JAPANESE III APPENDIX: Japanese Particles

JAPANESE PARTICLES
BASIC USAGES
Particle ka ne wa (not Lesson J I-2 J I-2 J I-5 ) J II-6 Sample sentence Kore-wa nan desu-ka? (What is this?) used to get ones agreement or Tanaka-san desu-ne? (You are Mr. confirmation Tanaka, arent you?) 1) indicates the topic of the Kenji-kun-wa kookoosei desu. sentence (Kenji is a high school student.) 2) used when contrasting or Igirisu-de-wa eigo-o hanashimasu. distinguishing items Nihon-de-wa nihongo-o hanashimasu. (They speak English in England. They speak Japanese in Japan.) 1) denotes affiliation Irasshai-no Timu desu. (I am Tim of Irasshai.) 2) indicates description or Kore-wa nihongo-no jisho desu. modification of the noun following (This is a Japanese dictionary.) it 3) expresses possession Kore-wa watashi-no hon desu. (This is my book.) 4) used to separate a string of Denwa-bangoo-wa 685 no 2551 numbers desu. (The phone number is 6852551.) 1) language-de ~-to iimasu; means Kore-wa nihongo-de denwa to it is called ~ in (language) iimasu. (This is called denwa in Japanese.) 2) indicates place where an action Watashi-wa uchi-de terebi-o occurs mimasu. (I watch T.V. at home.) 3) indicates a method or means Jitensha-de gakkoo-ni ikimasu. (I go to school by bicycle.) 4) denotes a place or category Fuji-san-wa nihon-de ichiban takai yama desu. (Mr. Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan.) 5) jibun-de, hitori-de; indicates an Jibun-de suugaku-no shukudai-o exclusive agent shimasu. (I will do math homewok by myself.) Ima, hitori-de sunde-imasu. (I live alone now.) 6) ato-de; indicates boundary of Mata ato-de kimasu. (I will come time back later.) adds emphasis Dame desu-yo. (Its bad!) Note(s) indicates a question

no

J I-8 J I-12 J I-15 J I-23

de

J I-10

J I-47, 67 J I-71 J II-9 J II-11, 51

J II-24 yo J I-13

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JAPANESE III APPENDIX: Japanese Particles Particle to Lesson J I-10 J I-15 J I-41 ga** J I-18, 20 Note(s) 1) word-to iimasu; means is called (word). 2) connects nouns and means and * 3) indicates the person one does something with 1) ga imasu/arimasu; indicates the existence of persons/items or possessions 2) -ga hoshii desu/suki desu/ dekimasu/joozu desuiirimasu; indicates the object of desire, preference, ability/skill, and need indicates someone/something is the same sort as the one previously mentioned 1) indicates a direct object Sample sentence Kore-wa shitajiki-to iimasu. (This is called shitajiki.) Asa sakana-to gohan-o tabemasu. (I eat fish and rice for breakfast.) Yoru kazoku-to tabemasu. (I eat dinner with my family.) Watashi-wa ani ga imasu. (I have an older brother.) Kuroi pen-ga arimasu-ka? (Do you have /Is there a black pen?) Watashi-wa nihongo-ga suki desu. (I like Japanese.) Watashi-wa supeingo-ga dekimasu. (I can speak Spanish.) Supuun-ga 4-hon irimasu. (I need four spoons.) Kono hon-wa ii desu. Sono hon-mo ii desu. (This book is good. That book is also good.) Sakana-o tabemasu-ka? (Do you eat fish?) Sakana-o katte-imasu. ( I have fish as pets.) Kotoshi, kookoo-o sotsugyoo shimasu. (I will graduate from high school this year.) Itsu koko-o demasu-ka? (When are you leaving here?)

