PREPARED BY:

PSMS EARL PAUL ARMAS

PNP FORENSIC UNIT

 Science of
Ballistic motion of
projectile and the
condition that
Greek affects their
motion.

ballein or ballo”
which literally
means to “throw”
▪Also derived from
the Roman war
machine “Ballista”
a gigantic catapult
that was used to
throw missiles,
large object at a
distance like stone,
dead animal or
even dead person.
 3 Types of Motion

Direct Rotatory Translational

action of bullet
Passing through
action of bullet
a rifled bore
once it hits the
barrel firearm
forward target and
motion of subsequently
the bullet ricocheted.
 Branches of Ballistic
Internal External

motion of movement of the

projectile while it projectile after
is still inside the leaving the muzzle
firearm

Forensic Ballistic Terminal Ballistic

study of motion of deals with the effects of the

projectile as applied impact of projectile on the
to law target.
 INTERNAL BALLISTICS

(FICE PER VRE)

1. Firing pin hitting the primer
2. Ignition of the priming mixture
3. Combustion of gun powder
4. Expansion of heated gas
5. Pressure developed
6. Energy generated
7. Recoil of gun
8. Velocity of bullet while inside the barrel
9. Rotation of bullet
10. Engraving of the cylindrical surface of the bullet
 EXTERNAL BALLISTIC

Muzzle blast noise created at the muzzle point

energy generated at the muzzle

Muzzle energy point

actual curved path of the

Trajectory projectile from the time it
leaves the muzzle and hit the
target
 imaginary straight distances
Range between the muzzle of the gun &
target.

Accurate shooter has control of his shot

Effective bullet is still capable of inflicting

fatal injury

Maximum farthest distance bullet can travel

farthest distance that

Maximum Effective bullet can inflict fatal
injury
 bouncing of bullet as a
Ricochet result as a result of not
penetrating or hitting a
hard object

Yaw unstable rotation motion of

bullet

tumbling of bullet in
flight and hitting the
Key hole shot target sidewise
 rate of speed of bullet
Velocity per unit of time

the downward
reaction of the
Pull of gravity bullet towards the
straight surface
due to its weight.

force of the air

encounter by the
Air resistance bullet in its flight
Medical Ballistics Human being as target

investigation involving
Legal Ballistics firearms

Geo Ballistics location or geography

 size of the
Terminal accuracy bullet
grouping on
the target

energy when
Terminal energy bullet strike
the target

speed of bullet
Terminal velocity upon striking the
target

depth of entry
of the bullet
Terminal penetration in the target
FORENSIC BALLISTIC
Science of firearm identification by
means of ammunition fired through
them.

1. Field Investigation
2. Technical Examination of the
Exhibit
3. Legal Proceeding
 TRIARCHIC STUDY OF FORENSIC BALLISTICS
MODEL

- INTERNAL BALLISTICS - FIELD INVESTIGATION

- EXTERNAL BALLISTICS - LEGAL PROCEEDING

- TECHNICAL EXAMINA
- TERMINAL BALLISTICS

- TRANSITIONAL BALLISTICS

LEGAL
FIREARM Identification
BALLISTICS
TRIARCHIC STUDY OF FORENSIC BALLISTICS
MODEL
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
ERSONALITIES BEHIND FIREARMS

HENRY H. GODDARD

Father of Modern Ballistic

JOHN M. BROWNING

wizard of modern firearm

and pioneered the breech
loading single shot rifle
SAMUEL COLT
patented the first
practical revolver

MAJOR UZIEL GAL

he designed UZI (Israel) in
the year 1950

MICHAEL
KALASHINOV
designed the
AK
ALEXANDER JOHN FORSYTH
Father of Percussion System

HORACE SMITH
founder of the “Smith
and Wesson”
EUGENE STONER
designer of US M16 Armalite

DAVID WILLIAM
maker of first known carbine

JOHN T. THOMPSON
“Thompson Sub machine Gun”
LEGAL DEFINITION OF FIREARM

Firearm or arms includes rifles, musket, carbine,

shot gun, pistol, revolver and all other deadly
weapon, to which a bullet, ball, shot, shell or
other missile may be discharge by means of gun
powder or other explosive. This term also
include rifle, except such of being of small calibre
and limited range used as toys. The barrel shall
be considered a complete firearm for all purpose.
(sec.877 Revised Administrative Code)
Firearm

refers to any handheld or portable weapon, whether a small

arm or light weapon, that expels or is designed to expel a
bullet, shot, slug, missile or any projectile, which is
discharged by means of expansive force of gases from
burning gunpowder or other form of combustion or any
similar instrument or implement. (Barrel, frame or receiver is
considered a firearm) RA 10591
TECHNICAL DEFINITION

Any instrument used for the

propulsion of projectile by means of
expansive gases coming from the
burning gunpowder
is “BOGA” considered a
firearm? Why?
 AMMUNITION

“loaded shell” for

rifles, muskets,
carbines, shotguns,
revolvers and pistols
from which a ball,
bullet, shot, shell or
other missile may be
fired by means of
gunpowder or other
explosives.
 Technical Definition

Refers to a group of cartridges or to a

single unit cartridge- meaning a
complete unfired unit consisting of a
bullet, cartridge case, gunpowder and
primer.

