I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

CHNG TRNH O TO THC S CNTT QUA MNG

________ ________

BO CO THU HOCH CHUYN

CNG NGH TRI THC

ti:

HC BNG PHNG PHP XY DNG CY NH DANH

Ging vin HD: GS.TSKH Hong Kim (CH0301041) (CH0301044)

Nhm thc hin: L Minh Li Dng Thnh Minh Trng Cng Tun

(CH0301084)

Lp Cao hc CNTT Qua mng Kha I

TP. HCM, 7/2004

Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

MC LC
Phn 1: t vn ...................................................................................... 2 Phn 2: L thuyt c s ca phng php hc bng cy nh danh ...... 4 I. nh ngha v cy nh danh ............................................................. 4 II. Phn tch bi ton .............................................................................. 4 III. Thut ton Quinlan ............................................................................ 6 1. Thut ton ................................................................................ 6 2. Minh ho thut ton .................................................................. 6 3. Nhn xt ( o hn lon) ........................................................ 9
4. Pht sinh tp lut ..................................................................... 10

5. Ti u ha tp lut................................................................... 10 6. Kt lun ....................................................................................12 I. Thut ton ILA ................................................................................ 13 7. Thut ton ............................................................................... 13 8. Minh ho thut ton ................................................................ 13 Phn 3: Ci t ng dng minh ha ........................................................ 16 Phn 4: Kt lun ........................................................................................ 18 Ti liu tham kho ....................................................................................... 19

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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

Phn 1
T VN

T khi tr tu nhn to ra i cho n nay, ngi ta khng ngng thc hin cc cng trnh nghin cu a t tng nghin cu cng vi my tnh ng dng vo vic gii quyt cc cng vic trong thc tin i sng. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho tr tu nhn to tr thnh mt trong nhng lnh vc mi nhn trong thi i hin nay l vic lm cho my tnh tr nn thng minh hn, ni c th hn l ngi ta tm cch to ra cc chng trnh thng minh hn c kh nng gii quyt cc vn thc t nh cch gii quyt ca con ngi. Mt trong nhng lnh vc l th ca tr tu nhn to c cp trong chuyn ny l My hc. Tc l lm sao cho cc chng trnh c th hc t cc sai lm ca chng, t nhng quan st ngu nhin hay t cc yu cu t ra ca con ngi. Ni cch khc l lm cho cc chng trnh c kh nng rt kinh nghim t nhng quan st thc t. Tr tu v vic hc c lin quan mt thit vi nhau cht ch. Tht vy tr tu s khng tn ti c nu khng tn ti kh nng hc hi. V thng qua vic hc chng trnh my tnh ngy cng bin ha v pht trin thch ng vi mi trng v yu cu phc tp ca x hi hin nay. Chuyn sau y s l mt kho st nh v mt phng php hc trong tr tu nhn to, l vic hc bng phng php xy dng cy nh danh. Bi ton c t ra l t mt mu c s d liu c sn, my tnh c th pht hin ra tnh quy lut trong mu d liu bng phng php xy dng cy nh danh v nh gip con ngi a ra cc quyt nh nhanh chng v chun xc. V d 1: D liu ca mt bng quan st gm 4 thuc tnh ca con ngi nh sau:

Tc c gi tr vng, nu, Chiu cao c gi tr cao, trung bnh, thp Cn nng c gi tr nng, nh, trung bnh Dng kem chng nng c gi tr c dng kem, khng dng kem

th khi i tm bin ngi c b chy nng hay khng?

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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

D liu quan st c cho trong bng sau:

Tn Sarah Dana Alex Annie Emilie Peter John Kartie Mu tc Vng Vng Nu Vng Nu Nu Vng Chiu cao Trung bnh Cao Thp Thp Trung bnh Cao Trung bnh Thp Cn nng Nh Trung bnh Trung bnh Trung bnh Nng Nng Nng Nh Dng kem? Khng C C Khng Khng Khng Khng C Kt qu Chy nng Khng Khng Chy nng Chy nng Khng Khng Khng

(Bng 1) Sau khi d liu ny c a vo chng trnh my tnh th chng trnh s tr li cc tnh quy lut nh sau:
1. (Mu tc Vng) v (c dng kem) khng chy nng 2. (Mu tc nu) v (khng dng kem) chy nng 3. (Mu tc nu) khng chy nng 4. (Mu tc ) chy nng

(Hnh s 1) Lm sao my tnh lm c vic ny? Ta hy nghin cu k hn trong phn l thuyt c s ca phng php hc bng xy dng cy nh danh.

