H264

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Danh mc vit tt
Thut ng AVC B Picture B-VOP
Ting anh Advanced Video Coding Bidirectionally Picture Bidirectionally predicted Intercoded
ngha ting Vit Phng php m ha video tin tin nh d on hai chiu Mt phng i tng video loi B
CABAC CAVLC
Context-adaptive Arithmetic Coding Context-adaptive Variable Length Coding
CODEC DCT DPCM
Coder and Decoder Discrete Cosine Transform Pulse Code Modulation
B m ha v gii m Bin i Cosin ri rc iu ch xung m vi phn
DPCM GOB GOP H.264
Differential Pulse Code Modulation Group of Blocks Group Of Picture
iu ch xung m vi sai Nhm block Nhm nh L mt chun nn tn hiu hin i hay cn gi l AVC/ MPEG-4 part 10
HDTV I_PCM IPTV IPTVCD IPTVCM I Picture
High Definition Television
Truyn hnh phn gii cao
Internet Protocol Television Internet Protocol Television Consumer Device
Truyn hnh theo giao thc IP Thit b s dng dch v IPTV
Intra-Code Picture
nh I
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Lun vn thc s khoa hc
JPEG ME MP@HL MP@ML MB MPEG MV NAL NRI PAT PMT P Picture PPS PSNR
Joint Photographic Experts Group Motion Estimation Main Profile High Level Main Profile Main Level Macro block Moving Picture Experts Group Motion Vector Network Abstraction Layer nal_ref_idc
Chun nn nh JPEG c lng chuyn ng
Khi macro Chun nn nh ng MPEG Vector chuyn ng Lp mng tru tng
Predictive Code Picture picture_parameter_set Peak Signal To Noise Ratio
nh P
T s nh tn hiu trn tp m (thng s nh gi cht lng)
PES QoS QP SDTV RBSP SNR (S/N) RD RMS RLC RTP
Parketized Element Stream Quality of Service Quantization Parameter Standart Digital Television
Dng ng gi c bn Cht lng dch v Tham s lng t ha Truyn hnh s phn gii chun
Signal Noise Ratio
T s tn hiu trn tp m
Root Mean square Run Length Codes Real Time Protocol Giao thc vn chuyn theo thi gian thc
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RVLC
Reversible Variable Length Codes
B m bc chy theo chiu ngc c
SP SPS TCP TS UDP VCL VLC VO
Switching P Sequence Parameter Set Transmission Control Protocol Transport Stream User Datagram Protocol Video Coding Layer Variable length codes Video Object Giao thc iu khin truyn Dng vn ti Giao thc truyn tin khng tin cy lp 4 trong m hnh OSI Lp m ha video B m bc chy i tng video trong MPEG-4
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 1.1: M hnh h thng nn Video Hnh 1.2: S phi hp cc k thut trong JPEG v MPEG Hnh 1.3: D on b chuyn ng mt chiu v hai chiu Hnh 1.4: Kin trc dng Video MPEG 11 Hnh 1.5: Cu trc s liu nn nh MPEG 12 Hnh 2.1: S b m ho Hnh 2.2: S b m ho c th Hnh 2.3: S b gii m Hnh 2.4: Cu trc m ho d liu ca H.264 Hnh 2.5: Chui n v NAL Hnh 2.6: Slices Hnh 2.7: Cu trc ca slice Hnh 2.8: MacroBlock Hnh 2.91: nh tham chiu v b chuyn ng
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Hnh 2.10: Cc profile Hnh 2.11: D on ni suy Hnh 2.12: D on intra 4x4 Hnh 2.13: Cc ch d on intra_4x4 Hnh 2.14: Cc ch d on intra_16x16 Hnh 2.15: Phn mnh macroblock Hnh 2.16: Phn mnh submacroblock Hnh 2.17: Tnh ni suy cho cc chuyn ng c khong cch khng nguyn Hnh2.18: Minh ha d on b chuyn ng a khung Hnh 2.19: D on lin khung trong slice B Hnh 2.20:V d v mt khung hnh s dng b lc Deblocking Hnh 3.1: M hnh truyn thng IPTV Hnh 3.2: Cu trc ca khi NAL Hnh 3.3: nh dng gi MPEG PES Hnh 3.4: nh dng gi MPEG TS Hnh 3.5: nh x gi truy cp AVC sang gi MPEG PES Hnh 3.6: ng dng nhn thi gian vi cc gi MPEG PES Hnh 3.7: Mi lin h gia PMT v PAT Hnh 3.8: nh dng RTP header Hnh 3.9: Cc gi MPEG TS Hnh 3.10: nh x ni dung H264/AVC (tng khi NAL ring bit) sang RTP payload Hnh3.11:nh x ni dung H264/AVC(nhiu khi NAL ring bit)sang 1 RTP payload Hnh 3.12: nh x ni dung mt H264/AVC NAL sang nhiu RTP payload Hnh 3.13: C ch iu khin lung ca TCP Hnh 3.14: Qu trnh truyn thng trong mng IPTV Hnh 3.15: nh dng datagram da trn UDP Hnh 3.16: nh dng gi video IPv4
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Hnh 3.17: Cc lp a ch IP Hnh 3.18: Cu trc header ca IPv6 Hnh 4.1 : M hnh o PSNR Hnh 4.2 : th PSNR Hnh 4.3 : Mi quan h gia QP v tc bit u ra Hnh 4.4 : Mi quan h gia CRF v tc bit u ra Hnh 4.5 : th biu din cht lng Video tng ng vi gi tr QP
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Danh mc bng
Bng 1.1: Bng thng s chnh profile v level ca tn hiu chun MPEG 2 Bng 2.1: Cc loi slice Bng 2.2: Cc thnh phn cu trc ca Macroblock Bng 3.1: Cu trc ca mt gi MPEG PES Bng 3.2: Cu trc gi MPEG TS Bng 3.3: Cu trc ca gi IPTV da trn RTP Bng 3.4: nh dng ca TCP segment Bng 3.5: Cu trc datagram IPTV da trn UDP Bng 3.6: Cu trc gi video IPv4 Bng 3.7: Cc lp a ch IPv4 Bng 3.8: M t trng ca IPv6 Bng 3.9: Cu trc ca Ethernet header Bng 3.10: Cu trc khung Ethernet c dng mang ni dung MPEG-2 Bng 3.11 Tng kt cc lp trong m hnh IPTV Bng 4.1: Mi quan h gia QP v tc u ra ca b m ha Bng 4.2: Mi quan h gia CRF v tc u ra ca b m ha
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LI NI U
Trong cuc sng, vi chng ta th bng thng v dung lng khng bao gi . Nhu cu ca con ngi ngy cng c tng ln, ngy cng i hi nhng dch v vi cht lng cao hn. Nhng d liu Video thng l nhng d liu c dung lng rt ln, v d truyn hnh c phn gii cao (HDTV) khng nn th tc ln ti hn 1,5 Gbps, truyn ti l rt kh. Do vy cc chun nn video ra i nhm loi b nhng d liu d tha m vn m bo cht lng. Chun m ha (nn) H.264 l mt chun tin tin ra i chnh thc vo nm 2003. N to ra s t ph, cho php nn video mt cch tt hn ng thi ci thin c cht lng so vi cc chun trc . Nn ti chn vic nghin cu chun H.264 lm lun vn khoa hc tt nghip vi ti Chun m ha video tin tin H.264 Ni dung ca lun vn gm 4 chng: Chng 1: C bn v nn Video s Chng 1 trnh by nhng kin thc c bn v nn Video s nh khi nim, c im, phng php nn v gii thiu mt chun nn rt in hnh l MPEG. Chng 2: Chun m ha Video tin tin H.264 Chng ny i vo chi tit chun m ha H.264 nh: cu trc b Codec H.264 (b m ha v gii m ha), cu trc d liu trong H.264, cc profile ca H.264 Chng 3: ng dng H.264 trong m hnh IPTV H.264 c t l nn rt cao nn n c ng dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc. Nh c s ra i ca H.264 m IPTV tr nn hiu qu v thc t hn. Chng ny th hin chun H.264 c ng dng trong m hnh IPTV v cho chng ta bit v cc lp trong m hnh IPTV. Chng 4: nh gi, kt lun v kin ngh
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Qua qu trnh nghin cu chun H.264, chng ny xy dng m hnh m ha mt file video th YUV theo chun H.264 bng b codec x264. T a ra nhng nh gi qu trnh nn v gii nn thng qua vic tnh ton PSNR, t s nn v xem on video sau khi nn. Cui cng l a ra nhng kin ngh, kt lun v hng pht trin trong tng lai. Ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti PGS.TS. L B Dng ngi hng dn v gip ti hon thnh c lun vn ny. Ti cng xin gi li cm n ti nhng thy c gio ngi trang b nhng kin thc ti lm lun vn ny. Mc d ti c gng nhng chc chn lun vn vn cn rt nhiu thiu st, ti mong cc thy c v cc bn ng nghip ch bo ti ngy cng hon thin hn vn kin thc ca mnh H Ni, thng /2010
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CHNG I: C BN V NN VIDEO S
1.1 K thut nn Video s

1.1.1 Khi nim
Nn v c bn l mt qu trnh trong lng s liu (data) biu din lng thng tin ca mt nh hoc nhiu nh c gim bt bng cch loi b nhng s liu d tha trong tn hiu Video. Cc chui nh truyn hnh c nhiu phn nh ging nhau, vy tn hiu truyn hnh c cha nhiu d liu d tha, ta c th b qua m khng lm mt thng tin nh. l cc phn xo dng, xo mnh, vng nh tnh hoc chuyn ng rt chm, vng nh nn ging nhau, m cc phn t lin tip ging nhau hoc khc nhau rt t. Thng th chuyn ng trong nh truyn hnh c th c d bo, do ch cn truyn cc thng tin v chuyn ng. Cc phn t ln cn trong nh thng ging nhau, nn ch cn truyn cc thng tin bin i. Cc h thng nn s dng c tnh ny ca tn hiu Video v cc c trng ca mt ngi l km nhy vi sai s trong hnh nh c nhiu chi tit, cc phn t chuyn ng. Qu trnh sau nn nh l dn (gii nn) nh to li nh gc hoc xp x nh gc.
