GS Test - 06 (V4416) Report Print this page

Question 1. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

1. Vasco da Gama was received by the ruler of calicut, the Zamorin, at the end of the 15th century.
2. The Portuguese got the permission from ruler of Bengal Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah to open factories at
Chittagong.
3. The Dutch were the first to start a Joint Stock Company in India.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

 C. 1 and 3 only

 D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

The arrival of three ships under Vasco Da Gama, led by a Gujarati pilot named Abdul Majid, at Calicut in
1498 profoundly affected the course of Indian history. The Hindu ruler of Calicut, the Zamorin
(Samuthiri), however, had no apprehensions as to the European’s intentions. As the prosperity of his
kingdom was due to Calicut’s position as an entrepot, he accorded a friendly reception to Vasco Da Gama.
So, statement 1 is correct.
In the early 16th century, the Portuguese sought to establish trading outposts in various parts of India. They
secured permission from Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah, the Sultan of Bengal, to set up factories at
Chittagong, a strategic port city. This agreement facilitated Portuguese trade in the region and
strengthened their presence in Bengal. So, statement 2 is correct.
Dutch Settlements: After their arrival in India, the Dutch founded their first factory in Masulipatnam (in
Andhra) in 1605. They went on to establish trading centres in different parts of India and thus became a
threat to the Portuguese. They captured Nagapatam near Madras (Chennai) from the Portuguese and made it
 their main stronghold in South India. The Dutch established factories on the Coromandel coast, in Gujarat,
Uttar Pradesh, Bengal and Bihar.
The Dutch were pioneers in establishing the first Joint Stock Company in India with the Dutch
East India Company (VOC) in 1602. This innovative business model allowed them to pool capital
from numerous investors, enabling extensive trade operations in India and Southeast Asia. The VOC
set a precedent for future European trading companies in India. So, statement 3 is correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 2. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following pairs:

European Power First Factory established in India

1. Portuguese Daman

2. Dutch Goa

3. British Calcutta

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

A. Only one pair

B. Only two pairs

C. All three pairs

  D. None

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Explanation :

European powers established several factories in India during the 16th and 17th centuries, marking the
beginning of a significant colonial presence in the region.
The Portuguese were among the first Europeans to establish a presence in India. They set up their first
factory in Goa in 1510 and later established additional ones in Cochin, Cannanore, and Daman. Their
control extended over strategic ports and trading posts, which were fortified to protect their interests. So,
pair 1 is not correctly matched.
 The Dutch East India Company, established in 1602, created a robust trading network in India. They set
up their first factory in Masulipatnam (1605) and later at Chennai (later called Madras) in 1639, and
Pulicat. Their focus was on controlling the spice trade and competing with the Portuguese and English. So,
pair 2 is not correctly matched.
The British East India Company established its first permanent factory in Surat in 1613. Over time, they
expanded their presence with significant establishments in Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta
(1690). These factories were pivotal in the Company's trade and later in expanding British influence in
India. So, pair 3 is not correctly matched.

So, none of the above pairs is correctly matched.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 3. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following European powers initiated the ‘Blue Water Policy’ in the Indian Ocean?

A. Dutch

B. French

  C. Portuguese

D. British

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Explanation :

The Blue Water Policy (Cartaze System) was a strategic approach employed by the Portuguese in the
Indian Ocean during the 16th century. Initiated by Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese Viceroy in
India, this policy aimed to establish Portuguese dominance over maritime trade routes and ensure control of
the Indian Ocean.
In 1507, the Portuguese squadron was defeated in a naval battle off Diu by the combined Egyptian and
Gujarat navies, and Almeida’s son was killed. Next year, Almeida avenged his defeat by totally crushing the
two navies. Almeida’s vision was to make the Portuguese the master of the Indian Ocean.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 4. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following were the consequences of the Battle of Buxar, 1764?

1. The English were permitted duty-free trade in Bengal on all goods including salt.

2. The East India Company got the right to collect revenue for Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

3. The Nawab of Awadh got control over the military defence and justice administration of Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 and 2 only

  B. 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1 and 3 only

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Explanation :

The Battle of Buxar in 1764 marked a significant victory for the British Army led by Robert Clive. The British
forces triumphed over the combined armies of the Nawab of Bengal, the Nawab of Awadh, and the Mughal
Emperor and laid the true foundation for British power in India.

Mir Jafar was made Nawab of Bengal in 1763 when relations between Mir Kasim and the Company became
strained. After the Battle of Buxar, Mir Jafar agreed to hand over the districts of Midnapore, Burdwan and
Chittagong to the English for the maintenance of their army. The English were also permitted duty-free
trade in Bengal, except for a duty of two per cent on salt. So, statement 1 is not correct.
After the death of Mir Jafar, his minor son, Najim-ud-daula, was appointed nawab, but the real power
of administration lay in the hands of the naib-subahdar, who could be appointed or dismissed by the
English.
The East India Company (EIC) got the Diwani (right to collect revenue) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
An annual subsidy was to be paid to the Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II, and an annual pension to the
Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daula. The EIC appointed two Indians as the deputy diwans—Mohammad Reza
Khan for Bengal and Raja Shitab Rai for Bihar. So, statement 2 is correct.
The Treaty of Allahabad (1765): The treaty was signed after the British defeated the combined army in the
Battle of Buxar. Under the treaty, Shah Alam II agreed to:
 reside at Allahabad, to be ceded to him by the Nawab of Awadh, under the company’s protection;
issue a farman granting the diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the EIC in lieu of an annual
payment of Rs 26 lakh; and
a provision of Rs 53 lakh to the EIC in return for nizamat functions (military defence, police,
and administration of justice) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. So, statement 3 is not correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 5. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: The ring-fence policy helped the British to encounter the combination of Marathas, Mysore and
Hyderabad.

Statement-II: The ring-fence policy created buffer zones to defend the East India Company’s frontiers.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

 A. Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II explains Statement–I

B. Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct but Statement–II does not explain Statement–I

C. Statement–I is correct but Statement–II is incorrect

 D. Statement–I is incorrect but Statement–II is correct

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Explanation :

Warren Hastings (1772–85) introduced the ring-fence policy. He took charge as the governor-general
when the British were to encounter the powerful combination of the Marathas, Mysore and Hyderabad. So,
statement 1 is correct.
The policy of ring-fence aimed at creating buffer zones to defend the Company’s frontiers. It was the
policy of defence of their neighbours’ frontiers for safeguarding their own territories. So, statement 2 is
correct.
This policy of Warren Hastings was reflected in his war against the Marathas and Mysore.
The imminent threat to the Company’s territories was from the Afghan invaders and the Marathas. To
safeguard against these dangers, the Company undertook to organise the defence of the frontiers of
 Awadh on the condition that the Nawab would defray the expenses of the defending army. The
defence of Awadh constituted the defence of Bengal during that time.

So, both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II explains Statement–I.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 6. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following princely states in India were annexed by the British through the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’
policy?
1. Satara

2. Jhansi
3. Awadh

4. Nagpur

5. Jaitpur

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 and 3 only

  B. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only

C. 3, 4 and 5 only

D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 only

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Explanation :

The process of imperial expansion and consolidation of British paramountcy was carried on by the East India
Company during the 1757-1857 period through a two-fold method: (a) policy of annexation by conquest or war
and (b) policy of annexation by diplomacy and administrative mechanisms.

The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy followed widely by Lord Dalhousie when he was India's
Governor-General from 1848 to 1856. It stated that the adopted son could be the heir to his foster
father’s private property, but not the state. It was for the paramount power (the British) to decide
whether to bestow the state on the adopted son or to annex it.
 It was stated to be based on Hindu law and Indian customs, but Hindu law seemed to be somewhat
inconclusive on this point, and the instances of an Indian sovereign annexing the state of his vassal on
account of ‘lapse’ (i.e., leaving no issue as heir) were rather rare.
Some of the states annexed under the doctrine were: Satara (1848), Jhansi and Nagpur (1854). The
other small states included Jaitpur (Bundelkhand), Sambalpur (Orissa), and Baghat (Madhya Pradesh). So,
points 1, 2, 4 and 5 are correct.
Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh in 1856 after deposing Nawab Wajid Ali Shah on grounds of
misgovernment. So, point 3 is not correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 7. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following were the staple commodities of export from India during the British Rule in the 18th
century?

1. Cotton textiles

2. Indigo

3. Pepper

4. Gold

5. Rice

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only

B. 2 and 4 only

C. 3 and 4 only

  D. 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

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Explanation :

During the British Rule in India, the country became a crucial hub in the global trade network of the British
Empire. India's rich and diverse resources made it a key exporter of various commodities that significantly
influenced the economic landscape of the time.
 In the 18th century, on account of being self-sufficient in handicrafts and agricultural products, India did
not import foreign goods on a large scale. On the other hand, its industrial and agricultural products were in
good demand in foreign markets. Hence, its exports were more than its imports; trade was balanced by
import of silver and gold. India was known as a sink of precious metals.
Items of import from the Persian Gulf Region included: pearls, raw silk, wool, dates, dried fruits,
and rose water; from Arabia: coffee, gold, drugs, and honey; from China—tea, sugar, porcelain, and
silk; from Tibet—gold, musk, and woollen cloth; from Africa—ivory and drugs; from Europe—
woollen cloth, copper, iron, lead and paper. So, point 4 is not correct.
Items of export included cotton textiles, raw silk and silk fabrics, hardware, indigo, saltpetre,
opium, rice, wheat, sugar, pepper and other spices, precious stones, and drugs. So, points 1, 2, 3 and
5 are correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 8. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following pairs:

War Associated Treaty

1. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) Treaty of Lahore

2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84) Treaty of Seringapatam

3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18) Treaty of Mandasor

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

A. Only one pair

 B. Only two pairs

C. All three pairs

D. None

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1st Anglo Mysore war - Treaty of Madras 1769
2nd Anglo Mysore war - Treaty of Mangalore 1784
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3rd Anglo Mysore war - Treaty of Seringapatnam 1792
Explanation :
1st Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) - Treaty of Lahore, 1846
2nd Anglo-Sikh War 1849 - Treaty of Lahore, 1849
 First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46): Treaty of Lahore, 1846 was signed at the end of the first Anglo-Sikh
War. Under this treaty, since the Sikhs were not able to pay the entire war indemnity, Kashmir, including
Jammu, was sold to Gulab Singh. So, pair 1 is correctly matched.
Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84): After the death of Haidar Ali, Tipu Sultan carried on the war for
one year without any positive outcome. Fed up with an inconclusive war, both sides opted for peace,
negotiating the Treaty of Mangalore (March, 1784) under which each party (English and the Mysore) gave
back the territories it had taken from the other.
The Treaty of Seringapatam was signed in 1792 after the Third Anglo-Mysore War. One of its key
provisions was that Tipu Sultan had to pay a war indemnity of three crore rupees. So, pair 2 is
not correctly matched.
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18): The Treaty of Mandasor was part of the Third Anglo-Maratha
War, signed in 1818 with Holkar. It established British protection over the Holkar state, with the
appointment of a Resident at the Holkar's Court to oversee relations between the two powers. Under the
terms of the Treaty, the Holkars were required to pay a large sum of money to the British as reparations for
the cost of the war. So, pair 3 is correctly matched.

So, only two of the above pairs are correctly matched.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 9. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘Mercantilism’?

A. It is a practice of domination and subjugation of one political power by another.

B. It is a military strategy that advocates extreme measures for occupying another country.

  C. It maintains a favorable balance of trade to augment state power at the expense of other countries.

D. It is a theory that states the equal distribution of wealth among the masses.

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Explanation :

The three distinct stages of British colonialism consisted of: Mercantilism (1757-1813), Laissez Faire (1813-60),
and Finance Imperialism (1860-1947).
 Mercantilism is an economic practice by which governments used their economies to augment state
power at the expense of other countries. Governments sought to ensure that exports exceed imports and to
accumulate wealth in the form of bullion (mostly gold and silver). The main idea of Mercantilism is that it
advocates regulation of international trade to generate wealth and strengthen national power by maintaining
a favourable balance of trade. It was an economic policy followed by European colonial empires.
Such policies frequently led to war and motivated colonial expansion. It was marked by certain distinct
features such as monopoly over trade, direct capture of power, open loot and plunder, etc. During this
period the British collected revenue from the people and used it to do more of their business by
procuring handicrafts at unfair prices and making huge profits.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 10. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following pairs:

Book Author

1 Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India Dadabhai Naoroji

2 The Economic History of India Ramesh Chandra Majumdar

3 England's Debt to India Puran Chand Joshi

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

 A. Only one pair

B. Only two pairs

C. All three pairs

D. None

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Explanation :

The early intellectuals of the first half of the nineteenth century supported British rule under the
impression that it would modernize the country based on the latest technology and capitalist economic
 organization. After the 1860s, disillusionment started to set in and they began to probe into the reality of
British rule in India.
The foremost among these economic analysts was Dadabhai Naoroji who put forward the theory of
economic drain in “Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India”, Romesh Chandra Dutt in “The Economic
History of India”. Other economic analysts included MG Ranade and Gopal Krishna Gokhale etc. So, pair
1 is correctly matched and pair 2 is not correctly matched.
"England's Debt to India" is a critique written by the nationalist leader Lala Lajpat Rai (1865-1928). In
this “historical narrative of Britain's fiscal policy in India”, which was published in 1917, Rai argues that the
British owe a debt to India for the exploitation they put the country and its people through. So, pair 3 is not
correctly matched.
Puran Chand Joshi was the writer of the book Secularism and Development: The Indian Experiment.

So, only one of the pairs given above is correctly matched.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 11. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following:

1. Limited territorial spread

2. Lack of support from the educated Indians

3. Indian soldiers were poorly equipped with arms

4. Lack of coordination and a central leadership

How many of the above factors were responsible for the failure of the revolt of 1857?

A. Only one

B. Only two

C. Only three

  D. All four

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Explanation :
By the end of 1859, British authority over India was fully re-established and the Revolt of 1857 was finally
suppressed. Some of the factors responsible for its failure are as follows:

All-India participation was absent: Limited territorial spread was one factor; there was no al lIndia
veneer about the revolt. The eastern, southern, and western parts of India remained more or less unaffected.
This was probably because the earlier uprisings in those regions had been brutally suppressed by the
Company. So, point 1 is correct.
 Educated Indians viewed this revolt as backward-looking, supportive of the feudal order, and as a
reaction of traditional conservative forces to modernity; these people had high hopes that the British would
usher in an era of modernisation. So, point 2 is correct.
Poor Arms and Equipment: The Indian soldiers were poorly equipped materially, fighting generally with
swords and spears and very few guns and muskets. On the other hand, the European soldiers were equipped
with the latest weapons of war like the Enfield rifle. The electric telegraph kept the commander-in-chief
informed about the movements and strategy of the rebels. So, point 3 is correct.
Uncoordinated and Poorly Organized: The revolt was poorly organized with no coordination or
central leadership. The principal rebel leaders—Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, Kunwar Singh, Laxmibai—were
no match to their British opponents in generalship. On the other hand, the East India Company was fortunate
in having the services of men of exceptional abilities in the Lawrence brothers, John Nicholson, James
Outram, Henry Havelock, etc. So, point 4 is correct.

So, all four of the above factors were responsible for the failure of the revolt of 1857

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 12. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following were members of the Home Rule League led by Annie Besant?

1. Jawaharlal Nehru

2. Mohammad Ali Jinnah

3. Chittaranjan Das

4. K.M. Munshi

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

 C. 1, 3 and 4 only

 D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
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Explanation :
During the All India Home Rule League, many prominent leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant,
G.S. Khaparde, Sir S. Subramania Iyer, Joseph Baptista and Mohammad Ali Jinnah got together and decided
that it was necessary to have a national alliance that would work throughout the year (unlike the Congress which
had annual sessions) with the main objective of demanding self-government or home rule for all of India within
the British commonwealth. This alliance was to be the All India Home Rule League along the lines of the Irish
Home Rule League.

In the end, however, two Home Rule Leagues were launched—one by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the other by
Annie Besant, both with the aim of beginning a new trend of aggressive politics.
Annie Besant’s League: She set up her All-India Home Rule League in September 1916 in Madras
(now Chennai) and covered the rest of India (including Bombay city). It had 200 branches and had George
Arundale as the organising secretary. Besides Arundale, the main work was done by B.W. Wadia and C.P.
Ramaswamy Aiyar.
The Home Rule agitation was later joined by Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai,
Chittaranjan Das, K.M. Munshi, B. Chakravarti, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Tej
Bahadur Sapru and Lala Lajpat Rai. So, points 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
Some of these leaders became heads of local branches of Annie Besant’s League. Mohammad Ali
Jinnah led the Bombay division. So, point 4 is correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s League:

Tilak set up his Indian Home Rule League in April 1916. Tilak held his first Home Rule meeting at
Belgaum. Poona was the headquarters of his league.
His league was restricted to Maharashtra (excluding Bombay city), Karnataka, Central Provinces, and
Berar. It had six branches and the demands included swarajya, formation of linguistic states and education
in the vernacular.

Question 13. + 2.0 - 0.66

In the context of Indian history, Raja Mahendra Pratap and Maulana Baraktullah are remembered as:

A. organizers of the Indian National Army (INA) in Southeast Asia

B. leaders of the Berlin Committee for Indian Independence

  C. founders of the first Provisional Government of India in exile in Afghanistan

D. leaders of the Silk Letter Conspiracy to overthrow British rule

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Explanation :

Raja Mahendra Pratap and Maulana Baraktullah were prominent Indian revolutionaries who worked
towards India's independence from British rule.
During World War I, they established the first provisional government of India in exile in 1915, in Kabul,
Afghanistan. This government was known as the "Provisional Government of India" or "Government
of India in Exile."
Raja Mahendra Pratap served as the President, while Maulana Baraktullah was the Prime Minister of this
provisional government. Their aim was to mobilize international support for India's independence,
particularly from Germany and Turkey, who were at war with Britain. This bold move was part of the
larger Indian independence movement and sought to challenge British authority on an international stage.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

The Silk Letter Conspiracy, also known as the Tehrek-e-Reshmi Rumal, was a significant anti-British plot
during World War I.

