Radio Propagation Theory

Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0244 VH ZZA Ed.02 - April 2002 3.
T
Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0244 VT ZZA Ed.02 - April 2002
3.1
3. RADO PROPAGATON THEORY
Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0244 VH ZZA Ed.02 - April 2002 3.2
3.2
3. Radio Propagation Theory
3.1 Basics on radio propagation
3.3
Propagation effects
Free-space propagation
Reflection, Refraction, Scattering
in the atmosphere
at a boundary to another material
Diffraction
at small obstacles
over round earth
Attenuation
Rain attenuation
Gas absorption
Fading
Tho word loding is usod lo doscribo u drop in lho rocoivod signul slronglh, ovor und ubovo lhul which would
bo oxpoclod busod upon pulh loss. This loss occurs lomporurily. Thoro uro lwo phonomonu in mobilo rudio lhul
cuuso uding lo occur, ono lhul cuusos udos lusling o lho ordor o u ow soconds und ono cuusing udos
lusling o lho ordor o u ow microsoconds. Tho ormor is lormod slow loding, whilo lho lullor is lormod losl
loding.
5low loding
This uding phonomonon is cuusod by lho rocoivor lomporurily pussing bohind obsluclos lhul purliully block lho
signul rom lho lrunsmillor. A clour oxumplo o lhis is roulizod whon driving down u slrool lhul hus doluchod
housos bolwoon lho buso slulion und lho mobilo.
Mousuromonls huvo shown lhul i u plol o lho slow-uding wuvoorm is poriodicully sumplod und lho
probubilily o uny purliculur lovol o signul slronglh plollod, lhon lho rosulls will ollow u log-normul dislribulion
(u normul dislribulion plollod on u logurilhmic sculo} wilh u slundurd doviulion o uround 8 d8.
Fosl loding.
Tho cuuso o usl uding is mu||ipo|h ptopogo|ioo.
ln u complox urbun onvironmonl, lho mobilo will rocoivo muny copios o lho lrunsmillod signul ouch lruvoling
viu u dioronl pulh. Somo will como dirocl lo lho mobilo, olhors will rolocl o buildings, curs, or olhor ob|ocls.
ln roul lio, lho rocoipl o u dirocl signul is rolulivoly ruro, und lho mobilo is likoly lo rocoivo numorous roloclions
rom ull uround. Euch o lhoso signuls hus ollowod u dioronl pulh rom lho lrunsmillor lo lho rocoivor und so
is likoly lo huvo u dioronl signul slronglh. Tho longlh o ouch pulh will ulso bo dioronl, wilh lho rosull lhul
ouch wuvo will luko u slighlly dioronl limo lo urrivo ul lho mobilo. This will rosull in lho phuso o lho currior
wuvo boing dioronl or ouch o lho rocoivod wuvoorms. ll is clour lhul ul lho poinl ul which lho wuvos uro in
oxucl unliphuso lhoro is complolo cuncollulion o lho rocoivod signul, rosulling in u udo lhul oxlonds lo zoro
rocoivod signul slronglh.
Al u lrunsmission roquoncy o 00 MHz, lho lrunsilion rom conslruclivo inlororonco lo doslruclivo inlororonco
would luko hul u wuvolonglh, upproximuloly T5 cm. Honco, ouch limo lho mobilo movos u ull wuvolonglh,
uround 30 cm, il is likoly lo puss lhrough u udo. A mobilo will lruvol lhis dislunco in u vory shorl poriod o
limo-honco, lho lorm los| loJiog.
3.4
The "Ray-optical" Approach (1)
Conditions:
The influencing objects are large compared to the
wavelength
The receiver is in the far field of the transmitter
Ray-optical calculation of field-strength:
The energy flow appears within a small region
around the line-of-sight (LOS), the Fresnel zone
ray consideration of energy flow
Ray-optical physical laws are (partly) applicable
which simplifies the field-strength calculation
3.5
The "Ray-optical" Approach (2)
Trunsmillor Pocoivor
LCS
LCS + /2
d
Frosnol zono
l u spociic rogion uround lho |ioo-ol-sigh| (LCS} is clourod rom uny obsluclos, is cullod Fresnel ellipsoid .
This ollipsoid is lho sol o ull poinls uround lho LCS whoro lho lolul longlh o lho connocling linos lo lho
lrunsmillor und lho rocoivor is longor lhun lho LCS longlh by oxuclly hul u wuvolonglh. ll cun bo shown lhul lhis
rogion is currying lho moio powot l|ow rom lrunsmillor lo rocoivor.
Nolo. ll is ulso possiblo lo doino highor-ordor rogions uround lho LCS by roquiring lhul lho dioronco bolwoon
lho lolul longlh o u pulh viu u doining poinl und lho LCS longlh is gonorully nl/2, wilh n lho ordor o lho
Frosnol ollipsoid.
Tho cross soclion o lho Frosnol ollipsoid ul uny poinl bolwoon lrunsmillor und rocoivor is u circlo wilh rudius r.
L
O
S
Transmitter
Receiver
r
3.6
Free-space Propagation
P
l
P
r
d
E
r
H
isolropic
rudiulor
isolropic rocoivor
unlonnu
S
r
P A S
P
d
r o r
l
= =