1.1.2 M hnh nn nh
Biu din thun li Biu din thun li
Lng t ho
Gn t m
X l knh
Gii t m
Gii L.T.H
Hnh 1.1: M hnh h thng nn Video. tng u tin ca b m ho video, tn hiu video c trnh by di dng thun tin nn c hiu qu nht. im ct yu l ch xc nh ci g c m ho. S biu din c th cha nhiu mu thng tin m t tn hiu hn l chnh tn hiu, nhng hu ht thng tin quan trng ch tp trung trong mt phn nh ca s Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
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m t ny. Trong cch biu din c hiu qu, ch c phn nh d liu cn thit truyn cho vic ti to tn hiu video. -Hot ng th hai ca b m ho l lng t ho, gip ri rc ho thng tin c biu din. truyn tn hiu video qua mt knh s, nhng thng tin biu din c lng t ho thnh mt s hu hn cc mc. -Hot ng th 3 l gn cc t m. Cc t m ny l mt chui bit dng biu din cc mc lng t ho. Cc qu trnh s ngc li trong b gii m video. Mi hot ng c gng loi b phn d tha trong tn hiu video v tn dng s gii hn ca kh nng nhn ca mt ngi. Nh b i cc phn d tha, cc thng tin ging nhau hoc c lin quan n nhau s khng c truyn i. Nhng thng tin b i m khng nh hng n vic nhn cng khng c truyn i.
1.2 Cc c im ca nn tn hiu s
1.2.1 Xc nh hiu qu ca qu trnh nn tn hiu s Hiu qu nn c xc nh bng t l nn, ngha l t s gia s lng d liu ca nh gc trn trn s lng d liu ca nh nn. phc tp ca thut ton nn c xc nh bng s bc tnh ton trong c hai qu trnh m ho v gii m. Thng thng th thut ton nn cng phc tp bao nhiu th hiu qu nn cng cao nhng ngc li gi thnh v thi gian thc hin li tng. i vi thut ton nn c tn tht th sai lch c xc nh bng s thng tin b mt i khi ti to li hnh nh t d liu nn. Vi nn khng tn tht th chng ta c th c nhng thut ton m ho cng gn vi Entropy ca thng tin ngun, bi v lng entropy ca ngun chnh l tc nh nht m bt c mt thut ton nn khng tn tht no cng c th t c. Ngc li, trong cc nn c tn tht th mi quan h gia t l nn v sai lch thng tin c Shannon nghin cu v biu din di dng hm RD (hm v sai lch thng tin). L thuyt ca ng cng ch ra rng vi thut ton nn c tn tht Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
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th chng ta s c hiu qu cao nht, nhng ngc li ta b mt thng tin trong qu trnh ti to li n t d liu nn. Trong khi nn khng tn tht , mc d t hiu qu thp nhng ta li khng b mt thng tin trong qu trnh ti to li n. V vy, ta phi tm ra mt bin php nhm trung ho gia hai thut ton nn ny tm ra mt thut ton nn ti u sao cho hiu qu nn cao m li khng b mt mt thng tin. 1.2.2 d tha s liu Nn s liu l qu trnh gim lng s liu cn thit biu din cng mt lng thng tin cho trc. S liu v thng tin khng ng ngha vi nhau, s liu ch l phng tin dng truyn ti thng tin. Cng mt lng thng tin cho trc c th biu din bng cc lng s liu khc nhau. d tha s liu l vn trung tm trong nn nh s. nh gi cho qu trnh thc hin gii thut nn l t l nn (CN) c xc nh nh sau: Nu N1 v N2 l lng s liu trong hai tp hp s liu cng c biu din mt lng thng tin cho trc th d tha s liu tng i RD ca tp hp s liu th nht vi tp hp s liu th hai c th c nh ngha nh sau: RD =1-1/ CN Trong : CN =N1/N2 Trong trng hp N1=N2 th CN =1 v RD=0, c ngha l so vi tp s liu th hai th tp s liu th nht khng cha s liu d tha. Khi N2<<N1 th CN tin ti v cng v RD tin ti 1, c ngha l d tha s liu tng i ca tp s liu th nht l kh ln hay tp s liu th hai c nn kh nh. 1.2.3 Sai lch bnh phng trung bnh Mt nh gi thng k khc c th nh gi cho nhiu gii thut nn l sai lch bnh phng trung bnh so vi nh gc RMS (Root Mean Square) c tnh bi biu thc:
RMS = 1 n
(X X )
i =1 i i
' 2
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Trong : RMS sai lch bnh phng trung bnh Xi Gi tr im nh ban u Xi Gi tr im nh sau khi nn n Tng s im nh trong mt nh RMS ch ra s khc nhau thng k gia nh ban u v nh sau khi nn. a s trng hp khi nn cht lng ca nh nn l tt vi RMS thp. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp c th xy ra l cht lng nh nn vi RMS cao tt hn nh vi RMS thp hn.
1.3 Cc phng php nn

Cc h thng nn s liu l s phi hp ca rt nhiu cc k thut x l nhm gim tc bit ca tn hiu s m vn m bo cht lng hnh nh ph hp ng vi mt ng dng nht nh. Nhiu k thut nn mt v khng mt thng tin (loss/lossless data reduction techniques) c pht trin trong nhiu nm qua. Ch c mt s t trong chng c th p dng cho nn video s.