▪Also refers to a “single round.”

 PARTS OF AMMUNITION
Bullet Cartridge case
projectile propelled through the
tubular metallic container for
barrel of a firearm by means of the
the gunpowder. “shell” or
expansive force of gases coming
“casing”.
from burning gunpowder
 The powder charge which,
Gunpowder when ignited by the primer
flash, is converted to heated
gas under high pressure
and propels the bullet or
shots charge through the
barrel and to the target.
“propellant” or “powder
charge”.

Primer

The metal cup containing the highly

sensitive priming mixture of chemical
compound, which when hit or struck by
the firing pin would ignite. Such action
is called “percussion”.
 PARTS OF FIREARM

Cylinder serve as chamber and magazine

Yoke connecting pivot between frame

and cylinder

serve as the locking device for

Center Pin the cylinder

prevents the trigger from

Trigger Guard unnecessary action to
avoid accidental firing
Slide

Barrel

Trigger

Frame
 device used to help in the
withdrawal of the cartridge
Ratchet of shells from the chamber
of the cylinder

Trigger activates the part necessary

to fire the weapon

Hammer push the firing pin

where the primer imparts

Flash hole ignition to the gun powder
 causes the empty shell to be
Extractor withdrawn /pull out from
chamber

causes the empty shell to be

Ejector thrown out of the firearm

Frame houses the internal parts

Barrel initiate paths of bullet

 Parts of Cartridge Case

Vent/Flash Hole

passage way for

priming mixture to
impart an ignition to
the propellant
charge.

Neck
part of shell which is
actually occupied by
the bullet.
Hiram Berdan
Col. Edward M. Boxer
 cylindrical groove at the
Crimp mouth designed for 2
purpose:

1. Hold bullet and prevent it from

being pull out from shell
2. To offers resistance to the
bullet out of the neck to ensure
burning of the gun powder
➢Base – bottom portion of cartridge
case
➢Rim – designed to limit the forward
movement of the cartridge to chamber.
➢Extracting groove – designed for
automatic withdrawal of the case from
chamber
➢Primer Pocket – provide the means
for primer to be put in central position
➢Body – cylindrical part of the shell
which house the gunpowder
➢Shoulder – part of cartridge case
which support the neck of the cartridge
case
➢Cannelure – secure the shell to the
chamber as well as prevent bullet from
being push down to the powder charge
Types of Cartridge according to Rim

Rimmed type
the diameter of the rim
is greater than diameter
of the body of cartridge
case

Semi-rimmed type

diameter of the rim is

slightly greater than
diameter of body of
cartridge case
Rimless type –
diameter of the rim is
equal with diameter of
body of cartridge case

Rebated type –
diameter of the rim is
smaller that the body of
cartridge case.

Belted type -
 Cartridge according to location of
Primer

Pin Fire 1st cartridge of an exploding type

where the pin extends through the head of the
cartridge case into the primer.
Rim Fire simplest form of modern
cartridge where the priming mixture is placed
in the cavity in the rim of the head of the
cartridge case.
Center Fire primer cup is forced into the
middle portion of the head of the cartridge
case.
 PARTS OF PRIMER
Primer Cup – brass gliding
metal which contain priming
mixture, disc & anvil
Priming Mixture – highly
sensitive chemical compound
which ignites by the
mechanical blow of the firing
pin. “percussion powder”
Anvil – provides solid
support and absorbs the
blow of the firing pin
causing friction that
would initiate ignition.
Disc – thin paper or foil
which is pressed over the
priming mixture in order
to protect it from
moisture attack.
 Bullet

A metallic or non-
metallic, cylindrical
projectile propelled
from a firearm by
means of the
expansive force of
gases coming from
burning gunpowder.
 "Bullet"
is derived from the
French word

"boulette“

which roughly
means "little ball".
GENERAL TYPES OF BULLET
LEAD BULLET
– basically composed of lead metal. Its used was
due to its density; having a good weight is a small
size and easy for casting.

