y LENS THEORY erctoyfaa — Lenses A lem is a piece ot +ransparcent material with two kebreactin Jeast One {S Curcved materciall ig dite we Conver 69) Converging Lan Wher & lend is thicker In the middle than at the edges, i i Ca led Convex lens. 4 ins ae CHER ORR, \ 0 d \. se a Riz +VEs Ry=~VO — Types ob Lens: R RUFRy Rika Bi- convey lens Eqyet-convey lens, 4 Surtrace such thot at & reebreactive index ob ith reent bron the ¢ cer rounding beConcave (0%) Wive gin middle sit iy called concave fens. Bek Ra =o i Plano— concave is Convex lens Convex lensa R i | i k | J fa RFR RFR Rize, nvexo- , 8 [ col Bi-Concamy — Baysri- Plane concave lens Leng > Concavo — Concavo | Bia) Lens Lens ~ Terms Associcebed: with Lows: Tenms Associcced with Lons i. OpHeal centene (0): feo is @ point bon a given Lens threough which any nay parses underiade Fact a a origin ob GW calculation: ie Principal ayis Ca ittis a line pausing throug, optical centene k-centene ob cunvetune ob both |enses> WPrindpal tocus (F) A Lens has two sarfece, hence +wo Principal toc « “0 Ash Principal tocus (F) 2 tep tocal point ix on object point (reeal in case ob convex [eng Ie vircterol bore concave) fstcoth the principal axis bore which image if horemed ato »b- and principal Pocus (Fa) and boca! point is an image poinr on the prindpaf axig bore which Object {6 af eo» i>, = [ = Po e 7 | io me) Td L-7 (eeal ing) Se _ > iv-Focall Length (432 His the dist” bet optical carter & and socal point - Vv Wee) Planes tis Plane pasting through the patrtpl focus be penpendicedlarc do the principal Vir Apperaturce ¢ dppercaderee enoank the obtective arcea ofr the lens breom which |fht Hranamie rtensity ob image Formed by a lens depends oy the Aqpeahe Ob” Apparcarteurce» [Ed CAppercakurce)™| Sign_ Convention: Se Is/out/as - YEO fa “ 7 caleuforion originPr re he a7 passing through optical conterce ix AFG» Undewi JT A rea og: injoF fe ° P%sing threo At bo int (F () dircected towards. i+ pie Ftc oon ae Lants .,"becomen, parcallel: +o: preincipa axl: nq pouraltel to principal axis Ithes parses (ongap rages bored by Conver Lows # Pasition_ob- fay Biagram: Naturee cb erage “Object i Real is Thvercted oe We At Fy ive Wimini ched th size Vem L2-] EB? oo is Real i Is "'Tnvereted AF (Ec) Je | rt .. 0 “e a : [SS a M* Bete a ap \ TONY em ey . Y Vesmallore than Object Size 3: At Qo) * Real ae ie Thvercted QF (other cide ob lens) 7 Me Came size ag Object Ve m=] SaQvie Min. dich? bet obje are innagei Ae Bab ap popes UF. \ \ A Real ite Trvescted ine | Xf a ab oy . i ST & Beyond af (other side Onn \E | _ Ol jen) _ Koy IY) mm >I Nive Laraere than obi Sz UR erPe el five At YS 4 ind ere thay MON Yeolt) object size : Ve m>>-l fe vircteal ile Ereect i Larger Han object Size Ve Same Side as > Object ve m>+L its Ereeck i? Gourne sid@.as obj. ive fmaljore -Hhaen obp Size 1 I+ Vireteoad | | | | - D Thin Lens ferukil ons roremulo 'S @ ree Soc} length () ob the Jeng dist? (ov v)” x image dist H? (v)NOTE=|:The above boremula iy valid bore convex wm well as concave jen, & if ig independent ol noteuce oF tho image (real (0%) vireteral) NotE-a:The above 09” can alo he woreittery ag VeUe Us - -M pibeadion (mt ; a Treansverse ©) lateral (ox) Linear eragribicading IF iS the reato ob size ob image to the size | ob object» mah _v_ | < | NoTe-| fore erect tera im boremedl b Con¥ave 0%) Convex Leng mix +ve while tel, an inverted & real image: te Linecus meagnibtcation interes ob ute! : As We Know, | Sa U Vv multiplying both side with "US they i |Near. ac ggg Sneare magpitication In-ferem® ob WHF: | AS we know, I= | 1 3 . fT , AF plying