Video s
Nn khng mt thng tin
Nn mt thng tin
DCT
VLC
RLC
Loai b khong xo JPEG
Mu con
DPCM
Lng t ho
MPEG
1 MPEG 2 Hnh 1.2: S phi hp cc k thut trong JPEG v MPEG

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Hnh 1.2 minh ho k thut nn c s dng to thnh cc tn hiu nn JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) v MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group). S dng cc k thut ny mt cch ring r thc t khng a li mt kt qu no v gim tc dng tn hiu . Tuy nhin, phi hp mt s cc k thut ny s em li nhng h thng nn v cng hiu qu nh h thng nn JPEG, MPEG-1, MPEG-2. 1.3.1 Nn khng tn hao Nn khng mt thng tin cho php phc hi li ng tn hiu ban u sau khi gii nn. y l mt qu trnh m ho c tnh thun nghch. H s nn ph thuc vo chi tit nh c nn. H s nn ca phng php nn khng mt thng tin nh hn 2:1. Cc k thut nn khng mt thng tin bao gm: a. M ho vi di thay i (VLC) Phng php ny cn c gi l m ho Huffman v m ho Entropy, da trn kh nng xut hin ca cc gi tr bin trng hp trong mt bc nh v thit lp mt t m ngn cho cc gi tr c tn sut xut hin cao nht v t m di cho cc gi tr cn li. Khi thc hin gii nn, cc thit lp m trng hp s c s dng ti to li gi tri tn hiu ban u. b. M ho vi di ng (RLC) Phng php ny da trn s lp li ca cng gi tr mu to ra cc m c bit biu din s bt u v kt thc ca gi tr c lp li. Ch cc mu c gi tr khc khng mi c m ho. S mu c gi tr bng khng s c truyn i dc theo cng dng qut. c. S dng khong xo dng, xo mnh Vng thng tin xo c loi b khi dng tn hiu truyn i vng thng tin tch cc ca nh. Theo phng php , thng tin xo dng v xo mnh s khng c ghi gi v truyn i. Chng c thay bng cc d liu ng b ngn hn tu theo ng dng.
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d. Bin i cosin ri rc (DCT) Qu trnh DCT thun v nghch c coi l khng mt thng tin nu di t m h s l 13 hoc 14 bng tn i vi dng video s s dng 8 bit biu din mu. Nu di t m h s ca php bin i DCT nh hn, qu trnh ny tr nn c mt thng tin . Trong truyn hnh, phng php nn khng tn hao c kt hp trong cc phng php nn c tn hao s cho t l nn tt m khng gy mt mt v phn gii. 1.3.2 Nn c tn hao Nn c tn hao chp nhn mt mt mt t thng tin gia tng hiu qu nn, rt thch hp vi ngun thng tin l hnh nh v m thanh. Nh vy, nn c tn hao mi tht s c ngha i vi truyn hnh. N c th cho t l nn nh cao truyn dn, pht sng ng thi cho mt t l nn thch hp cho x l v lu tr nh trong studio. Nn tn hao thng thc hin theo 3 bc lin tc: -Bc 1: Bin i tn hiu t min thi gian (khng gian) sang min tn s bng cch s dng cc thut ton chuyn v nh bin i cosin ri rc DCT. Bc ny thc hin vic gim d tha ca pixel trong nh, tuy nhin qu trnh ny khng gy tn hao. -Bc 2: Thc hin lng t ho cc h s DCT, s liu c lm trn bng cch lm trn. Vic mt mt s liu xy ra giai on lm trn ny. Bc 3: Nn s liu bin i v lm trn bng cch m ho Entropy, y s dng cc m khng tn hao nh m Huffman, RLC,
1.4 Tiu chun nn MPEG

1.4.1 Cu trc nh MPEG nh ngha cc loi nh khc nhau cho php s linh hot cn nhc gia hiu qu m ho v truy cp ngu nhin. Cc loi nh nh sau:
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a. NH I: (Intra- Code Picture) Cc nh I c m ho theo mode intra c th gii m m khng cn s dng d liu t bt c mt nh no khc. c im ca phng php m ho ny nh sau: cu ln. Do c m ho Intra, nh I bao gi cng l nh u tin trong mt nhm nh hay mt chui nh. N cung cp thng tin khi ng cc nh tip theo trong nhm. b. NH P (Predictive Code Picture) nh P c m ho lin nh mt chiu (Interframe mt chiu): -
Ch loi b c s d tha khng gian. Dng cc im trong cng mt khung d bo. Khng c b chuyn ng. Cc thng tin c m ho r rng, minh bch nn s lng bit yu
D bo Inter mt chiu. nh d bo c to nh tham chiu trc (d bo nhn qu). nh
tham chiu ny c th l nh I hoc nh P gn nht.

-
C s dng b chuyn ng. Thng tin c lng chuyn ng ca cc
khi nm trong vector chuyn ng (motion vector). Vector ny xc nh Macroblock no c s dng t nh trc. Do vy nh P bao gm c nhng MB m ho (I-MB) l nhng Macroblock cha thng tin ly t nh tham chiu v nhng MB m ho Intra l nhng MB cha thng tin khng th mn t nh trc. nh P c th s dng lm nh tham chiu to d bo cho nh sau.
c. nh B (Bidirectionally Picture)
nh B l nh m ho lin nh hai chiu. Tc l:
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C s dng b chuyn ng. D bo khng nhn qu, nh d bo gm cc MB ca c khung hnh
trc v sau . Vic s dng thng tin ly t nh trong tng lai hon ton c th thc hin c v ti thi im m ho th b m ho sn sng truy cp ti nh pha sau. nh B khng c s dng lm nh tham chiu to d bo cho cc nh sau.
Khung d bo (P)= Khung trc - khung hin ti +Vector chuyn ng

Khung hnh trc (n) Khung hnh hin ti (n+1)
a) D bo b chuyn ng nh P V tr ni suy
Khung hnh trc (n -1)
Khung hnh hin ti (n)
Khung hnh tip (n+1)
Khung (B)= Khung trc - khung hin ti +vecto chuyn ng hai hng
b) D bo b chuyn ng nh B
Hnh 1.3: D on b chuyn ng mt chiu v hai chiu
1.4.2 Nhm nh (GOP- Group Of Picture) Nhm nh l mt tp cc nh m u tin phi l nh hon chnh I, tip sau l mt lot cc nh P, B. Nhm nh c hai loi:
-
Cu trc m: Lun bt u t mt nh I v kt thc bng mt nh I
tip theo, ngha l nh cui cng ca GOP dng nh u tin ca GOP tip theo lm chun.
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Cu trc khp kn: Vic d on nh khng s dng thng tin ca GOP
khc. nh cui cng ca mt GOP bao gi cng l nh P. 1.4.3 Cu trc dng bit MPEG Video Cu trc s liu Video MPEG-1 v MPEG-2 bao gm 6 lp nh sau
Khi (Block): L n v c bn cho chuyn i DCT. Bao gm 8x8 im
nh tn hiu chi hoc tn hiu mu.
Khi Macro Block: L nhm cc khi DCT tng ng vi thng tin ca
mt ca s 16x16 im nh gc. C nhiu dng Macro Block khc nhau ph thuc vo cu trc ly mu c s dng. Phn u (Header) ca Macroblock cha thng tin phn loi (Y hay CB, CR) v vector b chuyn ng tng ng.
Lt (slice): c cu thnh t mt hay mt s MB lin tip nhau. Phn
header ca slice cha thng tin v v tr ca n trong nh v tham s qut lng t (quantized sanling factor). Kch c ca slice quyt nh bi mc bo v li cn c trong ng dng v b gii m s b qua slice b li. H s mt chiu DC c nh v ti im bt u mi slice.
nh : Lp nh cho bn thu bit v loi m ho khung I, P, B. Phn
Header mang th t truyn ti ca khung bn thu hin th khung theo ng th t, ngoi ra cn c mt s thng tin b sung nh thng tin ng b, phn gii v vector chuyn ng.
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Block
Slice
Khung
GOP
Hnh 1.4: Kin trc dng Video MPEG
Nhm nh (Group of Picture): Gm cu trc cc nh I, B v P. Mi nhm
bt u bng nh I cung cp im vo ra v tm kim.
Chui video ( Video Sequence): Lp chui bao gm phn Header, mt
hoc mt s nhm nh (Picture Group) v phn kt thc chui (Sequence End Code). Thng tin quan trng nht ca phn Header l kch thc (dc, ngang) ca mi nh, tc bit, tc nh v dung lng hi b m d liu bn thu. Thng tin chui nh v phn Header ca chui l dng bit m ho, cn gi l dng video c bn.