JACKETED BULLET
– consist of regular lead core, coated with a
copper alloy in order to prevent lead fouling of the
barrel and is generally used in pistol and other
high powered guns.
 Purpose of coating in Jacketed Bullet

✓Prevent fouling of bullet

✓To withstand deformity in automatic loading
✓To prevent deformity when carried and exposed
to rough handling

❖Full Jacketed
whole bullet up to the base is enveloped with a metallic
jacket

❖Semi-Jacketed
made to permit expansion of bullet when it hits a hard
object. (They maybe hollow-point bullet)
GENERAL RULE

✓Revolver
– soft metal round nose bullet

✓Rifle and Self-loading F/A

– full jacketed bullet

✓Automatic F/A
– semi-jacketed bullet
Type of Bullet According to its Maximum
Effect to the target
❖Ball Type
– for anti-personal and general use
❖Armour Piercing
– designed to penetrate light steel
armour.
❖Explosive Bullet
– small bullet containing a charge of
explosive which will detonate on impact.
❖Incendiary Bullet
– used to cause fire in target.
❖Tracer Bullet
– capable of living visible marks or
traces while in flight giving the gunner the
chance to observe the strike of the shot or
make adjustment in the event of a miss.
HISTORY OF GUNPOWDER

▪The formula for gunpowder appears in

the writings of the 13th-century English
monk
Roger Bacon
▪Berthold Schwartz
a German monk of the early 14th
century, may have been the first person
to employ gunpowder for
propelling a projectile.
After the
Bullet fired
from
particular
firearm the
gunpowder
spread out.
MOKELESS GUNPOWDER
A modern type of gunpowder with a clean
combustion due to the nitration process adding
additional oxygen that made burning very efficient.
(flake, cylindrical, ball or spherical, cut sheet)

1. Single Base
– basic ingredients is Nitrocellulose (NC)
2. Double Base
– Nitrocellulose and 1 to 40% Nitroglycerine(NG)
3. Triple Base
– Nitrocellulose + Nitroglycerine +
Nitroguanidine
 Comparison between
smokeless and blackpowder
DETECTION OF GUNSHOT WOUND

•Paraffin test

was originated in Cuba when Dr. Gonzalo

Iturrios first used the paraffin wax for collecting
gunpowder residues from a discharge firearm.

•Teodoro Gonzales

of Criminal Identification Laboratory, Mexico

City introduced the test in the United States. (BLUE
SPECKS POSITIVE RESULT)
 SUBSTANCE THAT GIVES FALSE
POSITIVE RESULT IN PARAFFIN
TEST
1. FERTILIZER
2. EXPLOSIVES
3. TOBACCO/CIGARETTES
4. URINE
5. FOOD SAMPLES
6. CERTAIN COSMETICS
 FACTORS AFFECTING RESULTOF
PARAFFIN EXAMINATION
1. TYPE OF CALIBER OF AMMUNITION
2. LENGTH OF BARREL
3. AGE OF GUN
4. DIRECTION OF FIRING
5. WIND VELOCITY AND DIRECTION
6. HUMIDITY/ % OF MOISTURE IN AIR
7. USE OF GLOVES AND WHEN 72 HOURS HAS
ELAPSED
General Classification of Firearm
ACCORDING TO INTERIOR BARREL CONSTRUCTION

Smooth Bore F/A – Rifled Bore F/A – have

no rifling rifling inside gun barrel

ACCORDING TO CALIBER OF PROJECTILE

Small Arm – less than one

Artillery – projectile 1 inch diameter and can be
inch diameter or above handled, moved and operated
by one man.
General Classification of Firearm
 Types of Firearm According to
Mechanical Construction

Single Shot F/A Automatic F/A

✓ fire only one shot ✓ continuous firing in single
every loading. press of the trigger & while
trigger is press.

Repeating Arm
✓ a type of firearm
designed to fire
several shot in one
loading
 Types of Firearm According to Mechanical
Construction

Slide Action Type

✓ loading take place Lever Type
by back and forth ✓ loading take place
manipulation of by lever action of
the forearms of the the firearms
gun.
Bolt Action Type
✓ reloading take
place by
manipulating the
bolt back and forth
Revolver
✓ hand firearm in
which a rotating
cylinder successively
places cartridges into
position for firing

Pistol
✓ hand firearm usually
applied to simple shot
and automatic
loading.
Rifle
✓ shoulder weapon
designed to fire a
projectile with more
accuracy through a long
rifled bore barrel,
usually more than 22
inches.

Shotgun
✓ smooth bore firearm
and breech loading
shoulder arms designed
to fire a number of lead
pellets or a shot in one
charge.
NOTE: JOSEPH MANTON “Father of Modern Shotgun”
length of a shotgun cartridge case
(2.75 inches)
Note:
✓ Odd and Even Rule in Gunshot
wounds – if the number of
gunshot wound of entrance and
exit wound found in the body of
the victim is even, the
presumption is that no bullet is
lodged in the body, but if the
number of gunshot wounds of
entrance and exit wound is odd,
the presumption is that the one
or more bullets might have been
lodged in the body.
 Special Consideration on Bullets
Souvenir Bullet
– bullet has been lodged and has remained in the body.
Bullet Migration
– bullet that is not lodged in a place where it was previously
located.
Bullet Embolism
– special form of bullet migration when the bullet loses its
momentum while inside the chamber of the heart or inside the
big blood vessels and carried out by the circulating blood to
some parts of the body where it may be lodged.
Tandem Bullet
– two or more bullet leaving the barrel one after another.
 Instances when the size of the wound of
entrance does not approximate the caliber
of firearm.