2
2
4
4
L
d8
P
P

MHz
d
km
s l
r
= = + + T0 3245 20 20 log . log log
Free-space loss:
P
l
lrunsmillod powor
P
r
rocoivod isolropic powor
E oloclric iold-slronglh
H mugnolic iold-slronglh
5
r
rudiulion donsily
A
e
ooclivo unlonnu uporluro
Tho roo-spuco propugulion modol is usod lo prodicl rocoivod signul slronglh whon lho lrunsmillor(T} und
rocoivor(P} huvo u clour, unobslruclod lino o sighl bolwoon lhom.
Sulollilo communiculions und microwuvo lino o sighl links lypicully undorgo roo spuco culcululion.
Tho roo -spuco propugulion modol prodicls lhul rocoivod powor docuys us u unclion o T-P sopurulion
dislunco ruisod lo somo powor.
3.7
Reflection, Refraction and Scattering
Surface mechanisms
VoIume mechonisms
roruclod wuvo
dirocl wuvo
ground-roloclod wuvo
lroposphoro slruliiculion o lho uir
kelleclion simply rosulls rom lho signul rolocling rom lho surucos lhul il oncounlors rulhor lhun boing
ubsorbod by lhom. Cb|ocls which uro oncounlorod uro vory lurgo compurod lo lho wuvolonglh o lho
propuguling wuvo.
Tho umounl o roloclion doponds on lho roloclivo, und ubsorplivo, und lrunsmissivo churuclorislics o lho
suruco lho wuvo oncounlors. Shool molul providos nour-porocl roloclion, whilo gluss und pupor provido nour-
porocl lrunsmission. Muloriuls such us brick rosull in somo roloclion, somo ubsorplion, und somo lrunsmission.
Typicully, lho surucos oncounlorod in roul lio uro rough, honco, uny roloclions uro diuso, sprouding lho
signul ovor u lurgor urou bul rosulling in u lowor signul slronglh.
Almospheric kelroclion -lnluonco o ulmosphoric slruliiculion
Duo lo lho non-homogonoily o lho lorroslriul ulmosphoro whon olovulion incrousos, lho volocily o rudio wuvos
incrousos wilh ulliludo und consoquonlly lho rudio ruys donl ollow u slruighl lino pulh bolwoon lrunsmillor und
rocoivor unlonnus bul u curvod pulh.
Moroovor lho indox o roruclion (k} lhul doponds on prossuro,
lomporuluro und humidily is nol conslunl wilh limo, lhis vuriulion o
lho ulmosphoric grudionl lhon modiy lho bonding o lho rudio ruys
ulong lho limo.
For slundurd condilions o propugulion, lho indox o roruclion
croulos u uvourublo bonding o lho rudio boum (improvomonl o
rudio clourunco duo lo lho curvuluro o lho signul lowurds lho
ground}
5collering occurs whon lho modium lhrough which lho wuvo
lruvols consisls o ob|ocls wilh dimonsions lhul uro smull compurod
lo lho wuvolonglh.Scullorod wuvos uro producod by rough surucos,
smull ob|ocls. ln pruclico, oliugo, slrool signs, und lump posls
induco sculloring in mobilo communiculions sysloms.
3.8
P
0
h
P
r
= R
h/v
P
0
R
h/v
= f(, , , h)
horizonlul roloclion uclor
vorlicul roloclion uclor
unglo o incidonco
pormillivily
conduclivily
suruco roughnoss
P
h
P
v
h
P
r
Reflection
3.9
Refraction
k ~ 4/3
k ~ T k ~ 2/3
k ~
lruo ourlh
Roy poths with different k over true eorth
Rodio poth pIotted os o stroight Iine by chonging

the eorth's rodius
k ~ 4/3
k ~ T
k ~ 2/3
k ~
rudio pulh
Considered via an effective earth radius factor k

For worsl condilions o propugulion, lho rudio ruys uro bonl in such u wuy lhul lho curvo is invorlod
(inruroruclion}, in lhul cuso lho rudio clourunco is roducod und u uding cullod diruclion loss could occur.
Tho olovulions o lho poinls ulong lho pulh proilo should bo corroclod lo luko inlo
uccounl lho ourlh sphoricily ( ourlh rudius is uround 400 km }.
Tho ourlh bulgo ulong pulh proilo is givon by lho upproximulo ollowing ormulu .
h in molor, J
1
, J
2
, k
0
in km
Tho ourlh bulgo is muximum whon J
1
~ J
2
ln ordor lo ulwuys druw lho dirocl ruy us u slruighl lino on
lho pulh proilo, lho roul vuluo o lho ourlh curvuluro is
mullipliod by k uclor luking inlo uccounl lhis vuriulion
o roruclion condilions. This now vuluo o lho ourlh rudius doponding on ulmosphoric
condilions is cullod equivolenl eorlh rodius.
k
0
is lho normul ourlh rudius ( 378 km }
2
1000
2 1
=
0 R k R =
Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0244 VH ZZA Ed.02 - April 2002 3.T0
Dillroclion occurs whon lho rudio pulh bolwoon lho T und P is obslruclod by u suruco shurp irrogulurilios
(odgos}. Tho socondury wuvos rosulling rom lho obslrucling suruco uro prosonl lhroughoul lho spuco und ovon
bohind lho obsluclo,giving rico lo u bonding o wuvos uround lho obsluclo, ovon whon u lino-o-sighl (LCS}
pulh doos nol oxisl bolwoon lrunsmillor und rocoivor.
Simply, diruclion ullows signuls lo bond ovor lho odgo o obsluclos.
Modoling diruclion is highly complox und lypicully is only lruclublo or lho idoulizod "knile-edge" cuso
whoro lho obsluclo oncounlorod cun bo considorod lo huvo minimul widlh.
Tho koy issuo wilh diruclion is lho unglo lhrough which lho signul cun dirucl. Whon u lurgo unglo o
diruclion cun bo uchiovod, il is possiblo or lho signul lo ro-orm ulor pussing uround un obslruclion. Wilh
lowor unglos, u shudow zono is ormod bohind lho obslruclion.
Whon lho clourunco o lho rudius o irsl Frosnol ollipsoid is nol rospoclod bolwoon lrunsmillor und rocoivor
microwuvo unlonnus, lho signul is uoclod by u complomonlury ullonuulion cullod Jilltoc|ioo |oss.
3.10
Diffraction
Occurs at objects which are in order of the
wavelength
Radio waves are "bent" around objects
Bending angle increases if object thickness is
smaller compared to
nfluence of the object causes an attenuation:
diffraction loss
diruclod
rudio boums
shudow
zono
obsluclo
rudio boum
Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0244 VH ZZA Ed.02 - April 2002 3.TT
3.11
Knife Edge Diffraction (1)
h
0
~ hoighl o obsluclo ovor lino o sighl [m|
d
T
, d
2
~ dislunco o obsluclo rom 8TS und MS[m|
Tsl Frosnol zono
r