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Thng tin u on
Thng tin kt thc on on Video th n-1 on Video th n GOP #p Khung I MB GOP #p+1 Khung B GOP #p+2 Khung P
Dng c s on Video th n+1 GOP #p+4 Khung I
Thng tin u on
Thng tin u khung nh
GOP #p+3 Khung B
Thng tin u mng
MB MB MB MB MB MB Vector chuyn ng Y H s DCT Y
MB MB MB MB MB MB : Macroblock Y EOB Y CR CB
Thuc tnh MB
Khi 8x8 im chi Dng s theo tiu chun CCIR 601
Hnh 1.5: Cu trc s liu nn nh MPEG
1.5 Tiu chun nn MPEG-2

1.5.1 c tnh v nh mc (profile and level) Nn MPEG 2 c mt chui cc mc (level) v c tnh (profile) c dng cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau. Cu trc tn hiu s trong chun MPEG 2 rt phc tp. Vic s dng tiu chun MPEG 2 khng phi lc no cng cn thit hoc c ngha. V th dn n vic phn chia cu trc thnh phn cc tp con gi l cc profiles. Trong phm vi mi profile ch cho php s dng cc phn ca cc phn t va phi trong cu trc tn hiu y . C 5 nh ngha v profile:
Simple profile (profile n gin): S bc nn thp, ch cho php m
ho cc nh loi I hoc P. Vic tch cc nh loi B s lm gim b nh cho gii m chui. Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
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Main profile: Cho php s dng tt c cc loi nh, nhng khng to cc
mc bt k. Cht lng tt hn simple profile nhng tc bit khng thay i.
SNR profile scanlable (profile phn cp theo SNR): Tiu chun MPEG 2
cho php phn cp theo t s nn tn hiu trn tp m (S/N). Tnh phn cp theo S/N c ngha l cht lng hnh nh v t s S/N c tnh tho hip.
Spatially Scanlable profile (phn cp theo khng gian): Tnh phn cp
theo khng gian c ngha l c s tho hp vi phn gii. Chui nh c chia ra thnh hai lp tng ng vi cc phn gii khc nhau ca nh. Lp thp hn bao gm nh c phn gii thp v d nh truyn hnh tiu chun, lp cao hn bao gm nh c phn gii cao hn v d nh truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV).
High profile (profile cao): Cho php i vi c hai loi thang mc v
chun 4:2:2 ca tn hiu video. N bao gm ton b cng c ca profile trc cng thm kh nng m ho cc tn hiu khc nhau cng mt lc. Hay ni ng hn l High profile l mt h thng hon ho c thit k cho ton b ng dng m khng b gii hn bi tc bit cao. Vn hn ch cc mc c lin quan n phn gii cc i ca nh. C 4 mc hn ch sau:
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Low level (Mc thp): ng vi phn gii ca MPEG 1, c ngha l
bng phn gii truyn hnh tiu chun.

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Main level (mc chnh): phn gii ca truyn hnh tiu chun. High 1440 level (mc cao 1440): phn gii ca HDTV vi 1440
mu/dng. High level (mc cao): phn gii HDTV vi 1920 mu/dng.
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Bng 1.1: Bng thng s chnh profile v level ca tn hiu chun MPEG 2
Profile
n gin (Simpe)
Chnh (Main)
Phn cp theo SNR
Phn cp theo khng gian
Cao (High)
Level 4:2:0 4:2:0 Thp (Low) 288 352x288 4 4 Mbit/s Mbit/s I,B,P 4:2:0 4:2:0 Chnh (Main) 720x576 15 Mbit/s I,P 4:2:0 720x576 15 Mbit/s I,B,P 576 15 Mbit/s I,B,P 4:2:0; 4:2:0 Cao 1440 (High 1440) 1440 1152 60 Mbit/s I,B,P 4:2:0 1440 1152 60 Mbit/s I,B,P 52 80 Mbit/s I,B,P 4:2:2 1440 11 720x 4:2:0 720x576 20 Mbit/s I,B,P 352x
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4:2:0 4:2:0 Cao (High) 1920 1152 80 Mbit/s I,B,P 4:2:2
1920 11 52 100 Mbit/s I,P,B
Kt hp 4 level v 5 profile ta c t hp 20 kh nng v hin nay c 11 kh nng c ng dng nh bng ( theo ti liu ca Techtronic). Vi MPEG 2 MP@ML c th nn tn hiu truyn hnh xung cn (35) Mbit/s, rt ph hp v p ng c tnh kinh t cho pht qung b cc chng trnh truyn hnh tiu chun (SDTV). Cn i vi HDTV th s dng MPEG 2 P@HL v MPEG 2 4:2:2 MP@HL 1.5.2 MPEG-2 4:2:2P@ML Trong bng 1.1: cc tiu chun u ly mu theo tiu chun 4:2:2 v cho tc bit thp rt ph hp cho cng on truyn dn, pht sng. Tuy nhin n khng tho mn yu cu cht lng cho cng on sn xut hu k. Chun 4:2:0 khng th cho mt hnh nh cht lng studio sau mt vi th h gia cng tn hiu bi php ni suy tn hiu mu. S dng tc bit 15 Mbit/s vi GOP nh cht lng hnh nh s km, GOP ln s gy kh khn cho tt c cc thit b c chuyn i tn hiu trong thi gian xo mnh. T nm 1994 nhiu nh sn xut v s dng thy cn phi c tiu chun MPEG 2 4:2:2 P@ML (Profile Main Level) vi tc bit t 50 Mbit/s c th p ng c nhu cu cht lng trong cc ng dng chuyn nghip. Thng 1/1996, MPEG 2 4:2:2P@ML tr thnh tiu chun Quc t. N hn hn MPEG 2 MP@ML trn nhiu kha cnh: tc bit bng 50 Mbit/s v c th p ng c c hai chun Video 4:2:2 v 4:2:0. H thng ny c c im chnh sau y:
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C mm do cao v tnh khai thc hn hp. C kh nng gii m
trong phm vi (1550)Mbit/s vi bt k loi phi hp no gia cc nh I, P v B. Cht lng cao hn MP@ML. phn gii mu tt hn MP@ML. X l hu k sau khi nn v gii nn. Nn v gii nn nhiu ln. Nhm nh nh, thun tin cho cng ngh dng hnh. C kh nng biu th tt c cc dng tch cc ca tn hiu Video.
C kh nng biu th thng tin trong khong thi gian xo mnh.
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CHNG 2: CHUN NN VIDEO H.264

2.1 1.1 Gii thiu chung v b CODEC H.264
2.1.1 B m ho (Encoder)
Hnh 2. 2: S b m ho im khc bit ca H.264 so vi cc b m ha khc l c s la chn ch m ha lin nh (Inter) hoc trong nh (Intra). Ch m ha trong nh cho php mt MB c th c ni suy t gi tr cc im nh MB ln cn trong cng nh v nh lm tng hiu qu nn trong min khng gian.
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Hnh 2. 3: S b m ho c th
M ho xui (thun): qu trnh m ho thc hin t tri qua phi
Fn l khung hoc field c chia nh thnh cc macroblock, mi block s c m ho theo ch intra hoc inter.
Trong ch intra, thnh phn c d on P ( y c th l cc mu)
c suy ra t cc mu c m ha hoc c gii m hay khi phc trong cng 1 slice, trong uF'n l nhng mu cha c lc c dung cho vic xc nh P. Trong ch inter, thnh phn c on P c suy ra nh d on b chuyn ng (motion-compensated prediction) t 1 n 2 khung m ho trc .
Hiu ca thnh phn c d on P v block hin ti l block hiu Dn.
Block hiu Dn c bin i DCT v lng t ho to thnh mt nhm h s bin i lng t ho, cc h s ny s c sp xp li v m ho entropy. Cc h s lng t v cc thng tin cn thit gii m tng block trong Macroblock nh ch m ho no, tham s lng t, thng
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tin ca vc t chuyn ng... c nn thnh bitstream, qua NAL (Netword Abstraction Layer ) truyn i hay lu tr.
Qu trnh khi phc : qu trnh m ho thc hin t phi qua tri
Cng ging nh qu trnh m ho v truyn i tng block trong 1 Macroblock, qu trnh m ho s gii m block nhm mc ch to ra block tham chiu cho ln d on k tip. Block hiu D'n cng vi P khi phc li block. B lc c nhim v gim nhiu trong tng block. Nhiu block c khi phc s to thnh bc tranh tham chiu F'n.