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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

Phn 2
L THUYT C S CA PHNG PHP HC BNG XY DNG CY NH DANH
I. NH NGHA V CY NH DANH: Cy nh danh l cy m nu ta i t nt gc n cc l ta s c mt quyt nh hay mt quy lut da vo cc thuc tnh trn ng i t gc n l, nh vy mi ng i t nt gc n nt l s cho ra mt quyt nh hay mt quy lut. V vy ngi ta cn gi cy nh danh l cy quyt nh. V d: Vi v d 1 trn th cy nh danh c xc nh nh sau:
Mu tc Vng Nu Khng chy nng - Alex - Peter - John Chy nng - Sarah - Annie o

Dng kem C Khng

Chy nng - Emmile

Khng chy nng - Dana - Kartie

(Hnh s 2) Cc kt lun hay quyt nh cho cy nh danh ny c a ra nh hnh s 1 II. PHN TCH BI TON: Bi ton hc bng phng php xy dng cy nh danh c phn tch v khai thc qua cc bc sau y, da vo bng d liu bng s 1 phn t vn . Ngi ta da vo tng tip cn hnh hc l phn chia khng gian bi ton to thnh mt cy nh danh sau xy dng cc phng php hc da trn cy nh danh . Cy nh danh c xy dng bng cch tm cc quy lut ca d liu.

Gi P l tp hp nhng ngi quan st c:

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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

1. Ta xt ngu nhin qua tng thuc tnh ri phn nhm kt qu theo tng gi tr ca thuc tnh Quan st thuc tnh tc ta c: Pvng = {Sarah, Dana, Annie, Kartie} Pnu = {Alex, Peter, John } P = {Emmile} Ngi c gch di v in m l b chy nng, ta c s sau:
Mu tc Vng Nu - Alex - Peter - John

- Dana - Kartie - Sarah - Annie

- Emmile

(Hnh s 3) Ta thy Pvng cn ln ln ngi chy nng v khng chy nng, tip tc quan st thuc tnh k tip l thuc tnh chiu cao vi cc tp hp cn ln ln ny ta c: Pvng, thp = {Annie, Kartie} Pvng, trung bnh = {Sarah} Pvng, cao = {Dana}
Mu tc Vng Nu - Alex - Peter - John - Dana

- Emmile

Thp

Chiu cao
Trung bnh

Cao

- Kartie - Annie

- Sarah

(Hnh s 4) 2. Thc hin qu trnh nh s 1 cho n khi tt c cc nt l ca cy khng cn ln ln gia chy nng v khng chy nng na. Qua mi bc phn hoch

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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

nh vy cy ngy cng phnh ra n khi xt ht cc thuc tnh th cy cui cng l cy nh danh c kh nng cho ta cc kt lun cui cng.
3. Nhn xt: Nh vy nu ta chn cc thuc tnh ngu nhin khc nhau th kt

qu cui cng s cho ra cy nh danh cui cng khc nhau. Vi nhn xt ny ta thy nu ta chn thuc tnh u tin theo mt cch no thng minh hn da vo tn xut xut hin ca gi tr d liu trn thuc tnh th c th s cho ta mt cy nh danh n gin hn. Vic chn thuc tnh nh th no l thng minh hn ta s xem thut ton Quinlan sau y: III. THUT TON QUINLAN: 1. Thut ton: Vi mi thuc tnh dn xut A cn c th s dng phn hoch th ta tnh: VA(j) = (T(j, r1), T(j, r2), , T(j, rn), )
Tng s phn t trong phn hoch c gi tr thuc tnh dn xut l A l j v c gi tr thuc tnh mc tiu l ri
Tng s phn t trong phn hoch c gi tr thuc tnh dn xut l A l j