➢In the contact or near fire

➢Deformity of the bullet which
entered
➢Bullet might have entered the skin
sidewise
➢Acute angular approach of the
bullet
What is the fear of a firearm?
HOPLOPHOBIA

(1960 – JEFF COOPER)

 Loose Contact or Near Fire

➢Entrance wound maybe a large circular or oval

depending upon the angle of approach of the bullet.
➢Abrasion collar or ring is distinct
➢Smudging, burning and tattooing are prominent with
singeing of the hair
➢Muzzle imprint maybe seen depending upon the degree
of slapping of the skin of the gun muzzle.
➢There is blackening of the bullet track to a certain
depth.
Loose Contact or Near Fire
 Short Range Fire (1 to 15cm. distance)

➢Edges of the entrance wound is inverted

➢If within the flame reach (about 6 inches in rifle and high
powered firearms and less than 3 inches from an ordinary
handgun), there is an area of burning.
➢Smudging is present due to smoke
➢Powder tattooing is present.
➢Abrasion ring or collar is present
 Medium range (more than 15cm. but less than
60cm)

➢Gunshot wound with inverted edges and with abrasion

collar is present.
➢Burning effect is absent
➢Smudging maybe present if less than 30 cm. distance.
➢Gunpowder tattooing is present but of lesser density
and has a wider area of distribution.
 Fired more than 60 cm. distance

➢Gunshot wound is circular or oval depending on

the angle of approach with abrasion collar.
➢Wound of entrance has no burning, smudging or
tattooing.
➢Contact ring is present.
This is a contact gunshot
entrance wound. Since the
barrel contacts the skin,
the gases released by the
fired round go into the
subcutaneous tissue and
cause the star-shaped
laceration. Note also the
grey-black discoloration
from the soot, as well as
the faint abrasion ring.
An abrasion ring, formed
when the force of the gases
entering below the skin
blow the skin surface back
against the muzzle of the
gun, is seen here in this
contact range gunshot
wound to the right temple.
Powder tattooing is
seen in this
intermediate range
gunshot wound. The
actual entrance site is
somewhat irregular,
because the bullet
can tumble in flight.
This is an intermediate range gunshot entrance wound in which there
is powder "tattooing" around the entrance site.
Flare Gun
– designed for tracing enemy,
locating or sending signals

Paradox Gun
– gun which contain lands and
grooves a few inch from the
muzzle point
Caliber

refers to distance
between the lands (bore
diameter)
Caliper
refers to the measuring
instrument.
CALIBER ---> MILLIMETER ( X25.4)
MILLIMETER ---→ CALIBER (/25.4)

Caliber .45 11 mm

Caliber .38 9 mm

Caliber .32 7.65 mm

Caliber .25 6. 35 mm

Caliber .22 5. 59 mm
 Lowest:
Caliber 22

Highest:
Caliber 50
Stage in Manufacture of Barrel

Drilling

A special deep-hole is used through the center of

which lubricating oil is forced under pressure. This
operation results to a comparatively rough hole of
uniform diameter from one end of the barrel to
other. At this stage the interior surface of the barrel
will bears numerous sears and scratches resulting
from the irregular cutting of the drill and the metal
chips which mark the finish.
REAMING
In this process some of the scars or
scratches left by the drilling operation are
remove. It includes roughly, finishing and
burnishing reamer to have smooth bore
barrel.
 RIFLING
This is the process necessary for the making
of the helical grooves inside the barrel.
 LAPPING
This is the polishing operation in which a lead
plug closely fitting the inside of the barrel is
drawn back and forth on a rod carrying with is a
polishing compound.

NOTE:
No matter how many times we polish or finish,
large imperfections maybe eliminated but not the
minute imperfection which serve as the basis for
firearms identification.
❑Microscopic view
of imperfections
in the rifling of a
barrel

❑Rifling on a fired
bullet
 MODERN RIFLING TODAY

BROACH RIFLING
modern method of rifling w/c uses hardened steel
rod with several cutting rings and spaced down the
rod

BUTTON RIFLING
most common rifling today which grooves are
formed in barrel under very high pressure forming
rifling in barrel which hardens and polishes the
inside of the barrel

HAMMER FORGED RIFLING

“polygonal” common in Glock and Steyer
 IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER

OBTURATION
sealing of gunpowder gas after explosion from escaping so as
to maintain high pressure in the firing chamber.
BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT
ability of bullet to maintain its velocity against air
resistance
TRIGGER PRESSURE
amount of force necessary to fire a gun. (Hair Trigger, 1.0 lb.
or less.)
❖Shotgun – 4 lbs
❖Self loading pistol – 3-4 lbs
❖Revolver – 3-5 lbs
❖Service rifle – 6-7 lbs
METAL FOULING
– when bullet travels in the tight fitting
barrel, it is rotated by the lands and grooves,
its surface is scraped by the lands and
scraping is ejected fro the barrel and strike
the target. It may lodge on clotting or may
cause small abrasion or superficial
lacerations on skin around main wound.