J I-38, 52, 55, 56, J II36

mo

J I-18 J I-26 J II-4 J II-54, 60

o (not

2) institution-o sotsugyoo shimasu, place-o demasu; indicates the starting point of a moving action

* NOTE: The and for sentence + sentence is soshite. Ex) Watashi-wa sakana-o tabemasu. Soshite ocha-o nomimasu. (I eat fish and drink Japanese tea.) Sorekara meaning and then can be used when something happens after something else. Ex) Watashi-wa asa-gohan-o tabemasu. Sorekara, gakkoo-ni ikimasu. (I eat breakfast, and then I go to school.) ** NOTE: Ga changes to wa in negative statements. Ex.) Pen-ga arimasu-ka? Iie, pen-wa arimasen. (Is there a pen? No, there is no pen.) Ex.) Sakana-ga suki desu-ka? Iie, sakana-wa suki ja-nai desu. (Do you like fish? No, I dont like fish.) Georgia Public Broadcasting 2005 APPENDIX 27

JAPANESE III APPENDIX: Japanese Particles Particle kara, made Lesson J I-26 J II-7, 34, 35, 60 Note(s) Sample sentence time/place/person-kara time/place- Nihongo-no jugyoo-wa 8-ji kara 9-ji made; means from made desu. (Japanese class is from [time/place/person] to [time/place] 8:00 to 9:00.) Dochira-kara desu-ka? (Where are you from?) Hidari-kara 2-ban-me-no keeki-o kudasai. (Please give me the second cake from the left.) Chichi-kara kuruma-o moraimashita. (I received a car from my father.) Hakone-made 1-mai, kudasai. (Please give me one ticket for Hakone.) 1) time/date/day-ni; indicates the Asa 7-ji-ni okimasu. time/date/occasion when an action (I get up at 7:00 in the morning.) or process takes place 1-gatsu 15-nichi-ni paatii-o shimasu. (Were having a party on Jan. 15.) 3-nen mae-ni nihon-ni ikimashita. (I went to Japan three years ago.) 2-nen-go-ni kekkon shimasu. (I will get married in two years.) 2) noun-ni shimasu; indicates the Watashi-wa koohii-ni shimasu. result of ones deciding on (Ill have coffee.) something 3) noun-ni narimasu; indicates the Tanjoobi-ni 19-sai-ni narimasu result or final state (Ill be 19 yrs. old on my birthday.) Shoorai, isha-ni narimasu. (I will become a doctor in the future.) 4) place-ni ikimasu/kimasu/ Ashita Nyuu Yooku-ni ikimasu. kaerimasu (motion verb); indicates (I will go to New York tomorrow.) the purpose/place one goes to Doko-ni asobi-ni ikitai desu-ka? (Where do you want to go to have fun?) 5) place/location-ni Gakkoo-wa kooen-no mae-ni arimasu/imasu/haitte-imasu/ arimasu. (The school is located in sunde-imasu/wasuremasu; front of the park.) indicates a place/location where Tenisu-bu-ni haitte-imasu. someone/something exists (I belong to the tennis club.) Igirisu-ni sunde-imasu. (I live in England.) Hon-o resutoran-ni wasuremashita. (I left a book at the restaurant.) APPENDIX 28

ni

J I-27 J II-35, 54

J I-32 J I-35 J II-55

J I40, 47 J II-28, 29 J I-69 J II-14, 50, 59

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JAPANESE III APPENDIX: Japanese Particles Particle ni Lesson J II-18, 20 Note(s) 6) person-ni aimasu, (person)-ni kakimasu; indicates the person who is the object of an action Sample sentence Nihongo-no sensei-ni aimasu. (I will meet my Japanese teacher.) Tomodachi-ni tegami-o kakimasu. (I write letters to my friends.) 8-ji-ni gakkoo-ni tsukimashita. (I arrived at the school at 8:00.)

J II-60 J II-21 ) J II-21

e (not

7) place-ni tsukimasu; indicates the direction or stopping place of a movement 1) indicates the direction of a Ashita, Tookyoo-e ikimasu. movement (I will go to Tokyo tomorrow.) 2) person-e; indicates the person to Kazuko-san-e (Dear Kazuko) which something is addressed

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