T(j, ri) =

Trong r1, r2, , rn l cc gi tr thuc tnh mc tiu. Nh vy nu mt thuc tnh A c th nhn mt trong 5 gi tr khc nhau th n s c 5 vector c trng.
Mt vector V(Aj) c gi l vector n v nu n c duy nht mt thnh

phn c gi tr 1 v nhng thnh phn khc c gi tr 0. Thuc tnh c chn phn hoch l thuc tnh c nhiu vector n v nht. 2. Minh ha thut ton: a. Bc 1:
Xt thuc tnh Mu tc

- Xt gi tr Tc vng: Vtc(vng) = {T(vng, chy nng), T(vng, khng chy nng)} S ngi tc vng l: 4 S ngi tc vng v chy nng l: 2 S ngi tc vng v khng chy nng l: 2 Nh vy: Vtc(vng) = (2/4, 2/4) = (0.5, 0.5) - Tng t xt gi tr tc nu:
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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

S ngi tc nu l: 3 S ngi tc nu v chy nng l: 0 S ngi tc nu v khng chy nng l: 3 Nh vy: Vtc(nu) = (0/3, 3/3) = (0, 1) vector n v - Tc : Vtc() = (1/1, 0/1) = (1, 0) Vector n v Tng s vector n v ca thuc tnh Mu Tc l 2
Xt thuc tnh Chiu cao

Vchiu.cao(cao) = (0/2, 2/2) = (0, 1) Vchiu.cao(trung bnh) = (2/3, 1/3) Vchiu.cao(thp) = (1/3, 2/3)
Xt thuc tnh Cn nng

Vcn.nng(nh) = (1/2, 1/2) Vcn.nng(trung bnh) = (1/3, 2/3) Vcn.nng(nng) = (1/3, 2/3)
Xt thuc tnh Dng kem

Vdng.kem(c) = (3/4, 0/3) = (0, 1) Vdng.kem(khng) = (3/5, 2/5) Nh vy: thuc tnh mu tc c s vector n v nhiu nht (2 vector n v) nn s c chn u tin phn hoch. Sau khi phn hoch theo tc vng ta c tp phn hoch:
Tn Sarah Dana Annie Kartie Chiu cao Trung bnh Cao Thp Thp Cn nng Nh Trung bnh Trung bnh Nh Dng kem? Khng C Khng C Kt qu Chy nng Khng Chy nng Khng

(Bng s 2) b. Bc 2: Trong tp phn hoch ny ta thy cn cha nhng ngi chy nng v khng chy nng, tip tc phn hoch tp ny. Tnh vector c trng trn cc tp cn li (chiu cao, cn nng, dng kem).
Xt thuc tnh Chiu cao

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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

Vchiu.cao(cao) = (0/1, 1/1) = (0, 1) Vchiu.cao(trung bnh) = (1/2, 0/1) = (0, 1) Vchiu.cao(thp) = (1/2, 1/2)
Xt thuc tnh Cn nng

Vcn.nng(nh) = (1/2, 1/2) Vcn.nng(trung bnh) = (1/2, 1/2) Vcn.nng(nng) = (0, 0)

Xt thuc tnh Dng kem

Vdng.kem(c) = (0/2, 2/2) = (0, 1) Vdng.kem(khng) = (2/2, 0/2) = (0, 1) V hai thuc tnh dng kem v chiu cao u c cng 2 vector n v, tuy nhin s phn hoch ca thuc tnh dng kem l t hn nn ta chn phn hoch theo thuc tnh dng kem. Nhng tp phn hoch t c trong bc ny khng cn ln ln ngi chy nng v khng chy nng nn thut ton kt thc. Ta c cy nh danh cui cng:
Mu tc Vng Nu - Alex - Peter - John

Dng kem C Khng

- Emmile

- Dana - Kartie

- Sarah - Annie

(Hnh s 5) 3. Nhn xt ( o hn lon): Thay v phi xy dng vector c trng nh phng php ca Quinlan, ng vi mi thuc tnh dn xut ta ch cn tnh ra o hn lon v la chn thuc tnh no c o hn lon l thp nht. Ngi ta tnh c cng thc nh sau: Gi TA l o hn lon ca mt thuc tnh A, ta c:
bj TA = Bo co thu hoch j bt x bj - bt x log2 bj - bt 9

Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

Trong :
o bt l tng s phn t c trong phn hoch o bj l s phn t c thuc tnh dn xut A c gi tr j o bri l tng s phn t c thuc tnh dn xut A c gi tr j v thuc tnh mc

tiu c gi tr i. *** Tnh o hn lon trong bi ton trn:

o Tp tc Vng c 2 ngi chy nng v 2 ngi khng chy nng; o Tp tc ch c 1 ngi chy nng; o Tp tc Nu c 3 ngi khng chy nng, o hn lon c tnh nh

sau, v cho kt qu l 0.5 Ttc = 4/8(-2/4log22/4 2/4log22/4) + 1/8(-1/1log21/1 0/1log20/1) + 3/8(-3/3log23/3) Ttc = 4/8(-2/4log22/4 2/4log22/4) + 1/8*0 + 3/8*0 Ttc = 0.5 Tnh tng t ta c: Tchiu.cao = 0.69 Tcn.nng = 0.94 Tdng.thuc = 0.61 ta chn c thuc tnh mu tc phn hoch Tip tc tnh o hn lon trn cc thuc tnh cn li Tchiu.cao = 0.5 Tcn.nng = 1.0 Tdng.thuc = 0.0 thuc tnh tip theo c chn l dng thuc (TA = 0) 4. Pht sinh tp lut: Da vo cy nh danh c xy dng nh trong hnh s 5 mc 2, cc quyt nh c pht sinh nh sau: Ngi ta theo cc nhnh ca cy t gc n l ly cc th nghim l gi thit v ly nt l lm kt lun, c cc lut sau:
1. (Mu tc vng) v (c dng kem) khng chy nng 2. (Mu tc nu) v (khng dng kem) chy nng 3. (Mu tc nu) khng chy nng Bo co thu hoch 4. (Mu tc ) chy nng 10

Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

(Hnh s 6) Vn cn li l lm sao ti u ha tp lut ny nu n c tn ti lut d tha. 5. Ti u ha tp lut: a. Loi b gi thit khng cn thit trong lut: Sau khi cc lut chuyn t cy nh danh, c th b i cc lut khng cn thit n gin tp cc lut c sinh ra, ngi ta s b i nhng gi thit no c th b i m khng thay i tc dng ca lut i vi mu Ta ln lt xt 4 tp lut trn:
Xt lut 1:

IF (Mu tc Vng) v (c dng kem) THEN khng chy nng Gi thit c 2 phn, nu b i phn mu tc, cn li c dng kem, theo cc mu, ngi c dng kem l {Dana, Alex, Kartie} c 3 ngi ny khng ai b chy nng, tc l khng ai tri vi phn kt lun c. Do ngi ta c th b i phn gi thit v mu tc c lut sau vn tng ng: IF (c dng kem) THEN khng chy nng d dng trong suy lun ngi ta a ra bng ngu nhin (gi l bng ngu nhin v kt qu ca bng ph thuc vo d liu cho trong bng quan st) nh sau:
Mu tc Tc vng Tc khng vng Ngi khng chy nng 2 1 Ngi b chy nng 0 0

Bng trn cho thy mt tri thc l ngi c tc vng khng quyt nh g trong vic h c b chy nng hay khng (v khng c ngi tc vng no b chy nng) c th loi b thuc tnh tc trong lut 1 Nu b i thuc tnh dng kem ta c:
Dng kem C dng Khng dng Ngi khng chy nng 2 0 Ngi b chy nng 0 2

R rng ta khng th loi b thuc tnh dng kem ny trong lut ny

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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh Xt lut 2:

IF (Mu tc nu) v (khng dng kem) THEN chy nng B gi thit mu tc:
Mu tc Tc vng Tc khng vng Ngi khng chy nng 0 2 Ngi b chy nng 2 2

B gi thit dng kem:

Dng kem C dng Khng dng Ngi khng chy nng 2 0 Ngi b chy nng 0 2

Hai bng trn cho thy khng th b i gi thit no trong lut ny v ngi ta khng th bo m kt lun vn ng nu b i mt trong 2 gi thit cho, c ngha l lut ny khng th cho n gin hn c na. Xt lut 3 v 4 ta cng khng th loi b gi thit no. Tm li: Sau khi loi b gi thit tha, tp lut trn c th tm gn hn nh sau:
5. (C dng kem) khng chy nng 6. (Mu tc nu) v (khng dng kem) chy nng 7. (Mu tc nu) khng chy nng 8. (Mu tc ) chy nng

