Week-1 Questions and answer key
1. What is the fluid component of the cytoplasm called?
An: Cytosol
2. Which ion is more abundant in the intracellular environment?
An: Potassium
3. What is the main purpose of homeostasis in biological systems?
An: To maintain nearly constant conditions in the internal environment
4. What occurs when the calcium ion concentration falls below about one-half normal?
An: Tetanic contraction of muscles throughout the body
5. Which fixative is commonly used for light microscopy?
An: Formalin
6. Lipid-rich structures of cells are stained with lipid-soluble dyes such as:
An: Sudan black
7. Which of the following dyes is classified as a basic dye?
An: Toluidine blue
8. The most commonly used staining method in histology is a combination of:
An: Hematoxylin and eosin
9. Basophilic components of tissues include:
An: DNA
10. Which microscopy technique is best suited for studying unstained cells and tissue sections that
are usually transparent and colorless?
An: Phase-Contrast Microscopy
11. What is the approximate number of cells in the adult human body?
An: 100 trilion
12. What is the typical thickness of the cell membrane?
An: 7.5 to 10 nanometers
13. Which component makes up the majority of the cell membrane?
An: Proteins
14. Which type of substances is impermeable to the cell membrane?
An: Ions and glucose
15. What percentage of the cell membrane is composed of phospholipids?
An: 25%
16. Integral proteins are known to:
17. What is one function of membrane carbohydrates in the cell glycocalyx?
An: Attaching cells to one another
18. What is the process of "cell drinking" called?
An: Pinocytosis
19. What distinguishes primary and secondary active transport?
An: The energy source used for transport
20. Which of the following molecules has high lipid solubility?
An: Carbon dioxide
21. Facilitated diffusion is also known as:
An: Carrier-mediated diffusion
22. Which junction seals adjacent cells to one another, controlling passage of molecules between
them?
An: Tight Junction (Zonula Occludens)
23. Hormones released into the bloodstream act on target cells at a distance in which type of
signaling?
An: Endocrine signalling
24. Which signaling type occurs when molecules secreted by a cell affect the same cell?
An: Autocrine signaling
25. Across the cell membrane diffusion increases due to?
An: Lipid solubility
26. Which organelle is a major site for the biosynthesis of proteins and lipids?
An: Endoplasmic reticulum
27. Which organelle among the following is NOT associated with a bilayer membrane?
An: Proteasome
28. Which disease is caused by a deficiency in α-L-iduronidase?
An: Hurler syndrome (MPS I)
29. Which monomeric protein makes up microtubules?
An: α and β tubulin
30. What type of cells are sperm cells and mature oocytes?
An: Haploid
31. Which organelle is described as the "powerhouse" of the cell?
An: Mitochondria
32. Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest and most variable?
An: G1 phase
33. Which nitrogen base is replaced by uracil in RNA?
An: Thymine
34. Which of the following is NOT a principal function of epithelial tissues?
An: Signal generation
35. What is the primary cause of male infertility in individuals with Kartagener syndrome?
An: Immotile spermatozoa
36. Which type of epithelium forms the lining of the bladder, ureters, and renal calyces?
An: Transitional
37. Where is stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium found?
An: Mouth
38. Where is holocrine secretion best observed?
An: Sebaceous glands
39. Sweat glands are an example of which type of gland?
An: Coiled Tubular
40. Stereocilia are commonly found in:
An: The inner ear
41. What does etiology focus on in relation to disease?
An: Why a disease arises
42. Which of the following is the most common cause of cell injury?
An: Hypoxia and ischemia
43. Which structural component of the cell loses its integrity in irreversible cell injury?
An: Plasma membrane
44. Which term refers to the fragmentation of a condensed nucleus?
An: Karyorrhexis
45. Which type of necrosis is characteristic of infarcts in solid organs except the brain?
An: Coagulative necrosis
46. Fat necrosis is commonly seen in which organ?
An: Pancreas
47. Which disease commonly presents with fibrinoid necrosis?
An: Polyarteritis nodosa
48. What happens to the size of the cell during apoptosis?
An: Decreased
49. Which of the following is not physiological apoptosis?
An: Councilman bodies
50. which of the following is the most sensitive to hypoxia?
An: Neural cell
