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344 Chap 6 Inner Pro
Spaces
V2 wi =U1
W2
CW1
Figure 6.1
The next theorem shows that this process
linearly independent subset.
us can be extended to anany
extended
finite
Theorem 6.4. Let V be an inner product space and S {w1,
be a linearly independent subset of V. Define S= U1,U2,, w2s..10.
=
U1= W1 and Un), where
kU)for
lle,P
2<kn. )
Then S' is an
orthogonal set of nonzero vectors such that span(S') =
span(S).
Proof. The proof is by mathematical induction on the
in S. For k n, number of vectors
1,2,...,
theorem is proved by
n, =
let Sk {w1,
W2,. , wk. n 1, then the
If
=
..
=
taking S S1; i.e., v1 W1 # 0. Assume then that
=
=
set
S-1 ={U1, V2,...,Uk-1} with the desired the
by the repeated use of (1). We show properties has been constructed
that the set S =
also has the desired
properties, where ug is obtained from
{u1, v2,.er ,Vk-1, 0k}
0, then (1) implies that S_ by (1). lfk
w ¬ span(S_) =
span(Sk-1), which
the
assumption that Sk is linearly independent. contrau
For 1<i< k-1, it
from (1) that touo0
k-1
(Vk,D) (wk, V,)-
=
J=1 ,)= (wg, t) (wle
since (v,v;) =
0 ifi#j
by the induction
Hence S orthogonal set of nonzero assumption
is an
vectors.
that S-1 that
span(S)C span(S;). But by Corollary 2 to Now, by (), we linearly
independent; so dim(span(S{)) Theorem 6.3, k )
span(Sk). dim(span(S) k. Theretore =
=
The construction of
{v1,v2,
the Gram-Schmidt process. ..
, Vn} by the of Theore
.
use
Sec. 6 2
Cram-Schmidt Orthogonalization Process 345
Example4
et wu1 = (1,0,
(1,0,1,0),
=
1, 0), w2 = (1,1,1,1), and w3 = (0,1,2, 1). Then
In R'let
)is linearly independent. We use the Gram-Schmidt process to
W1,
compute
he orthogonal vectors U1, V2, and v3, and then we normalize these
vectors
to obtain an honormal set.
Take v1= w =
(1,0, 1, 0). Then
U2= W2 w2, U1
(1,1, 1,1) -1,0,1,0)
=
(0, 1,0, 1).
Finally,
U3 W3 (w3,U1) w3,U2)
= (0,1,2,1)-51,0,1,0)-50,1,0,1)
=(-1,0, 1,0).
These vectors can be normalized to obtain the orthonormal basis
{u1, u2, u3},
where
ies 1,0,1,0),
1
2ea 0,1,0,1),
and
U3
u3 lea -1,0,1,0).
Example 5
Let V = P(R) with the inner product (f(r), g(T) = J-, ft)g(t) dt, and
d e r the subspace P2(R) with the standard ordered basis . We use the
Gram-Schmidt proc
ocess to replace by an orthogonal basis {U1,U2, U3} for
[Link] then use this orthogonal basis to obtain an orthonormal basis for
Pa(R).
th =1. Then | l P = 1 d t = 2, and (z,vu) = t 1dt = 0.
Thus
V2 - (U1, r-=z.
llva12