It was led by Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi and Maulana Mahmud Hasan. It aimed to overthrow British
rule in India through a pan-Islamic revolution.
The conspiracy involved collaboration with Ottoman Turkey, the Afghan government, and German
officials. The plan was detailed in letters written on silk cloth, hence the name. The conspirators sought to
raise an Islamic army in Afghanistan and invade British India through the North-West Frontier Province.
However, the plot was uncovered by British intelligence in 1916, leading to arrests and exile of key
figures.

Question 14. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following pairs:

Organisation/ Group Associated with

1. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) Lahore Conspiracy Case

2. Jugantar group Anushilan Samiti

 3. Ramosi Peasant Force German Plot

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

A. Only one pair

  B. Only two pairs

C. All three pairs

D. None

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Explanation :

The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), 1928 was a revolutionary organization,
previously it was known as the Hindustan Republican Army, founded by Ram Prasad Bismil, Sachindra
Nath Bakshi, Sachindranath Sanyal, and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee. Its famous activities include:
Lahore Conspiracy Case: Planned and executed the assassination of J.P. Saunders, a British police
officer, in 1928 to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. So, pair 1 is correctly matched.
Assembly Bomb Incident: In 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw non-lethal bombs in
the Central Legislative Assembly to protest against repressive laws.
Train robbery: Conducted the Kakori train robbery in 1925 (as HRA) to fund their activities.
The Jugantar group was a prominent revolutionary organization in Bengal during the Indian independence
movement.
It was established in April 1906 as an inner circle within the Anushilan Samiti in Calcutta. So, pair
2 is correctly matched.
It was led by Barindra Kumar Ghosh and its other notable members included Bhupendranath
Datta and Jadugopal Mukherjee.
It started a Bengali weekly newspaper called "Jugantar" (New Era) to spread revolutionary ideas.
During the First World War, the Jugantar party arranged to import German arms and ammunition
through sympathizers and revolutionaries abroad. Jatin asked Rash Behari Bose to take charge of
Upper India, aiming to bring about an all-India insurrection in what has come to be called the
‘German Plot’ or the ‘Zimmerman Plan’. The Jugantar party raised funds through a series of
dacoities which came to be known as taxicab dacoities and boat dacoities, so as to work out the Indo-
German conspiracy.
 The first of the revolutionary activities in Maharashtra was the organisation of the Ramosi Peasant Force
by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in 1879, which aimed to rid the country of the British by instigating an
armed revolt by disrupting communication lines. It hoped to raise funds for its activities through
dacoities. It was suppressed prematurely. So, pair 3 is not correctly matched.

So, only two of the above pairs are correctly matched.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 15. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following anti-British uprisings was organized against the perceived religious insults and
declared Tipu Sultan’s son Fateh Hyder as the king?

A. Poligar revolt

  B. Vellore revolt

C. Moplah rebellion

D. Revolt of Dewan Velu Thampi

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Explanation :

Vellore revolt, 1806: It was an early and significant uprising against British rule in India, occurring at the
Vellore Fort in Tamil Nadu. Even though the revolt did not have the scale of the 1857 Rebellion, there are
some similarities. In Vellore too, the revolt was triggered by the perceived hurt to religious sentiments,
but it was crushed in a matter of hours.
There was one more similarity between the two incidents. Like in 1857, wherein a Muslim king, the
titular Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, was proclaimed leader, the Vellore Revolt saw its
participants declare Tipu Sultan’s son Fateh Hyder as their king.
It was not a response of a homogenous group but that of a diverse set of people determined to drive the
British out of power. In terms of religious composition, there were not only Hindus and Muslims among
the rebels but also Christians, all of whom hailed from different parts of the then Madras province.
Larger political interests, increasing evangelical activities of European missionaries and economic factors,
including “oppressive land revenue” policies, were among the factors that contributed to the revolt.
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

Poligars’ Revolt (1795–1805): The poligars (or palayakkarargal) of South India gave a stiff resistance to
the British between 1795 and 1805. The main centres of these strong uprisings were Tinneveli (or
Thirunelveli), Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga, Sivagiri, Madurai, and North Arcot. It started in 1781, when
the Nawab of Arcot gave the management and control of Tinneveli and the Carnatic Provinces to the East
India Company.
Moplah Uprisings (1836-1854): The hike in revenue demand and reduction of field size, coupled with the
oppression of officials, resulted in widespread peasant unrest among the Moplahs of Malabar. Twenty-two
rebellions took place between 1836 and 1854. None, however, proved successful.
Diwan Velu Thampi’s Revolt (1808–09): The East India Company’s harsh conditions imposed on the
state of Travancore, after both of them agreed to a subsidiary alliance arrangement under Wellesley in
1805, caused deep resentment in the region. Velu Thampi addressed a gathering in Kundara, openly calling
for taking up arms against the British to oust them from the native soil. This was later known as the
Kundara Proclamation.

Question 16. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following demands was/were made to the British in the Lucknow Pact, 1916?

1. Grant of self-government to Indians at an early date

2. Five year term for the Legislative Council

3. Salaries of the Secretary of State for India should be paid by the British treasury

4. All the members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council should be Indians

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 2 only

  B. 1, 2 and 3 only

C. 1, 3 and 4 only

D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Explanation :

The Lucknow session, 1916 of the Indian National Congress, presided over by a Moderate, Ambika
Charan Majumdar, finally readmitted the Extremists led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak to the Congress fold.
Another significant development to take place at Lucknow was the coming together of the Muslim League
and the Congress and the presentation of common demands by them to the government. This happened
at a time when the Muslim League, now dominated by the younger militant nationalists, was coming closer
to the Congress objectives and turning increasingly anti-imperialist.
The joint demands made in the Lucknow Pact were:
Government should declare that it would confer self-government on Indians at an early date. So,
point 1 is correct.
The representative assemblies at the central as well as provincial level should be further expanded
with an elected majority and more powers given to them.
The term of the legislative council should be five years. So, point 2 is correct.
The salaries of the Secretary of State for India should be paid by the British treasury and not drawn
from Indian funds. So, point 3 is correct.
Half the members of the Viceroy’s and provincial governors’ executive councils should be Indians.
So, point 4 is not correct.
The Secretary of State for India, Edwin Samuel Montagu, made a statement on August 20, 1917 in the
British House of Commons in what has come to be known as the August Declaration of 1917. According to
it, the demand by nationalists for self government or home rule could not be termed as seditious since
attainment of self-government for Indians. "As it aimed for gradual transition to self Government" as the
goal of British rule.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 17. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to Dayananda Saraswati, consider the following statements:

1. He wrote Satyartha Prakash to bring awareness about the four Vedas.

2. He founded the Paropkarini Sabha to spread his teachings.

3. He was against idol worship and advocated for a formless and omnipresent God.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only
  C. 1 and 3 only

 D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

Dayananda Sarasvati (1824-1883) was a Hindu ascetic and social reformer who was the founder (1875) of
the Arya Samaj. It was a Hindu reform movement advocating a return to the temporal and spiritual
authority of the Vedas, the earliest scriptures of India.
He wrote "Satyartha Prakash", 1875 (The Light of Truth) to promote and re-energize the teachings of
the Vedas, aiming to revive the ancient knowledge and bring awareness to the masses about the four Vedas
—Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Veda. He believed that returning to these original
scriptures would restore the purity and true essence of Hinduism, free from later distortions and
corruptions. So, statement 1 is correct.
He founded the Paropkarini Sabha in 1882 in Ajmer to publish his works and spread Vedic teachings.
The Sabha was instrumental in disseminating his ideas and religious texts. The Sabha published various
works, including "Rig-Vedaadi Bhasya-Bhoomika" and "Sanskar Vidhi," which emphasized the
importance of Vedic rituals and lifestyle. So, statement 2 is correct.
He strongly opposed idol worship, viewing it as a deviation from the true monotheistic principles of the
Vedas. He advocated for a formless and omnipresent God, rejecting the practice of idolizing deities.
Additionally, he criticized the rigid caste system and ritualistic practices that plagued Hindu society,
promoting instead the idea of equality and social justice. His reformist views aimed at eliminating social
evils like untouchability, infanticide, and fatalism. So, statement 3 is correct.
The Arya Samaj's philosophy is encapsulated in the slogan "Back to the Vedas." Swami Dayanand
believed that the Vedas were the most authoritative repository of knowledge and truth, considering them the
"Words of God."

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 18. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following pairs:

Tribal Uprising Region

 1. Muria Rebellion, 1876 Western Ghats

2. Kol Mutiny, 1831 Chhotanagpur

3. Rampa Rebellion, 1922 Madras Presidency

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

A. Only one pair

 B. Only two pairs

 C. All three pairs

D. None

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Explanation :

Tribal movements under British rule were the most frequent, militant, and violent of all movements. The mainland
tribal rebellions were sparked off by a number of factors, an important one concerned with the tribal lands or
forests. Most tribal movements, except the frontier tribal areas, were concentrated in central India, the west-central
region, and the south.

Muria Region: Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. So, pair 1 is not correctly matched.
Rebellion, Objective: It was aimed at removing the Diwan and ending the exploitation of the tribal
1876 population by British officials.

Region: Chhotanagpur.
Kol Mutiny, Objective: It was a reaction under the leadership of Buddho Bhagat to the large-scale
1831 transfer of land from Kol headmen to outsiders and the oppressive tax demands by
Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim farmers and money-lenders. So, pair 2 is correctly matched.
 Region: Godavari Agency of Madras Presidency.
Rampa Objective: It was a protest against the Madras Forest Act, 1882, which restricted the free
Rebellion, movement of tribal communities and prevented them from engaging in their traditional Podu
1922 agricultural system. Led by Alluri Sitarama Raju, the rebellion aimed to reclaim traditional
agricultural rights and resist British exploitation. So, pair 3 is correctly matched.

So, only two of the above given pairs are correctly matched.
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 19. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to the Ghadar Movement, consider the following statements:

1. It was led by Lala Hardayal, Kartar Singh Saraba and Bhai Parmanand.

2. Its headquarter was located at San Francisco, United States.

3. It launched a journal 'India' to make British citizens aware about issues concerning India.

4. The Defence of India Act, 1915 was passed primarily to suppress its activities.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 3 only

  B. 1, 2 and 4 only

C. 2, 3 and 4 only

D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Explanation :

The Ghadar Party, 1913 was a revolutionary group organised around a weekly newspaper “The Ghadr”
with its headquarters at San Francisco and branches along the coast of the United States of America (USA)
and in the Far East. So, statement 2 is correct.
The moving spirits behind the Ghadar Party were Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhagwan Singh, Kartar
Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, and Bhai Parmanand. So, statement 1 is correct.
 The Ghadarites intended to bring about a revolt in India. Their plans were encouraged by two events in
1914, the Komagata Maru incident and the outbreak of the First World War. It was designed to plan official
assassinations, disseminate anti-imperialist and revolutionary literature, coordinate with Indian troops
stationed abroad, get weapons, and spark a synchronised uprising across all British colonies.
In 1889, the British Committee of India was established in London to support Congress and its cause, led
by William Digby. It was a committee of the Indian National Congress. It launched a monthly journal
called 'India' to raise awareness among British citizens about issues concerning India. So, statement 3 is
not correct.
The Defence of India Act was passed in March 1915 primarily to suppress the Ghadr Movement. The
British government enacted this legislation to curb revolutionary activities and maintain control over India
during the First World War. The Act gave the government sweeping powers to arrest, detain, and try
individuals suspected of anti-government activities. The Act was used extensively to crack down on the
Ghadarites and other revolutionaries. So, statement 4 is correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 20. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following information:

Organisation Leader Objective

1. Social Service League Narayan Malhar Joshi To promote inter caste marriages

2. Indian National Social Conference Ananda Mohan Bose To oppose kulinism and polygamy

3. Nishkam Karma Math Debendranath Tagore To demand better conditions of life and work

In how many of the above rows is the given information correctly matched?

 A. Only one

B. Only two

C. All three

 D. None

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Explanation :
 Social Services League: It was founded by Narayan Malhar Joshi in 1911. It aimed to secure for the
masses better and reasonable conditions of life and work. Their activities also included police court
agents’ work, legal aid and advice to the poor and illiterate, excursions for slum dwellers, facilities for
gymnasia and theatrical performances, sanitary work, medical relief and boys’ clubs and scout corps. So,
row 1 is not correctly matched.
Indian National Social Conference: It was founded by Mahadev Govind Ranade and Raghunath Rao in
1887 in Bombay to promote inter caste marriages and to oppose kulinism and polygamy. The Conference's
Raja Vallala Sena of Bengal.
first session was held in Madras in 1887. So, row 2 is not correctly matched.
Nishkam Karma Math: It was founded by Dhondo Keshav Karve in Pune in 1910. It worked for
Educational progress of women and improving widows’ condition. He also founded a women’s university in
Pune. So, row 3 is not correctly matched.

So, in none of the above rows the given information is correctly matched.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 21. + 2.0 - 0.66

The Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case, 1912 was associated with:

  A. death attempt made on Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy of India

B. import of German arms and ammunition through revolutionaries abroad

C. organization of guerrilla force to start an uprising in the country

D. trial of the revolutionary leaders associated with the centres of bomb manufacture

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Explanation :

Delhi Conspiracy Case or Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case (1912) was associated with a death attempt
made on Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy of India. A custom-made bomb was tossed into the emissary's
howdah (elephant carriage) during a stately parade in Delhi. The event was to celebrate the exchange of the
British capital from Calcutta to Delhi.
In December 1912, Rash Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal organized a daring attempt, and a bomb was
thrown on Viceroy Lord Hardinge in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, killing his attendants. Thirteen people were
arrested and tried in the case. Dina Nath became a government approver under pressure. Four persons were
 convicted and executed for their roles in the conspiracy including Amir Chand, Awadh Bihari, Bal Mukund,
and Basant Kumar Biswas. Rash Behari Bose, who was the person behind the plan, evaded arrest as he
fled to Japan.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 22. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following were the Moderates' approach for struggle against the British?

1. Constitutional agitation within the confines of law

2. Presenting public demands to the government through resolutions and petitions

3. Educating and uniting people on common political issues

4. Making the British public aware about the Indian nationalists cause

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  A. 1, 2, 3 and 4

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 4 only

D. 1, 2 and 3 only

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Explanation :

The Moderate Phase of the Indian National Movement, spanning from 1885 to 1905, marked the beginning
of organized efforts for self-governance in colonial India. The moderate political activity involved
constitutional agitation within the confines of law and showed a slow but orderly political progress. So,
point 1 is correct.
Some of the Moderate leaders were: Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C.
Bonnerjea, S.N. Banerjea.
They believed that the British basically wanted to be just to the Indians but were not aware of the real
conditions. Therefore, if public opinion could be created in the country and public demands be presented
to the government through resolutions, petitions, meetings, etc., the authorities would concede these
demands gradually. So, point 2 is correct.
 To achieve these ends, they worked on a two-pronged methodology—one, create a strong public opinion to
arouse consciousness and national spirit and then educate and unite people on common political
questions; and two, persuade the British Government and British public opinion to introduce reforms
in India on the lines laid out by the nationalists. So, point 3 is correct.
They used the method of ‘prayer and petition’ and if that failed, they resorted to constitutional agitation.
They sought to promote national consciousness and educate the people on political issues by submitting
petitions to British authorities, organising meetings, passing resolutions and giving speeches. Outside India,
in Britain, they made efforts to familiarise the people of Britain and the Parliament with the ‘real’
conditions in India. They carried out active propaganda to influence the public opinion in Britain by
sending delegations of leading Indians to Britain. In 1889, a British Committee of the INC was founded.
In 1890, this Committee started a journal called ‘India’. Dadabhai Naoroji spent a major part of his life in
Britain and played an exemplary role in propounding India’s case. So, point 4 is correct.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

Extremist school of thought:

By the dawn of the 20th century, a band of nationalist thinkers had emerged who advocated a more militant
approach to political work. These included Raj Narain Bose, Ashwini Kumar Dutta, Aurobindo Ghosh,
and Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal; Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar and Bal Gangadhar Tilak in Maharashtra;
and Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab. Bal Gangadhar Tilak emerged as the most outstanding representative of this
school of thought. The basic tenets of this school of thought were:
hatred for foreign rule; since no hope could be derived from it, Indians should work out their own
salvation
swaraj to be the goal of national movement;
direct political action required
belief in the capacity of the masses to challenge the authority;
personal sacrifices required and a true nationalist to be always ready for it

Question 23. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to the Regulating Act of 1773:

1. It was the first step taken by the British government to control and regulate the affairs of the East India
Company in India.

2. It made it illegal for the Company's servants to engage in any private commerce.

3. It established the office of the Governor-General of Bengal, having supervisory authority over the presidencies
of Madras and Bombay.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

 A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

 D. 1, 2 and 3

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2. GG of Bengal supervise Bombay & Madras
Explanation : 3. CoD to report to British Govt.
4. No Pvt Commerce
5. SC at Calcutta (1+3)
The Regulating Act of 1773 marked the first time the British government took steps to control and regulate
the East India Company’s affairs in India. This was to address the problems of mismanagement and
corruption. So, statement 1 is correct.
In Bengal, the administration was to be carried out by governor-general and a council consisting of 4
members, representing civil and military government. They were required to function according to the
majority rule. Warren Hastings and four others were named in the Act, later ones were to be appointed by
the Company.
It made it illegal for the Company's servants to engage in any private commerce or accept gifts or bribes
from the 'natives.' So, statement 2 is correct.
It reinforced the British Government's authority over the Company by compelling the Court of Directors
to report on its revenue, civil, and military matters in India.
The Act established the office of the Governor-General of Bengal, with Warren Hastings being the first to
hold this position. This office had supervisory authority over the presidencies of Madras and Bombay. So,
statement 3 is correct.
It set up a Supreme Court at Calcutta, which consisted of a Chief Justice and three other judges to
administer justice and ensure legality.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 24. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

1. Under the Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle, 1748 the French handed over Madras back to the English.

2. Under the Treaty of Peace of Paris, 1763, the French restored their factories in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

 A. 1 only

B. 2 only

 C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

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Explanation :

Both the British and the French had visions of establishing political power over the region. The Anglo-French
rivalry in India reflected the traditional rivalry of England and France throughout their histories. Carnatic was
the name given by the Europeans to the Coromandel coast and its hinterland.