+
=
2 1
2 1
d d
d d
r
Pudius o Frosnol zono
8TS
MS
d
T
d
2
h
0
lino o sighl
pulh o diruclod
wuvo
d
T
d
2
h
0
roplucod obsluclo (knio
odgo}
ln cuso o un obslruclion o lho LCS pulh, lho roo-spuco ormulu wilh un uddilionul corroclion lorm cun bo
usod i lho obsluclo is smull compurod lo lho dislunco rom lrunsmillor lo rocoivor. 8usod on lho ussumplion
lhul lhis obsluclo cun bo roplucod by un idoul conducling hul-pluno which oxlonds lo ininily in lho diroclion
porpondiculur lo lho propugulion pulh und which is o ininilosimul lhicknoss (knio-odgo}, lhis siluulion roors
lo u iold lhoory problom which cun bo solvod in u dolorminislic wuy.
ln lho cuso lhul lhis knio-odgo obsluclo lypo onlors lho Frosnol rogion, diruclion occurs (similur lo lho
diruclion known rom oplics} und inlroducos somo uddilionul Jilltoc|ioo |oss compurod lo lho roo-spuco
propugulion.
Tho diruclion loss cun bo doscribod by.
wilh h
0
lho hoighl o lho obsluclo ubovo lho LCS. v is u purumolor which roprosonls lho numbor o clourod
Frosnol ollipsoids or c|ootooco potomo|ot. Tho unclion F(v} is shown in lho noxl slido. Cno cun soo lhul lho
diruclion loss is d8 (h
0
~> v~0} i lho obsluclo is |usl louching lho LCS.
2
where ) (
2 1
2 1
0
0
+
= = =
d d
d d
h
r
h
v v F L
diff
3.12
Knife Edge Diffraction (2)
Knife-edge diffraction function
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)
F
(
v
)

[
d
B
]
Addilionul diruclion loss F(v}
v. c|ootooco purumolor, v~-h
0
/r
Nolo. h
0
~ 0 L ~ d8
Tho unclion F(v}. Cno cun soo lhul lho diruclion loss is d8 i lho obsluclo is |usl louching lho LCS.
(h
0
~> v~0}
h
0
r
d
1
d
2
LOS
h
0
LOS
3.13
GTD and UTD
GTD: Geometrical Theory of Diffraction
Extension of Geometrical Optics ntroduction of Diffraction Factor
D
h/v
UTD: Uniform Theory of Diffraction
Extension of GTD (removal of discontinuities at shadow and reflection
boundary)
8uilding
cornor
roloclion boundury
shudow boundury
LCS
zono
Shudow
zono
Poloclion
zono
P
d
P
0
d

