HTML Images

• HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.

• The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as attributes.

HTML Attributes

• All HTML elements can have attributes.

• Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value".

Href Attribute
The <a> tag defines a hyperlink. The href attribute specifies the URL of the page the link goes
to another page.

Src Attribute
The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The src attribute specifies the path to
the image to be displayed.

There are two ways to specify the URL in the src attribute:

• Absolute URL - Links to an external image that is hosted on another website.

• Relative URL - Links to an image that is hosted within the website. Here, the URL does not
include the domain name. If the URL begins without a slash, it will be relative to the current page.

INTRODUCTION OF CSS

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using CSS, you can control
the color of the text, the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how columns are sized and laid
out, what background images or colors are used, as well as a variety of other effects. CSS is combined
with the markup languages HTML or XHTML.

CSS Selectors

CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) the HTML elements you want to style.

id Selector

The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific element.
• To select an element with a specific id, write a hash (#) character, followed by the id of the
element.

Class Selector

• The class selector selects HTML elements with a specific class attribute.

• To select elements with a specific class, write a period (.) character, followed by the class name.

CSS Universal Selector

• The universal selector (*) selects all HTML elements on the page.

CSS Color:
• In CSS, a color can be specified by using a predefined color name.

• Background Color: You can set the background color for HTML elements.

• Text Color: You can set the color of text.

• Border Color: You can set the color of borders.
• Color Values: In CSS, colors can also be specified using RGB values, HEX values, HSL values,
RGBAvalues, and HSLA values.

CSS Backgrounds

The CSS background properties are used to add background effects for elements.

Background-color: The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.

Opacity: The opacity property specifies the opacity/transparency of an element. It can take a value from
- 1.0. The lower value, the more transparent.

Background-image: The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an

element. By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
Background-position: The background-position property is used to specify the position of the
background image.

CSS MARGIN
 The CSS margin properties are used to create space around elements, outside of any defined borders.
CSS has properties for specifying the margin for each side of an element:
▪ margin-top
▪ margin-right
▪ margin-bottom
▪ margin-left

CSS BRODER STYLE

The CSS border properties allow you to specify the style, width, and color of an element's
border. The following values are allowed: dotted - Defines a dotted border
• dashed - Defines a dashed border
• solid - Defines a solid border
• double - Defines a double border
• groove - Defines a 3D grooved border. The effect depends on the border-color value hidden - Defines
a hidden border.

POSITION IN CSS
The position property specifies the type of positioning method used for an element There
are five different position values:

Static: Static positioned elements are not affected by the top, bottom, left, and right properties.
Relative: An element with position: relative; is positioned relative to its normal position.
Absolute: An element with position: absolute; is positioned relative to the nearest positioned
ancestor.
Sticky: n element with position: sticky; is positioned based on the user's scroll position.
 A sticky element toggles between relative and fixed, depending on the scroll position. Fixed:
An element with fixed position, is positioned relative to its normal position.

CSS TABLE: To specify table borders in CSS, use the border property. The example below specifies
a solid border for <table>, <th>, and <td> elements

PADDING IN CSS: Padding is used to create space around an element's content, inside of any defined
borders.

TRANSITIONS IN CSS: CSS transitions allows you to change property values smoothly, over a given
duration.

CSS FLEX PROPERTY: The flex property is a shorthand property for:

• flex-grow
• flex-shrink
• flex-basis
CSS GRID PROPERTY:
The grid property is a shorthand property for:
• grid-template-rows
• grid-template-columns
• grid-template-areas
• grid-auto-rows
• grid-auto-columns
• grid-auto-flow

CSS Overflow

The overflow property specifies whether to clip the content or to add scrollbars when the content of an
element is too big to fit in the specified area.

The overflow property has the following values:

• visible - Default. The overflow is not clipped. The content renders outside the element's box
• hidden - The overflow is clipped, and the rest of the content will be invisible
• scroll - The overflow is clipped, and a scrollbar is added to see the rest of the content auto - Similar to
scroll, but it adds scrollbars only when necessary.

CSS Z-INDEX

• The z-index property specifies the stack order of an element.

• z-index only works on positioned elements (position: absolute, position: relative, position: fixed,or position:
sticky) and flex items (elements that are direct children of display: flex elements).

