AIM
TO INTRODUCE THE
CLASS TO BALLISTICS OF
SMALL ARMS AMN.
PARTS
PART I - DEFINITIONS.
PART II - INTERNAL BALLISTICS.
PART III - INTERMEDIATE
BALLISTICS.
PART IV - EXTERNAL BALLISTICS.
PART V - WOUND BALLISTICS.
PART
1:DEFINITIONS
INTERNAL BALLISTICS
STUDY OF THE PROCESSES
WITHIN A WPN FROM THE
MOMENT OF IGNITION OF
PROPELLANT TO THE TIME WHEN
THE PROJECTILE LEAVES THE
MUZZLE.
INTERMEDIATE BALLISTICS
STUDY OF THE TRANSITION
FROM INTERNAL TO EXTERNAL
BALLISTICS WHICH OCCURS IN
THE VICINITY OF THE MUZZLE.
EXTERNAL BALLISTICS
STUDY OF MOTION OF
PROJECTILE ONCE IT HAS
LEFT THE BARREL AND
IS OUT OF INFLUENCE
OF THE EMERGING
GASES
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF
PROJECTILE IMPACT ON
THE TGT.
WOUND BALLISTICS
STUDY OF THE MOTION
OF A PROJECTILE
WITHIN THE BODY AND
ITS WOUNDING
CAPACITY.
PART 2
INTERNAL
BALLISTICS
INTERNAL
BALLISTICS
INTERNAL
BALLISTICS
OBTURATI
ON
SHOT START
PRESSURE ( 5
TSI )
OBTURATIO
N
THE RADIAL EXPANSION
OF THE CARTRIDGE
CASE TO HUG THE
CHAMBER WALLS TO
PREVENT THE REARWARD
ESCAPE OF GASES.
SHOT START PRESSUR
THE PRESSURE AT WHICH THE
BULLET DISENGAGES ITSELF
FROM THE CARTRIDGE AND
STARTS ITS MOTION ALONG THE
BRL.
INTERNAL
BALLISTICS
SETU
P
SET
UP
THE FITTING OF THE BULLET
BETWEEN LANDS AND
GROOVES INSIDE THE BARREL.
IT PREVENTS THE ESCAPE OF
GASES AHEAD OF THE
PROJECTILE.
SETU
P
LAND
S
GROOVE
S
INTERNAL
BALLISTICS
PEAK
PRESSUR
E
(1/10 TH OF
BARREL
LENGTH)
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS ON IGNITION
1. CAP COMPOSITION STRUCK.
2. PROPELLANT IGNITED.
3. OBTURATION AND SHOT START
PRESSURE OF
5 TONS/SQ INCH IS ACHIEVED.
4. MOVE OF BULLET AHEAD ALONG THE
BRL & ‘SET UP’ ON MEETING THE LANDS
& GROOVES.
5. RATE OF PRODUCTION OF GASES IS
MORE THAN THE SPACE FORMED BEHIND
6. PEAK PRESSURE :-
(a) 21 TONS/INCH2.
(b) 3/4th MILLISEC.
(c) 1/10 BARREL LENGTH.
7. INCREASE IN SPACE BECOMES MORE THAN THE
PRODUCTION OF GASES, PRESSURE FALLS .
8. ALL BURNT ACHIEVED AT 1 MILLISEC.
9. BULLET EXITS.
(a) 1.5 MILLISEC.
(b) 1/6 PEAK PRESSURE.
10. ADDL ACCELERATION BY GASES TILL 90 FT.
11. PRESSURE AT ATMOSPHERIC LEVEL 4 MILLISEC.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PRESSURE
VELOCITY AND TIME
BULLET
EXIT
P
BULLET
VELOCIT P
AB VELOCITY
Y
P
AND
PRESSUR
E
SS BORE
P PRESSURE
0. 1 1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4.
5 5 5 5 5
TIME IN
FACTORS-PROJECTILE ACCELERATION
FRICTION MASS
AREA AL FORCE
PRESSURE
1. PROPELLING FORCE = PROPELLANT GAS
PRESSURE X AREA OF PROJECTILE BASE
2. TOTAL FORCE ON PROJECTILE = PROPELLING
FORCE - FRICTIONAL FORCE
FACTORS AFFECTING PEAK PRESSURE
1.RAPID LIBERATION OF GASES.
(a) TOTAL BURNING SURFACE
SIZE/SHAPE/NO OF GRAINS.
(b) HIGH FORCE CONSTANT OF
PROPELLANT.
(c) BURNING RATE OF PROPELLANT.
2.HIGH PROJECTILE MASS.
(a) RESISTS ACCELERATION
(b) RESTRICTS VOL FOR EXPANDING
GAS. (c) PEAK PRESSURE INCREASES.
ALL BURNT POINT
1.EXACT INSTANT DEPENDENT ON
LOCAL CONDITIONS.