h/v

3.14
Attenuation (1)
Rain attenuation ( f > 7 GHz)
Depending on rainfall rate and shape of rain drops
horizontal polarization
vertical polarization
Method of Craine for calculation of rain attenuation:
L u P d
ruin
b
=
roin
ruin ullonuulion in d8
rogrossion uclors, doponding on
polurizulion und roquoncy
ruinull rulo in mm/hour
pulh longlh in km
3.15
Attenuation (2)
Gas absorption
Absorption due to oxygen
and water vapor
significant at frequencies
above 7 GHz
depending on climatically
region and path length
[d8/km|
5ignoI ottenuotion in the otmosphere 5ignoI ottenuotion in the otmosphere 5ignoI ottenuotion in the otmosphere 5ignoI ottenuotion in the otmosphere
due to oxygen ond woter vopor due to oxygen ond woter vopor due to oxygen ond woter vopor due to oxygen ond woter vopor
Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0244 VH ZZA Ed.02 - April 2002 3.T
3.16
Fading
Caused by
Multi-path propagation
Time-dependent variations in non-homogeny of environment
Movement of receiver
delay spread of original signal
Flat fading (frequency independent)
Obstruction loss, refraction
Rain
Selective fading (frequency dependent)
Occurs if channel bandwidth is larger than reciprocal delay
spread
Error correction and equalizing method required
Mullipolh Deloy 5preod
Mullipulh occurs whon signuls urrivo ul lho rocoivor diroclly rom lho lrunsmillor und, indiroclly, duo lo
lrunsmission lhrough ob|ocls or roloclion. Tho umounl o signul roloclion doponds on uclors such us unglo o
urrivul, currior roquoncy, und polurizulion o incidonl wuvo. 8ocuuso lho pulh longlhs uro dioronl bolwoon lho
dirocl pulh und lho roloclod pulh(s}, dioronl signul pulhs could urrivo ul lho rocoivor ul dioronl limos ovor
dioronl disluncos.
Figuro illuslrulos lho concopl. An impulso is lrunsmillod ul limo 0, ussuming lhul lhoro uro u mulliludo o
roloclod pulhs prosonl, u rocoivor upproximuloly T km uwuy should dolocl u sorios o pulsos, or Jo|oy sptood.
l lho limo dioronco D| is signiicunl compurod lo ono symbol porioJ, io|otsym6o| io|otlotooco (lSl} cun occur.
ln olhor words, symbols urriving signiicunlly ourlior or lulor lhun lhoir own symbol poriods cun corrupl
procoding or lruiling symbols. For u ixod-pulh dioronco und u givon doluy sproud, u highor dulu rulo syslom
is moro likoly lo suor lSl duo lo doluy sproud. For u ixod dulu rulo syslom, u propugulion onvironmonl wilh
longor pulh dioroncos (und lhus highor doluy sproud} is moro likoly lo cuuso lSl.
Exumplo
Dolormino i lho doluy sproud proilo shown in
Figuro will cuuso lSl lo u mobilo communiculion
syslomusing 270.83 Kbps us ils dulu rulo.
Sinco lho bil poriod is upproximuloly lho
sumo us lho doluy shown in Figuro, lSl could
occur in lhis siluulion wilhoul uny uso o
oquulizulion.
3.17
3.2 Field Strength Prediction
3.18
Computers: the "Final Solution" for Wave Propagation Calculations?
Exact field solution requires too much computer resources!
Too much details required for input
Exact calculation too time-consuming
Field-strength prediction rather than calculation
Requirements for Field-strength prediction models
Reasonable amount of input data
Fast (it is very important to see the impact of changes in the network
layout immediately)
Accurate (results influence the hardware cost directly)
Tradeoff required (accurate results within a suitable time)
Parameter tuning according to real measurements should be possible
A numbor o propogolion models uro uvuilublo lo prodicl pulh loss ovor irrogulur lorruin. Whilo ull lhoso
modols uim lo prodicl signul slronglh ul u purliculur rocoiving poinl or in u spociic locul urou, lhoso molhods
vury widoly in lhoir upprouch, comploxily, und uccurucy.
Mosl o lhoso modols uro busod on syslomulic inlorprolulion o mousuromonl dulu obluinod in lho sorvico urou.
Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0244 VH ZZA Ed.02 - April 2002 3.T
3.19
CCR Recommendation
The CCR Recommendations provide various
propagation curves
Based on Okumura models (1968)
Example (CCR Report 567-3):
Median field-strength in urban area
Frequency = 900 MHz
h
MS
= 1.5 m
Dashed line: free space
How to use this experience in field-strength
prediction models?
Model which fits the curves in certain ranges
Hata's model
The use of those models was classified later
by COST 231 Hata/Okumura
Tho uso o propugulion modols lo bo uppliod is clussiiod by lho CClP wilhin 3 clussos, ouch
ono o lhom boing dividod inlo sub-culogorios .
Cluss T ~ Purul (lul, hilly or mounluinous}
Cluss 2 ~ sub-urbun (wilh opon spucos, wilh ow or no opon spucos, buildings}
Cluss 3 ~ urbun (commorciul conlors, induslriul urous, rosidonliul urous}
CCST-23T ~ Europoun COoporulion in lho iold o 5cionliic und Iochnicul rosourch,
dopurlmonl 231 ~ propugulion}
3.20
Mobile Radio Propagation
Froo-spuco propugulion (Frosnol zono nol obslruclod} L - d
2
Frosnol zono houvily obslruclod nour lho mobilo slulion L - d
3.7
d
Polh loss is lho simplosl o ull lho propugulion mochunisms lo undorslund und rolocls lho ucl lhul lho signul
drops us lho dislunco rom lho lrunsmillor incrousos. Thoory shows lhul i lho lrunsmillor woro in roo spuco
(i.o., somo dislunco uwuy rom uny ob|ocl}, lhon lho signul would rudiulo in un oxpunding sphoro rom lho
poinl sourco o lho lrunsmillor.
Sinco lho suruco urou o lho sphoro is proporlionul lo lho rudius squurod, lho rocoivod signul powor ul u
dislunco J rom lho lrunsmillor or u givon roquoncy currior is proporlionul lo T/J
2
.
Mousuromonls huvo shown lhul in un urbun onvironmonl, i lho pulh loss is modolod us boing proporlionul lo
T/J
3.5
, or in somo cusos T/J
4
, lhon lho rosulls uchiovod bosl rolocl roul lio.
Thoro uro u ow isolulod cusos whoro pulh loss oxpononls lowor lhun lho oxpononl o 2 prodiclod by roo spuco
uro oxporioncod. Thoso lypicully occur in conslruinod spucos, olon in corridors in u building.
Horo, lho signul doos nol oxpund on lho suruco o u sphoro bocuuso lho wulls o lho corridor cuuso lho signul
lruvoling lowurd lhom lo bo roloclod buck inlo lho corridor. 8ocuuso lho signul is now moving orwurd on u
suruco lhul is nol oxpunding (ussuming lho corridor sluys lho sumo widlh und hoighl}, lhoory would prodicl lhul
no loss in signul slronglh will occur. ln pruclico, somo signul louks lhrough lho corridor wulls und oxpononls o
uround T. lo T.8 cun bo roulizod.
Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0244 VH ZZA Ed.02 - April 2002 3.2T
3.21
COST 231 Hata-Okumura (1)
Frequency: 150 - 1000 MHz GSM (900 MHz)
Loss
Hulu
~ .55 + 2.T log (} - T3.82 log (h
8TS
}
- u(h
MS
} +(44. - .55 log (h
8TS
}} log (d} - L
morpho
u (h
MS
} ~ (T.T log (} - 0.7} h
MS
- (T.5 log (} - 0.8}
L
morpho
[d8| Morpho/Lund usugo-Corroclion uclor
0 d8. lurgo cily ... 30 d8. opon urou
l [MHz| Froquoncy rungo (T50 - T000 MHz}
h
BI5
[m| 8TS hoighl (30 - 200 m}
h
M5
[m| Mobilo hoighl (T - T0m}
d [km| Dislunco bolwoon 8TS und MS (T - 20 km}
Powor luw oxpononl shown in rod
h
M5
is usuully smull onough lo bo non signiicunl whon lho MS is ul ground lovol. Clhorwiso,
il is highly corrolulod lo lho roquoncy currior l.
Tho ormulu ubovo is slulod or un lypicul urbun onvironmonl. Evon so, Loss
holo
slunds or
Lu (Urbun loss undor Hulu condilions}. From lhis ormulu, lossos in sub-urbun (Lsu}, rurul
opon spuco (Lro} und rurul quusi-opon (Lrqo} urous cun bo oslublishod.
Lsu ~ Lu - 2[log(/28}| - 5,4
Lro ~ Lu - 4,8[log(}| + T8,33 Log(} - 40,4
Lrqo ~ Lu - 4,8[log(}| + T8,33 Log(} - 35,4
3.22
COST 231 Hata-Okumura (2)
Frequency: 1500 - 2000 MHz
Problem: Extension of Hata's model for GSM1800
Modification of original formula
Further problem: Small cells
COST 231 Walfish-kegami model
Loss
Hulu
~ 4.3 + 33.9 log (} - T3.82 log (h
8TS
}
- u(h
MS
} +(44. - .55 log (h
8TS
}} log (d} + L
morpho
u (h
MS
} ~ (T.T log (} - 0.7} h
MS
- (T.5 log (} -0.8}
h
M5
~ sumo us booro
Cn lho sumo busis us lho provious modol, Pulh Loss or sub-urbun, rurul opon spuco, rurul
quusi-opon onvironmonl cun bo oslimulod.
L
morpho
~ 0 d8m or modium sizo cily or sub-urbun urous, 3 d8m or big cily conlor.
3.23
COST 231 Walfisch-kegami (1)
h
b
a
s
e
h
r
o
o
f
w
b
d
h
mob
multiple screen loss
rooftop-to-street
diffraction loss
Street
orientation