First Carnatic War (1740-48): It was an extension of the Anglo-French War in Europe which was caused
by the Austrian War of Succession. The English navy under Barnet seized some French ships to provoke
France.
France retaliated by seizing Madras in 1746 with the help of the fleet from Mauritius, the Isle of
France.
The war ended in 1748 when the Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle, 1748 was signed bringing the Austrian
War of Succession to a conclusion. Under the terms of this treaty, Madras was handed back to the
English, and the French, in turn, got their territories in North America. So, statement 1 is correct.
Second Carnatic War (1749-54): The background for the Second Carnatic War was provided by rivalry in
India. The combined armies of Muzaffar Jang, Chanda Sahib, and the French defeated and killed
Anwaruddin at the Battle of Ambur (near Vellore) in 1749. Muzaffar Jang became the subahdar of Deccan,
and Dupleix was appointed governor of all the Mughal territories to the south of the River Krishna.
Third Carnatic War (1758-63): After the war, the Treaty of Peace of Paris (1763) restored the French
factories in India but the French political influence over Indian rulers disappeared after the war. So,
statement 2 is correct.
Thereafter, the French, like their Portuguese and Dutch counterparts in India, confined themselves to
their small enclaves and to commerce since the Dutch had already been defeated in the Battle of
Bidara in 1759. In this way, the British became the supreme European power in the Indian
subcontinent,
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 25. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

1. The Battle of Colachel, 1741 was notable for being one of the earliest instances where an Asian power defeated
a European colonial force.

2. The Battle of Pollilur, 1780 is particularly remembered for the devastating use of Mysorean rockets against the
British forces.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

  C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

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Explanation :

Battle of Colachel (1741): Fought between the Kingdom of Travancore and the Dutch East India
Company. This battle was notable for being one of the earliest instances where an Asian power defeated a
European colonial force. The Travancore forces, led by Maharaja Marthanda Varma, defeated the Dutch East
India Company, thereby ending Dutch colonial ambitions in the region. The victory solidified the power and
influence of Travancore in southern India. So, statement 1 is correct.
Battle of Pollilur (1780): Fought between Hyder Ali of Mysore and the British East India Company.
This battle occurred during the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Hyder Ali’s forces defeated the British troops
led by Colonel Baillie. The Battle of Pollilur is particularly remembered for the devastating use of
Mysorean rockets against the British forces, which caused significant casualties and disarray. So,
statement 2 is correct.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 26. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following organisations was suggested to be renamed as Lok Sevak Sangh after its dissolution?

  A. Indian National Congress

B. Home Rule League

C. Vokkaligara Sangha

D. Swaraj Party

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Explanation :

In a note dated January 27, 1948, Gandhi wrote that the Congress has “outlived its use” in its present form,
should be disbanded and “flower into a Lok Sevak Sangh”. This appeared as an article in Harijan on
February 2, 1948, titled ‘His Last Will and Testament’, a phrase added by his associates.
After the dissolution of the Indian National Congress, there was a suggestion to rename the organization as
Lok Sevak Sangh, which translates to the association of servants of the people.
This was in line with the vision of continuing the service to the nation even after achieving
independence. This suggestion came from Mahatma Gandhi. He proposed that after India gained
independence, the Indian National Congress should be dissolved and replaced by an organization focused on
serving the people, which he referred to as Lok Sevak Sangh.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 27. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to the Theosophical Society:

1. It was founded by Annie Besant.

2. It believed in the philosophy of the Upanishads and Vedanta schools of thought.

3. It published a weekly named ‘New India’ to spread the social awakening among masses.

4. Its impact was limited to a small segment of the westernised classes in India.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

A. Only one

 B. Only two
  C. Only three

D. All four

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Explanation :

Madame H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel M.S. Olcott, who was inspired by Indian thought and culture,
founded the Theosophical Society in New York City, United States of America in 1875. In 1882, they shifted
their headquarters to Adyar, Madras (at that time) in India. The movement became popular in India with the
election of Annie Besant as its president in 1907. So, statement 1 is not correct.
The aim of the society was religious revival and social reform in India. It accepted the Hindu beliefs in
reincarnation and karma, and drew inspiration from the philosophy of the Upanishads and Samkhya, Yoga
and Vedanta schools of thought. So, statement 2 is correct.
In 1914, a daily named "New India" emerged, with a dedicated focus on spreading news related to
India's fight for freedom. Its founder, Annie Besant, utilized the platform not only to disseminate
information about the struggle but also to express her perspectives through thought-provoking editorials.
The newspaper held great significance, standing alongside prominent publications like Gandhi's "Harijan"
and Tilak's "Kesari."
Bipin Chandra Pal of the Extremist clan played a major role in popularising the movement,
especially in the urban areas. He was the editor of the weekly New India. So, statement 3 is not
correct.
It provided a common denominator for the various sects and fulfilled the urge of educated Hindus.
However, to an average Indian the Theosophist philosophy seemed to be vague and lacking a positive
programme; to that extent its impact was limited to a small segment of the westernised classes of India.
So, statement 4 is correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

The Theosophical Society of India aimed to work for universal brotherhood of humanity without
distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or colour. It also sought to investigate the unexplained laws of nature
and the powers latent in man. The Theosophical Movement came to be allied with the Hindu renaissance.
 (At one time it allied with the Arya Samaj too.) It opposed child marriage and advocated the abolition
of caste discrimination, uplift of outcastes, improvement in the condition of widows.
Annie Besant had come to India in 1893. She laid the foundation of the Central Hindu College in
Benaras in 1898 where both Hindu religion and Western scientific subjects were taught. The college
became the nucleus for the formation of Benaras Hindu University in 1916. Annie Besant also did much for
the cause of the education of women.

Question 28. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to the History of India, consider the following:

1. Publication of weekly newspaper ‘Sudharak’

2. President of the Benaras session of the Indian National Congress (1905)

3. Establishment of the Servants of India Society

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was associated with how many of the above?

A. Only one

 B. Only two

 C. All three

D. None

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Explanation :

Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915) was a liberal leader of the Indian National Congress. Nearly one-
third of the founding fathers of the Indian National Congress in 1885 were journalists. Some of their
publications were: The Hindu and Swadesamitran under the editorship of G. Subramaniya Iyer, Kesari and
Mahratta under Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bengalee under Surendranath Banerjea, and Sudharak under Gopal
Krishna Gokhale. So, point 1 is correct. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar HITAVADA - by Gopal Krishna Gokale
The first session of the Indian National Congress was attended by 72 delegates and presided over by
Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee. Hereafter, the Congress met every year in December, in a different part of
the country each time. Gopal Krishna Gokhale presided over the Benaras session in 1905. In the session,
he expressed resentment against the partition of Bengal. So, point 2 is correct.
 Gokhle founded the “Servants of India Society” in 1905 with the help of M.G. Ranade. Its aim was to
train national missionaries for the service of India; to promote, by all constitutional means, the true interests
of the Indian people; and to prepare a cadre of selfless workers who were to devote their lives to the cause of
the country in a religious spirit. In 1911, the Hitavada began to be published to project the views of the
society. So, point 3 is correct.

So, Gopal Krishna Gokhle was associated with all of the above.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

Mahadev Govind Ranade:

He was popularly referred to as Justice Ranade. He was born in Maharashtra in 1842. He was an Indian
scholar, social reformer, judge, author and one of the founding members of the Indian National
Congress.
He was a social reformer and thinker, who advocated against child marriage and the caste system and
promoted widow remarriage and education for women.
He was one of the leading founders of reform societies like the Prarthana Samaj, the Poona Sarvajanik
Sabha and the Vaktruttvottejak Sabha.
He edited an Anglo-Marathi daily paper, the Induprakash. He, along with Vaman Abaji Modak and Dr. R.
G. Bhandarkar established the Maharashtra Girls Education Society and the oldest Girls’ High School at
Huzurpaga in Pune, Maharashtra.

Question 29. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following statements is/are correct with reference to Swami Vivekananda?

1. He opposed advancement in the use of technology and modern science.

2. He advocated for a healthy balance between spiritualism and materialism.

3. His views on casteism and untouchability inspired Subhash Chandra Bose.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 3 only

  C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

Narendranath Datta (1862-1902), who later came to be known as Swami Vivekananda and emerged as
the preacher of neo-Hinduism. Certain spiritual experiences of Ramakrishna, the teachings of the
Upanishads and the Gita and the examples of the Buddha and Jesus are the basis of Vivekananda’s
message to the world about human values.
In 1897, he founded the Ramakrishna Mission. He was a great humanist and used the Ramakrishna
Mission for humanitarian relief and social work. The Mission stands for religious and social reform. He
advocated the doctrine of service—the service of all beings. The service of jiva (living objects) is the
worship of Siva. Life itself is religion. By service, the Divine exists within man. He was supportive of using
technology and modern science in the service of mankind. So, statement 1 is not correct.
At the Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893, he made a great impression on people by his
learned interpretations. The keynote of his opening address was the need for a healthy balance between
spiritualism and materialism. Envisaging a new culture for the whole world, he called for a blend of the
materialism of the West and the spiritualism of the East into a new harmony to produce happiness for
mankind. So, statement 2 is correct.
Subhash Chandra Bose’s religious and spiritual propensity was elevated and broadened in contact with the
teachings of Ramkrishna Paramahansa and Vivekananda. He was inspired by Vivekanand’s views on
casteism and untouchability. So, statement 3 is correct.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 30. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

1. It ended the East India Company’s monopoly over trade with India except for trade in tea.

2. It set aside an annual reserve of one lakh rupees for the promotion of education in India.

3. It explicitly defined the constitutional position of the British territories in India.

How many of the above provisions were made in the Charter Act of India, 1813?

A. Only one

 B. Only two

 C. All three

D. None
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Explanation :

In the early nineteenth century, in England, the business interests were pressing for an end to the
Company’s monopoly over trade in India because of a spirit of laissez-faire and the continental system by
Napoleon by which the European ports were closed for Britain. The Charter Act of India, 1813 sought to
redress these grievances-
The Company’s monopoly over trade in India ended, but the Company retained the trade with
China and the trade in tea. The company's monopoly over trade with China and in tea was ended in
1833. So, statement 1 is correct.
A sum of one lakh rupees was to be set aside for the revival, promotion and encouragement of
literature, learning and science among the natives of India, every year. (This was an important
statement from the point of State’s responsibility for education.) So, statement 2 is correct.
The regulations made by the Councils of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta were now required to be laid
before the British Parliament. The constitutional position of the British territories in India was
thus explicitly defined for the first time. So, statement 3 is correct.
The Company’s shareholders were given a 10.5 percent dividend on the revenue of India.

So, all three of the above statements are correct.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

Charter Act of India, 1813:

The Company was to retain the possession of territories and the revenue for 20 years more, without
prejudice to the sovereignty of the Crown. (Thus, the constitutional position of the British territories in
India was defined explicitly for the first time.)
Powers of the Board of Control were further enlarged.
Separate accounts were to be kept regarding commercial transactions and territorial revenues. The power
of superintendence and direction of the Board of Control was not only defined but also enlarged
considerably.
Christian missionaries were also permitted to come to India and preach their religion.
Question 31. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following associations was formed earliest?

  A. East India Association

B. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

C. Indian Association

D. Madras Mahajan Sabha

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Explanation :

The Indian National Congress was not the first political organisation in India. However, most of the political
associations in the first early half of the 19th century were dominated by wealthy and aristocratic elements. They
were local or regional in character.

East India Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in London in 1866. It aimed to present the
grievances of Indians to the British public and Parliament.
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was established in 1870 by Mahadeo Govind Ranade and others. It was one of
the earliest political organizations in India.
Indian Association of Calcutta was formed in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose. It
aimed at creating a strong public opinion in the country against the oppressive policies of the British
government.
Madras Mahajan Sabha was founded in 1884 by M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer, and P.
Ananda Charlu. It worked to awaken political consciousness in the Madras Presidency.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 32. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to the Zamindari Association, 1838:

1. It was formed by prominent intellectuals of Bengal such as Dwarkanath Tagore and Radhakanta Deb.

2. It was mainly established to secure the interests of landlords.

3. It advocated for “Permanent Settlement” to be implemented across India.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

 A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

 D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

The Zamindari Association, also known as the 'Landholders' Society,' was established in 1838 to protect
the landlords' interests. It was formed by various prominent intellectuals of Bengal such as Bhabani
Charan Bandyopadhyay, Dwarkanath Tagore, Prasanna Kumar Tagore, Radhakanta Deb, and Ramkamal
Sen. So, statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Although limited in its objectives, it marked the beginning of an organised political activity and the use of
methods of constitutional agitation for the redressal of grievances.
This organisation advocated for Permanent Settlement to be implemented across India. It
established close ties with the British India Society in London. British citizens in India were
allowed to become members of the association. So, statement 3 is correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 33. + 2.0 - 0.66

He established the “India House” in London. His monthly journal “Indian Sociologist” criticised the British rule in
India. He was the first President of Bombay Arya Samaj. He taught Sanskrit at Oxford University. He was:

A. Lala Lajpat Rai

B. Promotha Mitter

C. Ajit Singh

  D. Shyamji Krishna Varma

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Explanation :

Shyamji Krishna Varma was born in 1857 in modern-day Gujarat. He completed his education in India,
before moving on to teach Sanskrit at the Oxford University.
He established in 1905 the Indian Home Rule Society, the India House and the Indian Sociologist in
London, which rapidly developed as an organised meeting point for radical nationalists among Indian
students in Britain. It was one of the most prominent centres for revolutionary Indian nationalism outside
India. His monthly journal Indian Sociologist became an outlet for nationalist ideas.
He became the first President of Bombay Arya Samaj. He was an admirer of Dayanand Saraswati, and he
inspired Veer Savarkar who was a member of India House in London.

Points to Remember:

A memorial called Kranti Teerth dedicated to him was built and inaugurated in 2010 near Mandvi. The
memorial complex houses a replica of India House building along with statues of Shyamji Krishna Varma
and his wife.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 34. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to Raja Ram Mohan Roy:

1. He set up Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta to propagate the monotheistic ideals of the Vedanta.

2. He supported David Hare’s efforts to establish the Hindu College in Calcutta.

3. He supported the revolutions of Naples and Spanish America.

4. He argued in favour of cultivation of the English language throughout India in front of a British Parliamentary
Committee.

How many of the above given statements are correct?

A. Only one

 B. Only two

C. Only three

 D. All four

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Explanation :

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born on 22 May 1772, in Radhanagar, Hooghly and is often referred to as the “father
of the Indian Renaissance". He believed in the modern scientific approach and principles of human dignity and
social equality. He put his faith in monotheism. He wrote Gift to Monotheists (1809) and translated into Bengali
the Vedas and the five Upanishads to prove his conviction that ancient Hindu texts support monotheism.

In 1814, he set up the Atmiya Sabha (or Society of Friends) in Calcutta to propagate the monotheistic
ideals of the Vedanta and to campaign against idolatry, caste rigidities, meaningless rituals and other
social ills. Strongly influenced by rationalist ideas, he declared that Vedanta is based on reason and that, if
reason demanded it, even a departure from the scriptures is justified. So, statement 1 is correct.
He founded the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, it was later renamed Brahmo Samaj. Through the Sabha, he
wanted to purify Hinduism and preach monotheism that was based on the twin pillars of reason
and the Vedas and Upanishads. The Samaj also tried to incorporate teachings of other religions and
kept its emphasis on human dignity, opposition to idolatry and criticism of social evils such as Sati.
He did much to disseminate the benefits of modern education to his countrymen. He supported David
Hare’s efforts to found the Hindu College in 1817, while Roy’s English school taught mechanics and
Voltaire’s philosophy. In 1825, he established a Vedanta college where courses in both Indian learning and
Western social and physical sciences were offered. He also helped enrich the Bengali language by compiling
a Bengali grammar book and evolving a modern elegant prose style. So, statement 2 is correct.
He was an internationalist with a vision beyond his times. He stood for cooperation of thought and activity
and brotherhood among nations. His understanding of the universal character of the principles of
liberty, equality and justice indicated that he well understood the significance of the modern age. He
supported the revolutions of Naples and Spanish America and condemned the oppression of Ireland by
absentee English landlordism and threatened emigration from the empire if the reform bill was not passed.
So, statement 3 is correct.
In 1832, while he was on a visit to England, he was given the privilege to speak at the Select Committee of
the House of Commons. In his remarks, he strongly argued for the settlement of Europeans in India, the
cultivation of the English language throughout the country and a permanent connection between Great
Britain and India. So, statement 4 is correct.

So, all four of the above given statements are correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

 Knowledge Box

Other facts about Raja Ram Mohan Roy:

His progressive ideas met with strong opposition from orthodox elements like Raja Radhakant Deb who
organised the Dharma Sabha to counter Brahmo Samaj propaganda.
He was a determined crusader against the inhuman practice of sati. He started his anti-sati struggle in 1818
and he cited sacred texts to prove his contention that no religion sanctioned the burning alive of widows,
besides appealing to humanity, reason and compassion. He also visited the cremation grounds, organised
vigilance groups and filed counter-petitions to the government during his struggle against sati. His efforts
were rewarded by the Government Regulation in 1829 which declared the practice of sati a crime.

Question 35. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to the Swadeshi Movement, 1905:

1. It was started to oppose the British decision to partition Bengal.

2. It used public meetings and processions as major methods of mass mobilization.

3. It included forms of struggle like boycott and public burning of foreign cloth.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

  D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

The partition of Bengal came into force on October 16, 1905 by Viceroy Curzon. The Swadeshi Movement,
1905 had its genesis in the anti-partition movement which was started to oppose the British decision to
partition Bengal. So, statement 1 is correct.
 The public meetings and processions emerged as major methods of mass mobilisation. Simultaneously, they
were forms of popular expression. So, statement 2 is correct.
Among the several forms of struggle thrown up by the movement, boycott of foreign goods included
boycott and public burning of foreign cloth, boycott of foreign-made salt or sugar, refusal by priests to
ritualise marriages involving exchange of foreign goods, refusal by washermen to wash foreign clothes. This
form of protest met with great success at the practical and popular level. So, statement 2 is correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's Anandmath -

People fasted, bathed in the Ganga and walked barefoot in processions singing Bande Mataram (which
almost spontaneously became the theme song of the movement).
‘Amar Sonar Bangla’, the national anthem of present-day Bangladesh, was composed by Rabindranath
Tagore and was sung by huge crowds marching in the streets. People tied rakhis on each other’s hands as a
symbol of unity of the two halves of Bengal.
Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose addressed huge gatherings. Within a few hours of
the meeting, Rs 50,000 was raised for the movement.