both side with'v', then a l= ay Ms ee U v veer U = “fev f fe | bet” Iinecure & Longiterdinal magni bicedtion s Aces to thin lens foremula , Differentiate both side, NE op ee fo Vou i! ae (ae) d t 10 = -dv 4 du 1 ve ut y = dv. du va youve we Vv 2 2d ne) tudinal = m*| 4 Longitudinal magnification is the SYNOTe of Linear magnification « | Newtens forermulas Tn coe ob Hain convex lens if cn object is placed of a’ dist” y, bytom binst fos b HS image fy formed ata o 71M po 1 eS dist” Xg brtom the second bocus theroe, freom simi fart triangles to the lebt ds the lena ho =X, n v » ” Non reight ht F, Frtom eq? (iy & (it) > etl 1 on fy Mee fe ° t Yay ¢ RET] font Cy Cases (Pv) 2 fire Dt-R0/ou/as Derivettion ob thin Lens boremulla bore Convex lens preedace reall image : ‘Assumption 3 & The lens used {s thin- tis The appertature ob the lens is gmall- - Considerr an ob (an object AB placed arcpendiculeue to +he principal axis ob a thin! corte lens bet? QF EA rien , invercted km mi bi eof Image Ale! is boremed beyond af, otherr Sito ob +heSS — | = FAB w Anlelo Z AB A hal” Se I AMOF ARB! E > AB_= OF aig SE uy [or neem] 2) BB 0 =A Los 27 ae : tii bron, CD OD » OB = OF = OF — a Ae oe =6BIE Cog Obj- clicy? _ OB=-uU Tmage dist — og! yy Focag dength =of = +f Dyes Petting these values a4 20? Gi), Ue Vv vf T-UVEVE aVE 3 Hv ay = VF . Beez UvE Gov uve ; =) tbe | Foniv U | QBEER “Derivation ob thin lens boremula bon a Convex lew preducé virkial imaee ne i The lens used fe thin. We The “ppercaturce ob the Long, 1S Sma). Con8idere ay object AR % phaced or Hh OKIS in bet” focus aK opticced center ob a convex lend. then a Virctocl » orcect & magnibi ed innage alps! is boremed same consid iia 2 Princple i iBl siden Ob Object ues AABO w A Alplo AB = 08 i) Ala! op! AMF w aniole MO = OF 5 AB = OF __ Gi) Ae or ‘le Ge Brom eq7(i) kG) , 08 - oF - OF o OB BIF op! tor object dist? = 0B = -u image dist” = op!= -V focal Length = of = + Putting these values iin eq? lili) —Yief 2 w-upe-v nee vO HVTF ? 7 F pM UE UvF “Ove Can >AMoF Y AnlglE > 98 _-6F ii) Ter nacmof = 88 = oF leh Oe —i) [°: nace] ? oF PROM eas he) » OB = OF = OF __ tii) a ‘op! pt | OF Objrdla og Os «BIE og Tmage ist — oat. 4y sng apd? =OF = +f -; Petting these values fn eo? Gi).

AB - oF wi) Ale! oF ple OF birom e67U) kG) , 08 - OF _ oF os! BIE op! +or object dict®= op = —u "image. cist” = oa! = —V foca) Length = of = +£ Putting these values in eq? ii) Se at Eps vF —tii) piv uf . _Ve UvF uve uvelle bore — a —— Cencwe Long reduce a _ vi “Assumption 2 » Ts The Lens is used ts thin- . Il "The appercetere ob the Lens i ie prdnci pal Consider cus object AB stressed or 7 ercect, kseng, Axis ob a concave lens: 4 vire une sicle abr feng image Alp) jx porenes| cu the same : i eee =ARBO aanlalo B= 0B ___iy ple! op! AMOF ~ anilele See Fy BR. og Ale! RIF rie Bie breem eau Ki), oB — OF =_OF —@i : oe B! OF —0B' Object dic = —U = on a image dish?= —v = oa! foceafp fength=—F =oF Petting +hese values on om? Wi) = Sea FL ew)j Avie of aa RW =) UV vf =-vf =) UY up vg uve ove Uvé 24 ete ape ae 2 Dt 22/04, Powert oF a Lend: the power of a Lene eae Mecipreocal ob itg bocal length - vs pe = 100 Fc) fern) *S*L untt ob Power iB dtoptge (0): Power ob OH convex Z ~~ 100% Th ve ke Conceine lens ih exrtind the power ob a convex lens whose kocal length i¢' a0 cm 9 5 Hoo =188 Qo Ck: Find +he Power ob a concave fons whare'boca length % OS™? er t = -—29 ss 1 Combination ob two thin Lonss Bquivedlont soca length ko powert Ob tho thi eng:itd a ole J Kets kL, be the two thin erga: with ec | fy placed co-axially in cor on te princp, Othere + Lo+,0 