(Hnh s 7) b. Loi b lut tha: Nu suy lun k hn cht na sau khi loi b gi thit tha trong phn (a), ta c th thy rng i khi cng cn c lut tha v trng suy lun thng tin vi cc lut khc trong tp lut. Ta dng cc suy lun sau y loi b lut tha: Vi tp lut thu c hnh s 7 ta thy c 2 kt lun khng chy nng (lut 1 & 3) v 2 kt lun chy nng (lut 2 & 4). Ngi ta c th dng lut mc nh thay th mt hay nhiu lut c trong tp lut nu lut mc nh khng lm mt i tnh ng n ban u. Lut mc nh l lut c dng ch khi khng c lut no. Do c hai kt lun nn c hai kh nng ca lut mc nh:
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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

IF khng c gi thit THEN ngi b chy nng

(a) (b)

IF khng c gi thit THEN ngi khng chy nng

D thy rng lut mc nh (a) c th thay th cho lut (2) v lut (4) v khng c gi thit i din cho nhiu gi thit nht mu tc nu, khng dng kem v mu tc Nh vy tp lut hnh 7 c th thay th bng mt tp lut khc sau khi loi b lut bng cch thay th vo lut mc nh i din cho lut 2 & 4 nh sau:
1. (C dng kem) khng chy nng 2. (Mu tc nu) khng chy nng 3. (khng c gi thit) chy nng

(Hnh s 8) 6. Kt lun: Sau khi dng thut ton Quinlan xy dng cy nh danh, ngi ta chuyn v tp lut, ng thi ti u ha tp lut bng vic loi b cc gi thit tha, loi b gi thit khng gy nh hng n tp lut. Sau loi b lut tha bng thay th vo lut mc nh da trn hn hai tp lut c cng chung kt lun m c nhiu gi thit nht. Sau y ta s nghin cu thm mt thut ton gi l thut ton ILA cho vic trc tip xc nh tp lut t mu d liu c sn cho bi ton trn m thng qua vic xc nh cy nh danh.

IV. THUT TON ILA: 1. Thut ton:

Bc 1: Chia mu ban u thnh n bng con. Mi bng con ng vi mt

gi tr ca thuc tnh quyt nh ca tp mu Thc hin ln lt cc bc t 2 n 8 cho mi bng con c c

Bc 2: j = 1 Bc 3: Trn mi bng con ang kho st, chia danh sch cc thuc tnh

thnh cc t hp khc nhau, mi t hp bao gm j thuc tnh

Bc 4: Vi mi t hp thuc tnh c c, tnh s ln gi tr thuc tnh

xut hin theo cng t hp thuc tnh trong cc dng cn li ca bng con ang xt (m ng thi khng xut hin t hp gi tr ny trn tt c cc
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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

bng cn li). Gi t hp u tin (trong bng con) c s ln xut hin nhiu nht l t hp ln nht.
Bc 5: Nu t hp ln nht c gi tr bng 0, tng j ln 1 v quay li bc

3.
Bc 6: Loi b cc dng tha t hp ln nht ra khi bng con ang x

l.
Bc 7: Thm lut mi vo tp lut R, vi v tri l tp cc thuc tnh ca

t hp ln nht (kt hp cc thuc tnh bng ton t AND) v v phi l gi tr thuc tnh quyt nh tng ng.
Bc 8: Nu tt c cc dng u c loi b, tip tc thc hin t

bc 2 cho cc bng con cn li. Ngc li (nu cn dng cha b loi b) th quay li bc 4. Nu tt c cc dng con c xt n th kt thc. Tp R chnh l tp lut cn tm. 2. Minh ha thut ton: Minh ha gii thut ILA cho bng d liu sau y:
stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Size Medium Small Small Large Large Large Large Color Blue Red Red Red Green Red Green Shape Brick Wedge Sphere Wedge Pillar Pillar Sphere Decision Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes

Bc 1: Chia tp mu ban u thnh hai bng con (2 lp) bi 2 loi quyt nh Yes v No nh sau:
stt 1 3 5 7 stt 2 4 6 Size Medium Small Large Large Size Small Large Large Color Blue Red Green Green Color Red Red Red Shape Brick Sphere Pillar Sphere Shape Wedge Wedge Pillar Decision Yes Yes Yes Yes Decision No No No