n
c
id
e
n
t

w
a
v
e
Buildings
Base
station
Mobile
Application for small cells
Antenna must be situated
above the average height
of the buildings between
site and mobile station
Model is not suitable for
micro-cells!
A modol dovolopod by Wulish und lkogumi is usod or signul prodiclion in urbun urous. considor lho impucl o
roolops und building hoighl by using diruclion lo prodicl uvorugo signul slronglh ul slrool lovol.
Tho modol is dorivod rom lho Froo spuco propugulion in lho Ftosoo| Zooo (L
l
}, building diruclion loss ulso
cullod lho mulli-scroon diruclion loss (L
msd
}, lho roo-lop lo slrool diruclion und scullor loss (L
rls
}. Tho lullor is
highly corrolulod lo lho wiJ|h ol |ho s|too|, |ho iociJoo| wovo oog|o, |ho hoigh| Jillotooco 6o|wooo MS oo|oooo
ooJ tol|oc|ioo poio| oo |ho 6ui|Jiog looJo, .
3.24
COST 231 Walfish-kegami (2)
L
b
[d8| Loss (Wulish/lkogumi} 800 -2000 MHz
L
slc
[d8| Slrool cunyon loss h
8TS
4...50 m
L
l
[d8| Froo-spuco loss h
MS
T...3 m
L
rls
[d8| roo-lop-lo-slrool diruclion loss d 0.02 ... 5 km
L
msd
[d8| mulli-scroon diruclion loss
L
b
~
L
+ L
rls
+ L
msd
non-LCS
L
slc
lino-o-sighl (LCS}
l . L
rls
+ L
msd
0 lhon L
b
~ L
slc
l . L
rls
+ L
msd
> 0 lhon L
b
~ L
+ L
rls
+ L
msd
This modol is boing considorod or uso by lTU-P in lho lMT-2000 slundurds uclivilios.
3.25
Terrain Modeling
Topography
Effective antenna height
Knife edge diffraction
single obstacles
multiple obstacles
Morpho-structure
Correction factors
Buildings
nputs for Walfish-kegami / micro-cell model
ln lho Alculol Propugulion Modol, lho morpho-slrucluro is considorod by u cottoc|ioo loc|ot corr
mor
which
incrousos lho rocoivod powor lovol.
3.26
Effective Antenna Height
(Alcatel Propagation Model)
h
o
~ ( , d, h
8S
, h
l8S
, h
l
, h
lMS
}
d
do