be a point object | Oxis ob Lens aystem> cr ob The Obigg HF the Jens Ly kero op image a sep OF O dist? v\ bream the lent 5Y Ace: to longs foremula z- fl Fe Nya ye 2 tat | a) 7 7 vi U i: { Neo the image 2, will be an cbject bor ie Whose jm is boremed at a dist™v' ben, | the lens YAtem hen Accs to eng borer for = sboebiclirss |” vou . -1-1 —ti) 7 Ff, vow a Adsing 297) Gi) eee : ae he |G joe ‘ t {\ “ptt _d Fifa ‘ 2) | i \ be Ft Pa— APP : i F, 4, Retraction trom a spherical sustbace OBEN? Rebrocton brom raster to denser medicers : Ronesc (18) .'P &'A! points arte very Closer to each other. bore very smal} angle tanO=@ , tand= oh ke dan b= ty aoe, (opa] —8 Poamac | a retd[re=ed) <1) Tn AMAO 2- tanO-Q- MA : AO Th AMAC t= tand= k= MA AC In AMAT 2~ “tan be b- MAL ae(ORE in ean na Te, Sint — MA Ma Ro AC ! Se Me ap i ‘ AC Age Wu srolty law :- I ha AL = Sint 3 Sine =y Sint _ My ‘Sione =) At sint= Akysine 5 ma oe) u A RE} = — - a a(n se] Me aC ET 7 + Mb = Le ~ be i Pah dl = Aly ] ee HA ab hep? oy | ALT= ma-dist” ay I AC= Radius ob eurcvedurce =+R COS e-2 ; Rebrtaction from denser +o nanere Tt STEN rom denser 40 rarer MRdhituny 8 :at Denner (Uy) / fanerc( Li), Tn AM0C, a= O4_ ay[nza-o | a) thamic, [¢- a+ { ——fil) Th AMAO 2-4anO=: O= ae. Th amac Sana = = MA “AC In amar 2- taunt - d= MA “AL Put in e9?G) KG) — iin AL SINC =) Ly ae = Aa J ae. 4 “e 7 Me _ bi = AN 4 Ah “HC AO Ac “AL =) Ag Uy Ug + Lt, A ee fo 8 ALL.= AO = obj. dist= —y | Ale Img: dis+® =+v AC= Radius ob-curwetone = —R Sh el Uy AL pe Xe +h 2 Ly- Ly | wo La Di-26/oy/2. i Lens makers boremula bore a thin convex lens: bens merkere borcmula ix a reelection bet? the | | becol length of a lens to the ctadht cbr curves PURE or the two sunbace 4 the reebreacHve | | Index ob the material ob the lens Mecthe mocHi cally , Aa | ey Lens maker bormaula help us to manvbach a lens ob a portiadon bocal length breom @) glass ob giver rebnactive index . / let we considerc a point object 'o’ on he preincipal axis ob a thin Convex lens: Wi Se ‘Ay cue the reebnactive: indicesairtt & lens medi un nespectively « such +hot AR, 4 Ag» ob Curcvetustes RRR ane the radi? ob- curtyeturce ob tho Surcrace XxPY xP respectively « Roy Di 5 ned Program ia Rarert Us) ‘\x/ Dn FV —> Rebreaction rom +e. Sunrbace xpys fore the surcbace xPY ‘0? is the reel) object ina reartere medium ob reebreactive index AL, whose real image Ty boemed in a Aenitore Medium ob eeobreactive index dy: © My My = My ts, a ae =o) z =] fe, + Uy - — Ly fi Uy 7 WY R Rebtracton trom the Sunb-ace XPYS Fort TM THK SuMb ce XP’Fhe Swerace xe,y ‘2, act one Object fh a denson mest 27" a index Lys whose ceval image Ti 1 Form In a easeeit medium ob reebreactMe ing Ah a Say BL tn ty v — i = MyM, tii) I Ay “YL Ov z — Addling egPG) kW) - AY dy = Ag A tg eye ee es au [ | = ti) ot “+ | > +o (el (4-4) U, eal Ri Rg AL=| (ain medium) I Aky= we ( Lens) Which ty the jens makerd formula.“special cose [+= earn( -4+)] case} Convex Long, Goncave beng For Bi- convex jong at &) R=+ve, Ry=-ve AL-") (_4a le fs Ce RS &) cases ee eausi-convex Lens ( R\=Ra=R) Fre) = (W) (2 PouR 6 to 20a) CO%e3? fere Pleuno- convex Long (a= °, Ry=-p) 2 Fs ‘ps Oy (2 +4) 4-1 Contave Lens Cwe-Ae fore Bi-concave long CaF el Re 1 ur) fa. Ry=tve pe ee ol L =a "tore “equteancave Lore (Ri=RQ= RY 9 po tw ete) Cose-s Case-Ts Every pore ob a Lens boreme q () complete i e-ibr a porction ob- Leng i 7 obs-ruuctd , bull image will be bormed buf intensity will be feedeced : Case-82 Focal Length ob a Lens clepend on its| teebreactive index + it 18 maxianeen bore reed minimum bore violet: Whatever Hye nacre | ob jens-