2.1.2 1.1.2 B gii m (Decoder)
Hnh 2.3: S b gii m

B gii m ha nhn c 1 lung d liu nn t NAL v gii m entropy nhng thnh phn c bn ca d liu to ra tp cc h s c lng t ha X. Nhng h s ny c "scale" v chuyn i ngc thnh .Dn. S dng thng tin tiu c gii m t lng bit, b gii m to ra khi d on PRED, phn bit vi khi PRED c to b m ha.
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2.2
1.1 Cu trc
Hnh 2.4: cu trc m ho d liu ca H.264 2.2.1 nh dng video (Video Format) H.264 h tr m ha v gii m video 4:2:0 qut lin tc hoc xen k. Khung qut xen k bao gm 2 trng (trn v di) tch bit theo thi gian vi nh dng mc nh. 2.2.2 nh dng d liu c m ha H.264 phn bit lp m ha video (Video Coding layer VCL) v lp mng tru tng (Network Abstraction Layer NAL). u ra ca qu trnh m ha l d liu lp m ha video VCL (chui bit biu din d liu video c m ha) s c nh x vo cc n v ca lp mng tru tng- NAL trc khi truyn dn hay lu tr. Mi n v NAL bao gm chui byte th v th t ti, v mt tp cc thng tin ng vi d liu video hay cn gi l thng tin header. Mt chui video c m ha c biu din bi chui cc n v NAL m c th c truyn dn trn cc mng gi hay lung bit trn ng truyn hay lu ra file. Mc ch ca vic phn chia cc lp VCL v NAL l phn bit c tnh m ha ti lp VCL v c tnh truyn dn ti lp NAL.
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Hnh 2. 5: Chui n v NAL 2.2.3 Slice
Hnh 2. 6: Slices
Mt nh video c m ha gm mt hay nhiu slice. Mi slice bao gm s nguyn cc khi macro. S lng khi macro trong mt bc nh c th khng c nh. C s ph thuc ln nhau ti thiu gia cc slice c m ha gip gim s lan truyn li. Chun m ho H.264 c 5 loi slice c m ha v mt nh c m ha c th bao gm nhiu loi slice khc nhau, v d nh c m ha trong profile c bn c th bao gm cc slice I v P v nh c m ha profile chnh hay m rng c th gm I,P,B slice. Header slice (phn thng tin mo u) nh ngha loi slice v nh m ha m slice thuc v v c th km theo cc thng tin hng dn lin quan n qun l nh tham chiu. Phn d liu ca slice bao gm chui cc khi macro c m ha v ch th b qua (khng c m ha) khi macro. Mi khi macro bao gm chui cc thnh phn header v d liu d tha c m ha.
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Bng 2.1: Cc loi slice Loi Slice I (Intra) M t Ch bao gm khi macro I Tt c (mi khi hoc khi macro c d on t d liu c m ha trc trong cng mt slice) Bao gm khi macro P (mi Tt c khi macro hoc vng macro c d on t danh sch cc nh trong list 0 hoc l khi macro I Bao gm cc khi macro M rng hoc chnh B( mi khi hay mt vng khi macro c d on t danh sch nh list 0 hoc list 1) hoc l khi macro I To iu kin thun li cho M rng vic chuyn i gia cc lung d liu c m ho, cha macroblock loi P hoc I. To iu kin thun li cho M rng vic chuyn i gia cc lung d liu c m ho, cha macroblock loi SI (mt dng c bit ca Lun vn thc s khoa hc Profile
P (Predicted)
B (D on hai chiu)
SP (Switching P)
SI (Switching I)
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macroblock intra) .
ho
kiu
Hnh 2.7: Cu trc ca slice 2.2.4 Macroblock
Hnh 2.8: MacroBlock
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Mt khi macro bao gm cc d liu c m ha ng vi vng 16x16 mu ca khung video.( 16x16 mu chi, 8x8 Cb v 8x8 Cr) v bao gm cc thnh phn c php theo bng . Khi macro c nh s theo th t qut trong khung.
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Bng 2.2: Cc thnh phn cu trc ca Macroblock Mb_type Xc nh liu khi macro l loi I hay P, xc nh kch c mt vng trong khi macro Mb_pred Xc nh ch m ha trong ( khi macro intra), danh sch tham chiu List 0 hay List 1 v m ha cc vector chuyn ng khc nhau cho mi phn ca khi macro Sub_mp_pred Xc nh kch c khi macro con. Danh sch tham chiu List 0 hay 1 cho mi vng khi macro v m ha cc vector chuyn ng khc nhau cho mi vng con Coded_block_pattern Mb_qp_delta Residual Xc nh khi 8x8 no ( chi hay sc) s mang h s bin i Thay i tham s lng t ha H s bin i c m ha ng vi mu d tha sau khi d on 2.2.5 nh tham chiu(Reference Picture)
Hnh 2. 9: nh tham chiu v b chuyn ng
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B m ha H.264 c th s dng hai hoc nhiu cc nh c m ha trc lm tham chiu cho d on b chuyn ng cho m ha ngoi cc khi macro hoc phn tch khi macro. iu ny cho php b m ha tm kim khi macro ging nht vi khi macro c tch ra t bc nh va c m ha. B m ha v gii m lun gi mt hoc hai danh sch cc nh tham chiu, bao gm nh va c m ha hay gii m (xut hin trc hoc sau nh hin ti). M ha ngoi cc khi macro hay vng ca khi macro trong slice P c d on t mt danh sch cc nh list 0. M ha ngoi khi macro v vng cc khi macro trong slide B c th c d on t hai danh sch list 0 v list 1.
2.3 Profile
Hnh 2.10: Cc profile
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H.264 nh ngha 3 profile trong mi profile h tr 1 tp c th cc hm m ha v ch ra nhng g c yu cu ca b m ha/gii m ph hp vi tng profile. Base profile h tr m ha trong v lin khung(s dng slice I v slice P ) v phng php m ha entropy CAVLC. Main profile bao gm video qut xen k, m ha lin khung s dng slice B, m ha lin khung dng d on c trng s v phng php m ha entropy CABAC. Extended profile khng h tr video qut xen k v phng php m ha entropy CABAC nhng c thm ch cho php vic chuyn i gia cc lung bit c m ha. ng dng tim nng ca profile Baseline bao gm thoi video, hi tho truyn hnh, v truyn thng khng dy. ng dng tim nng ca Main profile l truyn hnh qung b v lu tr d liu. Profile m rng c th hu ch trong ng dng streaming. Tuy nhin mi profile c s mm do h tr mt loi ng dng khc nhau.
2.4 Mt s k thut trong H.264

2.4.1 D on ni khung (Intra Prediction) Trong d on ni khung, cc block c d on t cc block trong cng slice ca khung hin ti. Cc kiu d on intra trong H.264 bao gm: 9 ch d on bock intra_4x4 (kch c 4x4) cho chi, 4 ch d on block intra_16x16 (kch c 16x16) cho chi, 4 ch d on cho 2 i din ca thnh phn mu, cng vi vi ch d on I_PCM. Trong cc ch d on intra_4x4 ph hp vi cc vng nh c phc tp v cc chi tit cao, cc ch d on intra16x16 ph hp vi cc vng n gin ca nh. Ch I_PCM cho php b m ha b qua cc tin trnh d on v chuyn i thay vo b m ha s gi trc tip cc gi tr ca cc mu c m ha. I_PCM c s dng cho cc trng hp nh: b m ha biu din chnh xc gi tr ca cc mu c cc tham s lng t rt nh, cung cp mt cch biu din chnh xc cc ni dung bt thng ca nh Vi cc trng hp th ch ny hiu qu hn l cc ch intra khc.
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Cc chun trc th d on intra c iu khin trong min khng gian chuyn i, tri li d on Intra trong H.264 lun lun c iu khin trong min khng gian bng vic tham chiu cc mu bn cnh c m ha trc ( bn tri, hoc pha trn ca block c d on).