SODIUM RHODIZONATE TEST/ GRIESS

TEST
– Test for the presence of nitrates
LUCAS TEST
A characteristic smell that decreases in intensity
with lapse of time and it is observable immediately
after firing.
BILLIARD BALL RICOCHETTE EFFECT
as the shot begin to separate from one another,
there is tendency for one shot to strike one another
causing changes of shot course.
HARRISON GILROY TEST
used to gather antimony, lead and barium
MICROGROOVE RIFLING F/A
with multiple hallow grooves
 TYPES OF CHARACTERISTIC IN FIREARM

CLASS CHARACTERISTIC
properties of a F/A which can be determined even before the
manufacture.
•Bore Diameter
– distance measure between two opposite lands
•# of Lands/Grooves
– always the same of equal, it must run from 3-8, but in
modern firearm are 5-6.
•Width of the Groove
•Direction of twist
– either left or right twist
•Pitch of Rifling
– measure of the distance advance by the rifling in order to
make a complete turn inside the barrel.
•Depth of Groove
 Types of Rifling
•Steyer type
(4) lands and grooves, right twist, width of the land and
groove are equal (4RG=L).

•Carbine type
four (4) lands and grooves, right twist, the width of the
groove is two (2) times the width of the land (4RG2X).

•Smith & Wesson

five (5) lands and grooves, right twist, the width of the
land and groove are equal (5RG=L).
•Colt
(6) lands and grooves, left twist, the width of the groove is
two (2) times the width of the lands (6LG2X).

•Browning
(6) lands and grooves, right twist, the width of the groove is
two (2) times the width of the lands (6RG2X).

•Webley
(7) lands and grooves, right twist, the width of the groove is
three (3) times the width of the land (7RG3X).

•Winchester
(6) lands and grooves, right twist, the groove is three (3)
times the width of the land (6RG3X).
SHELL
INSIDE MOUTH
CARTRIDGE
NOSE (2)

OGIVE (1)
BULLET

BASE
 Individual Characteristics

Marks produced by the random imperfections

or irregularities of tool surfaces. They are
unique to that tool and distinguish it from all
other tools.

These characteristics are generally found in

the interior surface of the gun barrel and the
breech face.
 Marks Found in Fired Bullet

•Land marks
caused by its contact to the elevated portion
(lands) of the bore of the firearm.

•Groove marks
caused by the grooves.

•Skid marks
found on the fired bullet from a revolver cause
by forward movement from the chamber to the
barrel before it initially rotates
▪Slippage marks
found on fired bullets passing through either on
oily or oversize barrel.

▪Stripping marks
found in bullet fired from a “loose-bore” barrel
wherein the rifling are already been badly worn
out

▪Shaving marks
commonly from revolver caused by forward
movement to the barrel that is poorly aligned to
the cylinder
 Marks Found In Fired Shell
Firing pin mark
found at the base portion of the cartridge case
more specifically near the center of the primer cup
in a center fire cartridge or at the rim cavity of a
rimmed fire cartridge.
Breech face mark
Mark found at the base portion of the shell cause by the
backward movement to the breech face of the block of the
firearm.

Extractor mark
Found at the extracting groove of the fired cartridge shell,
cause by its withdrawal from the chamber.

Ejector mark
It is located near the rim of the case cause by the
throwing of shell from the firearm to the area of
shooting.
Shearing mark
called “Secondary firing pin mark”
found on the primer near the firing
pin mark.
Magazine lip mark
Marking found at the two sides of the
rim cause by the magazine lips
during the loading of the cartridge
into the magazine for firing.
Chamber mark
Marks mostly found around the body
of the fired cartridge case cause by
the irregularities of nips inside the
walls of the chamber.
Below shows a comparison
between 2 cartridge cases that lack
any individual characteristics but
have a similar general appearance.
⚫As the bullet travels
through the barrel, the
grooves guide the bullet
and cause it to spin.
⚫Striations, or fine lines,
in the gun barrel make the
same striations on the
bullet. These striations are
unique to the firearm.
▪Analytical/Torsion Balance - measure weight of bullet

▪Bullet Comparison Microscope - comparison of fired bullet or

shells

▪Bullet Recovery Box -12 “x”12”x 96, with a hinged to cover and
with one end open. This long box is filled with ordinary cotton and
separated into sections by cardboard petitions.

