The Urinary System - renal corpuscle (glomerulus

Trivia Time + bowman’s capsule)

➢ Average bladder holds between - renal tubule
300-600 ml of urine (similar to 1-2 ● Renal Corpuscle
cans of soda) - Glomerulus = specialized
➢ Average person passes about 1.5 to capillary bed
2 liters of urine in 24 hours (ideally) - Attached to arterioles on both
➢ In our lifetime, kidneys can clean sides (maintains high
more than 1 million to 4.5 million pressure)
liters of water, enough to fill small - Large afferent arteriole
lake - Narrow efferent arteriole
➢ Females are prone to recurring - Capillaries are covered with
UTIs, the male’s urinary system podocytes from the renal
make them susceptible to prostate tubule
problems - Glomerulus sits within
Function of the Urinary System glomerular (Bowman’s)
● Remove metabolic wastes from the capsule (the first part of the
body renal tubule)
- Nitrogenous wastes, toxins ● Renal Tubule
and drugs - Proximal convoluted tubule
● Participate in Homeostasis - Descending loop of Henle
- Water balance, electrolytes, - Ascending loop Henle;
acid-base balance in the - Distal convoluted tubule
blood, blood pressure, red - Collecting duct
blood cell production and ● Urine Formation Processes
activation of Vitamin D 1. Glomerular filtration
Organs of the Urinary System - Happens in the renal
● Ureters corpuscle
● Urinary bladder - Water and solutes
● Urethra smaller than protein
● Kidneys are forced through
- Located in retroperitoneal capillary walls and
- Region of Kidneys : pores of the
- Renal cortex - outer region glomerular capsule
- Renal medulla - inside the into the renal tubule
cortex - From the blood to
- Renal pelvis - inner filtrate (forms urine)
collecting tube 2. Tubular reabsorption
● Nephron - Happens in proximal
- The structural and functional convoluted tubule,
units of the kidney parts of loop of Henle
- Responsible for forming urine - The needed ions like
- Main structures of the water, glucose, amino
nephrons acids are transported
 out of the filtrate into acid, citric acid, ascorbic
the tubule cells and acid)
then enter the
capillary blood. - Some reabsorption is passive (e.g.
- Reabsorption; from osmosis for water), most is through
filtrate back to blood active transport
3. Tubular secretion - Most reabsorption occurs in the
- Distal convoluted proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
tubule Materials Not Reabsorbed
- H1, K1, creatinine, ● Nitrogenous waste products
drugs are removed - Urea (by- product of amino
from the peritubular acid metabolism)
blood and secreted - Uric acid (by - product of
by the tubule cells nucleotide metabolism)
into the filtrate - Creatinine
- Final stage of ● Excess water
secretion; blood going Secretion
to the filtrate again ● Reabsorption in reverse; materials
● Filtration move from the peritubular capillaries
- Glomerular capillaries filter into the proximal or distal convo;uted
water and dissolved plasma tubules
components from blood - Hydrogen and Potassium
- Water and solutes are forced ions
through capillary walls due to - Creatinine
hydrostatic pressure ● Secretion is important for:
- 60 mmHg in glomerular - Getting rid of substances not
capillaries and 5 mmHg in already in the filtrate
Bowman’s Capsule - Removing drugs and excess
- Blood cells and large ions
proteins cannot pass out of - Maintaining acid- base
the capillaries balance of blood
- Filtrate is collected in the
glomerular capsule and
leaves via the renal tubule
● Reabsorption
- Substances are transported
from the glomerular filtrate
back to blood in the
peritubular capillaries
- Some water, glucose,
amino acids, ions (sodium,
chloride, phosphate, sulfate,
potassium) & (others (lactic ● Materials left in the renal tubule
moved toward the ureter
Urine Formation and Characteristics ● Peristalsis aids gravity in urine
● Nitrogenous Wastes transport
- Nitrogen waste products are Urinary Bladder
poorly reabsorbed ● Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
- Tend to remain in the filtrate ● Temporarily stores urine