Question 36. + 2.0 - 0.66

Arrange the following organizations in pre-independent India in a chronological order based on their date of
establishment:

1. Brahmo Samaj

2. Ramkrishna Mission

3. Prarthana Samaj

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  A. 1-3-2

B. 3-2-1

C. 3-1-2

D. 2-3-1

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Explanation :

Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. It was established with the goal of
reforming and modernizing Hindu society. It aimed to purify Hinduism by eliminating practices such as sati
(the burning of widows), polygamy and child marriage, and it opposed idol worship.
Prarthana Samaj was established in 1867 by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang with the help of Keshub Chandra
Sen. It aimed to reform Hindu religious practices and beliefs in the Bombay Presidency. It advocated
monotheism and emphasized prayer and meditation over rituals and idol worship.
Ramkrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897. It was founded to propagate the
teachings of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and to work for the social and spiritual upliftment of humanity.
It combined the ideals of devotion to God and selfless service to society.

So, the correct chronological order of the organisations in pre-independent India based on their
establishment is Brahmo Samaj - Prarthana Samaj - Ramkrishna Mission.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 37. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to peasant movements in British India:

1. The Pagal Panthi rebellion was led by Tipu Shah to fight the oppression of the zamindars.

2. The Farazi rebellion was led by Dadu Miyan to advocate radical changes in the religious and social spheres for
the Muslims.

3. The Pabna Agrarian Uprising led by Ishan Chandra Roy used legal resistance as the main form of struggle
instead of violence.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

 C. 1 and 3 only

 D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

The Pagal Panthi, a semi-religious group mainly constituting the Hajong and Garo tribes of Mymensingh
district (earlier in Bengal), was founded by Karam Shah. But the tribal peasants organised themselves
under Karam Shah’s son, Tipu, to fight the oppression of the zamindars. From 1825 to 1835, the Pagal
Panthis refused to pay rent above a certain limit and attacked the houses of zamindars. The government
introduced an equitable arrangement to protect these peasants, but the movement was violently suppressed.
So, statement 1 is correct.
The Faraizis were the followers of a Muslim sect founded by Haji Shariat-Allah of Faridpur in Eastern
Bengal. They advocated radical religious, social and political changes. Shariat-Allah son of Dadu Mian
(1819-60) organised his followers with an aim to expel the English intruders from Bengal. The sect also
supported the cause of the tenants against the zamindars. The Faraizi disturbances continued from 1838
to 1857. Most of the Faraizis joined the Wahabi ranks. So, statement 2 is correct.
During the 1870s and 1880s, the Pabna Agrarian Uprising spread over large parts of Eastern Bengal
witnessed agrarian unrest caused by oppressive practices of the zamindars. The zamindars resorted to
enhanced rents beyond legal limits and prevented the tenants from acquiring occupancy rights under Act X
of 1859. To achieve their ends, the zamindars resorted to forcible evictions, seizure of cattle and crops
and prolonged, costly litigation in courts where the poor peasant found himself at a disadvantage. Funds
were raised by ryots to fight the court cases. The struggles spread throughout Patna and to other districts of
East Bengal. The main form of struggle was that of legal resistance; there was very little violence. So,
statement 3 is correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 38. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following events was the result of the destruction of the “Khuntkatti” land system due to the
British revenue policies?
Koya rebellion: 1803 - 1862, Godavari Tract in AP, Konda Sara Tomma Sora - To protect their Autonomy
 A. Rampa Rebellion/ Manyam Rebellion: 1922, Godavari agency area in Madras province, Against Madras
Forest Act 1882
B. Kuki Rebellion : 1917–1919, Manipur, Against recruitment in 1st WW

C. Gond Rebellion

 D. Munda Rebellion

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Explanation :

Munda Rebellion is one of the prominent 19th century tribal rebellions in the subcontinent. Birsa Munda
led this movement in the region south of Ranchi in 1899-1900. The ulgulan, meaning 'Great Tumult', sought
to establish Munda Raj and independence. The Mundas traditionally enjoyed a preferential rent rate as
the khuntkattidar or the original clearer of the forest. But in the course of the 19th century they had seen
this khuntkatti land system being eroded by the jagirdars and thikadars coming as merchants and
moneylenders.
Under the ‘Khuntkatti’ system there is a joint ownership or holding of land by tribal lineage. The British
government decided to abolish the compulsory begar system and passed the Tenancy Act of 1903 under
which the Mundas’ Khuntkatti system was recognised.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 39. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I:

In British India, some of the revivalist reform movements contributed to the spread of communalism in the society.

Statement-II:

Revivalist movements undermined the contribution of other religions and insulated one community from the
another.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

 A. Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II explains Statement–I

B. Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct, but Statement–II does not explain Statement–I

 C. Statement–I is correct, but Statement–II is incorrect

D. Statement–I is incorrect, but Statement–II is correct

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Explanation :
 Religious reform movements in India during the colonial period often sought to reinterpret or revive
traditional religious practices in response to Western influences. However, some movements inadvertently
reinforced communal identities by emphasizing distinct religious identities and practices. This
contributed to the polarization of communities along religious lines, laying the groundwork for
communalism in modern India. So, statement 1 is correct.
The emphasis on religious and philosophical aspects of the cultural heritage got somewhat magnified
by an insufficient emphasis on other aspects of culture—art, architecture, literature, music, science, and
technology. To make matters worse, the Hindu reformers confined their praise of the Indian past to its
ancient period and looked upon the medieval period of Indian history, essentially as an era of
decadence. This tended to create a notion of two separate peoples, on the one hand; on the other, an
uncritical praise of the past was not acceptable to the low-caste sections of society which had suffered under
religiously sanctioned exploitation during the ancient period. So, statement 2 is correct.

So, both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II explains Statement–I.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 40. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to colonial India, the Indian Jury Act, 1826 was associated with:

  A. exclusion of native Indians to sit as jurors involving trials of Christians

B. introduction of the system of trial by jury in India

C. codifying criminal laws under the Regulating Act of 1773

D. establishment of local self-governing bodies in British India

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Explanation :

The Indian Jury Act was passed in 1826 and it came into effect at the beginning of 1827. The Act was the
manifestation of the idea of religious superiority of the British government that introduced the notion of
religious distinctions in the judicial system of the country.
According to the Act, only Christians had the right to sit as jurors involving trials of Christians. On the
other hand, Christian jurors had all the right to see the cases involving Hindus and Muslims.
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy opposed this flagrant injustice by the British authorities in strong words. He
prepared and sent up to both Parliamentary Houses the petition against the Act. In his petition, he brought
forward the issue of denial of the seat of honor to the natives.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 41. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

1. Satyashodhak Samaj was founded by Jyotirao Phule to advocate increased social rights and political access for
women and Dalits, in Maharashtra.

2. The Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha started a weekly journal called Rast Goftar to promote social and religious
reforms among the Parsis.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

  C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

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Explanation :

Satyashodhak Samaj, 1873: It was also known as Truth-seekers' Society. It was a social reform society
founded by Jyotirao Phule in Pune, Maharashtra in 1873. It advocated a mission of education and
increased social rights and political access for underprivileged groups, focusing especially on women,
Shudras, and Dalits, in Maharashtra. Jyotirao's wife Savitribai was the head of the women's section of
society. So, statement 1 is correct.
The Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha, 1851: It was also known as the Religious Reform Association. It was
founded in 1851 by Nauroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, S.S. Bengalee, and others in Mumbai. The Sabha
was a Parsi religious reform movement that started a weekly journal called Rast Goftar to promote social
and religious reforms among the Parsis. So, statement 2 is correct.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 42. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

1. The Religious Disabilities Act, 1856 protected the civil rights of individuals converted from Hinduism to other
religions.

2. The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 provided legal safeguards to men who married widows.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

 A. 1 only

B. 2 only

 C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

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Explanation :

The Religious Disabilities Act, 1856 changed the Hindu Law of Property. It enabled a convert from
Hinduism to another religion to inherit the property of his father. The Hindus regarded this as an incentive
to give up one's religious faith. So, statement 1 is correct.
The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 legalised the remarriage of Hindu widows. At the time of
implementation, the Governor-General of India was Lord Canning. The Act was drafted by Lord
Dalhousie. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar played a major role in the establishment of the Act. Key features
of the Act include:
The Act provided legal safeguards to men who married widows.
The Act provided legal safeguards against the loss of certain forms of inheritance for remarrying a
widow. So, statement 2 is correct.
The widow was authorised to forfeit any inheritance that she may have obtained from her deceased
husband.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box
 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

In 1850, he became the principal of Sanskrit College. He was determined to break the priestly monopoly
of scriptural knowledge, and for this he opened the Sanskrit College to non-brahmins. He introduced
Western thought in Sanskrit College to break the self-imposed isolation of Sanskritic learning.
Vidyasagar started a movement in support of widow remarriage which resulted in legalisation of widow
remarriage. He was also a crusader against child marriage and polygamy. He did much for the cause of
women’s education.
As government inspector of schools, he helped organise 35 girls’ schools many of which he ran at his own
expense. As secretary of Bethune School (established in 1849), he was one of the pioneers of higher
education for women in India.

Question 43. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to the Self-Respect Movement:

1. It was started by Sree Narayana Guru.

2. It sought to reject the brahmanical religion and culture that led to exploitation of the lower castes.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

  B. 2 only

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

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Explanation :

The Self-Respect Movement was started by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in the mid-1920s. So, statement 1
is not correct.
The movement aimed at nothing short of a rejection of the brahmanical religion and culture which
Naicker felt was the prime instrument of exploitation of the lower castes. He sought to undermine the
position of brahmin priests by formalising weddings without brahmin priests. So, statement 2 is correct.
 E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker: He participated in a protest meeting in 1916 organised against the
government's action against Home Rule organ, New India. He joined the Congress in 1920. Within the
Congress, he had the support of C. RajagopalaChari and non-Brahmin politicians. He participated in the
non-cooperation movement, in the temperance campaign and in the campaign launched to replace foreign
cloth by the progressive use of Khaddar. In 1920 itself he was elected the President of the Congress
(MPCC). He fully endorsed Gandhi’s calls for boycott not only of legislatures but local taluk board elections
as well. He left the Indian National Congress in 1925.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

About the SNDP (Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana) Movement:

The SNDP Movement was founded in 1903 by Sree Narayana Guru, a prominent social reformer and
philosopher in Kerala.
Objective: The movement aimed to promote social justice, equality, and upliftment of the backward
classes, particularly the Ezhava community.
Philosophy: Sree Narayana Guru advocated for the principles of universal brotherhood, rationalism, and
the rejection of caste-based discrimination.
Social Reform: The movement focused on eradicating untouchability, promoting education, and
fostering social and economic development among marginalized communities.
Educational Initiatives: SNDP played a crucial role in establishing educational institutions and
providing access to education for the underprivileged.
Religious Reforms: The movement emphasized the importance of spiritual and moral upliftment,
promoting a reformulated version of Hinduism that was inclusive and egalitarian.
Political Impact: The SNDP Movement contributed to the broader social and political awakening in
Kerala, influencing various aspects of political and social reform.
The SNDP Movement's efforts laid the foundation for significant social changes and inspired other reform
movements in India.

Question 44. + 2.0 - 0.66

It was founded by Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose in Calcutta, 1876. It was the most significant
political association among all contemporary nationalist organizations prior to the Indian National Congress. This
is the most likely description of:

A. Bengal British India Society

B. Indian League

C. Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha

   D. Indian Association

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Explanation :

Indian Association was a nationalist political group in India that favoured local self-government and served
as a preparatory agent for the more truly national Indian National Congress.
It was founded in Bengal in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose. It soon
displaced the Indian League, which had been founded the year before and rivalled the long-standing British
Indian Association, which it regarded as a reactionary body of landlords and industrialists.
This was the most significant political association among all contemporary nationalist
organisations prior to the Indian National Congress.
The association was supported mainly by younger professional men among the Bengali intelligentsia. It
spread beyond Bengal to other parts of India but remained Bengali in character, using expatriate Bengali
communities as centers for its provincial branches.
The association found an issue in opposing the lowering of the age limit for civil service examinations
(1877), which was disadvantageous to Indian candidates. In 1878 it objected to the Vernacular Press Act,
which stifled the Indian press. It advocated local self-government and tenant rights and when the Bengal
Tenancy Act was finally passed in 1885, it demanded representative government.
After the Indian National Congress was founded in 1885, the association gradually lost ground.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 45. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following:

1. Badruddin Tyabji

2. M.G. Ranade

3. Pherozshah Mehta

4. K.T. Telang

5. Lady Sadashiva Ayyar

How many of the above were the founding members of the Bombay Presidency Association (1885)?
 A. Only two

 B. Only three

 C. Only four

D. All five

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Explanation :

The Bombay Presidency Association was founded in 1885 by Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta,
and K.T. Telang. It was one of the first political organisations in India to demand greater self-government
for Indians under British rule. So, points 1, 3 and 4 are correct.
It was also a pre-Congress organization in Bombay and was founded in response to the Ilbert Bill
controversy (1883–84) and the reactionary policies of Lytton. Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta and
Kashinath Telang were known as 'The Triumvirate' or 'The Three Stars' of Bombay's public life.
M.G. Ranade and Lady Sadashiva Ayyar were not among the founding members of the Bombay
Presidency Association. So, points 2 and 5 are not correct.

So, only three of the above were the founding members of the Bombay Presidency Association (1885).

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 46. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I:

The Swadeshi Movement led to a split in the Indian National Congress in 1907.

Statement-II:

There was no consensus among nationalists regarding the approach of Swaraj and Swadeshi.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

  A. Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II explains Statement–I

B. Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct but Statement–II does not explain Statement–I

C. Statement–I is correct but Statement–II is incorrect

 D. Statement–I is incorrect but Statement–II is correct

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Explanation :

The Swadeshi Movement emanated from the partition of Bengal, 1905. It was the most successful of the
pre-Gandhian movements. The Moderate-Extremist dispute over the pace of the movement and
techniques of struggle reached a deadlock at the Surat session of the Indian National Congress (1907)
where the party split with serious consequences for the Swadeshi Movement. So, statement 1 is correct.
The moderates opposed the resolutions on Swaraj, Swadeshi, and the boycott of foreign goods because
they favored a more gradual approach to achieving self-governance and preferred to work within the
existing political framework. They believed in dialogue, petitions, and reforms through constitutional means
rather than direct confrontation with the British authorities. In contrast, the extremists were not only in
favor of these resolutions but actively advocated for them. So, statement 2 is correct.
The extremists, including leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai,
believed in more assertive and direct methods to achieve independence. They supported Swaraj (self-rule),
Swadeshi (promotion of Indian goods and the boycott of British goods), and the boycott of foreign goods as
a means to weaken the British economy and assert Indian economic independence. This fundamental
difference in approach led to a significant ideological rift within the Indian National Congress during the
early 20th century.

So, both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II explains Statement–I.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 47. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to the Indian society in the 18th century, consider the following statements:

1. The choice of profession was mainly determined based on caste considerations.

2. While upper-class women remained at home, lower-class women worked in fields.

3. The offsprings born out of marriages among slaves were considered free citizens.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

 A. 1 and 2 only
 B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

 D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

The societal set-up at the advent of Europeans in India:

Prevalence of various castes and sects: The 18th century Indian society was marked by traditionalism and
stagnation. Despite a broad cultural unity, divisions existed by caste, religion, region, tribe, and language.
The patriarchal family system prevailed, and caste was central to Hindu social life, with numerous sub-
castes. Though the choice of profession was mainly determined by caste considerations, exceptions
occurred on a large scale, making caste status quite fluid in some parts of the country. Caste councils
enforced norms. Muslims, despite religious equality, were divided by caste, race, tribe, and status. Sunni-
Shia and ethnic divisions existed among Muslim nobles. Conversion and caste divisions were significant.
So, statement 1 is correct.
Position of Women in Society: Women in patriarchal families had little individuality, except in some
Kerala groups. Upper-class women stayed home, while lower-class women worked outside
supplementing the family income. Social customs like purdah, sati, child marriage, and polygamy
hindered progress. Hindu widows suffered, and dowry was rampant in Bengal and Rajputana. So, statement
2 is correct.
Menace of Slavery: Slavery was widespread, often due to economic distress. Higher classes kept female
slaves for domestic work. Slaves were treated better than in Europe, as hereditary servants rather than
menials. Marriages took place among the slaves, and the offspring coming out of such wedlock were
considered free citizens. European traders heightened slavery and slave trade, buying slaves from Bengal,
Assam, and Bihar markets for European and American markets. Abyssinian slaves were sold in Surat,
Madras, and Calcutta. So, statement 3 is correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 48. + 2.0 - 0.66

In the context of India's freedom struggle, Chapekar Club was associated with:
 A. boycott of western education

B. Home Rule League to promote mass political awareness

C. promotion of Khadi during the Swadeshi Movement

  D. assasination of Plague Commissioner W.C. Rand

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Explanation :

The Chapekar brothers and other revolutionary members of the ‘Chapekar Club’ decided to take action
against W.C. Rand, who chaired the Special Plague Committee, when the Bubonic plague struck the
district of Pune (Maharashtra) in 1896.
Rand began his reign of terror as soon as the efforts to stop the plague started. Instead of hiring doctors to
carry out their duties ethically, the committee delegated over 800 officers and soldiers to discharge his
orders in Pune. These officials entered private homes, stripped and inspected residents (including women) in
public, evacuated people to hospitals and segregation camps, prohibited funerals and impeded
movement outside the city. Some of these officers also vandalized religious sites and symbols.
During Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Coronation, 1897 the brothers Damodar and Balkrishna Hari
Chapekar assassinated two British officials, W.C. Rand and Lieutenant Ayerst (his military escort) in
Pune, Maharashtra.
Vasudeo Hari Chapekar and his associates Khando Vishnu Sathe and Mahadev Vinayak Ranade
assassinated the Dravid brothers, who were police informants.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 49. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following revolutionaries were charged under the Alipore Conspiracy Case, 1908?

