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Bascal (PPT2)

The document outlines various limit laws used in calculus to find the limits of functions without relying on tables or graphs. It explains fundamental theorems including the Constant Multiple Theorem, Addition and Subtraction Theorems, Multiplication and Division Theorems, Power Theorem, and Radical/Root Theorem, providing examples for each. Additionally, it concludes with a homework activity to apply these limit laws to determine specific limits.

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lozarilla042108
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25 views23 pages

Bascal (PPT2)

The document outlines various limit laws used in calculus to find the limits of functions without relying on tables or graphs. It explains fundamental theorems including the Constant Multiple Theorem, Addition and Subtraction Theorems, Multiplication and Division Theorems, Power Theorem, and Radical/Root Theorem, providing examples for each. Additionally, it concludes with a homework activity to apply these limit laws to determine specific limits.

Uploaded by

lozarilla042108
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Limit Laws

Basic Calculus
Ericko P. Alegria, LPT
Activity:
=5

4.8 4.9 4.99

5.001 5.01 5.1


Limit Laws
Limit laws are used as alternative
ways in solving the limit of a function
without using table of values and
graphs.
Limit Laws
A. The limit of a constant is itself. If k
is any constant, then,
lim 𝑐 = 𝑐,
𝑥→𝑎
where 𝑐 is a constant.
Example:
lim −2 = −2
𝑥→3
lim 7 = 7
5
𝑥→
4
Limit Laws
B. The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches a is
equal to a. That is,
lim 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎
Example:
lim 𝑥 = 1
𝑥→1
2
lim 𝑥 = −
𝑥→−
2 3
3
Limit Laws
For the remaining theorems, we will
assume that the limits of f and g both
exist as x approaches c and that they
are L and M, respectively. In other
words,
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Limit Laws
C. The Constant Multiple Theorem.
The limit of a constant 𝑘 times a
function is equal to the product of
that constant and its function’s
limit.
lim 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝐿
𝑥→𝑎
where 𝑘 is a constant.
Example:
lim 3𝑥 = 3 lim 𝑥 = 3(2) = 6
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
lim 4𝑥 = 4 lim 𝑥 = 4 −5 = −20
𝑥→−5 𝑥→−5
Limit Laws
D. The Addition theorem. The limit
of a sum of functions is the sum of
the limits of the individual
functions.
lim 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
= lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 + 𝑀
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Limit Laws
E. The Subtraction Theorem. The
limit of a difference of functions is
the difference of the limits of the
individual functions.
lim 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
= lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐿 − 𝑀
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Example:
lim 5 − 3𝑥 = lim 5 − lim 3𝑥
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
= 5 − 3 lim 𝑥
𝑥→2
=5−3 2
=5−6
= −1
Limit Laws
F. The Multiplication Theorem. The
limit of a product of functions is
the product of the limits of the
individual functions.
lim 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
= lim 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 ∙ 𝑀
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Limit Laws
G. The Division Theorem. The limit of a
quotient of functions is the quotient of
the limits of the individual functions,
provided that the denominator is not
equal to zero.
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐿
lim = = ,𝑀 ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑀
𝑥→𝑎
Example:
lim (𝑥 2 − 2)
𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥→−12
lim =
𝑥→− 5 + 4𝑥 lim (5 + 4𝑥)
1
2 1
𝑥→−
2
lim 𝑥 2 − lim 2
1 1
𝑥→− 𝑥→−
2 2
=
lim 5 + lim 4𝑥
1 1
𝑥→− 𝑥→−
2 2
Example:
lim 𝑥 lim 𝑥 − 2 1
1 1 − −2
𝑥→−
2
𝑥→−
2 = 4
= 5−2
5 + 4 lim 𝑥 −
7
1
𝑥→−
2 = 4
1 1 3
− − −2 7
= 2 2 =−
1 12
5+4 −
2
Limit Laws
H. The Power Theorem. The limit of
an integer power n of a function is
just that power of the limit of the
function
𝑛
𝑛
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Example:
2
lim 𝑥 2 = lim 𝑥
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
= (2)2
=4
Example:
3
lim (𝑥 − 3)3 = lim (𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
3
= lim 𝑥 − lim 3
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
= (−1 − 3)3
= (−4)3
= −64
Limit Laws
H. The Radical/Root Theorem. If 𝑛 is a
positive integer, the limit of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ
root of a function is just the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of
the limit of the function, provided that
the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of the limit is a real
number.
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Example:
lim 66 − 𝑥 = lim (66 − 𝑥)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= lim 66 − lim 𝑥
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 66 − 2
= 64
=8
Homework: (1 whole yellow paper)
Determine the limits of the following items
using the limit laws.

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