▪Chronograph - measure velocity of bullet

▪Caliper - measure calibre, barrel length, bullet diameter
▪Helixometer - measure pitch of rifling
▪Taper Gauge - bore diameter
 Important Terms
•Accessories
- parts of a firearm which may enhance or increase the operational
efficiency or accuracy of a firearm

•Antique firearm

✓Manufactured at least 75 years prior to the current date but not including
replicas;
✓Certified by the National Museum to be curio or relic of museum interest.
✓Any other firearm which derives a substantial part of its monetary value
from the fact that it is novel, rare, bizarre or because of its association with
some historical figure, period or event.
•Demilitarized
- firearm deliberately made incapable of performing its
main purpose of firing a projectile.

•Firearms Information Management System (FIMS)

compilation of all data and information on firearms
ownership and disposition for record purposes.

•Forfeited firearm
- subject to forfeiture by reason of court order as accessory
penalty or for the disposition by the FEO of the PNP
•Gun club
- established for propagating responsible and
safe gun ownership, proper appreciation and
use of firearms by its members, for the
purpose of sports and shooting competition,
self-defense and collection purposes.

•Gunsmith
- business of repairing firearms and other
weapons or constructing or assembling firearms
•Loose firearm
- unregistered firearm, an obliterated or altered firearm, firearm
which has been lost or stolen, illegally manufactured firearms,
registered firearms in the possession of an individual other than
the licensee and those with revoked licenses

•Major parts
- barrel, slide, frame, receiver, cylinder or the bolt assembly.

•Minor parts
- parts of the firearm other than the major parts which are
necessary to effect and complete the action of expelling a
projectile by way of combustion
 Thermal weapon sight
refers to a battery operated, uncooled thermal imaging
device which amplifies available thermal signatures so
that the viewed scene becomes clear to the operator
which is used to locate and engage targets during
daylight and from low light to total darkness and
operates in adverse conditions such as light rain, light
snow, and dry smoke or in conjunction with other
optical and red dot sights.
 Standards and Requisites for Issuance of and Obtaining a
License to Own and Possess Firearms

✓ Filipino citizen (at least (21) years old)

✓not been convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude
✓passed the psychiatric test administered by a PNP-accredited
psychologist or psychiatrist
✓passed the drug test
✓applicant has passed a gun safety seminar
✓has filed in writing the application to possess a registered firearm which
shall state the personal circumstances of the applicant
✓present a police clearance from the city or municipality police office
✓not been convicted or is currently an accused in a pending criminal case
before any court of law for a crime that is punishable with a penalty of more
than two (2) years.
Ownership of Firearms and Ammunition by
a Juridical Entity

✓Filipino-owned and duly registered with the SEC.

✓It is current, operational and a continuing concern;
✓Completed and submitted all its reportorial
requirements to the SEC; and
✓Paid all its income taxes for the year, as duly
certified by the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
 Ownership of Firearms by the
National Government
•Registered with the FEO of the PNP
•Exempt from all duties and taxes
•For reason of national security, firearms of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP),
Coast Guard and other law enforcement
agencies shall only be reported to the FEO of
the PNP.
 Carrying of Firearms Outside of Residence or Place of
Business
•Issued by the Chief of the PNP or his/her duly authorized
representative to any qualified person whose life is under actual
threat or his/her life is in imminent.
✓Members of the Philippine Bar;
✓Certified Public Accountants;
✓Accredited Media Practitioners;
✓Cashiers, Bank Tellers;
✓Priests, Ministers, Rabbi, Imams;
✓Physicians and Nurses;
✓Engineers; and
✓Businessmen, who by the nature of their business or undertaking,
are exposed to high risk of being targets of criminal elements.
Authority to Issue License
– The Chief of the PNP, through the FEO of
the PNP, shall issue licenses to qualified
individuals and to cause the registration of
firearms.
 Licenses Issued to Individuals

✓Type 1 license – maximum of two (2) registered firearms;

✓Type 2 license – maximum of five (5) registered firearms;
✓Type 3 license – maximum of ten (10) registered firearms;
✓Type 4 license – maximum of fifteen (15) registered firearms; and
✓Type 5 license – allows a citizen, who is a certified gun collector, to
own and possess more than fifteen (15) registered firearms.

For Types 1 to 5 licenses, a vault or a container secured by lock and

key or other security measures for the safekeeping of firearms shall
be required.
For Types 3 to 5 licenses, the citizen must comply with the inspection
and bond requirements.
 Firearms That May Be Registered
•Small arms
may be registered by licensed citizens or licensed juridical
entities for ownership, possession and concealed carry.
•Light weapon
shall be lawfully acquired or possessed exclusively by the AFP,
the PNP and other law enforcement
•Small arms
- fired from the hand or shoulder, which are not capable of fully automatic
bursts of discharge (Handgun, pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun)