Bc 2: p dng ln lt cc bc t 2 n 8 vi bng con th nht Vi j = 1. C 3 t hp, mi t hp gm mt thuc tnh l {Size}, {Color}, {Shape}
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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

Vi t hp {Size} thuc tnh Medium xut hin 1 ln trong bng 1 v khng xut hin trong bng 2; thuc tnh Small v Large xut hin trn c hai bng T(Sizemedium) = 1; T(Sizesmall) = 0; T(Sizelarge) = 0 Vi t hp {Color} thuc tnh Green xut hin 2 ln trong bng 1 v khng xut hin trong bng 2; thuc tnh Blue xut hin 1 ln trong bng 1 v khng xut hin trong bng 2; thuc tnh Large xut hin trn c hai bng T(Colorgreen) = 2; T(Colorblue) = 1; T(Colorred) = 0 Vi t hp {Shape} thuc tnh Brick xut hin 1 ln trong bng 1 v khng xut hin trong bng 2; thuc tnh Sphere xut hin 2 ln trong bng 1 v khng xut hin trong bng 2; thuc tnh Pillar xut hin trn c hai bng T(Shapebrick) = 1; T(Shapesphere) = 2; T(Shapepillar) = 0 Nh vy, ta c T(Colorgreen) v T(Shapesphere) ln nht v u bng 2. Ta mc nh chn T(Colorgreen) v ta s c lut: IF Color = Green THEN Decision = Yes (a)

K tip, loi b hai dng ng vi Color = Green ra khi bng ta c:

Stt 1 3 Size Medium Small Color Blue Red Shape Brick Sphere Decision Yes Yes

Lp li vic tnh ton cc gi tr T cho d liu cn li ta c: T(Sizemedium) = 1; T(Colorblue) = 1; T(Shapesphere) = 1 Ta chn trng hp T(Sizemedium) xy dng lut, ta c: IF Size = Medium THEN Decision = Yes (b)

K tip, loi b dng ng vi Size = Medium ra khi bng ta c

Stt 3 Size Small Color Red Shape Sphere Decision Yes

Tnh gi tr T cho d liu cn li ta c: T(Shapesphere) = 1 Ta c lut: IF Shape = Sphere THEN Decision = Yes (c)
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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

Nh vy tt c cc dng trong bng 1 b loi b ta chuyn sang bng 2 Vi j = 1, c 3 t hp mi t hp gm 1 thuc tnh l {Size}, {Color}, {Shape}. Ta tnh c: T(Shapewedge) = 2 l ln nht. Do ta c lut: IF Shape = Wedge THEN Decision = No (d) D liu cn li:
Stt 6 Size Large Color Red Shape Pillar Decision No

Vi cc dng cn li, mi gi tr ca thuc tnh u xut hin trong c hai bng (mi gi tr T u bng 0) nn ta s tng j ln 1 v thc hin li bc 2 Vi j = 2, c 3 t hp mi t hp gm 3 thuc tnh l {Size, Color}, {Size, Shape}, {Color, Shape} Ta c: T(Sizelagre, Colorred) = 1 T(Colorred, Shapepillar) = 1 Chn trng hp u tin xy dng lut ta c lut sau: IF (Size = Large) AND (Color = Red) THEN Decision = No (e) Thut ton kt thc v tt c cc bng c xt n v tt c cc dng trong cc bng c loi b.

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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

Phn 3
CI T NG DNG MINH HA
Chuyn ni bt hai gii thut quan trng xy dng cy nh danh v tm ra tri thc cho mu d liu thc t l gii thut Quinlan v gii thut ILA. Trong phn ny ng dng ch minh ha cho gii thut ILA tm ra tri thc cho bng d liu. 1. Gii thut ILA: + u vo: Bng d liu cha thng tin, thuc tnh gi thit, thuc tnh kt lun. + Kt qu: Tp cc lut sinh ra t bng. * Thut ton: For each Gi tr ca thuc tnh quyt nh { To ra bng con tng ng /* Lc ra t bng chnh c thuc tnh quyt nh = gi tr tng ng */ } For each bng con { While bng con <> rng { + Xt Tohop c 1 thuc tnh gi thit For each Tohop { For each tp gi tr ca Tohop { + tnh tn xut ca Tohop /* s ln xut hin ca gi tr ng vi Tohop trong bng ang xt v ng thi khng xut hin trong cc bng cn li */ } } + Chn Tohop c tp gi tr ca Tohop tng ng vi tn xut ln nht If tn xut ca Tohop c gi tr ln nht =0 { tng s lng Tohop ln 1 } else { + rt ra kt lun + xo Tohop ny ra khi bng ang xt
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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