Hnh 2.11: D on ni suy Ch d on intra 4x4 Khi s dng ch d on intra_4x4 th mi block 4x4 c d on t cc mu bn cnh. 16 mu ca block 4x4 c nh nhn t a ti p c d on s dng cc mu ca block k cn c nh nhn A-Q (nh hnh 2.19). Vi mi block 4x4 th mt trong 9 ch d on c s dng, cc ch c minh ha cc hnh di y.
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Hnh 2.12: D on intra 4x4
Hnh 2.13: Cc ch d on intra_4x4 Ch d on Intra_16x16: Khi s dng ch Intra_16x16, tt c cc thnh phn chi ca mt MB c d on. C 4 ch d on intra16x16 l d on theo chiu dc, d on theo chiu ngang, d on DC, d on phng nh c th hin trong hnh di y:
Hnh 2.14: Cc ch d on intra_16x16
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Ch d on intra cho cc thnh phn mu: Mi thnh phn mu 8x8 ca mt MB c d on t cc mu mu c m ha trc , cc thnh phn trn v bn tri lun lun c s dng cng 1 ch d on. D on cc thnh phn mu c 4 ch nh d on intra_16x16 ca chi. 2.4.2 D on lin khung (Inter Prediction) Cc d on lin khung trong H.264 cho cc block c th tham chiu ti nhiu khung c m ha trc vi c 2 chiu (theo thi gian ca video ngun). S khc bit quan trong nht vi cc chun trc l H.264 h tr mt di cc kch c block (t 16x16 cho ti 4x4) v iu chnh vector chuyn ng chnh xc ti phn gii mu i vi cc thnh phn chi. Cc d on lin khung c th phn thnh d on lin khung trong slice P, d on lin khung trong slice B v d on c trng s.
D on lin khung trong cc P slice:
Mi Macroblock P c phn mnh thnh cc nhiu dng block c s dng cho d on b chuyn ng. Cc phn mnh c cc kch c block l 16x16, 16x8, 8x8. Trong cc trng hp phn mnh vi cc mu 8x8 c truyn phn t c php ch ra liu phn mnh 8x8 tng ng c c phn mnh nh thnh cc mnh nh hn 8x4, 4x8, 4x4 hay khng (vi thnh phn chi v thnh phn mu).
Hnh 2.15: Phn mnh macroblock
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Hnh 2.16: Phn mnh submacroblock Tnh hiu d on cho mi block MxN ca chi c c bng cch th mt vng ca nh tham chiu tng ng, vng ny c ch ra bi mt vecto chuyn ng tnh tin v ch s ca nh tham chiu. V th nu MB ny c m ha s dng 4 phn mnh 8x8 v mi phn mnh 8x8 c chia nh hn thnh 4 phn mnh 4x4, ti a 16 vecto chuyn ng c truyn cho mt MB kiu P. chnh xc ca vecto chuyn ng c th ch ti khong cch ca khong cch cc mu. Trong trng hp vecto chuyn ng ch ti mt vng mu nguyn th tn hiu d on bao gm cc mu tng ng ca nh tham chiu ngc li th mu tng ng c tnh bng cch s dng phng php ni suy tnh cc v tr vec to chuyn ng ch ti v tr khng nguyn. Cc gi tr d on ti cc v tr ca khong cch mu c c bng cch s dng b lc FIR mt chiu 6-tap theo chiu ngang v chiu dc. Cc gi tr d on ti cc v tr khong cch mu mu c to ra bng cc mu trung bnh ti cc mu nguyn v cc mu c khong cch va c tnh, nh c biu din trong hnh 2.24 di y.
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Hnh 2.17: Tnh ni suy cho cc chuyn ng c khong cch khng nguyn Hnh 2.24 minh ha ni suy cc mu phn s cho cc mu t a-k v t n-r. Cc mu ny ti cc v tr mu c nh nhn b v h v c tnh t cc gi tr trung gian sau:
Gi tr d on cho cc v tr b v h c c nh sau:
Cc mu ti cc v tr mu c nh nhn l j v c tnh thng qua j1
Trong cc gi tr trung gian cc, dd, ee, m1 , ff c tnh tng t nh h1 v gi tr d on j c tnh l +512 v c ly gi tr trong khong 0-255, nu ln
hn 255 th ly gi tr 255 v nu nh hn 0 th ly gi tr 0. Cc mu ti cc v tr c nh nhn a, c, d, n, f, I, k, v q c to ra bng cch ly trung bnh lm trn ln ca 2 gi tr mu gn nht ti cc v tr mu nguyn v mu nh sau:
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Cc mu ta v tr c nh nhn l e, g, p v r c to ra bng cch ly trung bnh lm trn ln ca 2 mu gn nht ca cc v tr mu trong hng cho nh sau:
Cc gi tr d on cho thnh phn mu c tnh bng ni suy song tuyn tnh. Do vic li ly mu ca thnh phn mu c phn gii thp hn li ly mu ca thnh phn chi nn cc chuyn dch c s dng cho thnh phn mu c chnh xc 1/8 mu. D on chuyn ng chnh xc hn s dng cc d on y mu, mu hoc mu tiu biu cho mt trong cc ci tin chnh ca m H.264 so vi cc chun truc . C php trn (phng php trn) cho php vecto chuyn ng ch ti tn bin ca nh, trong trng hp ny khung tham chiu c ngoi suy ngoi cc bin nh bng cch lp li cc mu bin trc khi ni suy. Cc thnh phn vecto chuyn ng c m ha vi sai hoc l s dng s trung bnh hoc l s dng d on nh hng t cc block bn cnh. D on thnh phn vecto khng chuyn ng (hoc dng khc ca d on) din ra qua cc bin slice. C php ny h tr d on b chuyn ng a khung nh hnh di y. D on b chuyn ng a khung yu cu c b m ha v b gii m phi lu tr cc nh tham chiu c s dng cho d on lin khung trong b m a nh. B gii m ti to b m a nh ca b m ha theo cc hot ng iu khin qun l b nh c ch ra trong dng bit. Tr khi kch c ca b m a nh c thit lp l 1 nh th ch s ti nh tham chiu c t bn trong b m a nh phi c bo hiu. Tham s ch mc tham chiu c truyn cho mi block b chuyn ng 16x16, 16x8, 8x16, 8x8. B chuyn ng cho cc vng nh hn 8x8 s dng cng loi ch mc tham chiu cho d on ca tt c cc block trong vng 8x8.
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Hnh2.18: Minh ha d on b chuyn ng a khung Thm vo cc ch b chuyn ng MB c miu t trn mt MB P cng c th c m ha theo kiu c gi l P_skip. Vi kiu m ha ny c bo hiu li d on lng t v vecto chuyn ng hoc tham s ch mc tham chiu u khng c truyn. Tn hiu khi phc c c tng t nh tn hiu d on ca kiu MB P_16x16 m tham chiu nh c t index 0 trong b m a nh. Vector chuyn ng c s dng cho vic khi phc MB P_Skip tng t nh b d on vecto chuyn ng cho block 16x16. Hiu qu hu ch ca nh ngha ny ca kiu m ha P_skip l cc vng ln khng thay i hoc chuyn ng hng s ging nh qut chm c th c biu din vi rt t bit. D on lin khung trong slice B: S khc nhau ch yu gia cc slice B v P l slice B c m ha theo cch m trong mt s MB hoc cc block c th s dng trung bnh trng s ca 2 gi tr d on b chuyn ng ring bit cho vic xy dng tn hiu on. Cc slice B s dng cc nh tham chiu trong 2 danh sch ring, 2 danh sch ny c tham chiu nh l danh sch nh tham chiu th nht (list 0) v danh sch th 2 (list 1) tng ng. Cc nh ny c t thc s trong mi danh sch nh tham chiu l mt vn iu khin b m a nh v mt hot ng rt ging vi cc nh B MPEG-2 c th c cho php nu mun b b m ha. Trong slice B, 4 kiu khc nhau ca d on lin khung c h tr: list 0, list 1, d on 2 hung v d on trc tip. Vi ch d on 2 hng, tn hiu d
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on c thc hin bng mt trung bnh trong s ca cc tn hiu d on chuyn ng list 0 v list 1. Ch d on trc tip c tham chiu t cc phn t c php c truyn trc v c th hoc l d on list 0 hoc l d on list 1 hoc l d on 2 hng. Cc slice B dng mt phn mnh MB tng t nh slice P. Bn cnh cc d on P_16x16, P_16x8, P_8x16, P_8x8, cc kiu m ha intra, d on 2 chiu mt kiu d on khc c s dng l d on trc tip. Vi mi phn mnh 16x16, 16x8, 8x16 v 8x8 phng php d on ny (list 0, list 1, 2 hng) c th c chn mt cch ring bit. Mt phn mnh 8x8 ca MB B cng c th c m ha trong ch trc tip. Nu khng c tin hiu li d on c truyn cho ch MB trc tip th n cng c th xem nh ch B_skip v c th c m ha rt hiu qu nh ch P_skip trong slice P. M ha vecto chuyn ng ging nh slice P vi s thay i thch hp bi v cc block bn cnh c th c m ha s dng cc ch d on khc.
