Hopfield network - (Or "Hopfield model") A kind of neural network investigated b y John Hopfield in the early 1980s.

The Hopfield network has no special input or output neurons (see McCulloch-Pitts), but all are both input and output, and al l are connected to all others in both directions (with equal weights in the two directions). Input is applied simultaneously to all neurons which then output to each other and the process continues until a stable state is reached, which rep resents the network output. ------------------------A Hopfield net is a form of recurrent artificial neural network invented by John Hopfield. Hopfield nets serve as content-addressable memory systems with binary threshold units. They are guaranteed to converge to a local minimum, but conve rgence to one of the stored patterns is not guaranteed. -----------------------One of the earliest recurrent neural networks reported in literature was the aut o-associator independently described by Anderson (Anderson, 1977) and Kohonen (K ohonen, 1977) in 1977. It consists of a pool of neurons with connections between each unit i and j, i 6= j. Hopfield Neural Network The auto-associator network. All neurons are both input and output neurons, i.e. , a pattern is clamped, the network iterates to a stable state, and the output of th e network consists of the new activation values of the neurons. All connections are weighted. In 1982, Hopfield (Hopfield, 1982) brings together several earlier ideas concerning these networks and presents a complete mathema tical analysis based on Ising spin models (Amit, Gutfreund, & Sompolinsky, 1986) . It is therefore that this network, which we will describe in this chapter, is generally referred to as the Hopfield network. The Hopfield network consists of a set of N interconnected neurons which update their activation values asynchronously and independently of other neurons. All n eurons are both input and output neurons. The activation values are binary. Orig inally, Hop

eld chose activation values of 1 and 0, but using values +1 and -1 presents some advantages discussed below. We will therefore adhere to the latter convention. ---------------------------see this link for an interesting brain-training game: http://www.lumosity.com/personal-training-plan ---------------------------http://www.cbu.edu/~pong/ai/hopfield/hopfieldapplet.html --------------------------http://www.cbu.edu/~pong/ai/hopfield/HopfieldApplet.class http://www.cbu.edu/~pong/ai/hopfield/HopfieldApplet.jar