• If two positioned elements overlap without a z-index specified, the element positioned last in the HTML
code will be shown on top.

INTRODUCTION TO JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript is a lightweight, cross-platform, and interpreted scripting language. Java Script can be used for
Client-side developments as well as Server-side developments. JavaScript contains a standard library of
objects, like Amu Date, and Math, and a core set of language elements like operators, control structures
and statements JavaScript can be added to your HTML file in two ways:

• Internal JS: We can add JavaScript directly to our HTML file by writing the code inside the <script>
tag. The <script tag can either be placed inside the head or the <body> tag according to the requirements.
• External JS: We can write JavaScript code in other file having an extensions and then link this file inside
the head tag of the HTML file in which we want to add this code.

JAVA SCRIPTS VARIABLES: Variables are containers for storing data. JavaScript Variable can be declared
using var, let, const, nothing.
JAVA SCRIPTS HTML DOM (Document Object Model)
 When a web page is loaded, the browser creates a Document Object Model of the page.
The HTML DOM model is constructed as a tree of Objects.
In the DOM, all HTML elements are defined as objects.
The programming interface is the properties and methods of each object.
A property is a value that you can get or set (like changing the content of an HTML element).
A method is an action you can do (like add or deleting an HTML element).

JAVA SCRIPTS VARIABLES: Variables are containers for storing data (storing data values).
In this example, x, y, and z, are variables, declared with the var keyword.
JAVA SCRIPTS DATATYPES:
• Strings: A string (or a text string) is a series of characters.

• Number: All JavaScript numbers are stored as decimal numbers (floating point). Numbers can be
written with, or without decimals.

• Boolean: Booleans can only have two values: true or false.

• Undefined: in JavaScript, a variable without a value, has the value undefined. The type is also
undefined.
• Object: JavaScript objects are written with curly braces {}. Object properties are written as
name:value pairs, separated by commas.

JAVA SCRIPTS OPERATORS: There are different types of JavaScript operators:

Arithmetic Operators are used to perform arithmetic on numbers Assignment

operators assign values to JavaScript variables.
Addition Assignment Operator (+=) adds a value to a variable.
Comparison operators compare the two values it includes equal to (==), not equal (!=) etc.

JAVASCRIPT LOOPS:
Loops are handy, if you want to run the same code over and over again, each time with a different value.
Different Kinds of Loops: JavaScript supports different kinds of loops:

for - loops through a block of code a number of times

for/in - loops through the properties of an object
for/of - loops through the values of an iterable object
while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true do/while
- also loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true.
JAVASCRIPTS CONDITIONS:
• Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition is true
• Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition is false
• Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is false Use switch to specify many
alternative blocks of code to be executed.

getElementById Method

• The most common way to access an HTML element is to use the id of the element.

• In the example above the getElementById method used id="demo" to find the element.

Method Description

document.getElementById(id) Find an element by element id

document.getElementsByTagName(name) Find elements by tag name

document.htablegetElementsByClassName(name) Find elements by class name

INTRODUCTION TO WORDPRESS:
WordPress is a popular and widely-used content management system (CMS) and website creation
platform.It provides a user-friendly interface for building, managing, and maintaining websites and
blogs. Here's a brief overview of WordPress:
• Content Management System (CMS):WordPress is primarily known as a CMS, which means it
enables users to easily create, organize, and manage various types of content on a website. It is
particularly well-suited for blogs, news sites, e-commerce stores, portfolios, and small to medium- sized
business websites.
• Open Source: WordPress is open-source software, which means it is freely available for anyone to
use, modify, and distribute. This open nature has led to a large and active community of developers and
users who contribute to its growth and development.
• Themes: WordPress allows users to choose from thousands of themes (both free and premium) that
control the design and layout of their websites. Themes can be customized to match specific branding or
design preferences.
• Blogging: WordPress initially gained popularity as a blogging platform. It offers powerful blogging
tools, including categories, tags, and a comment system, making it a favorite among bloggers.
• SEO-Friendly: WordPress is known for being SEO-friendly out of the box. It generates clean and
structured HTML code, offers SEO plugins, and provides features like customizable permalinks, making
it easier for websites to rank well in search engines.
• Community and Support: The WordPress community is vast and active, providing ample support
through forums, documentation, and tutorials. Users can find answers to their questions and troubleshoot
issues easily.
 TAKEAWAY TOPICS FROM GUEST LECTURER

INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Python is a high-level scripting language which can be used for a wide variety of text processing,
system administration and internet-related tasks. Unlike many similar languages, its core language is
very small and easy to master, while allowing the addition of modules to perform a virtually limitless
variety of tasks. Python is a true object-oriented language, and is available on a wide variety of
platforms. There's even a python interpreter written entirely in Java further enhancing python's
position as an excellent solution for internet-based problems. Python was developed in the early 1990's
by Guido van Rossum, then at CWT in Amsterdam, and currently at CNRI in Virginia. In some ways,
python grew out of a project to design a computer language which would be easy for beginners to
learn, yet would be powerful enough for even advanced users. This heritage is reflected in python's
small, clean syntax and the thoroughness of the implementation of ideas like object-oriented
programming. without eliminating the ability to program in a more traditional style. So python is an
excellent choice as a first programming language without sacrificing the power and advanced
capabilities that users will eventually need.

PYTHON VARIABLES

Variables are containers for storing data values. Python has no command for declaring a variable.
A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.

PYTHON DATA TYPES

Built-in Data Types in programming, data type is an important concept. Variables can store data of
different types, and different types can do different things. Python has the following data types built-
in by default, in these Categories:

Text Type: str

Numeric Types: int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type: dict
Set Types: set, frozenset
Boolean Type: bool
PYTHON LIST

Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable List items are ordered, changeable, and
allow duplicate values.

Example my list = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

PYTHON TUPLES

Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable. A tuple is a collection which is ordered and
unchangeable. my list ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

PYTHON SETS
My list = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

PYTHON DICTIONARIES

Dictionaries are used to store data values in key value pairs. A dictionary is a collection which is
ordered",changeable and does not allow duplicates.

Example: this dict ("brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964)

PYTHON CONDITION
Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics

• Equals: a==b

• Not Equals: a! = b

• Less than: a < b

• Less than or equal to: a <= b

• Greater than: a>b

• Greater than or equal to: a>=

PYTHON FUNCTIONS

A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called. You can pass data, known as puncters,
into a function. A function can return data as a result. In Python a function is defined using the def
keyword:
 def my_function(): print("Hello froma function")
my_function()
INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING
Machine learning (MI) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows software applications to become
more accurate at predicting outcomes without being explicitly programmed to do so. Machine learning
algorithms use historical data as input to predict new output values. Machine learning, tasks are generally
classified into broad categories. These categories are based on how learning is received or how feedback
on the learning is given to the system developed. Two of the most widely adopted machine learning
methods are supervised learning which train algorithms based on example input and output data that is
labeled by humans, and unsupervised learning which provides the algorithm with no labeled data in order
to allow it to find structure within its input data.

SUPERVISED LEARNING

In supervised learning, the computer is provided with example inputs that are labeled with their desired
outputs. The purpose of this method is for the algorithm to be able to "Team" by comparing its actual
output with the "Taught outputs to find errors, and modify the model accordingly. Supervised learning
therefore uses patterns to predict label values on additional unlabeled data.

UNSUPERVISED LEARNING

In unsupervised learning, data is unlabeled, so the learning algorithm is left to find commonalities among
its input data. As unlabeled data are more abundant than labeled data, machine learning methods that
facilitate unsupervised learning are particularly valuable.

REGRESSION

The ultimate goal of the regression algorithms is to plot a best-fit line or a curve between the data
Regression analysis is a fundamental concept in the field of machine learning. It falls under supervised
learning where in the algorithm is trained with both input features and output labels. It helps in establishing
a relationship among the variables by estimating how one variable affects the other.

PYTHON MODULES

NumPy:
NumPy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance mulitdimensional
array object, and tools for working with these arrays. It is the fundamental package for scientific
computing with Python It is open-source software. It contains various features including these important
ones:
• A powerful N-dimensional array object
• Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
• Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, NumPy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional container
of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using NumPy which allows NumPy to seamlessly and
speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.
PANDAS:
Pandas is an open-source library that is made mainly for working with relational or labeled data both easily
and intuitively. It provides various data structures and operations for manipulating numerical data and
time series. This library is built on top of the NumPy library. Pandas is fast and it has high performance
& productivity for users.