h
lMS
h
l
h
8S
h
l8S
Cno imporlunl inpul purumolor o mucro coll modols is lho oo|oooo hoigh| o lho buso
slulion. Howovor, i lho 8S is loculod on lho lop o u hill, lho hoighl o lho hill ubovo lho moun
lorruin lovol hus lo bo uddod lo lho hoighl o lho 8S unlonnu ubovo ground.
Fivo modols lo prodicl lho oo|oooo hoigh| busod on lho Exlondod Ckumuru-Hulu
propugulion modol uro proposod by A55 rom Alculol. Tho culcululion doos nol only rolurn
lho lho olloc|ivo oo|oooo hoigh| bul ulso lho olloc|ivo Jis|ooco bolwoon MS und 8S (d
o
},
which doosnl roully dior rom lho roul dislunco.
A s|opo cottoc|ioo modol cun bo uppliod us woll, which inlogors lho Tottoio S|opo us woll us
lho S|opo Loog|h.
Nolo. lho culcululion o olloc|ivo oo|oooo hoigh| mukos only sonso in cuso o u MS boing in
LCS wilh lho 8S.
3.27
Multiple obstacle loss
Classification in main and secondary obstacles
Calculation of several diffraction losses according to
the h
i
/r
i
relations (Deygout's method)
Total loss found by summation of loss contributions
h
1
h
2
h
3
d
1
d
2
d
3
d
4
Moin hiII
T5
M5
Muny modol oxisl which prodicl lho diruclion lossos. Throo mu|or shull bo quolod horo . 8u||iog|oo, Eps|oio-
Po|otsoo, und Deygoul.
ln lhoso molhods, ull ob|ocls uro considorod us idoul conducling knio-odgo. Tho diruclion o ouch knio odgo
is culcululod uccording lo lho Ftosoo| opptoximo|ioo.
8u||iog|oo oquivo|oo| koilo-oJgo . 8u||iog|oo combinos lho diruclions linos 2 by 2 lo build ooo siog|o oquivulonl
obsluclo whoso knio-odgo diruclion slunds or lho lolul diruclion.
Tho lwo olhor modols uro busod on inlorpolulion o lho Knio-Edgo diruclion, opp|ioJ io |uto lo lho muin
obsluclos. Tho dioronco bolwoon Eps|oio und Doygou| slunds in lho cotto|o|ioo loc|ots Doygoul upplios lo lho
loss o ouch obsluclo, uccording lo u spociic clussiiculion. Tho muin concopl is lho choico o lho hill wilh lho
gtoo|os| o6s|tuc|ioo potomo|ots, us por lho Frosnol upproximulion principlo.
Tho Doygoul molhod (prosonlod ubovo}.
Poquirod inpul.
Torruin proilo us u lisl o disluncos und hoighls
No|o : |ho hoigh|s ol |ho koilo-oJgo oto |okoo os |ho hoigh| Jillotooco 6o|wooo |ho hi|| |op ooJ |ho LCS 6o|wooo
|toosmi||ot ooJ tocoivot.
8S unlonnu hoighl in molros ubovo ground
MS unlonnu hoighl in molros ubovo ground
Froquoncy in MHz
Gonorulod oulpul.
Tolul Diruclion Loss ~ L(
Tolul
}
L(
Iolol
}~C
T
.L
1
(d
T
,d
2
+d
3
+d
4
,h
T
} + C
2
.L
2
(d
T
+d
2
,d
3
+d
4
,h
2
} + C
3
.L
3
(d
T
+d
2
+d
3
,d
4
,h
3
}
C
T
, C
2
, C
3
uro Doygoul corroclion uclors.
3.28
Effect of Morpho-structure on Propagation Loss
Open oreo Open oreo Urbon oreo
Dislunco
F
i
o
l
d

s
l
r
o
n
g
l
h
urbun urou
opon urou
Euch morphocluss hus u corrosponding vuluo o propugulion loss. Togolhor wilh u
lopogruphicul dulubuso il is possiblo lo prodicl lho rudio wuvo propugulion. Euch
propugulion urou hus dioronl obsluclos liko buildings, orosl olc. Thoso obsluclos, which
huvo similur oocls on propugulion condilions uro clussiiod in motpho-c|ossos.
This rosolulion o lho motpho Jo|o-6osos should bo uduplod lo lho ompiricul propugulion
modol or mucrocollulur rudio nolwork plunning und lho nocossury plunning rosolulion. ln
mosl cusos lho rosolulion o lho tos|ot or morphoslrucluro is uround 50 ...100 m.
For microcollulur rudio nolwork plunning u 6ui|Jiog Jo|o-6oso is noodod wilh u highor
rosolulion.
Euch morphocluss is corrosponding wilh u morpho-corroclion uclor. Tho propugulion loss is
bolwoon 30 d8 (skyscrupors} ... und uround 0 d8 (opon urou}. ln mosl rudio nolwork
plunning pro|ocls, -12 dillerenl morphoclosses uro suicionl lo doscribo lho
propugulion bohuviour using ompiricul propugulion modols.
3.29
Multi-Ray Calculation Methods
Problem: COST 231 methods not applicable for micro-cells
Alternative method: rigorous ray-optical approach
Find a multiple arrangement of rays between BTS and MS
direct
reflected
diffracted
Methods
Ray-tracing
Ray-launching
Calculate the field-strength for each ray
Combine the contributions at receiver side
Very accurate calculation method, but ray-tracing could be very time-
consuming
Tho mulli-ruy propugulion modols uro usod or lio|J s|toog|h ptoJic|ioo ol micto-co||s.
All compululion is busod in doluilod building dulu-buso, which conluins inormulion uboul
cross soclions, hoighl und muloriul purumolors o ull rolovunl buildings wilhin lho urou undor
invosligulion.
ln lhoso cusos, lho ompiricul Wulish-lkogumi modol is nol vulid. Spociic indoor prodiclion
modols uro noodod (Soo Chuplor T2 . Link 8udgol Aspocls} in uddilion lo lho Uoilotm
Thooty ol Dilltoc|ioo (UTD}.
3.30
Multi-Ray Geometry (Rural Environment)
To physicul phonomonu uro impliod in lhis modol . lho roloclion und lho diruclion.
Poloclion modols uro usod in Puy lrucing modols.
kelleclion.
Tho druw ubovo rolulos lho ground roloclion. Similur culcululion cun bo mudo or lho
building wulls roloclion.
Tho roloclion uclor in poinl A (on lho building wull} bolongs lo lho ground pormillivily und
roughnoss, lho impucl unglo o lho ruy.
P
h
. roloclion uclor on hurd muloriul
r
. complox pormillivily in .s (bolongs lo muloriul pormillivily, in m, conduclivily in S/m}
. roughnoss cooicionl (bolongs lo 2/, }
+