1. Chittaranjan Das

2. Prafulla Chaki

3. Khudiram Bose

4. Aurobindo Ghosh

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

 A. 1 and 4 only

B. 2 and 3 only

 C. 4 only

 D. 2, 3 and 4 only

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Explanation :

The revolutionary activities in different parts of India and abroad before and during the First World War were
conducted by Calcutta’s student community. These were honeycombed with secret societies, but these were not
very active.

In 1908, Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose threw a bomb at a carriage supposed to be carrying a
particularly sadistic white judge, Kingsford, in Muzaffarpur. Kingsford was not in the carriage.
Unfortunately, two British ladies, instead, got killed. Prafulla Chaki shot himself dead while Khudiram
Bose was tried and hanged in the Muzaffarpur Conspircay Case. So, points 2 and 3 are not correct.
Later, the whole Anushilan group was arrested including the Ghosh brothers, Aurobindo and Barindra,
who were tried in the Alipore conspiracy case, also called as Manicktolla bomb conspiracy or
Muraripukur conspiracy. So, point 4 is correct.
The Ghosh brothers were charged with ‘conspiracy’ or ‘waging war against the King’ – the equivalent of
high treason and punishable with death by hanging. Chittaranjan Das defended Aurobindo. So, point 1 is
not correct.
Aurobindo was acquitted of all charges with the judge condemning the flimsy nature of the evidence against
him. Barindra Ghosh, as the head of the secret society of revolutionaries and Ullaskar Dutt, as the maker
of bombs, were given the death penalty which was later commuted to life in prison.
During the trial, Narendra Gosain (or Goswami), who had turned approver and Crown witness, was
shot dead by two co-accused, Satyendranath Bose and Kanailal Dutta in jail.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 50. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to the Indian National Congress (INC):

1. Sarojini Naidu was the only woman president of the INC before India's independence.
2. George Yule was the first European to be the President of INC.

3. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was never elected as President of the INC.

4. Lala Lajpat Rai was the youngest President of the INC.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1, 2 and 3 only

  B. 2 and 3 only

C. 3 and 4 only

D. 1, 2 and 4 only

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Explanation :

Sarojini Naidu was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress (INC) session of Kanpur in
1925. She was the first Indian woman to assume that position. She believed in the Gandhian philosophy of
non-violence and was instrumental in disseminating Gandhian principles to the rest of the world. She was
appointed the Governor of Uttar Pradesh after India achieved independence in 1947. She was India’s first
woman Governor. So, statement 1 is not correct.
Annie Besant was the first woman President of Indian National Congress. She presided over the
1917 Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress.
George Yule was the first European to be elected as President of the Congress (Allahabad, 1888),
having had for its first three Presidents a Hindu, a Parsi and a Muslim respectively, the fourth Congress
which met in Allahabad, turned for the first time, to a non-Indian for its Presidential chair. He belonged to
the business community. He was the chief of the well - known Andrew Yule and Co. in Calcutta. He had also
been Sheriff of Calcutta and President of the Indian Chamber of Commerce. So, statement 2 is correct.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak never became President of the Indian National Congress. He joined the Congress
in 1890 and opposed its moderate approach, particularly regarding the struggle for self-government. Tilak
found support among other Indian nationalists, such as Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai in
Punjab. So, statement 3 is correct.
The youngest person to become the President of the Indian National Congress was Maulana Abul
Kalam Azad. He was elected president in 1923 at the age of 35. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad also presided
 over the 53rd session of the Indian National Congress, which was held in 1940 at Ramgarh. So, statement 4
is not correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 51. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I:

The partition of Bengal was annulled in 1911 by the British government.

Statement-II:

There was an upsurge of popular pressure created by the revolutionary nationalist after the Swadeshi Movement.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

  A. Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II explains Statement–I

B. Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct, but Statement–II does not explain Statement–I

C. Statement–I is correct, but Statement–II is incorrect

D. Statement–I is incorrect, but Statement–II is correct

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Explanation :

In the backdrop of the British government's decision to partition Bengal in July 1905, the anti-partition
and Swadeshi Movement began in Bengal in August of the same year. Also, inspired by Dadabhai Naoroji's
declaration of self-governance as the Congress's aim at the 1906 Calcutta session, the Extremists expanded
their protest methods beyond Swadeshi and boycott. They called for passive resistance, including rejecting
British education, employment, legal systems, government positions, etc.
By 1908, the open phase (as different from the underground revolutionary phase) of the Swadeshi and
Boycott movement was almost over due to many reasons including severe government repression, lack of
organisation or a party structure, arrests or deportations of the leaders and internal squabbles among leaders,
magnified by the Surat split (1907).
It was decided by the British government to annul the partition of Bengal in 1911 mainly to curb the
menace of revolutionary terrorism. Bihar and Orissa were taken out of Bengal and Assam was made a
 separate province. So, statements 1 and 2 are correct.

So, both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II explains Statement–I

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 52. + 2.0 - 0.66

In the second half of the 19th century, India experienced a ‘cotton boom’ mainly because of:

A. a series of new agricultural developments were introduced

B. a drastic reduction in the import tariffs of cotton

C. formation of Merchant Cotton Company to import cotton exclusively from India

  D. reduced global supply of cotton due to the American civil war

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Explanation :

Before the 1860s, three-fourths of raw cotton imports into Britain came from America. When the American
Civil War broke out in 1861, a wave of panic spread through cotton circles in Britain. Raw cotton imports
from America fell to less than three per cent of the normal. This prompted the British to look for an
alternative source for cotton in the world.
India possessed suitable soil, a climate favourable to cotton cultivation, and cheap labour. Thus, as the
American crisis continued, cotton production in India expanded. Between 1860 and 1864 cotton acreage
doubled. By 1862 over 90 per cent of cotton imports into Britain were coming from India.
British cotton manufacturers had long been worried about this dependence on American supplies. In
1857 the Cotton Supply Association was founded in Britain and in 1859 the Manchester Cotton Company
was formed. Their objective was “to encourage cotton production in every part of the world suited for its
growth”.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 53. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following developments took place during the tenure of Viceroy Lord Dalhousie in British India?
1. Second Anglo-Sikh War

2. First railway line between Bombay and Thane was opened

3. Suppression of Thugi

4. Introduction of English as an official language

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 3 and 4 only

D. 2 and 4 only

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Explanation :

Lord Dalhousie ( 1848 to 1856): During this period, Second Anglo-Sikh War (1849) was fought in which
the Sikhs were defeated again and Dalhousie successfully annexed the whole of Punjab to the British
administration. He annexed many states by the doctrine of lapse. During his tenure, the first railway line
between Bombay and Thane was opened in 1853 and in the same year, Calcutta and Agra were connected
by telegraph. His other reforms include the setting up of P.W.D. and the passing of the Widow Remarriage
Act (1856). The First Anglo-Afghan War was fought between the British Empire and the Emirate of Kabul
from 1838 to 1842. It took place during the tenure of Lord Auckland. So, points 1 and 2 are correct.
Lord William Bentinck: He served as Governor-General of India from 1828 to 1835. His tenure is known
for social reforms such as the Abolition of Sati in the 18th 29, the Suppression of Thugi, and the
Suppression of Infanticide, etc. English was introduced as a medium of higher education on the advice of his
council member, Thomas Babington Macaulay. He introduced English as an official language. So, points
3 and 4 are not correct.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 54. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to Madam Bhikaji Cama, consider the following statements:

1. She hoisted the Indian national flag at the International Socialist Conference in Germany.
2. She founded the Paris Indian Society which was an offshoot of the India House.

3. She started the Paris edition of ‘Bande Mataram’ newspaper to propagate against British rule in India.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

  D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

Madam Bhikaji Cama was a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement. She was known as
the "Mother of the Indian Revolution,". She was an ardent nationalist who played a crucial role in
advocating for India's freedom from British rule.
In 1907, she made history by hoisting the first version of the Indian national flag at the International
Socialist Conference in Stuttgart, Germany, symbolizing India's quest for freedom on a global stage. So,
statement 1 is correct.
This flag, designed by Cama and her associates, including Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, was a
tricolour with green, saffron and red stripes, representing the unity and aspirations of the Indian
people.
She founded the Paris Indian Society which was also known as the Bharat Mandal. It was formed in 1905
as an offshoot of the India House, founded in London by Shyamji Krishna Varma.
The leading members of this society included B.H. Godrej and K.R. Kotwal, along with Madam
Cama. So, statement 2 is correct.
She started the Paris edition of Bande Mataram newspaper, 1909 in order to circulate information about
the freedom movement and garnered support nationally and internationally. The basic purpose of the
newspaper was to continually propagate against the British rule persisting in India. So, statement 3 is
correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box
 About the Paris Indian Society:

It served as a hub for Indian revolutionaries, promoting the freedom struggle through publications like
Bande Mataram and Talvar.

About the Bande Mataram:

It was a revival of Sri Aurobindo Ghosh’s banned Calcutta edition, advocating for nationalistic acts and
openly endorsing violence against colonial rule. It also honored martyrs like Madanlal Dhingra.

Question 55. + 2.0 - 0.66

The ‘Dawn Society’ in 1902 was established by:

 A. Swami Sahajanand to protest against epicurean practices of Vaishnavism

 B. Satish Chandra Mukherji to foster self-reliance in the education system

C. Henry Louis Vivian Derozio to demand better treatment to Indian labour abroad

D. Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick to encourage Western education in India

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Explanation :

The ‘Dawn Society,’ established in 1902 by Satish Chandra Mukherjee, a pioneer in Indian education,
sought to create an institution that would not only impart knowledge but also cultivate a sense of national
pride and self-reliance in support of the Swadeshi and boycott movement of 1905. The Society's
emphasis on religious and moral values, coupled with technical education, aimed to produce well-rounded
individuals capable of contributing to India's growth and independence.
The Dawn Society was more than just an educational institution, it was a platform for promoting the
Swadeshi ideals. A non-political cultural organisation, the society was also established to protest against the
Report of the Indian Universities Commission, 1902. Mukherjee's call for students to boycott their
university exams was a bold step that resonated with the anti-colonial sentiment prevalent at the time.
Furthermore, the Society opposed the Carlyle Circular, a British attempt aimed at keeping students away
from the Swadeshi Movement. The Dawn magazine as part of The Dawn Society became a strident
mouthpiece for nationalists of the time.
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 56. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following pairs:

Personality Founder of

1. V. O. Chidambaram Pillai Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company

2. Sarala Devi Chaudharani Lakshmir Bhandar

3. P.C. Ray Bengal Chemicals Factory

Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

 A. 1 and 3 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 2 only

 D. 1, 2, and 3

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Explanation :

In the Swadeshi Movement, a key strategy involved establishing swadeshi industries to replace British imports.
This led to the establishment of swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance
companies, shops, and other enterprises. These enterprises were based more on patriotic zeal than on business
acumen. Examples of some of those industries are as follows:

Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company: V.O. Chidambaram Pillai’s venture into a national shipbuilding
enterprise—Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company—at Tuticorin, gave a challenge to the British, Indian
Steam Navigation Company. So, pair 1 is correctly matched.
Lakshmir Bhandar: Sarala Devi Chaudharani was born 1872 in Kolkata was an educationist and a
political activist who played an important role during the Swadeshi Movement. To actively promote the use
of Swadeshi products, she opened a store called ‘Lakshmir Bhandar’ in the Bowbazar neighbourhood of
Calcutta. So, pair 2 is correctly matched.
Bengal Chemicals Factory: It was set up in 1893 by Acharya P.C. Ray, in order to promote the boycott
and swadeshi movement. So, pair 3 is correctly matched.
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 57. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements: Amar Sonar Bangla

1. Sudesa Geethangal written by Rabindranath Tagore inspired the liberation struggle of Bangladesh.

2. Abanindranath Tagore broke the domination of Victorian naturalism over the Indian art scene and took
inspiration from indigenous paintings.

3. Nandalal Bose was the first recipient of a scholarship offered by the Indian Society of Oriental Art.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

 B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

 D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

No explanation provided

Question 58. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to Anushilan Samiti, 1902, consider the following statements:

1. It was established by Satish Chandra Bose and Barrister Pramathanath Mitra.

2. It was initially formed as a centre for physical fitness to maintain the secrecy of its activities.

3. During the Quit India Movement, 1942 it worked parallel to the Gandhian method of non-violence.

4. It dissolved into the Revolutionary Socialist Party before the Second World War.

How many of the above statements are correct?

A. Only one

 B. Only two

C. Only three
  D. All four
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Explanation :

The Anushilan Samiti traces its history back to 1902 when it was established by Satish Chandra Bose and
Barrister Pramathanath Mitra in present-day Kolkata. It was a prominent organization during India's
freedom struggle and was known for its revolutionary zeal and patriotic fervour. So, statement 1 is
correct.
It got its name from one of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s works titled Anushilan-tatva
(Theory of Discipline).
It was initially formed as a society for youth and gymnasium, engaging in traditional physical activities
and social works. These societies were known as centers for physical fitness to maintain the secrecy of
their revolutionary activities. So, statement 2 is correct.
Even during the Quit India Movement, 1942 it worked parallel to the Gandhian method of non-
violence. The Samiti confronted the unreasonable actions of the British and actively resisted the arrest and
torture of protesting Indians. So, statement 3 is correct.
It worked closely to generate wider consciousness amongst the masses and inspire nationalist sentiment in
a more concrete fashion. It had a significant influence and played a crucial role in the Indian freedom
struggle.
It saw a steady decline after the First World War, and many of its members aligned with socialist
ideologies and the Indian National Congress (INC). Eventually, it dissolved into the Revolutionary
Socialist Party before the Second World War. So, statement 4 is correct.
The Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP) is a communist party in India. The party was founded on 19
March 1940 by Tridib Chaudhuri and has its roots in the Bengali liberation movement Anushilan
Samiti and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army.

So, all four of the above statements are correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

Anushilan Samiti:
 It was associated with important political leaders and freedom fighters such as Satish Chandra Bose,
Praanath Mitra, Barindra Kumar Ghosh, and Bipin Chandra Pal.
The Samiti also published its own newspaper, pamphlets and books to propagate the idea of revolution
across the country. One among them was the periodical Yugantar (Jugantar), which was very emphatic
in preaching revolution.
Though a distinct path, the role of the Anushilan Samiti was complimentary in India's freedom struggle in
several ways. They agreed with Chittaranjan Das and refrained from any severe actions between 1920
and 1922, during the Non-Cooperation Movement. Taking advantage, the police arrested several
revolutionaries during this period.

Question 59. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to the All India Muslim League, consider the following statements:

1. Nawab Shalimullah Khan was its first President.

2. Its first session was held in Karachi, 1907, under the Presidency of Adamji Peer Bhai.

3. Muhammad Ali Jinnah organised its London branch to influence the British public opinion.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

 B. 2 only

 C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

In the early 20th century, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, a prominent Muslim leader, advised Indian Muslims
against joining the Indian National Congress to protect their interests. Against the backdrop of Congress-led
agitation against the 1905 Bengal partition and the Swadeshi movement, the All India Muslim Education
Conference convened in Dhaka in 1906. Justice Sharif Uddin of Calcutta High Court presided over this
conference, and Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk chaired the political session.
 Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka, a strong supporter of the Bengal partition, proposed in this conference to
form a political party to counter Congress's anti-partition agitation. His proposal was supported by Nawab
Viqar-ul-Mulk, leading to the establishment of the All India Muslim League (AIML) on December 30, 1906.
Sir Agha Khan was appointed as President, Syed Hassan Balgrami as Secretary, and Nawab Mohsin-ul-
Mulk and Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk as joint secretaries. So, statement 1 is not correct.
The first AIML session was held in Karachi on December 29, 1907, presided over by Adamji Peer Bhai.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and like him, many other leaders of the AIML believed that the Muslims could get
more benefit from the loyalty to the British rather than from any opposition to them. Hence, they supported
the partition of Bengal and desired separate electorates for Muslims. This demand was conceded by the
government in 1909 as seats were reserved for Muslims who would be elected by Muslim voters. So,
statement 2 is correct.
It was being felt from the beginning that the AIML would not achieve considerable success without winning
the British Public opinion to its side. Therefore, ‘Syed Ameer Ali’ organised the branch of Muslim league
in London on 6th May 1908. So, statement 3 is not correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 60. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to the “Simla Deputation”, consider the following statements:

1. It was hosted by Viceroy Lord Minto.

2. Its demands were accepted by the British through Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909.

3. It demanded equal representation for Muslims in the Governor-General's Executive Council.

Which of the statements given below are correct?

  A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :
No explanation provided

Question 61. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to the Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909, consider the following statements:

1. It allowed Indians to participate in the elections to both central and provincial legislative councils.

2. It introduced an elected non-official majority in the provincial councils.

3. All legislative members of the Central Legislative Assembly were to be directly elected by a limited franchise.

Which of the statements given above are not correct?

 A. 1 and 2 only

 B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

The Indian Councils Act, 1909 is also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909. Lord Morley was the then
Secretary of State for India and Lord Minto was the then Viceroy of India. The important provisions of this Act
were as follows:

It introduced the elective principle for the first time. This allowed Indians to participate in the elections
to both central and provincial legislative councils, though the electorate was limited on the basis of class
and community. So, statement 1 is correct.
In the provincial councils, a non-official majority was introduced, but since some of these non-officials
were nominated and not elected, the overall non-elected majority remained. So, statement 2 is not
correct.
Official Majority: A majority of the members of the council were officials appointed by the
government.
Non-Official Majority: A majority of the members in the council were non-officials, meaning they
were either elected representatives or nominated members who were not holding official government
positions.
 The elected members were to be indirectly elected. The local bodies were to elect an electoral college,
which in turn would elect members of provincial legislatures, who in turn would elect members of the
central legislature. So, statement 3 is not correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the answer.

Knowledge Box

Other provisions of the Indian Councils Act 1909:

It made the first attempt to bring in a representative and popular element in the governance of the country.
The strength of the Imperial Legislative Council was increased. The number of members of the Provincial
Executive Council was increased.
The powers of the legislative councils, both central and provincial, were increased.
Besides separate electorates for the Muslims, representation in excess of their population strength was
accorded to the Muslims. Also, the income qualification for Muslim voters was kept lower than that for
Hindus

Question 62. + 2.0 - 0.66

Who among the following set up the Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha, 1863 to prevent infanticide?