•Light weapons
✓Class-A Light weapons self-loading pistols, rifles and carbines,
submachine guns, assault rifles and light machine guns not exceeding caliber
7.62MM which have fully automatic mode
✓Class-B Light weapons weapons designed for use by two (2) or more
persons serving as a crew, or rifles and machine guns exceeding caliber
7.62MM such as heavy machine guns, handheld under barrel and mounted
grenade launchers, portable anti-aircraft guns, portable anti-tank guns,
recoilless rifles, portable launchers of anti-tank missile and rocket systems,
portable launchers of anti-aircraft missile systems, and mortars of a caliber of
less than 100MM.
Issuance of License to Manufacture or
Deal In Firearms and Ammunition

•(a) Secretary of DILG in the case of an

application for a license to manufacture
•(b) Chief of the PNP in the case of a
license to deal in firearms and firearms
parts, ammunition and gun repair.
 Scope of License to Manufacture Firearms
and Ammunition
✓authority to manufacture and assemble firearms,
ammunition, spare parts and accessories, ammunition
components, and reloading of ammunitions, within sites,
areas, and factories stated therein.
✓license to deal in or sell all the items covered by the License
to Manufacture, such as parts, firearms or ammunition and
components
✓authority to subcontract the manufacturing of parts and
accessories necessary for the firearms which the
manufacturer is licensed to manufacture
✓The authority to import machinery,
equipment, and firearm parts and ammunition
components for the manufacture thereof.
Firearm parts and ammunition components to
be imported shall, however, be limited to
those authorized to be manufactured as
reflected in the approved License to
Manufacture. The Import and Export Permit
shall be under the administration of the PNP.
 Registration of Locally Manufactured and
Imported Firearms
(a) For locally manufactured firearms and major parts
thereof, the initial registration shall be done at the
manufacturing facility: Provided, That firearms
intended for export shall no longer be subjected to
ballistic identification procedures; and
(b) For imported firearms and major parts thereof, the
registration shall be done upon arrival at the FEO of
the PNP storage facility.
 Renewal of Licenses and Registration
✓Renewed the license every two (2) years
✓Registration of the firearm shall be renewed every four
(4) years
✓Failure to renew (license/registration) within two (2)
occasions shall cause the holder of to be perpetually
disqualified from applying for any firearm license.

✓Submit to FEO of the PNP, within 6 months before the

date of the expiration of such license or registration.
 Acquisition or Purchase and Sale of
Firearms and Ammunition
✓acquired or purchased from authorized dealers,
importers or local manufacturers and may be
transferred or sold only from a licensed citizen or
licensed juridical entity to another licensed citizen or
licensed juridical entity.
✓during election periods, it shall be allowed on the
condition that the transport or delivery thereof shall
strictly comply with the issuances, resolutions, rules
and regulations promulgated by the COMELEC.
 Deposit of Firearms by Persons Arriving From Abroad

✓deposit the same upon written receipt with the Collector of

Customs for delivery to the FEO (PNP) for safekeeping or for the
issuance of a permit to transport if the person is a competitor in a
sports shooting competition.

✓If the importation of the same is allowed and the party in question
desires to obtain a domestic firearm license, the same should be
undertaken in accordance with the provisions of RA 10591.

✓If no license is desired or leave to import is not granted, the firearm

or ammunition in question shall remain in the custody of the FEO of
the PNP
 Unlawful Acquisition, or Possession of
Firearms and Ammunition

a. prision mayor in its medium period (unlawfully

acquire or possess a small arm)
b. reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua shall be
imposed if three (3) or more small arms or Class-A
light weapons are unlawfully acquired or possessed
by any person
c. prision mayor in its maximum period (unlawfully
acquire or possess a Class-A light weapon)
✓reclusion perpetua (unlawfully acquire or possess a Class-B light
weapon)
✓penalty of one (1) degree higher than that provided in paragraphs
(a) to (c) in this section shall be imposed upon any person who shall
unlawfully possess any firearm under any or combination of the
following conditions:
▪(1) Loaded with ammunition or inserted with a loaded magazine;
▪(2) Fitted or mounted with laser or any gadget used to guide the
shooter to hit the target such as thermal weapon sight (TWS) and the
like;
▪(3) Fitted or mounted with sniper scopes, firearm muffler or firearm
silencer;
▪(4) Accompanied with an extra barrel; and
▪(5) Converted to be capable of firing full automatic bursts.
✓prision mayor in its minimum period (unlawfully acquire
or possess a major part of a small arm)
✓prision mayor in its minimum period (unlawfully acquire
or possess ammunition for a small arm or Class-A light
weapon. If the violation of this paragraph is committed by
the same person charged with the unlawful acquisition or
possession of a small arm, the former violation shall be
absorbed by the latter.
✓prision mayor in its medium period (unlawfully acquire
or possess a major part of a Class-A light weapon)
✓prision mayor in its medium period (unlawfully acquire or
possess ammunition for a Class-A light weapon) If the violation of
this paragraph is committed by the same person charged with the
unlawful acquisition or possession of a Class-A light weapon, the
former violation shall be absorbed by the latter;
✓penalty of prision mayor in its maximum period (unlawfully
acquire or possess a major part of a Class-B light weapon)
✓prision mayor in its maximum period (unlawfully acquire or
possess ammunition for a Class-B light weapon). If the violation of
this paragraph is committed by the same person charged with the
unlawful acquisition or possession of a Class-B light weapon, the
former violation shall be absorbed by the latter.
 Use of Loose Firearm in the Commission of a Crime
•When inherent (considered as an aggravating circumstance)
•PROVIDED: That if the crime committed with the use of a loose
firearm is penalized by the law with a maximum penalty which is lower
than that prescribed in the preceding section for illegal possession of
firearm, the penalty for illegal possession of firearm shall be imposed in
lieu of the penalty for the crime charged.