=

2
2

R
3.31
Multi-Ray Geometry (Urban Environment)
Tho ruy-lrucing molhod is busod on lho uso o toy op|ico| opptooch lo dolormino ull rolovunl
pulhs bolwoon 8S und MS.
Tho micro collulur prodiclion modol implomonlod in A55 PNP usos u roul 3-D ruy lrucing
ulgorilhm. Up lo 2 diruclion poinls und roloclion poinl cun bo compulod wilh lho
implomonlod vorsion o lho ruy lrucing ulgorilhm.
This purliculur conigurulion is cullod s|too| cooyoo. Horo ubovo, lho lop viow is prosonlod,
whon lho sido viow is shown on lho ollowing slido.
3.32
Ray Tracing
(T} dirocl ruy (2} singlo roloclod ruy
(3} singlo-diruclod ruy (4} singlo-diruclod + singlo-roloclod ruy
(5} doublo-roloclod (} singlo-diruclod + doublo-roloclod ruy
For ouldoor propugulion prodiclion, ruy lrucing lochniquos uro usod in con|unclion wilh
uoriul phologruphs so lhul 3-D roprosonlulions o buildings muy bo inlogrulod wilh SW lhul
currios oul roloclion, diruclion, und sculloring modols.
Tho ulgorilhm works buckwurds, lhul mouns lhul lho ruy is culcululod rom lho rocoiving poinl
lo lho lrunsmillor.
Timo lo muko u culcululion.
To spood up lho culcululion procoss, il is rocommondod lo oilhor roducod lho prodiclion pixol
sizo or/und uso lho Frosnol upproximulion. ln lho lullor molhod, only lho building wilhin lho
Frosnol ollipso urou uro considorod or ruy lrucing.
Prodiclion urou Culcululion limo
500m x 500m 30 minulos
700m x 700m 300 minulos
3.33
3.3 Exercise
3.34
3.4 Cell Structure
3.35
Cell Structures and Quality
Frequency re-use in cellular radio networks
allow efficient usage of the frequency spectrum
but causes interference
nterdependence of
Cell size
Cluster size
Re-use distance
nterference level
Network Quality
interferer
region
Tho numbor o colls which colloclivoly uso lho complolo sol o uvuilublo roquoncios is cullod u
c|us|ot.
ln lho coll dosign onginooring, lho issuo is lho ollowing . ul which dislunco D rom lho coll C
T
cun wo uso lho sumo roquoncy currior F in ordor lo uchiovo u good quulily (oslimulod upon
C/l rulio}.
A lrudo-o noods lo bo solllod bolwoon lho lwo ollowing ussorlions .
For u conslunl coll rudius,
- i D risos, lho numbor o currior por coll docrousos, so lho |tollic copoci|y Joctoosos.
- i D docrousos, moro cluslors uro roquirod lo covor lho sumo urou, so lho lruic
cupucily risos wilh lho risk o co-choooo| io|otlotooco occuttiog.
Evon so, wo nood lo dolormino lho Froquoncy ro-uso dislunco, or u givon coll rudius, busod
on inlororonco probubilily, kooping in mind lhul lho smullosl possiblo vuluo o cluslor sizo is
dosirublo in ordor lo muximizo cupucily ovor u givon covorugo urou.
Thon, wo nood lo ussign roquoncy curriors lo lho colls (numbor und roquoncy}, busod on lho
ltoquoocy to-uso po||oto.
3.36
7 Cell Re-use Cluster (Omni Sites)
1
2 3
4 7
6 5 1
2 3
4 7
6 5
R
D
3.37
12 Cell Re-use Cluster (Omni Sites)
5 6 4
1 2 3
7
8 9
10 11 12
D
3.38
3x3 Cell Re-use Cluster (Sector Site)
3 x 3 ~ Coll Po-uso Cluslor
numbor o lho silos numbor o lho soclors
3.39
4x3 Cell Re-use Cluster (Sector Site)
Tho roquoncy spoclrum uvuilublo or lho wholo nolwork is splil inlo K groups o rouso. Typicul vuluos uro 4, 7,
T2, T. To dosign lhoso groups, lho coll shupo is ulwuys ussumod lo bo hoxugonul.
Tho iopu|s oto . lho lolul numbor o curriors, PCS (so lho numbor o F por onlily}, coll conigurulion (omni or
soclor colls}..
ln uddilion, il is imporlunl lo koop in mind uluro nolwork oxlonsions or donsiiculions pluns.
Exumplo wilh lho PCS horo ubovo (4x3}
You nood lo dosign your groups uccording lo lho muxi TPX conigurulion o your 8TS. l your 8TS is u 4+2+2
(which ullow you lo work wilh 8 curriors}, you mighl wunl lo rosorvo T2 curriors i N
curr
~ 4.
Tho roquoncy grouping shull luko inlo uccounl lho EMC (Eloclromugnolic Compulibilily}, ud|uconcy probloms,
.
Two lypos o chunnol musl bo ussossod . lho sol-up chunnols (ono por soclor or ono por coll or omni colls}, lho
lruic chunnols.
Frequency groups Ior RCS12 and 4 carriers, GSM channels 50...97
Sector Site
50 54 58 62 51 55 59 63 52 56 60 64 53 57 61 65
66 70 74 78 67 71 75 79 68 72 76 80 69 73 77 81
82 86 90 94 83 87 91 95 84 88 92 96 85 89 93 97
3.40
Frequency Re-use Distance
silo A silo 8
dislunco D P
D ~ dislunco bolwoon coll silos wilh lho sumo roquoncios
P ~ sorvico rudius o u coll
8 ~ numbor o roquoncios in lolul bundwidlh uvuilublo or lho nolwork
PCS ~ rouso cluslor sizo, i.o. ono coll usos 8/PCS roquoncios
ln hoxugonul coll goomolry. D/P ~ u . P . 3 PCS
omni colls. u~T, soclor colls. u~2/3
Exumplo (omni}.
PCS ~ 7. D/P ~ 4.
PCS ~ . D/P ~ 5.2
PCS ~T2. D/P ~ .0
Pocoivod Powor
F
roc
C/l
F
roc, A
F
roc, 8
0
C ~ currior noiso (powor}
l ~ inlororonco noiso (powor}
~ slundurd doviulion
Tho rouso dislunco o lho roquoncy curriors o u coll bolongs lo.
- lho numbor o ud|uconl chunnols in lho vicinily o lho coll
- lho lopo-morphology,
- lho unlonnu hoighl,
- lho powor o lrunsmission,...
Tho ormulu quolod ubovo cun bo uso or unolhor purposo . lo Jo|otmioo |ho kCS lot o lixoJ
ltoquoocy touso Jis|ooco. For inslunco, or D~P, PCS ~T2 (roquoncy groups lo dosign}.
From lho lullor you cun compulo N
cott
, lho muximum numbor o roquoncy curriors por coll us
ollow.
i 8 is lho lolul numbor o rudio bourors or lho onliro nolwork, N
cott
~ 8/PCS.
Nole . lho nolwork plunnor uro moro likoly lo uso /kCS (Avorugo PCS, oslimulod uccording
lo lho io|otlotooco pto6o6i|i|y} lhun PCS or lho roquoncy dosign us il is impossiblo lo uchiovo
u coll shupo poroclly hoxugonul.
3.41
nterference Probability
P
inl
~ P ( C/l < C/l
lhr
}
0
0,T
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,
0,7
0,8
0,
T
P
inl
dislunco D P
CPDF ~ cumululivo probubilily donsily unclion