A. Anandibai Joshi

  B. Savitribai Phule

C. Ramabai Ranade

D. Tarabai Shinde

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Explanation :

Savitribai Phule was an active participant in the women's liberation movement. In 1852, she initiated the
Mahila Seva Mandal, a platform aimed at creating awareness about women’s rights. Notably, this platform
brought together members of all castes, challenging entrenched social hierarchies. Savitribai Phule was a
vocal advocate for the rights of widows.
 She campaigned against the prevailing customs that forced widows into a life of deprivation and for the
right of widows to remarry. With Jyotiba Phule, she set up a home called Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha
(home to prevent infanticide) in 1863, where unwed mothers and widows who became pregnant under
unfortunate circumstances could have safe deliveries instead of resorting to killing the infants or themselves.
Anandibai Joshi was the first woman of Indian-origin to study and graduate with a degree in western
medicine in the United States of America.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 63. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following newspapers advocated for extremist revolutionary ideologies during India's freedom
struggle?

1. Kesari

2. Jugantar

3. Kaal

4. Sandhya

5. Punjabee

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

 A. 1, 2 and 4 only

B. 2, 3 and 5 only

C. 1, 3, 4 and 5 only

 D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

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Explanation :

Kesari: Bal Gangadhar Tilak founded the Marathi newspaper Kesari in 1881. During the 1890s, he
propagated a spirit of militant nationalism, including the use of violence, through Ganapati and Shivaji
festivals and his journals Kesari and Maharatta. So, point 1 is correct.
Jugantar: Barindra Kumar Ghosh was the founder of the Bengali newspaper Jugantar Patrika. It was
founded in 1906 in Calcutta. Abhinash Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt were also the co-founders of
 this newspaper. It served as the propaganda organ of Anushilan Samiti, a nascent revolutionary
organization that was taking shape in Bengal at the time. Bhupendranath Dutt worked as a newspaper
editor. So, point 2 is correct.
Kaal: Shivram Mahadev Paranjape (1864-1929) founded the Marathi weekly newspaper Kaal ("Times"
in Marathi) in Pune in 1897 and started publishing it in 1898. Through Kaal, he incited unrest among the
people of Maharashtra against British rule from 1898 to 1908. It was a prominent newspaper in
Maharashtra that also advocated revolutionary activities. So, point 3 is correct.
Sandhya: It was an extremist daily started by Brahmabandhab Upadhyay in 1904. The newspaper
condemned the British government’s action in extremely strong words. The main purpose of the
newspaper was to spread awareness among the masses about the atrocities of the British government. So,
point 4 is correct.
Punjabee: The Punjab extremism was fuelled by issues such as frequent famines coupled with a rise in land
revenue and irrigation tax, the practice of ‘begar’ by zamindars and the events in Bengal. Among those
active here were Lala Lajpat Rai who brought out Punjabee (with its motto of self-help at any cost). So,
point 5 is correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 64. + 2.0 - 0.66

In the context of the History of India, the ‘Treaty of Bassein, 1802’ is a significant for:

A. rejection of revenue claims by the Mughal power on Awadh

  B. acceptance of the subsidiary alliance by the Marathas

C. acceptance of peace by the the Nizam of Hyderabad with Mysore

D. acceptance of the Nawab of Awadh to rule under the Mughal protection

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Explanation :

The Treaty of Bassein, 1802 was signed after the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05). Bajirao II signed
the treaty with the English and accepted a subsidiary alliance. Under the treaty, the Peshwa agreed:
to receive from the Company a native infantry (consisting of not less than 6,000 troops), with the
usual proportion of field artillery and European artillery men attached, to be permanently stationed in
 his territories
to cede to the Company territories yielding an income of Rs 26 lakh. to surrender the city of Surat
to give up all claims for Chauth on the Nizam’s Hyderabad dominions
to accept the Company’s arbitration in all differences between him and the Nizam or the Gaekwad
not to keep in his employment Europeans of any nation at war with the English
to subject his relations with other states to the control of the English.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 65. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following organisations:

1. Swadesh Sevak Home

2. Indian Home Rule Society

3. United India House

4. East India Association

How many of the above were set up abroad by Indians to carry out revolutionary activities?

A. Only one

B. Only two

 C. Only three

 D. All four

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Explanation :

Swadesh Sevak Home: It was set up in Vancouver, Canada. It supported revolutionary activities and
provided a base for Indian nationalists in North America to gather and plan actions against British rule. So,
point 1 is correct.
Indian Home Rule Society, 1905: It was established in London, UK, by Shyamaji Krishna Varma in
1905, this society promoted Indian self-rule and was a hub for revolutionary activities. So, point 2 is
correct.
 United India House, 1910: It was set up in Seattle, United States of America. It was another significant
center for Indian nationalists on the West coast of North America, facilitating revolutionary activities and
the promotion of Indian independence. So, point 3 is correct.
East India Association, 1866: It was established in London by Dadabhai Naoroji to discuss the Indian
question and influence public men in England to promote Indian welfare. It was not specifically focused on
revolutionary activities. So, point 4 is not correct.

So, only three of the above were set up abroad by Indians to carry out revolutionary activities.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 66. + 2.0 - 0.66

It was a revolutionary organization founded by Sardar Ajit Singh. It urged non-payment of revenue among Chenab
colonists and Bari Doab peasants. It propagated its ideas through the journal Bharat Mata. Which one of the
following organizations is described above?

A. Bombay Association

B. Indian Union

C. Naujawan Bharat Sabha

  D. Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watan

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Explanation :

Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watan, was a "secret society" founded by Sardar Ajit Singh in Lahore. Ajit
Singh was the leader of the 1907 "Pagri Sambhal Jatta" movement. He was also Bhagat Singh's uncle.
Before this group turned to extremism, it was active in urging non-payment of revenue and water rates
among Chenab colonists and Bari Doab peasants.
The organization used the journal Bharat Mata, published by Ajit Singh, to disseminate its revolutionary
ideas and mobilize support among the masses.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 67. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to the Berlin Committee for Indian Independence, consider the following statements:

1. Virendranath Chattopadhyay was one of the founding members of the committee.

2. It aimed to mobilise Indian settlers abroad to incite rebellion among Indian troops.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

  C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

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Explanation :

The Berlin Committee for Indian Independence, later known as the Indian Independence Committee after
1915, was an organisation formed in Germany in 1914 during World War I by Indian students and political
activists residing in the country.

Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Bhupendranath Dutta, Lala Hardayal, and others were the founding
members of the Berlin Indian Independence Committee. So, statement 1 is correct.
It aimed to mobilise the Indian settlers abroad to send volunteers and arms to India to incite rebellion
among Indian troops there. So, statement 2 is correct.
It was a part of the Hindu-German conspiracy. The conspiracy was a series of plans between 1914 and
1917 by Indian nationalist groups to attempt rebellion against the British Raj during World War I.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 68. + 2.0 - 0.66

The Barrah dacoity in 1908 to raise funds for revolutionary activities was conducted under the leadership of:

  A. Pulin Behari Das

B. Sachin Sanyal

C. Bagha Jatin
 D. Amir Chand

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Explanation :

Barrah Dacoity: It was organised in 1908 by Pulin Behari Das and the Dacca Anushilan Samiti to raise
funds for revolutionary activities. The funds were used to buy arms and ammunition. The
revolutionaries attacked the residence of the Zamindar of Barrah in the Dhaka District of East Bengal.
Pulin Behari Das: He was the founder president of the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti. He was indoctrinated
to revolutionary ideals by Barrister Pramothanath Mitra. In 1908, the government banned the Anushilan
Samiti and similar other organizations; while he was sent to the Montogomery jail in Punjab for two years.
He had by then established 600 branches of the Anushilan Samiti all over eastern India, including Myanmar.
In 1912, he was rearrested under the Dhaka Conspiracy Case that ultimately landed him in the Cellular Jail
for seven years. Aftr he was released in 1920, he organized Bharat Sevak Sangha to oppose Gandhi’s
non-violent agitation. In 1922, he gave up active politics and founded Bangiya Byayam Samity (Bengal
Exercise Club) at Calcutta (1925) to re-dedicate his life to imparting physical training to the youth.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

Other revolutionary activities:

Bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge led by Sachin Sanyal: It was part of the Delhi Conspiracy Case of
1912. Sachin Sanyal, along with Rash Behari Bose and others, planned to assassinate Lord Hardinge, the
Viceroy of India.
Bagha Jatin's efforts to import German arms: During World War I, Jatindranath Mukherjee, known as
Bagha Jatin, was involved in the Indo-German plot. This was a conspiracy between Indian revolutionaries
and Germany to import arms and spark a pan-Indian mutiny against British rule.
In 1907, an abortive attempt was made by the Yugantar group on the life of a very unpopular British
official, Sir Fuller.

Question 69. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I:

There was a noticeable pause in revolutionary activities in India after the First World War.

Statement-II:

The emergence of Gandhian philosophy showcased the potential of non-violent resistance.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

 A. Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II explains Statement–I

B. Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct, but Statement–II does not explain Statement–I

C. Statement–I is correct, but Statement–II is incorrect

 D. Statement–I is incorrect, but Statement–II is correct

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Explanation :

Decline of revolutionary activity after the First World War:

The end of the First World War marked a significant shift in the political landscape of India. The war
drained resources and shifted priorities for the British government, leading to a temporary reduction
in revolutionary activities as the Indian nationalist movement recalibrated its strategies. Many
revolutionaries were imprisoned or executed during the war, causing a temporary lull in militant
activities. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, however, reignited the revolutionary fervour but initially,
there was a noticeable pause. So, statement 1 is correct.
Mahatma Gandhi's return to India in 1915 and his subsequent leadership of the Indian National Congress
introduced a new strategy of non-violent non-cooperation. This approach provided a fresh and effective
method for resisting British rule. The success of Gandhi's movements in Champaran, Kheda, and
Ahmedabad showcased the potential of non-violent resistance, inspiring widespread support and
participation. So, statement 2 is correct.
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) marked a significant phase where Indians boycotted
British goods, institutions, and services, demonstrating mass civil disobedience without resorting to
violence.
The Montagu Declaration of August 1917, issued by Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State for India,
promised increased self-governance and the gradual development of self-governing institutions. This was a
significant policy shift aimed at placating Indian nationalists and reducing revolutionary fervour. The
 declaration was seen as an acknowledgment of India's political aspirations and a step towards constitutional
reforms, which eventually led to the Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms).

So, both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II explains Statement–I.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 70. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to the nationalist response to the First World War:

1. The Moderates agreed to support Britain during the war in exchange for political concessions.

2. The Extremists opposed any cooperation with the British in war efforts unless India was granted complete
independence.

3. The revolutionaries decided to utilize the opportunity to wage a war against British rule.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1, 2 and 3

B. 1 and 2 only

  C. 1 and 3 only

D. 2 and 3 only

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Explanation :

During the First World War (1914-1918), Britain sought Indian support and resources to bolster its efforts
against the Central Powers. India contributed significantly with over a million troops, serving in various
theaters including Europe, Africa and the Middle East. The British aimed to gain Indian loyalty and support
by promising political reforms and concessions, though these promises were not fully realized.
The Moderates agreed to support Britain during World War I in exchange for political concessions.
They sought reforms and increased political representation rather than an immediate promise of complete
independence. Their support was based on the expectation that Britain would grant greater self-governance
or other political benefits in return for their assistance. So, statement 1 is correct.
The nationalist response to British participation in the First World War was three-fold:
 The Extremists, including Tilak (who was released in June 1914), supported the war efforts in the
mistaken belief that Britain would repay India’s loyalty with gratitude in the form of self-government.
So, statement 2 is not correct.
The revolutionaries decided to utilise the opportunity to wage a war on British rule and liberate the
country. So, statement 3 is correct.
In India, for revolutionaries striving for immediate complete independence, the War seemed a heaven- sent
opportunity, draining India of troops (the number of white soldiers went down at one point to only 15,000)
and raising the possibility of financial and military help from Germany and Turkey—the enemies of Britain.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 71. + 2.0 - 0.66

S. Subramania Aiyar renounced his Knighthood because of:

A. failure of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

  B. arrest of the leaders of the Home Rule Movement

C. violence at the Jallianwala Bagh

D. partition of Bengal

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Explanation :

The Home Rule Movement was the Indian response to the First World War in a less charged but more
effective way than the response of Indians living abroad which took the form of the romantic Ghadr
adventure.
In response to the Home Rule movement, the British government came down with severe repression,
especially in Madras where the students were prohibited from attending political meetings. A case was
instituted against Bal Gangadhar Tilak which was, however, rescinded by the high court. Tilak was
barred from entering Punjab and Delhi.
In June 1917, Annie Besant and her associates, B.P. Wadia and George Arundale, were arrested. This
invited nationwide protests. In a dramatic gesture, Sir S. Subramaniya Aiyar renounced his Knighthood
while Tilak advocated a programme of passive resistance. The repression only served to harden the
 attitude of the agitators and strengthen their resolve to resist the government. Annie Besant was released in
September 1917.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

S. Subramania Aiyar:

He was a lawyer, jurist, and pioneering freedom fighter who hailed from the Madurai district in present-day
Tamil Nadu. He was the first Indian to serve as the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court.
Recognizing his merit, he was awarded a knighthood in 1900. He was among the founding members of
the Indian National Congress (INC). He was also a champion of the peasant’s rights.
During his address as the Chairman of INC’s 1914 Madras session, he stressed the importance of village
panchayats and the need for ryot relief funds.
Moreover, he was a great proponent of the Swadeshi movement and spoke about its role in attaining
self-sufficiency. His most significant contribution to the freedom struggle came in 1916 when he and Annie
Besant founded the Home Rule League. He was chosen as its honorary President.
In 1917, he wrote a letter to U.S President Woodrow Wilson detailing the oppression and misrule in
India and asked him to respond to it. This letter caused a detailed discussion in the British Parliament, and
he received a personal rebuke from Viceroy Chelmsford. In response to this insult, he renounced his
knighthood, proclaiming it as an obstacle to the “legitimate exercise of his civic rights.”

Question 72. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to the Ryotwari System, consider the following statements:

1. It was introduced by Thomas Munro.

2. It was implemented in the areas of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

3. It gave peasants full hereditary ownership rights of their land.

4. The tax rates were determined by the quality of the soil and the type of crops cultivated.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

  A. 1, 3 and 4 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 4 only

D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Explanation :

The Ryotwari system marked a significant departure from the Zamindari system. It granted ownership rights to
peasants (Ryots), allowing them to directly interact with the government for revenue collection.

It was introduced by Thomas Munro, Governor of Madras, in 1820. So, statement 1 is correct.
It was practiced in the Madras and Bombay areas, as well as Assam and Coorg provinces. So, statement 2
is not correct.
Salient Features of Ryotwari System:
Ownership Rights in Perpetuity: In this system, peasants held full ownership rights of their land
and these rights were hereditary, ensuring continuity through generations. So, statement 3 is correct.
Soil Quality and Crop-Based Taxation: Tax rates were determined by the quality of the soil and
the type of crops cultivated, affording relief to farmers compared to the fixed rates in the permanent
settlement system. So, statement 4 is correct.
Direct Tax Collection and Intermediary Elimination: The British government engaged in direct
tax collection from peasants, effectively eliminating intermediaries such as zamindars.
Productivity-Based Taxation: Taxation in this system was rooted in land productivity, typically
amounting to around 50% to 60% of the yield from irrigated land.
Adjustable Agreements: Agreements between the government and peasants had a fixed term of 30
years, subject to adjustment with new rules after the specified period.
Responsibility for Direct Taxation: Peasants bore the responsibility of maintaining ownership of
their land by paying taxes punctually, directly to the government.
Landowner Privileges: As landowners, peasants possessed the prerogative to sell, mortgage or gift
their land as they saw fit.
Flexibility in Land Holdings: Peasants had the option to alter the size of their land holdings or even
abandon them annually, granting them flexibility in land management.
Remissions in Adverse Conditions: In cases of unfavourable conditions or poor yields, the
government conducted reassessments and granted remissions, reducing or forgiving taxes based on
the losses incurred by citizens.
Community Assistance and Non-Liability: Peasants received community assistance during
challenging periods and were not held accountable for their neighbours' tax payments.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 73. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following information:

Indian National Congress

President Outcome
Session

Dadabhai Congress formally adopted the goal of ‘swarajya or self-

1. Calcutta Session, 1906
Naoroji government’ as its central objective

A. C.
2. Lucknow Session, 1916 Adoption of a new constitution for the Indian National Congress
Mazumdar

3. Karachi Session, 1931 Annie Besant Resolution on Fundamental Rights was adopted

In how many of the above rows is the given information correctly matched?

 A. Only one

 B. Only two

C. All three

D. None

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Explanation :

Calcutta Session (1906) of INC was presided by Dadabhai Naoroji and its outcomes are:
Swaraj Resolution: The goal of the Indian National Congress was defined as ‘swarajya or self-
government’ like the United Kingdom or the colonies of Australia and Canada. Also, a resolution
supporting the programme of swadeshi, boycott, and national education was passed. The word
‘swaraj’ was mentioned for the first time, but its connotation was not spelt out, which left the field
open for differing interpretations by the Moderates and the Extremists. So, row 1 is correctly
matched.
Nationalist Agenda: The session set the tone for the Congress's future strategy, emphasizing the need
for self-government and constitutional reforms.
Lucknow Session (1916) was presided by A.C. Mazumdar and its outcomes:
Congress-Muslim League Pact: It marked the first major reconciliation between the Congress and
the Muslim League, leading to the formation of a joint front for political demands.
 Political Unity: The session set the stage for a more unified approach to challenging British rule and
seeking constitutional changes. The demand for separate electorates for Muslims was first
prominently articulated at the Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress in 1916. This
session marked a significant turning point in Indian politics, where the Congress and the Muslim
League came together in a united front, leading to the Lucknow Pact.
The new constitution for the Indian National Congress was framed during the Calcutta Session of
1920. This session, was presided over by C Vijayaraghavachariar marked a significant shift in the
Congress's approach, adopting a more radical stance and endorsing the principles of self-rule and complete
independence from British colonial rule. So, row 2 is not correctly matched.
Karachi Session, 1931: It was led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. It is notable for its resolution on
fundamental rights and the National Economic Programme. The resolution guaranteed the people's basic
civil and political rights. So, row 3 is not correctly matched.