and are excreted from the ● Retroperitoneal, behind pubic
body in the urine symphysis
- Urea - end product of Urethra
protein breakdown ● Thin - walled tube that carries urine
- Uric acid - results from from the bladder to the outside of the
nucleic acid metabolism body by peristalsis
- Creatinine - associated with ● Release of urine is controlled by two
creatine metabolism in sphincters (internal & external)
muscles ● Micturition - process by which urine
is expelled from urinary bladder to
● Normal urine are colored somewhat outside
yellow (straw) due to the pigment Urethra Gender Differences
urochrome (from the destruction of ● Length - females; 3 to 4 cm (1.5
hemoglobin) and solutes inches) males; 20 cm (8 inches)
● Sterile ● Location
● Slightly aromatic - Females - along wall of the
● Normal pH of around 6 vagina opening anterior to
● Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035 vaginal opening
● Solutes normally found in urine - Males - through the prostate
- Sodium and potassium ions and penis
- Urea, uric acid and creatinine Micturition
- Ammonia ● Voiding or emptying of the urinary
- Bicarbonate ions bladder
● Two sphincters control the release of
urine - internal and external urethral
sphincter
● Bladder collects urine to 200 ml
● Stretch receptors transmit impulses
to the sacral region of the spinal
cord & impulses travel back to the
Ureter bladder via the splanchnic nerves to
● Small tubes that carry urine from cause bladder contractions
each kidney to the urinary bladder ● When contractions become stronger,
- Continuous with the renal urine is forced past the involuntary
pelvis internal sphincter into the upper
- Enter the posterior aspect of urethra
the bladder ● Urge to void is felt
● Runs behind the peritoneum
 ● The external sphincter is voluntarily
controlled, so micturition can usually
be delayed
Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid - Base Balance
● Kidneys have four roles in
maintaining blood composition
1. Excreting nitrogen-
containing wastes
2. Maintaining water balance of
the blood
3. MAintaining electrolyte
balance of the blood Distribution of the Body Fluid (Fluid
4. Ensuring proper blood pH Compartments)
Maintaining Water Balance ● Water occupies three main fluid
● Normal amount of water in the compartments
human body 1. Intracellular fluid (ICF) - fluid
- Young adult females - 50% inside cells; accounts for ⅔
(F> fat, F>muscles) of body fluid
- Young adult males - 60% 2. Extracellular fluid (ECF) -
- Babies - 75% (low fat, low fluids outside cells; includes
bone mass) blood plasma, interstitial fluid
- Old age - 45% (IF), lymph, and transcellular
● Water is necessary for many body fluid
functions and levels must be 3. Plasma (blood) is ECF, but
maintained accounts for 3L of total body
● Sources for water intake water - links external and
- Ingested foods and fluids internal environments; most
- Water produced from important and homeostatic of
metabolic processes plasma must be maintained
- Cellular metabolism
● Sources for water output
- Vaporization out of the lungs
- Lost in perspiration
- Leaves the body in the feces
- Urine production (will vary
with kidney control
The Link Between Water and Salt ● Regulation is primarily by hormones
● Solutes in the body include 1. ADH prevents excessive
electrolytes like sodium, potassium, water loss in urine
and calcium ions 2. Aldosterone regulates
- Changes in electrolytes sodium ion content of
balance causes water to extracellular fluid
move from one compartment - Triggered by the
to another renin - angiotensin
- Alters blood volume and mechanism
blood pressure; Osmosis- 3. Renin - angiotensin
water follows salt mechanism
- Can impair the activity of - Produced by kidneys
cells
Regulation of Water and Electrolyte
Reabsorption
● Osmoreceptors
- Sensitive cells in the
hypothalamus
- React to small changes in
solute blood composition by
becoming more active
- When activated, the thirst
center in the hypothalamus is
notified
- A dry mouth due to
decreased saliva also
promotes the thirst
mechanism