For u givon dosign, boing givon lho N
cott
, kCS, D, il is possiblo lo oslimulo lho nolwork quulily
in ono urou by lho culcululion o C/l rulio.
Tho probubilily P
inl
lo rouch C/l
inl
wilh lho slundurd doviulion
i
is givon by lho log-normul
dislribulion o lho io|otlotooco pto6o6i|i|y Joosi|y luoc|ioo.
Nolo. lho slundurd doviulion
i
is u 2 unclion o lho slundurd doviulion o lho lio|J
s|toog|h pto6o6i|i|y Joosi|y luoc|ioo. Soo Chuplor T3 Coll Pungo Culcululion.
3.42
Average Reuse Cluster Size (ARCS)
APCS ~
# o roquoncios in usod bundwidlh
uvorugo # o curriors por coll
P
inl
[|
APCS
0
3
T2
5 T0 T5 20 25
Exumplos.
P
inl
[| APCS
T0 .5...
7.5 7....5
5 8.5...TT
2.5 T2...T
Tho conloxl bolwoon io|otlotooco pto6o6i|i|y und /kCS wus dolorminod by mousuromonls
und oxporionco. Wo considor 2 kinds o inlororonco . /Jjocoo| choooo| inlororonco und co-
choooo| inlororonco.
Al lho boginning o u collulur nolwork plunning, il is usuully ussumod lhul lho inlororonco
probubilily is 5 %. This louds lo un AkC5 ol .5 ..12.
Truic chunnols und Signuling chunnols uro plunnod wilh dioronl inlororonco probubililios .
3.43
rregular (Real) Cell Shapes
1
2 3
4
5
5
7
Nolwork 8ordor
Covorugo
Holo
lslund
3.44
Performance Figures
nterference Probability P
int
measure for co/adjacent channel interference
Coverage Probability P
cov
measure for sufficient received power
Call Success Rate (CSR)
CSR = "Coverage" AND NOT "nterference"
CSR = P
cov
(1 - P
int
)
Outage Probability P
out
complementary to CSR
P
out
= 1 - CSR
For lho uso o lhis purumolors, plouso roor lo Chuplor T3 Coll Pungo Culcululion .
3.45
Conclusion
n cellular mobile networks, the frequency re-use pattern has a direct
influence on the interference and hence the network quality
Regular hexagonal patterns allow the deduction of engineering
formulas
n real networks, cell sizes and shapes are irregular due to
Variation in traffic density
Topography
Land usage
Engineering formulas allow the assessment of the network quality and
worst-case considerations, but the real situation must be proved!
3.46
3.5 Exercise

Radio Propagation Theory

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Radio Propagation Theory

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Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0244 VH ZZA Ed.02 - April 2002 3.

Rodio poth pIotted os o stroight Iine by chonging

Considered via an effective earth radius factor k

CPDF ~ cumululivo probubilily donsily unclion

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