} } } 2. Hng dn ci t v thc hin chng trnh: + Chng trnh chy trn h iu hnh Windows. Font ch VNI-times. + Ci t: chy file Setup.exe + Cc bc thc hin chng trnh: Vo th mc va ci t thi hnh file ila.exe Bc 1: Chn Database cha d liu cn x l (D liu mu km theo chng trnh ny l Example.mdb trong th mc ci t). Chn Menu File Open database. Bc 2: Chn bng cha d liu. Trn Form Chon bang du lieu click vo combobox chn bng d liu ta cn. Ta s thy cc thuc tnh ca bng va chn c lit k ra. Click vo nt Tip tc chuyn sang bc 3. Bc 3: Chn thuc tnh quyt nh (thuc tnh cha kt lun m ta cn xt) trong danh sch cc thuc tnh ca bng d liu. Trn Form Chn thuc tnh quyt nh click vo Combobox chn. Cc gi tr ca thuc tnh va chn s c lit k ra bn di. Click vo phm Tip tc bn di chuyn sang bc 4. Bc 4: Chn thuc tnh gi thit (Cc thuc tnh nh hng n thuc tnh quyt nh). Trn Form Chn thuc tnh gi thit, click vo danh sch bn tri chn cc thuc tnh gi thit. Sau nhn nt >> xc nhn chn. Thuc tnh c chn s di chuyn qua danh sch bn phi. C th hu b thuc tnh chn bng cch click chn n trong danh sch bn phi v click vo nt <<. Nhn vo nt Tip tc chuyn sang bc 5. Bc 5: Hin th danh sch d liu mu thun (ng vi mt b gi tr cc thuc tnh gi thit ta c 2 kt lun khc nhau). Cc b ny b loi b trong qu trnh rt ra kt lun. C th quay li chn thm thuc tnh gi thit khc phc. Ngc li, nhn nt Tip tc hon thnh cng vic tp lut c sinh ra.

Phn 4 KT LUN

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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

c hc mn Cng ngh tri thc do GS.TSKH Hong Kim ging dy, chng em hc c rt nhiu iu l th c bit l cc vn c lin quan n tr tu nhn to v cng ngh tri thc ngy nay. Bi thu hoch ny khi qut ln mt cch hc truyn thng v th v ca chng trnh my tnh l Hc bng phng php xy dng cy nh danh. Phng php hc ny c p dng trong thc t v gii c mt s bi ton quan trng trong vic tm ra tri thc trong mt tp hp d liu c sn. c bit l trong thi i cng ngh thng tin hin nay, s bng n thng tin vi nn kinh t th trng th vic nghin cu phng php hc ny ca chng trnh my tnh gp phn mang tnh chin lc cho cng ngh tri thc hin nay. Bi thu hoch m t cch hc bng phng php xy dng cy nh danh ca chng trnh my tnh nh th no? ng thi ng dng ci t thut ton gii quyt bi ton thc t nu ra. Tuy nhin do thi gian v kin thc cn gi gn trong mn hc nn chuyn s khng trnh c nhng sai xt, nhm chng em mong nhn c s ng gp xy dng tch cc ca thy Hong Kim cng bn c. Nhn tin Nhm xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn nhit tnh ca thy cng nh Trung tm to iu kin thun li gip nhm hon thnh chuyn .

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Chuyn : Hc Bng Phng Php Xy Dng Cy nh Danh

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Bi ging Cng Ngh Tri Thc v ng Dng Tc gi: GS.TSKH Hong Kin 2. Gio trnh in t C S D Liu Nng Cao, Cng Ngh Tri Thc v Tr Tu Nhn To Bin son: Trung tm thng tin H Quc Gia Tp. HCM

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