Hnh 2.19: D on lin khung trong slice B 2.4.3 Chuyn i (transform) v lng t. Ging nh cc chun m ha trc, H.264 dng m ha chuyn i phn d d on. Tuy nhin trong H.264 chuyn i ny c p dng cho cc block 4x4 v thay v s dng DCT (discrete cosine transform) 4x4 mt chuyn i s t nhin c th phn tch c vi cc thuc tnh nh DCT 4x4 c s dng . Ma trn chuyn i nh sau: Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
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Do chuyn i ngc c nh ngha bi ton t t nhin chnh xc do trnh c cc sai lch chuyn i ngc. Tin trnh m ha chuyn i c bn rt ging vi cc chun trc. Ti b m ha, tin trnh ny bao gm chuyn i, qut zig-zag, lng ha v lm trn khi tin trnh lng t ha theo sau bi m ha entropy. Ti b gii m tin trnh ngc ca tin trnh m ha c thc hin ngoi tr lm trn. iu c cp n l cc ch d on Intra_16x16 v cc ch d on mu c dnh cho vic m ha cc vng nh mn, chi tit n gin. V l do ny, cc h s DC b chuyn i ln th 2 vi kt qu ny chng ta c cc h s chuyn i bao ph ton b MB. Mt chuyn i 2x2 b xung c p dng cho cc h s DC ca cc block 4x4 ca mi thnh phn mu. Th tc cho mt block mu c minh ha trong hnh di. Cc block nh bn trong cc block ln biu din cc h s DC cho 4 block mu 4x4 c nh s 0, 1, 2, 3. 2 ch s tng ng vi cc ch s ca chuyn i Hamadar 2x2 ngc.
gii thch tng ng sau cc chuyn i c lp li ny, phi ch ra thuc tnh chung ca chuyn i 2 hng ca ni dung rt mn (ni c tng quan mu xp x 1). Trong tnh hung ny, chnh xc phc hi t l nghch vi kch c mt hng ca chuyn i. Do vi vng rt mn th li phc hi vi mt chuyn i bao ph block 8x8 b gim i so vi vic ch s dng chuyn Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
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i 4x4. Mt nhn t cn bn tng t c th c s dng cho chuyn i th 2 c kt ni ti ch intra_16x16. C nhiu l do cho vic s dng mt chuyn i kch c nh hn: Ci thiu tin trnh d on cho c inter v intra. Kt qu ny cho tn hiu phn d c tng qua t hn. iu ny c ngha l chuyn i t phi ra vic gii tng quan. iu ny cng c ngha rng mt chuyn i 4x4 v c bn l hiu qu trong loi b tng quan thng k nh l chuyn i ln.
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Ging nh kh nng nn i tng, chuyn i nh 4x4 c li trc quan, to ra t nhiu xung quanh bin. Chuyn i nh hn yu cu tnh ton t v vic x l di t nh hn. Do tin trnh chuyn i cho H.264 ch bao hm cc php cng v php dch nn n cng ch r nhiu sai lch gia b m ha v b gii m c trnh (y l mt vn vi cc chun DCT 8x8 trc). Mt tham s lng t c s dng cho vic xc nh lng t ca cc h s
chuyn i trong H264. Tham s ny c 52 gi tr. Cc gi tr ny c xp xp khi tng 1 gi tr c ngha l tng kch c lng t xp x 12% (nu tng ln 6 n v th bc lng t tng ln 2 ln). C th ch rng s thay i bc lng t xp x 12% c ngha ni chung l gim tc bit xp x 12%. Cc h s chuyn i lng t ca mt block c qut zig-zag v c truyn i s dng phng php m ha entropy. Cc h s DC 2x2 ca thnh phn mu c qut theo trt t raster. Tt c cc php ton chuyn i ngc trong H264 c th c thc hin ch x dng php ton cng v dch cc gi tr 16bit. Tng t, cc truy cp b nh 16bit l cn thit cho vic thc hin tt tin trnh chuyn i v lng t trong b m ha. 2.5.4 M ha entropy Trong H264 c 2 phng phng php cho vic m ha entropy c h tr. Phng php m ha entropy n gin hn s dng mt bng t m c kch thc khng xc nh cho tt c cc phn t c php ngoi tr cc h s chuyn i lng
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t. V th thay v thit k mt bng VLC cho mi phn t c php, ch mt nh x ti bng t m n c ty bin theo cc thng k d liu. Bng t m n c chn l mt m exp-Golomb vi cc thuc tnh ton gii m rt n gin r rng. truyn cc h s lng t phng php hiu qu hn c gi l CAVLC (context-adaptive variable length coding) c s dng. Trong m hnh H264, bng VLC cho nhiu phn t c php c chuyn mch ph thuc v phn t c php c truyn. Do cc bng VLC c thit k ph hp vi cc thng k c iu kin tng ng, thc thi m ha entropy c ci thin so vi cc m hnh s dng bng VLC n. Trong phng php m ha entropy CAVLC, s lng h s lng t 0 v kch c thc v v tr ca cc h s c m ha mt cch ring r. Sau khi qut zig-zag cc h s lng t, phn b thng k ca chng ch ra cc gi tr ln cho phn tn s thp gim cc gi tr nh sau trong vic qut phn tn s cao. 2.4.5 B lc Deblocking Cu trc khi c bn ca H.264 l 4x4 cho bin i v b chuyn ng. Do vy, nh s hnh thnh cc ng bin gia cc khi. B lc s trit tiu cc bin ny hnh nh c t nhin hn.
Hnh 2.20: V d v mt khung hnh s dng b lc Deblocking Trong hnh 2.27, nh bn tri l s dng b lc Deblocking nhn nh khng b c cu trc vung nh nh bn phi khng s Deblocking. Mt b lc c s dng cho mi macroblock c m ha nhm lm gim mo. B lc deblocking c s dng sau bin i ngc b m ha (trc khi ti to li v lu tr) v ngc li i vi b gii m. B lc gip ci thin cht lng Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
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hnh nh. Hnh nh c lc s s dng lm d on b chuyn ng cho cc hnh nh trong tng lai v iu ny c th gip ci thin cht lng nn bi v nhng hnh nh c lc chn thc hn so vi cc nh khng c lc. - In-loop Deblocking: Da trn kt qu ca b chuyn ng v bin i m ha n gip loi b d tha v mt khng gian.
2.4.6 iu khin tc trong H.264 (Rate Control) 2.5.6.1 Gii thiu v iu khin tc trong H.264 Mt b m ho thc thi vic iu khin tc nh l mt cng c thay i c tnh tc bit ca lung bit c m ho nhm mc ch to ra cc khung hnh m ho cht lng cao tc bit mong mun.Chun m ho H.264 c s dng ch yu cho vic truyn video ti nhng khu vc m bng thng hoc kh nng lu tr hn ch. Mt thut ton iu khin tc thay i cc tham s m ho, ch yu l h s lng t ho QP t c tc bit mong mun. N cp pht mt lng bit cho mt nhm nh, mt nh n hoc mt sub-picture (nh con) trong mt chui video. iu khin tc cho php vic chn la cc tham s m ho t c cht lng video tt nht trong iu kin rng buc v tc bit v b m bn gii m video. iu khin tc trong H.264 c th chia lm 3 mc chnh: mc nhm nh.