•PROVIDED FURTHER: if the crime committed is penalized by the

law with a maximum penalty which is equal to that imposed under the
preceding section for illegal possession of firearms, the penalty
of prision mayor in its minimum period shall be imposed in addition to
the penalty for the crime punishable under the RPC or other special
laws.
✓If the violation of RA 10591 is in
furtherance of, or incident to, or in
connection with the crime of rebellion of
insurrection, or attempted coup d’
etat, (absorbed)
✓Committed by the person without using
the loose firearm, the violation of RA
10591 shall be considered as a distinct
and separate offense.
✓Absence of Permit to Carry Outside of
Residence. – The penalty of prision
correccional and a fine of Ten thousand
pesos (P10,000.00)
✓Unlawful Manufacture, Importation,
Sale or Disposition of Firearms or
Ammunition or Parts Thereof, Machinery,
Tool or Instrument Used or Intended to
be Used in the Manufacture of Firearms,
Ammunition or Parts Thereof. – The
penalty of reclusion temporal to reclusion
perpetua
✓Arms Smuggling. – The penalty
of reclusion perpetua shall be imposed
upon any person who shall engage or
participate in arms smuggling
Tampering, Obliteration or Alteration of
Firearms Identification - penalty of prision
correccional to prision mayor in its minimum period
Use of an Imitation Firearm
shall be considered a real firearm
and the person who committed
the crime shall be punished in
accordance with RA 10591.
NOTE: replica, or other device
that is so substantially similar in
coloration and overall
appearance to an existing firearm
as to lead a reasonable person to
believe that such imitation firearm
is a real firearm.
 Liability for Planting Evidence
•Prision mayor in its maximum period
•any person who shall willfully and maliciously insert; place,
and/or attach, directly or indirectly, through any overt or covert
act, any firearm, or ammunition, or parts for the purpose of
implicating or incriminating the person.
•Public officer (reclusion perpetua)
 Grounds for Revocation, Cancellation or
Suspension of License or Permit
✓Commission of a crime or offense involving the
firearm, ammunition, of major parts
✓Conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude/offense
where the penalty carries an imprisonment of more than
six (6) years;
✓Loss of the firearm, ammunition, or any parts thereof
through negligence
✓Carrying of the firearm, ammunition, or major parts
thereof outside of residence or workplace without, the
proper permit to carry the same;
✓Carrying of the firearm, ammunition, or major parts
thereof in prohibited places;
✓Dismissal for cause from the service in case of
government official and employee;
✓Commission of any of the acts penalized under
Republic Act No. 9165
✓Submission of falsified documents or
misrepresentation in the application to obtain a
license or permit;
✓Noncompliance of reportorial requirements and by
virtue of a court order.
▪A fine of (P10,000.00) shall be imposed upon any
licensed firearm holder who fails to report to the FEO of
the PNP that the subject firearm has been lost or stolen
within a period of thirty (30) days from the date of
discovery.
▪Fine of Five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) shall be
imposed upon any person holding a valid firearm license
who changes residence or office address other than that
indicated in the license card and fails within a period of
thirty (30) days from said transfer to notify the FEO of the
PNP of such change of address.
 VARIANTS OF CRIME CAN ARISE FROM DISCHARGE OF
FIREARM
❖Alarm and scandal – offender discharge a f/a in public
place but f/a is not pointed to particular person when discharged.
❖Illegal discharge of f/a – f/a was directed to a particular
person who was not hit if intent to kill is not proved.
❖Attempted homicide, murder, parricide – if the
person was hit, automatically the crime is attempted homicide,
murder or parricide if there is intent to kill. It has been held that
when a person uses a lethal weapon against another, such as
f/a, intent to kill is inherent. Even if was not hit, but was proved
that there was intent to kill, there is at least attempted homicide.
❖Physical injuries – if the person was hit
and injured but without intent to kill.
❖Threat – if the weapon is not discharged
but merely pointed to another. (other light
threat if drawn in a quarrel but not in self
defense)
❖Grave coercion – the threat is direct,
immediate and serious and the person is
compelled or prevented to do something
against his will.
THANK YOU AND GOOD LUCK