2.POSN OF PROJECTILE AT ABP
DEPENDENT ON PEAK PRESSURE.
3.ABP ALSO DEPENDS ON PEAK
PRESSURE (PP), HIGH PP-ABP EARLY.
4.IF ABP EARLY.
(a) INCREASED PROPULSIVE
EFFICIENCY, INCRESED MV.
(b) REDUCED MUZZLE BLAST/FLASH.
(c) CONSISTENCY OF MV.
ALL BURNT POINT
5. IF ABP IS NOT REACHED INSIDE BRL.
(a)LARGE QTY OF UNBURNT
PROPELLANT (REDUCE PROPULSIVE
EFFICIENCY).
(b) INTENSE MUZZLE BLAST AND
FLASH.
(c) REDUCED MV.
DISTR OF ENERGY
1. MOTION OF PROJECTILE - 32%
2. MOTION OF PROPELLANT GASES -
3%
3. HEAT LOSS TO GUN & PROJECTILE -
20%
4. HEAT RETAINED BY PROPELLANT -
42%
GASES
5. FRICTIONAL LOSSES - 03%
6. THE GUN HAS ACHIEVED ITS FUNCTION
WITH 32% EFFICIENCY.
DISTR OF ENERGY
OTHER MINOR EFFECTS ON THE
EFFICIENCY OF GUN ARE :-
(a) ROTATIONAL ENERGY/ENERGY
FOR SPIN - 0.15%
(b) RECOIL MOTION - 0.02 to
0.05%
FACTORS AFFECTING INTERNAL BALLISTICS
1. PROPELLANT ENERGY.
(a) CH WT.
(b) TYPE OF PROPELLANT.
(c) CH TEMP.
(d) QTY OF PROPELLENT.
(e) SPACE WHERE CH ENCLOSED.
2. LENGTH & DIA OF BRL.
3. PROJECTILE.
(a) EFFECT ON PP & INCREASED
FRICTION (MASS).
(b) FRICTION WITH BRL .
(c) SHAPE - EFFECT ON SET UP.
(d) CARTRIDGE.
PART 3
INTERMEDIATE
BALLISTICS
INTERMEDIATE BALLISTICS
1. BLAST.
2. FLASH.
BLAS
T
1. BLAST SHOCK
WAVE.
2. BOTTLE SHOCK
WAVE.
(a) BARREL
SHOCK.
(b) MACH DISC.
SHOCK WAVES
FORMED
BLAST
SHOCK
MACH
DISC
BARREL
SHOCK
MUZZLE GAS FLOW FIELD DURING
FIRING
1. PRECURSOR BLAST FIELD.
(BEFORE PROJECTILE EXIT)
2. MAIN BLAST FIELD.
(AFTER PROJECTILE EXIT)
SHOCK WAVES FORMED
BEFORE
PROJECTILE EXIT
PRECURSOR BLAST
SHOCK
PRECURSOR MACH
DISC
PROPELLENT
GAS BARREL
LEAKAGE SHOCK
SHOCK WAVES FORMED
SHORTLY
AFTER PROJECTILE EXIT
BLAST PRECURSO
SHOCK PROJECTILE R
STERN SHOCK BLAST
REMNANTS OF
BARREL
PRECURSOR
SHOCK
MACH DISC AND
BARREL SHOCK
EXPANSION OF THE BLAST
FIELD
BLAST PRECURSO
SHOCK R
BLAST
MACH
DISC
PROJECTIL
E
BARREL PRIMARY
SHOCK SHOCK
FINAL PHASE OF THE BLAST
FIELD
PRIMA
MACH
RY
DISC
SHOCK
BASE
SHOCK
BARRE
L PROJECTIL
SHOC E
K WAKE
MIXING OF PROPELLENTGASES
AND AIR IN TURBULENT FLOW
BLAST SUPPRESSION
BLAST
ABSORPTION
BLAST
DISSIPATION
BLAST CONTAINMENT
AND
CONTROLLED RELEASE
INTERMEDIATE
FLASH BALLISTICS
1. PRE-FLASH
2. PRIMARY FLASH
3. INTERMEDIATE
FLASH
4. SECONDARY FLASH
5. INCANDESCENCE
FLAS
H
INCANDESCEN
CE
PRIMAR
Y
FLASH MIXING OF
PRE PROPELLENT
FLAS GASES AND AIR IN
H TURBULENT FLOW
INTERMEDIATE FLASH
RECOMPRESSION
ON PASSAGE THROUGH MACH
SECONDARY FLASH IN 81mm
MOR
METHODS OF FLASH SUPPRESSION
1.MUZZLE DEVICES.
(a) FLASH HIDERS.
(i) SURROUNDS PRIMARY FLASH.
(ii) BREAKS UP BOTTLE SHOCK
THUS SUPRESSES INTERMEDIATE
FLASH.