So, in only one of the above rows the given information is correctly matched.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 74. + 2.0 - 0.66

The Age of Consent Act, 1891 aimed at:

A. allowing women to inherit parental property

B. raising the age of marriage for girls from 15 to 18 years and for boys from 18 to 21

  C. forbidding the marriage of girls below the age of 12

D. raising the the marriage age to 18 and 14 for boys and girls respectively

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Explanation :

Age of Consent Act (1891) forbade the marriage of girls below the age of 12. The case of Rukhmabai,
1885 pushed the reformers to get the Age of Consent Act passed. It was the death of an eleven-year-old
Bengali girl Phulmoni Dasi that led the British to pass the Act in 1891.
Rukhmabai's case in 1885 was a landmark in Indian legal history as she fought against an unwanted
marriage and sought a divorce, ultimately leading to Queen Victoria dissolving her marriage, and two
 major legal changes later down the line – the Age of Consent Act of 1891, and the subsequent
eradication of the custom of child-marriage by law.
Sir Andrew Scoble introduced the Act in the legislative council of the Governor General of India in
Calcutta. Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Sir Romesh Chunder Mitter opposed the Act on the grounds that it
interfered with orthodox Hindu codes. Bal Gangadhar Tilak stated “We would not like that the government
should have anything to do with regulating our social customs or ways of living, even supposing that the act
of government will be a very beneficial and suitable measure.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 75. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following:

1. Madan Mohan Malaviya

2. Lala Lajpat Rai

3. B.S. Moonje

How many of the above were members of both Indian National Congress and Hindu Mahasabha?

A. Only one

B. Only two

 C. All three

D. None

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Explanation :

All-India Hindu Mahasabha was established in 1915. It was known previously as the Sarvadeshak Hindu
Sabha.
It held its first session in April 1915 with the Maharaja of Kasim Bazar as president. Local forerunners to
the Mahasabha had been sprouting across the country since the early decades of the 20th century when the
All India Muslim League was formed in 1906 and the British announced separate electorates for Muslims
under the Morley Minto Reforms.
 As a result of these developments, Hindu leaders realised the need to come together to form an organisation
that would safeguard their interests. Over the years several small Hindu sabhas were formed in Punjab,
United Provinces, Bihar and Bombay Presidency. In April 1925 the Sarvadeshak (all India) Hindu
Mahasabha was formally established and all the regional organisations were brought under it. In April 1921
it changed its name to Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha.
Madan Mohan Malaviya, Lala Lajpat Rai and B.S. Moonje were members of both Congress and
Hindu Mahasabha. Likewise, Suleiman Ansari, Hafiz Ibrahim, M.C. Chagla and Khaliquzzaman were
simultaneously members of both Congress and Muslim League. Important Congress leaders, such as
Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad, Sarojini Naidu, Asaf Ali often attended the sessions of the Muslim
League in the 1920s. So, points 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

So, all three of the above were members of both Indian National Congress and Hindu Mahasabha.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 76. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements regarding the workers’ organizations in British India :

1. The Workers Welfare Society, 1910 supported reducing working hours to 12 per day.

2. The Madras Labour Union was one of India's first organized labor unions founded by B.P. Wadia and V.
Kalyanasundaram Mudaliar.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

 B. 2 only

 C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

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Explanation :

Kamgar Hitwardhak Sabha, or the 'Workers Welfare Society', was formed in 1910 by N.A. Talcherkar,
S.K. Bole, B.R. Nare, S.W. Patil and others. They constituted the mill workers and other employees and
representatives from the general public and occupations like law and medicine. It supported reducing
 working hours to 12 per day and urged workers' industrial compensation and education claims. So,
statement 1 is correct.
The Madras Labour Union was one of India's first organized labor unions, founded by B.P. Wadia and V.
Kalyanasundaram Mudaliar on 3rd April 1918. So, statement 2 is correct.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 77. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following was proposed in the August Declaration of 1917 by the British?

A. Progressive realization of responsible government in India outside the British Empire

  B. Progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire

C. Self government for India similar to the self-governing colonies of Australia and Canada

D. Self government for India as a sovereign nation in the long term

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Explanation :

The Secretary of State for India, Edwin Samuel Montagu, made a statement on August 20, 1917 in the
British House of Commons in what has come to be known as the August Declaration of 1917. The
statement said: “The government policy is of an increasing participation of Indians in every branch of
administration and gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive
realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire.”
From now onwards, the demand by nationalists for self-government or home rule could not be termed
as seditious since attainment of self-government for Indians now became a government policy, unlike
Morley’s statement in 1909 that the reforms were not intended to give self-government to India.
Also, the use of the term ‘responsible government’ implied the condition that the rulers were to be
answerable to the elected representatives, and not only to the imperial government in London.
However, it was equally clear that the British had no intention of handing over power to predominantly
elected legislatures with an Indian majority. So, in order that the executive to be made responsible in
some measure to the elected assemblies, whose size and the proportion of elected members was going to be
increased in any case, the concept of ‘dyarchy’ was to be evolved.
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 78. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to the British India:

1. Agency houses performed all the banking functions of receiving deposits, making advances and issuing paper
money.

2. Dastak exempted European traders, mostly of the British East India Company, from paying customs or transit
duties on their private trade.

3. Home Charges were the expenditure incurred in England by the Secretary of State on behalf of India.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

 A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

 D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

Agency House authorized European merchant house trading in Bengal with a license from the East
India Company. In exchange for stipulated tributes, the company, under the Royal Charter Acts, had
enjoyed the monopoly right to trade in the waters east of the Cape of Good Hope. These agency houses
performed all the banking functions of receiving deposits, making advances and issuing paper money.
Their responsibility of note circulation crucially helped them in carrying out their diversified lines of
businesses as ship-owners, land owners, farmers, manufacturers, money lenders and bankers. So, statement
1 is correct.
Dastak, in 18th-century Bengal, was a permit exempting European traders, mostly of the British East
India Company, from paying customs or transit duties on their private trade. The name came from the
Persian word for “pass.” The practice was introduced by Robert Clive when he had Mīr Jafar installed as a
nawab of Bengal in 1757. The attempt of Mīr Jafar’s successor, Mīr Qāsim, to annul the use of dastaks led
to his overthrow in 1763–64 and the exercise of overt control of Bengal by the British. Free dastaks for
 private trade were finally abolished by Warren Hastings, governor of Bengal (1775). The system put the
Indian trader at a grave disadvantage in competing with the Europeans and was an important factor in the
impoverishment of Bengal under early British rule. So, statement 2 is correct.
Home Charges were the expenditure incurred in England by the Secretary of State on behalf of India.
As a result of multiple levels of connection (political, administrative and commercial connections) between
India and British, the Government of India had to make huge payments to the people of Britain. All these
payments came to be known as ‘Home Charges’ after the British Parliament took over administrative control
of India. So, statement 3 is correct.
It consisted of interest on public debt raised from England, annuities on account of railways and
irrigation works and payments to British employees, employed in India as well as pensions to
retired employees who worked in India.
The major components of this drain were salaries and pensions of civil and military officials,
interests on loans taken by the Indian Government from abroad, profits on foreign investment in
India, stores purchased in Britain for civil and military departments, payments to be made for
shipping, banking and insurance services which stunted the growth of Indian enterprise in these
services. These charges were part of the drain of wealth from India to England.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 79. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following were the objectives of the Indian National Congress in its early years of formation?

1. To politicize and politically educate people

2. To develop and propagate an anti-colonial nationalist ideology

3. To develop and consolidate a feeling of national unity among people

4. To undertake mass social and religious reforms in various parts of country

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  A. 1, 2 and 3 only

B. 2 and 4 only

C. 1, 3 and 4 only

D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Explanation :

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by Allan O. Hume. The party was formed for the inclusion
of Indians in the political arena. The main aims of the Indian National Congress (INC) in the initial stage were as
follows:

To form a democratic, nationalist movement; politicise and politically educate people; promote friendly
relations among nationalist political workers from different parts of the country. So, point 1 is correct.
To develop and propagate an anti-colonial nationalist ideology. So, point 2 is correct.
To develop and consolidate a feeling of national unity among people irrespective of religion, caste or
province. So, point 3 is correct.
To formulate and present popular demands before the government with a view to unifying the people over a
common economic and political programme
To carefully promote and nurture Indian nationhood.
To establish the headquarters for a movement.
In the initial years, the INC openly stated that its aims do not include the mass movement on social and
religious reforms. This was done especially to not restrict itself as a socio-religious reform organization.
So, point 4 is not correct.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 80. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following leaders founded the Indian League, 1875 with the aim of encouraging political
education among the masses?

  A. Sisir Kumar Ghosh

B. Surendranath Banerjea

C. Pherozeshah Mehta

D. P. Ananda Charlu

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Explanation :
 The Indian League was started in 1875 by Sisir Kumar Ghosh with the object of “stimulating the sense of
nationalism amongst the people” and of encouraging political education.
Sisir Kumar Ghosh wrote extensively on peasant exploitation by the European indigo farmers in Bengal in
the Hindu Patriot (1859-60), the writings that helped this rural issue surface in the nationalist discourse.
He published a bi-monthly Bengali journal Amrita Prabahini and Amrita Bazar Patrika.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 81. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

1. The national anthem “Jana Gana Mana” was first sung at the Calcutta session, 1911 of the Indian National
Congress (INC).

2. The first Independence Day was celebrated all over the country after the Lahore Congress Session, 1929 adopted
complete independence as its goal.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

 B. 2 only

 C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

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Explanation :

Jana Gana Mana, a symbol of India's united culture was composed by Nobel Laureate Rabindranath
Tagore and was first sung on December 27, 1911 at the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress
(INC). Rabindranath Tagore wrote the first anthem in Bengali ‘Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata’ which later was
edited and translated as ‘Jana Gana Mana’ and was adopted as the national anthem on January 24, 1950,
with an announcement by the then president Dr Rajendra Prasad. So, statement 1 is correct.
In the Lahore Congress Session (December 1929), the Indian National Congress adopted complete
independence as its goal. Congress decided to launch a civil disobedience movement. January 26, 1930 was
celebrated as the first Independence Day all over the country. So, statement 2 is correct.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 82. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following uprisings led by Titu Mir is often considered the first armed peasant uprising against
the British?

A. Faraizi revolt

  B. Narkelberia Uprising

C. Pagal Panthi revolt

D. Kuka Movement

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Explanation :

No explanation provided

Question 83. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements:

1. Vishnu Shastri Pandit founded the Widow Remarriage Association.

2. Karsandas Mulji started the Satya Prakash in Gujarati to advocate widow remarriage.

3. D.K. Karve served as the secretary of the Widow Remarriage Association.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

 B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

 D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :

Vishnu Shastri Pandit was a social reformer and women's rights advocate who founded the Widow
Remarriage Association in 1853 in Bombay. Karsandas Mulji started the Satya Prakash in Gujarati in 1852
to advocate widow remarriage. So, statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Similar efforts were made by Professor D.K. Karve in western India and by Veerasalingam Pantulu in
Madras. Karve himself married a widow in 1893. He dedicated his life to the upliftment of Hindu widows
and became the Secretary of the Widow Remarriage Association. He opened a widows’ home in Poona to
give the high-caste widows an interest in life by providing them with facilities for vocational training. So,
statement 3 is correct.
The right of widows to remarriage was also advocated by B.M. Malabari, Narmad (Narmadashankar
Labhshankar Dave), Justice Govind Mahadeo Ranade, and K. Natarajan among others. Jyotiba Phule and
his wife Savitribai were also vociferous advocates of widow remarriage and campaigned against widows
being subjected to degrading practices.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 84. + 2.0 - 0.66

Who among the following was conferred the epithet of 'Lokmata' by Rabindranath Tagore?

 A. Sister Nivedita

B. Sushila Devi

C. Kumari Kumudini Mitter

 D. Sarla Devi Chaudhary

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Explanation :

Sister Nivedita, born Margaret Elizabeth Noble, is regarded as one of the great women of India for dedicating her
life to the cause of India and Hinduism. Interestingly, she was born in the Western world but made her mark in
India.
 Popularly known as Sister Nivedita, she was born on October 28, 1867, in Dungannon, Northern Ireland.
She promoted the re-establishment of 'dharma' (morality rather than religion) in Indian society.
Swami Vivekananda gave her the name Nivedita when he initiated her into the vow of Brahmacharya on
March 25, 1898. The name means 'Dedicated to God'. She has been described by many other names too.
'Lokmata' by Rabindranath Tagore, 'Lioness' by Swami Vivekananda, 'Agnisikha' or flame of fire by Sri
Aurobindo, 'Champion of India' in England and 'Sister' by all the people of India.
She played a key role in helping out the people of Bengal during plague, famine and floods and strongly
objected to the partition of Bengal in 1905. She was a supporter of the Swadeshi Movement which called
for the boycott of imported British goods in favor of domestically produced handmade goods.
She met Swami Vivekananda in London in 1895 and later arrived in Calcutta in 1898. She became
interested in Vedanta philosophy and Vivekananda's teachings. She organized and opened a girls' school
in Calcutta's Bagbazar district, intending to educate girls.
Her dedication was so strong for a cause that she used to go door to door to recruit girls for her
school. Sister Nivedita always attempted to instill a nationalist spirit in her students. She made the
song 'Vande Màtaram' a prayer in her school.
She wrote several books and articles like ‘Religion and Dharma’, ‘Civic & National Ideals’, ‘Kali the
Mother’, ‘Cradle Tales of Hinduism’, ‘The Master as I Saw Him’.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 85. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following international events:

1. Japan's victory over Russia (1905)

2. Boer Wars (1899-1902)

3. Ethiopia's (Abyssinia) victory in the war against Italy, 1896

How many of the above gave impetus to the rise of extremist ideology in the early phase of the Indian freedom
movement?

A. Only one

B. Only two

  C. All three

D. None

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Explanation :

The extremist groups of the early phase of the Indian freedom movement believed in obtaining self-
government by aggressive means in place of petitions and constitutional ways. The reasons for the Emergence of
Extremists are mentioned as follows:

They realized the true nature of British rule; as exploitative.

International influences and events demolished the myth of white European supremacy. These included:
Ethiopia's (Abyssinia) victory in the war against Italy, 1896
Boer Wars (1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses,
Japan's victory over Russia (1905), and Nationalist movements around the world. So, points 1, 2 and
3 are correct.
They were not satisfied with the achievements of the Moderates.
Reactionary policies of Curzon such as the Calcutta Corporation Act (1899), the Official Secrets Act (1904),
the Indian Universities Act (1904), and the partition of Bengal (1905).
Existence of a militant school of thought and the emergence of a trained leader.

So, all three of the above gave impetus to the rise of extremist ideology in the early phase of the Indian
freedom movement.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 86. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following factors prompted the Muslim League to come together with the Indian National Congress
in the 1910s?
1. Britain’s refusal to help Turkey in its wars in the Balkans

2. Refusal to establish a university at Aligarh by the British

3. Suppression of Al Hilal and Comrade newspapers

4. Similar goal of self government

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1, 2 and 4 only

B. 1, 3 and 4 only

 C. 2 and 3 only

 D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
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Explanation :

Lucknow Pact, 1916 between the Indian National Congress and Muslim League was a significant development to
take place at the Lucknow Session of the Congress. This happened at a time when the Muslim League, now
dominated by the younger militant nationalists, was coming closer to the Congress objectives and turning
increasingly anti-imperialist.

The following were the reasons for the shift in the League’s position:
Britain’s refusal to help Turkey (ruled by the Khalifa who claimed religio-political leadership of all
Muslims) in its wars in the Balkans (1912-13) and with Italy (during 1911) had angered the Muslims.
So, point 1 is correct.
The annulment of the partition of Bengal in 1911 annoyed those sections of the Muslims who had
supported the partition.
The refusal of the British government in India to set up a university at Aligarh with powers to
affiliate colleges all over India also alienated some Muslims. So, point 2 is correct.
Younger Muslims were infuriated by the government's repression during the First World War.
Maulana Azad’s Al Hilal (a weekly Urdu language newspaper) and Mohammad Ali’s Comrade
faced suppression while the leaders such as the Ali brothers, Maulana Azad and Hasrat Mohani faced
internment. This generated anti-imperialist sentiments among the ‘Young Party’. So, point 3 is
correct.
The younger League members were turning to bolder nationalist politics and were trying to outgrow
the limited political outlook of the Aligarh school. The Calcutta session of the Muslim League (1912)
had committed the League to “working with other groups for a system of self-government suited to
India, provided it did not come in conflict with its basic objective of protection of interests of the
Indian Muslims”. Thus, the goal of self-government similar to that of Congress brought both sides
closer. So, point 4 is correct.
The Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League could be considered an important event in
the course of the nationalistic struggle for freedom.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

While the League agreed to present joint constitutional demands with the Congress to the government, the
Congress accepted the Muslim League’s position on separate electorates which would continue till
 any one community demanded joint electorates. The Muslims were also granted a fixed proportion of
seats in the legislatures at all-India and provincial levels. The joint demands were:
The government should declare that it would confer self-government on Indians at an early date.
The representative assemblies at the central as well as provincial levels should be further expanded
with an elected majority and more powers given to them.
The term of the legislative council should be five years.
The salaries of the Secretary of State for India should be paid by the British treasury and not drawn
from Indian funds.
Half the members of the viceroy’s and provincial governors’ executive councils should be Indians.

Question 87. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following organizations in British India was inspired by Giuseppe Mazzini's ‘Young Italy’?