• It has a fast and efficient Data Frame object with the default and customized indexing. o Used for reshaping
and pivoting of the data sets. o Group by data for aggregations and transformations.
• It is used for data alignment and integration of the missing data.
• Provide the functionality of Time Series.
• Process a variety of data sets in different formats like matrix data, tabular heterogeneous, time series.

MATPLOTLIB (PYTHON PLOTTING LIBRARY)

Human minds are more adaptive for the visual representation of data rather than textual data. We can
easily understand things when they are visualized. It is better to represent the data through the graph where
we can analyze the data more efficiently and make the specific decision according to data analysis. Before
learning the matplotlib, we need to understand data visualization and why data visualization is important

DATA VISUALIZATION
Graphics provides an excellent approach for exploring the data, which is essential for presenting results.
Data visualization is a new term. It expresses the idea that involves more than just representing data in the
graphical form (instead of using textual form).

Visualize: We analyze the raw data, which means it makes complex data more accessible, understandable,
and more usable. Tabular data representation is used where the user will look up a specific measurement,
while the chart of several types is used to show patterns or relationships in the data for one or more
variables.
Analysis: Data analysis is defined as cleaning, inspecting, transforming, and modeling data to derive
useful Information. Whenever we make a decision for the business or in daily life, is by past experience.
What will happen to choose a particular decision, it is nothing but analyzing our past. That may be affected
in the future, so the proper analysis is necessary for better decisions for any business or organization.
Document Insight: Document insight is the process where the useful data or information is organized in
the document in the standard format.
Transform Data Set: Standard data is used to make the decision more effectively.
 FEEDBACK/OPINION OF THE INTERNSHIP

Innovative topics/Methods:

New-hire panels are one of the best ways to showcase an organization to interns as a great place to
work. It was good experience learning innovative topics especially in the areas of web development,
Python, and machine learning. I found hands on project in web development particularly valuable.
However, I did face challenges in keeping up with the pace of the machine learning modules.
Overall, this internship has significantly expanded my skillset and to apply these skills in future
endeavors.

Industrial significance of the topics:

• HTML

HTML is the central innovation behind all that you find in a web program, and it's utilized(nearby
other tech like JavaScript and CSS) to fabricate everything from basic website pages to a complex web
applications and administrations. Html is necessary for the basic structure of the website.

• CSS

CSS is the language for decreasing the presentation of Web pages, including colors, layout, and fonts.
It allows one to adopt the presentation to different types of devices, such as large screens, small screens
or printers. CSS is independent of HTML, and can be used with any XML based markup language.

• ML

Machine Learning is used in internet search engines, email filters to sort out spam, websites to make
personalized recommendations, banking software to detect unusual transactions, and lots of apps on
our phones such as voice recognition. ML. enables computers and computing machines to search for
and identify hidden insights, without being programmed for where to look for, when exposed to new
data sets,

• JS

JavaScript is an object orient programming language designed to make web development easier and
more attractive. In most cases, JavaScript is used to create responsive, interactive elements for web
pages, enhancing the user experience.
Syllabus/Concepts that can be included/recommended in engineering
curriculum (Academics):

Some of the additional concepts that can be included in engineering should be to study
web development frameworks. DevOps, for efficient software development.
Study cyber security to secure software development practices. Learn Block
chain to secure data storage and also contribute to open source projects to gain
practical experience.

Area of improvements/Drawbacks in the internship program:

To improve, I would suggest offering more support for complex topics like machine learning.
Stay connected with the interns to help us know about upcoming opportunities and new job
openings. Keep relationships open and make sure they know there is always an open door. This
could potentially be a future employee.

Opinion of the internship:

The internship was extremely valuable for all of us. It was a great experience the supervisors are
so goodtheir way of teaching and interacting. We've learned that practical experience in skills such
as multitasking, communicating, learning to deal with real world, also dealing with deadlines are
really good experience and will help us in many ways.
The department was helpful and beneficial to encourage students to find their internship based
on their future career goals. As a whole this internship was successful in furthering my knowledge
of a career in the field of computer science.
CROP DISEASE IDENTIFICATION 2023-24

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