(b) TYPES OF FLASH HIDER.
(i) CONICAL.
(ii) SLOTTED.
(iii) BAR.
contd…,
METHODS OF FLASH SUPPRESSION
2. USE OF PROPELLANTS WHICH
EVOLVES INERT NITROGEN GAS. EG.
TRIPLE BASE PROP WHICH HAS
LARGE PROPORTION OF NITROGEN
RICH NITROGUANIDINE.
(USE OF PICRITE IN TRIPLE BASE)
3.USE OF PROPELLANT ADDITIVES
(FLASH INHIBITORS)
(a) POTASSIUM CRYOLITE
(b) SODIUM CRYOLITE
(c) POTASSIUM SULPHATE
PART 4
EXTERNAL
BALLISTICS
EXTERNAL BALLISTICS
1.FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
BULLET.
2.FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH
MEDIUM.
3.AERODYNAMIC FACTORS.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BULLET
MASS.
CALIBRE.
SHAPE.
SPIN RATE.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH
MEDIUM
1.AIR DENSITY.
2.TEMP.
3.AIR PRESSURE.
4.VISCOSITY.
AERODYNAMIC FACTORS
AIR RESISTANCE
DRAG
1.FOREBODY DRAG.
2.BASE DRAG.
3.SKIN FRICTION.
4.EXCRESCENCE DRAG.
FOREBODY
DRAG
BASE
DRAG
BASE
DRAG
SUB SONIC
PROJECTILE
BASE DRAG
METHODS OF REDUCING
RESISTANCE
1. BOAT TAILING.
2. BASE BLEED.
3. NOSE SHAPE.
4. MINIMUM
PROJECTIONS.
FACTORS AFFECTING
STABILITY
YAW.
THE FOLLOWING
AERODYNAMIC FACTORS EFFECT
& DEPEND ON YAW :-
- DRAG
- CROSS WIND
- OVER TURNING MOV
ANGLE OF
YAW
AXIS OF
PROJECTIL
E
ANGL
E
OF
TRAJECTOR
YAW
Y
CENTRE OF
MASS
FACTORS AFFECTING
STABILITY
1. YAW.
- DRAG
- CROSS WIND
- OVER TURNING MOV
2.DRIFT.
OVER-TURNING
MOMENT
CROSSWIND
FORCE
RESULTAN
T AXIS OF
FORCE PROJECTIL
E
DRA TRAJECTOR
G Y
CENTRE OF
CENTRE OF PRESSURE
MASS
METHODS OF
STABILISATION
1. SPIN
STABILISATION.
2. FIN
STABILISATION.
PART 5
WOUND
BALLISTICS
WOUND BALLISTICS
1. CAUSES OF
INJURY
(a) LACERATION &
CRUSHING.
WOUND TRACK OF
SUB-SONIC
PROJECTILE
LACERATION AND
CRUSHING
WOUND BALLISTICS
1. CAUSES OF
INJURY
(a) LACERATION &
CRUSHING.
(b) STRESS WAVES.
STRESS WAVES FORMED
BY
HIGH VELOCITY
PROJECTILE
WOUND BALLISTICS
1. CAUSES OF
INJURY
(a) LACERATION &
CRUSHING.
(b) STRESS WAVES.
(c) TEMPORARY CAVITATION
TEMPORARY CAVITY
FORMED BY
HIGH VELOCITY PROJECTILE
WITH NO YAW
TEMPORARY
CAVITY
PERMANENT WOUND
TRACK
FACTORS EFFECTING
LETHALITY
1. MASS OF BULLET.
2. VELOCITY OF BULLET.
3. RATE OF TRANSFER OF
ENERGY.
4. LOC OF STRIKE.
5. CROSS SECTION OF STRIKE.
6. PENETRATION ACHIEVED.
7. STABILITY OF PROJECTILE.
8. ELASTICITY OR DENSITY.
9. DAMAGE CAUSED.
10. KE OF BULLET.
CAVITATION EFFECT
(MEASURED IN SOAP
BLOCKS)
6 mm STEEL SPHERE STD 7.62 mm NATO
TRAVELLING FROM BALL RD
LEFT TO RIGHT WITH TRAVELLING FROM
MV 1100 m/s LEFT TO RIGHT WITH
CONCLUSIO
N
ANY
QUESTIONS ???
AMN
DESIGN
1. SOFT BULLET
- FLATTENS ON IMPACT PRODUCING
GREATER SA & GREATER RETARDATION.
- EARLY RELEASE OF ENERGY.
2. UNSTABLE JACKETED BULLET
- ENERGY RELEASED EARLY AS THE BULLET
BEGINS TO YAW.
3. STABLE JACKETED BULLET
- THE ENERGY DISSIPIATES RATHER LATE.
- LONGER WOUND IS OBSERVED.
