Heart attack - cardiac muscle failure due to lack of blood flow to the heart.
 Angina pectoris - chest pain for narrowed coronary arteries due to inadequate oxygen for the heart.
 Rheumatic Fever - the immune system attacks the heart and can cause fever, weakness, and damage to its valves.
 Arrythmia -irregular heart rhythm brought about by faulty electrical conduction system that is worsened by uncontrolled
stress levels and high caffeine intake.
 Congestive Heart Failure - the heart is not able or below its normal capacity to pump blood, causing liquid to accumulate in
the lungs other areas of the body.

2. CANCER - a disease where cells divide in an uncontrolled pace.

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION II - CAGAYAN VALLEY
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ISABELA
BENITO SOLIVEN NORTH DISTRICT
BENITO SOLIVEN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

What is the difference between malignant and benign tumor?

 Malignant - is cancerous, The tumor can spread to invade and destroy nearby tissues and body parts.
 Benign - is not cancerous. The tumor may increase in size but do not invade other body parts.

What are the four major categories of cancer?

 Carcinoma - is the most common of the major categories; an invasive malignant tumor from epithelial tissue that tends to
spread to other body parts.
 Sarcoma - is a connective or supportive cancer, which include muscle, bone, fat, blood vessels, and cartilage cancers.
 Lymphoma - arises in cells of lymphatic or the immune system tissues characterized by abnormal production of white cells
and decrease resistance.
 Leukemia - is the cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal production of blood cells, usually
leokocytes or white blood cells.

3. DIABETES OR DIABETES MELLITUS - disease resulting form a condition of the body wherein the body is not able to produce or
effectively use insulin.
 Type 1 Diabetes - is insulin reliant diabetes because the body produces little or no insulin at all.
 Type 2 Diabetes - is not insulin dependent. This occurs when the body produces insulin but it cannot be used by the cells.
 Gestational Diabetes - occurs in certain pregnant individuals. The hormones cause the body not to respond to the insulin
produced by the body.

4. CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE - commonly called chornic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); occurs in the air paths
and other parts of lungs.

Major risk factors of COPD include:

- tobacco smoking
- indoor air pollution
- outdoor air pollution; and
- occupational dusts and chemicals like vapors, irritants, and fumes.

PREPARED BY:

HEHERSON MEL J. AGACIA

Subject Teacher