A. Bharat Stree Mahamandal

B. Ladies Social Conference

C. Swadesh Bandhab Samiti

  D. Abhinav Bharat

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Explanation :

Vinayak Savarkar and Ganesh Damodar Savarkar founded the Mitra Mela in 1899 a secret society
and were directly involved in extremism in Maharashtra. It later merged with Abhinav Bharat (after
Mazzinni’s ‘Young Italy’) in 1904.
Vinayak Savarkar wrote Mazzini Charitra (a translation of the Italian revolutionary Mazzini's writings).
Other revolutionary activities in Maharashtra occurred gradually at Nasik, Poona and Bombay which
emerged as centres of bomb manufacture. In 1909, A.M.T. Jackson, the Collector of Nashik, who was also
a well-known Indologist, was killed by Anant Lakshman Kanhere, a member of Abhinav Bharat.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Question 88. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to the developments in British India:

1. William Jones founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

2. James Princep translated the Rig Veda into English.

3. Max Mueller translated the Bhagavad Gita into English.

How many of the above statements are correct?

 A. Only one

B. Only two

C. All three

D. None

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Explanation :

The British came to know that in order to rule India effectively, understanding of its past with customs, traditions,
and culture was predominant. For that purpose, Sanskrit was promoted and several educational institutions were set
up by many European scholars and government employees. They became increasingly interested in Indian
languages.

William Jones founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1784. He himself was a great scholar of Sanskrit.
He translated some ancient Indian works like the Manu Smriti into English. Many of Jones’ scholarly
articles on Sanskrit and the Indian past were published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. So,
statement 1 is correct.
Max Mueller translated the Rig Veda written in Sanskrit into English. He was especially employed to
translate the Vedas in such a way that the Hindus lost faith in them. The Oxford's Professor of Comparative
Philology position was specially created for him. He held this chair until his death. He translated the
Upanishads for Schelling and researched on Sanskrit language under Franz Bopp who was the first
systematic scholar of the Indo-European languages. He translated and published a collection of Indian fables
called Hitopadesha. So, statement 2 is not correct.
The introduction of Western education in India and India’s rich and glorious history, as revealed by Western
scholars, helped Indians regain their lost pride and confidence and contributed to the development of
nationalism. Charles Wilkins translated the Bhagavad Gita into English. Charles Wilkins is remembered
for his translation of Gita and is considered as his most important literary contribution. Titled Bhagwat
 Geeta- or the Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjooon, Wilkins’ book was published by the prestigious
Nourse printing press in Central London in 1785. It is said that Warren Hastings who keenly followed the
translation work of Wilkins personally recommended its publication to the Company. So statement 3 is not
correct.

So, only one of the above statements is correct.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 89. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following description:

1. He held the post of a judge under the British government.

2. He wrote for a weekly ‘Prabhakar’ under the pen name of Lokahitawadi.

3. He said, "If religion does not sanction social reform, then change religion”.

Who is this personality?

A. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar

B. Jyotiba Phule

  C. Gopalhari Deshmukh

D. Balshastri Jambhekar
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Explanation :

Gopalhari Deshmukh (1823-1892) was a social reformer and rationalist from Maharashtra. He held the
post of a judge under the British government but wrote for a weekly Prabhakar under the pen name of
Lokahitawadi on social reform issues. He advocated a reorganisation of Indian society on rational
principles and modern, humanistic, secular values.
He attacked Hindu orthodoxy and supported social and religious equality. He wrote against the evils of the
caste system. He said, “If religion does not sanction social reform, then change religion.” He started a
weekly, Hitechhu, and also played a leading role in founding the periodicals, Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash
and Lokahitawadi.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 90. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following statements with reference to the developments associated with the Europeans in India:

1. The Dutch introduced the system of drilling groups of infantry on the Spanish model.

2. The Portuguese made efforts for the abolition of sati in the regions under its control.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

  B. 2 only

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

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Explanation :

In the Malabar of the sixteenth century, the Portuguese showed military innovation in their use of body
armour, matchlock men and guns landed from the ships. The Portuguese may have contributed by example
to the Mughal use of field guns, and the ‘artillery of the stirrup’. However, an important military
contribution made by the Portuguese onshore was the system of drilling groups of infantry, on the
Spanish model, introduced in the 1630s as a counter to Dutch pressure. So, statement 1 is not correct.
The practice was adopted first by the French and English and later taken up by the Marathas and
Sikhs, and such armies of sepoys became new tools of empire in India.
Alfonso de Albuquerque succeeded Almeida as the Portuguese governor in India and was the real founder
of the Portuguese power in the East, a task he completed before his death. He secured for Portugal the
strategic control of the Indian Ocean by establishing bases overlooking all the entrances to the sea. An
interesting feature of his rule was the abolition of sati.
His administration aimed to integrate diverse cultures and enhance governance. By ending the
practice of sati, he sought to foster stability and respect local customs, reflecting his broader
approach to administration and cultural integration. So, statement 2 is correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 91. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following movements in British India was directed to end the “Mariah” practice of human
sacrifice?

A. Bhil revolt : 1818, Khandesh Maharashtra, Earliest against British

B. Paharaia rebellion 1778, Raj Mahal Hills Jharkhand, against British encroachment

  C. Khond Uprising

D. Tamar Revolt :1789 -1832, Chotanagpur Jharkhand, Bolanath Saha, seven times against the British,
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Explanation :

Khond Uprisings: From 1837 to 1856, the Khonds of the hilly tracts extending from Odisha to the
Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh revolted against Company rule.
Chakra Bisoi, a young raja, led the Khonds, who were joined by the Ghumsar, Kalahandi, and other tribals
to oppose Mariah the suppression of human sacrifice, new taxes and the entry of zamindars into their
areas.
With Chakra Bisoi’s disappearance, the uprising came to an end. A later Khond rebellion in 1914 in the
Orissa region was triggered by the hope that foreign rule would end and they could gain an autonomous
government.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 92. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to the Charter Act of 1833, consider the following statements:
1. All restrictions on European immigration and the acquisition of property in India were lifted.

2. The governor-general was given the power to control all civil and military affairs of the Company.

3. It introduced local representation in the Indian (Central) Legislative Council.

How many of the above statements are correct?

A. Only one

  B. Only two
 C. All three

D. None

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Explanation :

The Charter Act of 1833 was a significant piece of legislation in British India. The lease of 20 years to the
Company was further extended. Territories of India were to be governed in the name of the British Crown.
The Company’s monopoly over trade with China and in tea also ended. All restrictions on European
immigration and the acquisition of property in India were lifted. Thus, the way was paved for the
wholesale European colonisation of India. So, statement 1 is correct.
In India, a financial, legislative and administrative centralisation of the government was envisaged:
The governor-general was given the power to superintend, control and direct all civil and military
affairs of the Company. So, statement 2 is correct.
Bengal, Madras, Bombay and all other territories were placed under complete control of the
governor-general.
All revenues were to be raised under the authority of the governor-general who would have complete
control over the expenditure too.
The Governments of Madras and Bombay were drastically deprived of their legislative powers
and left with a right to propose to the governor-general the projects of law which they thought to be
expedient.
Under the Charter Act of 1853, the strength of the Court of Directors was reduced to 18 and local
representation was introduced in the Indian legislature. So, statement 3 is not correct.

So, only two of the above statements are correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

Other provisions of the Charter Act of 1833:

It elevated the position of Governor-General of Bengal to the position of Governor-General of India, giving
him all the powers related to civil and military affairs.
East India Company turned into a sole administrative body.
It also intended to establish an open competition for the selection of civil servants.
 It elevated the Governor-General of Bengal to the position of Governor-General of India, giving him
complete civil and military authority.
For the first time, the legislation established the government of India with power over the whole British-
controlled territory in India.
It took away the legislative powers of the governors of Bombay and Madras. Exclusive legislative powers
were granted to the Governor-General of India for all of British India.
It brought the East India Company's economic activity to a stop, and it became solely an administrative
body.
It intended to establish a system of open competition for civil servant selection and stated that the Indians
should not be debarred from holding any place, office and employment under the Company. However, this
provision was negated after opposition from the Court of Directors.

Question 93. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following set up a dual system of control in British India?

  A. Pitt’s India Act of 1784

B. Charter Act of 1793

C. Charter Act of 1813

D. Charter Act of 1853

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Explanation :

The Pitt's India Act of 1784, named after William Pitt the Younger, was a significant piece of legislation
aimed at reforming the administration of British India. It gave the British government a large measure of
control over the East India Company’s (EIC) affairs.
In fact, the EIC became a subordinate department of the State. The Company’s territories in India were
termed ‘British possessions’.
The government’s control over the EIC’s affairs was greatly extended. A Board of Control consisting of the
chancellor of exchequer, a secretary of state and four members of the Privy Council (to be appointed by the
Crown) were to exercise control over the Company’s civil, military and revenue affairs. All dispatches were
to be approved by the board. Thus a dual system of control was set up.
 In India, the governor-general was to have a council of three (including the commander-in-chief) and the
presidencies of Bombay and Madras were made subordinate to the governor-general.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 94. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following:

1. Structure of the East India Company with an elected board of directors

2. Usage of debt markets to fund wars

3. Naval superiority

4. Higher religious zeal in spreading Christianity

5. Technological advancements due to the Industrial Revolution

How many of the above factors led to the success of the English against other European powers in India?

A. Only two

B. Only three

  C. Only four

D. All five
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Explanation :

By the end of the eighteenth century, England emerged as the most powerful and successful European nation
in India, surpassing other contenders such as Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Denmark. Several factors
contributed to the success of the English, both globally and specifically in India:

Structure and nature of trading companies: The English East India Company, unlike its counterparts, was
controlled by a board of directors elected annually, with shareholders exercising considerable influence. So,
point 1 is correct.
Use of debt market: Britain successfully utilised the debt markets to fund its wars, particularly through the
establishment of the Bank of England. So, point 2 is correct.
Naval superiority: The Royal Navy of Britain was the largest and most advanced in Europe, having
achieved notable victories such as the defeat of the Spanish Armada and the French at Trafalgar. So, point 3
 is correct.
Lesser zeal for religion: Unlike Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch, Britain displayed less zealousness in
spreading Christianity. This more tolerant approach made British rule more acceptable to the local
population in India. So, point 4 is not correct.
Industrial Revolution: England was at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution, benefiting from
inventions and advancements in textiles, metallurgy, steam power and agriculture. So, point 5 is correct.
Military skill and discipline: British soldiers were highly disciplined and well-trained. British commanders
demonstrated strategic prowess and implemented innovative tactics, which, combined with technological
advancements, allowed smaller groups of British fighters to defeat larger armies.
Stable Government: Compared to other European nations experiencing periods of political upheaval,
Britain enjoyed relatively stable governance with efficient monarchs. France, in particular, faced the
turbulent period of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, weakening its position and forcing it to
align with Britain.

So, only four of the above factors led to the success of the English against other European powers in India.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Question 95. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to the status of education in 18th-century India, consider the following statements:
1. Kasi, Tirhut and Utkala served as the major centres for Sanskrit education.

2. The Muslim elementary schools were called Maktabs.

3. Children from the lower castes and females were completely barred from education.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

  A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

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Explanation :
 The education imparted in 18th-century India was still traditional which could not match with the rapid
developments in the West. The knowledge was confined to literature, law, religion, philosophy and logic and
excluded the study of physical and natural sciences, technology and geography.
Elementary education among the Hindus and the Muslims was quite widespread. The Hindu and Muslim
elementary schools were called pathshalas and maktabs respectively. So, statement 2 is correct.
The education was confined to reading, writing, and arithmetic. Children from the lower castes sometimes
attended the schools, but female presence was rare. So, statement 3 is not correct.
Madrasas were the institutions of higher learning for Persian and Arabic, Persian being the court language
and learnt by the Muslims as well as the Hindus. Azimabad (Patna) was a famous centre for Persian
education. Some of the famous centres for Sanskrit education were Kasi (Varanasi), Tirhut (Mithila),
Nadia and Utkala. Chatuspathis or Tols, as they were called in Bihar and Bengal, were the centres of higher
education. So, statement 1 is correct.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Question 96. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which one of the following led to the dissolution of ‘Maal Adalats’ due to the separation of revenue administration
from the judiciary functions?

 A. Regulating Act of 1773

 B. Charter Act of 1793

C. Indian Councils Act, 1909

D. Government of India Act, 1919

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Explanation :

The Charter Act of 1793 was a significant piece of legislation passed by the British Parliament concerning
the administration of British territories in India. It renewed the Company’s commercial privileges for the
next 20 years. The East India Company (EIC), after paying the necessary expenses, interest, dividends,
salaries, etc., from the Indian revenues, was to pay 5 lakh pounds annually to the British government.
The royal approval was mandated for the appointment of the governor-general, the governors, and the
commander-in-chief. Senior officials of the EIC were debarred from leaving India without permission, doing
 so was treated as a resignation.
The EIC was empowered to give licences to individuals as well as the Company’s employees to trade in
India.
The licences, known as ‘privilege’ or ‘country trade’, paved the way for shipments of opium to China. The
revenue administration was separated from the judiciary functions and this led to the disappearance
of the Maal Adalats.
The Home Government members were to be paid out of Indian revenues which continued up to 1919.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 97. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to the Subsidiary Alliance System, consider the following statements:

1. Robert Clive was the originator of the practice of subsidiary alliance in India.
2. It aimed to keep the French from expanding their influence in India.

3. Under it, the Indian ruler could not go to war or negotiate with any other Indian ruler without consulting the
governor general.

4. The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first Indian ruler to sign the Subsidiary Alliance System under the British.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1, 2 and 4 only

B. 1 and 3 only

  C. 2, 3 and 4 only

D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
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Explanation :

The Subsidiary Alliance System was used by the British under Lord Wellesley, who was governor-general from
1798 to 1805, to build an empire in India.

Dupleix was, in fact, the originator of the practice of subsidiary alliance in India. He placed a French
army at Hyderabad at the expense of the subahdar. So, statement 1 is not correct.
The following were the features of the Subsidiary Alliance System:
 The allying Indian state’s ruler was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of a British force
within his territory and to pay a subsidy for its maintenance.
The Indian ruler had to agree to the posting of a British resident in his court.
The Indian ruler could not employ any European in his service without prior consultation with the
Company.
Nor could he go to war or negotiate with any other Indian ruler without consulting the governor-
general. So, statement 3 is correct.
In return for all this, the British would defend the ruler from his enemies and adopt a policy of non-
interference in the internal matters of the allied state.
One of the objectives behind Wellesley’s strengthening of the subsidiary alliance system was to keep the
French from reviving and expanding their influence in India. So, statement 2 is correct.
The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first Indian ruler to sign the Subsidiary Alliance System under the
British. So, statement 4 is correct.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box

States which accepted the subsidiary alliance were:

Nizam of Hyderabad (September 1798 and 1800),
Ruler of Mysore (1799),
Ruler of Tanjore (October 1799),
Nawab of Awadh (November 1801),
Peshwa (December 1801),
Bhonsle Raja of Berar (December 1803),
Sindhia (February 1804),
Rajput states of Jodhpur, Jaipur, Macheri, Bundi and the ruler of Bharatpur (1818).
The Holkars were the last Maratha confederation to accept the Subsidiary Alliance in 1818.

Question 98. + 2.0 - 0.66

Which of the following reforms were introduced under the Act of 1786 in British India?
1. The powers of the commander-in-chief were given to the Governor General.

2. The governor general was allowed to override his council’s decision.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 only

 B. 2 only
  C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

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Explanation :

The Act of 1786 was a significant legislative measure enacted by the British Parliament concerning the
administration of British India. It was primarily focused on strengthening the authority of the Governor-
General of India.
Cornwallis wanted to have the powers of both the governor general and the commander-in-chief. The
new Act conceded this demand and also gave him power. So, statement 1 is correct.
Cornwallis was allowed to override his council’s decision if he owned the responsibility for the decision.
Later, this provision was extended to all the governor general. So, statement 2 is correct.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Knowledge Box:

Lord Cornwallis, the British administrator and military officer, served as Governor-General of India from
1786 to 1793. Known for his administrative reforms, he introduced the Cornwallis Code, which improved
the efficiency of the East India Company's governance and judicial system. It incorporated several judicial
reforms and separation of revenue administration and civil jurisdiction.
His tenure also marked the beginning of a more structured land revenue system and the consolidation of
British control over Indian territories. He is notable for his efforts to reform and stabilize British rule in
India.

Question 99. + 2.0 - 0.66

Consider the following:

1. He set up a Board of Admiralty.

2. He wrote a military manual explaining the operation of rockets.

3. He supported the French soldiers in setting up a Jacobin Club at Seringapatam.

4. He organised his army on the European model with Persian words of command.
The above developments are attributed to which one of the following rulers?

 A. Haidar Ali

 B. Tipu Sultan

C. Martanda Varma

D. Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV

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Explanation :

Tipu Sultan, commonly referred to as Sher-e-Mysore or "Tiger of Mysore", was an Indian ruler of the Kingdom
of Mysore based in South India.

Tipu Sultan was born in November 1750 to Haidar Ali and Fatima. He organised his army on the
European model with Persian words of command. Like his father, Tipu realised the importance of a
naval force.
In 1796, he set up a Board of Admiralty and planned for a fleet of 22 battleships and 20 large frigates.
Three dockyards were established at Mangalore, Wajedabad and Molidabad. However, his plans did not
fructify.
He is credited as the ‘pioneer of rocket technology’ in India. He wrote a military manual explaining the
operation of rockets.
Tipu was a great lover of democracy and a great diplomat. He gave his support to the French soldiers at
Seringapatam in setting up a Jacobin Club in 1797. Tipu himself became a member of the Jacobin Club
and allowed himself to be called Citizen Tipu. He planted the Tree of Liberty at Seringapatam.
He was also a pioneer in introducing sericulture to the Mysore State.
Tipu Sultan died on May 4, 1799, during the fourth Anglo-Mysore War, which was fought between the
Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Question 100. + 2.0 - 0.66

With reference to early modern Indian history, the Barabhai Council was set up under:

A. Mughal Empire
   B. Maratha Empire

C. State of Hyderabad

D. State of Awadh

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Explanation :

The Barabhai Council was a significant regency council in the Maratha Empire formed after the
assassination of Peshwa Narayanrao in 1773. This council was the brainchild of Nana Fadnavis, an
influential minister and statesman in the Maratha administration.
The primary purpose of the Barabhai Council was to manage the affairs of the state and protect the young
Madhavrao II, who was born posthumously to Gangabai, the widow of Narayanrao. It consisted of twelve
influential Sardars (generals) and key figures within the Maratha Empire.
It effectively managed the internal conflicts within the Peshwa family and maintained stability within the
empire during a tumultuous period.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.