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mc nh.
mc macro-block. ti mi mc, thut ton iu khin tc s chn gi tr lng t ho QP- gi tr ny quyt nh qu trnh lng t ho ca cc h s chuyn i. iu khin tc trong H.264 bao gm 5 mode khc nhau, 1 mode two-pas (tm dch m ho 2 ln), 4 mode 1-pass (m ho 1 ln). 2.5.6.2 Ch ratecontrol trong x264 a) Constant QP X264 khi chy ch ny th dng 1 gi tr QP khng i trong sut qu trnh m ha nh.Ty thuc loi khung nh (I,P,B) m c gi tr QP tng ng. Gi tr mc nh l 26, khi tng gi tr QP th t s nn s tng ln ng thi lm cho tc bit u ra gim i nhng dng thi cht lng nh s gim i do d liu b mt i so vi nh gc tng ln .Nu ban mong mun 1 tc bit c th th khng dng c ch ny do khng th d on c kch thc cui cng ca u ra
b) Constant rate factor (CRF)
X264 khi chy ch ny th dng 1 gi tr QP trung bnh trong sut qu trnh m ha nh.X264 s tnh ton s khc bit gia nh chuyn ng nhanh v nh chuyn ng chm.nh chuyn ng s c m ha vi lng bit nhiu hn cn nh chuyn ng chm th ngc li.Nh vy ch CRF cho cht lng hnh nh bng vi ch CQP nhng c t s nn cao hn.Khong gi tr ca crf t 18- 26 cho cht lng tt vi kch thc file khng qu ln
4.2 Cc c im ni bt trong thit k ca H.264

Cc thit k lm cho H.264 to ra s thn thin vi cc mng:
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Cu trc d liu sau m ha thnh cc gi d liu logic c gi l NALU (Network abstruct layer unit). Cu trc c php NALU cho php tu bin ln hn cho cc mng khc nhau.
Kch c slice mm do: Khng ging nh cu trc slice cng nhc
trong MPEG-2 cc kch c slice trong H.264 rt mm do p ng cho cc yu cu v phn vng nh, tr m ho, d on chuyn ng trong cc ng dng khc nhau.
Sp th t cc Macroblock mm do (FMO): l mt kh nng mi
trong H.264 phn mnh hnh thnh cc vng c gi l cc slice group. Mi slice s tr thnh mt tp con ca mt slice group, cc slice c th gii m c lp c. Khi s dng hiu qu FMO, c th lm tng vng chc mt cch ng k cho cc tn tht d liu bng cch qun l mi quan h khng gian gia cc vng c m ho trong mi slice.
Sp th t cc slice ty (ASO): Do mi slice ca mt nh c th
c gii m mt cch c lp vi cc slice khc ca nh, thit k H.264 cho php gi v nhn cc slice ny ca nh theo bt c th t no tng ng vi chng. Kh nng ny c cp u tin trong phn b sung ca H.263+ ci thin tr end to end trong cc ng dng thi gian thc c bit khi c s dng tn cc mng c trt t phn pht d liu t do nh cc mng gi, mng internet. Cc thit k lm cho H.264 c nn cao hn m vn m bo cht lng tng ng vi cc chun khc trc n. Khng c phn t no trong VLC l thnh phn ch yu cho vic ci thin ng k hiu qu nn so vi cc chun trc m hiu qu nn c tng ln ng k l do nhiu ci thin nh trong b m ha H.264 to nn:
Kch c block b chuyn ng c th thay i nh hn vi cc kch
c block nh: H.264 h tr linh hot hn trong vic la chn cc kch c b
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chuyn ng hn cc chun trc vi kch c block b chuyn ng ti thiu cho chi l 4x4.
B chuyn ng chnh xc ti mu: Hu ht cc chun m ho
trc cho php vecto chuyn ng chnh xc ti mu. H.264 ci thin chnh xc ca vecto chuyn ng ti mu, tnh nng ny k tha t tnh nng nng cao ca MPEG-4 Visual (part 2) nhng H264 gim phc trong tin trnh ni suy hn so vi MPEG-4 Visual (part 2).
Vecto chuyn ng c th vt qu cc bin ca nh: Trong khi vecto
chuyn ng trong MPEG-2 cc chun trc yu cu ch ra vng trong hnh than chiu cho vic d on chuyn ng, H.264 k tha k thut ngoi suy bin hnh trong H.263 c th tng hiu qu d on chuyn ng.
B chuyn ng vi nhiu nh tham chiu: Cc nh d on m ho
trong MPEG-2 v cc chun trc ch s dng 1 nh trc d on cc gi tr trong nh u vo. Thit k mi ny m rng t k thut la chn nh tham chiu trong tnh nng nng cao ca H.263++ c th m ho hiu qu hn bng cch cho php b m ho s dng nhiu nh tham chiu d on chuyn ng. Song song vi kh nng s dng nhiu nh tham chiu la vic p dng d on chuyn ng 2 hng (s dng cho cc khung B)
Tch bit mi quan h gia th t tham chiu khi th t hin th:
trong cc chun trc c mt s ph thuc rt cht ch gia trt t nh cho cc mc ch tham chiu b chuyn ng v trt t ca nh cho mc ch hin th. Trong H.264, cc gii hn ny b loi b cho php b m ho chn trt t cc nh cho vic tham chiu v cho mc ch hin th mc mm do cao ch rng buc bi gii hn v tng dung lng b nh c s dng m bo kh nng gii m. Vic loi b gii hn ny cng cho php loi b tr ph c kt hp vi m ho hai chiu trc .
Tch bit phng php biu din nh vi kh nng tham chiu
nh:Trong cc chun trc cc bc nh c tham chiu 2 chiu (nh B) Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
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khng c s dng cho vic d on cc nh khc trong chui video. H.264 loi b s rng buc ny lm cho vic m ha mm do hn.
D on c trng s: lm mt ci tin mi trong H.264 cho php tn
hiu d on b chuyn ng c t trng s v b bng nhng lng nht nh c ch ra bi b m ho. iu ny c th ci thin hiu qu m ho rt ln cho cc cnh m v c th c s dng mm do cho cc mc ch khc nhau.
Ci thin suy lun chuyn ng trong vng m ha trc tip v loi b
(skipped v direct): Trong cc chun m ha trc cc vng s dng m ha skipped v direct th khng chuyn ng trong ni dung cnh. iu ny to ra nh hng xu khi video m ha c cha chuyn ng chung. H.264 c thit k c th suylun chuyn ng trong cc vng skipped v direct ny (b chuyn ng direct k tha t MPEG-4). D on khng gian trc tip cho m ha intra: Mt k thut mi ca
vic ngoi suy cc bin ca nhng phn c m ho trc ca nh hin ti c p dng trong cc vng nh c m ho intra. iu ny ci thin cht lng ca tn hiu d on v cng cho php d on t cc vng ln cn m cha c m ho s dng m ho intra (iu ny l khng th khi s dng phng php d on min transform trong MPEG-4 Visual).
Chuyn i min khng gian kch c block nh: Cc chun m ho
trc s dng kch c block chuyn i l 8x8 trong khi thit k mi ca H.264 c bn da trn chuyn i 4x4. iu ny cho php b m ho biu din cc tn hiu trong mt hnh dng c s tng thch cc b cao hn lm gim cc thnh phn l. Cc block nh cng ch c iu chnh mt cch chng mc bng vic nng cao kh nng d on ni dung ca video s dng k thut ny tt hn.
Chuyn i khng gian block phn cp: Trong khi hu ht cc trng
hp s dng kch c block chuyn i nh 4x4 l c cm gic l c ch th c mt s vng tn hiu c tng quan c th s dng m ha block ln hn. Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
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H.264 cho php 2 cch: 1) bng vic s dng chuyn i phn cp m rng kch c block hiu qu s dng cho thng tin mu tn s thp vi ma trn 8x8. 2) bng cch cho php b m ho la chn mt kiu m ho c bit cho m ho intra, cho php m rng di ca chuyn i chi cho thng tin tn s thp ti kch c block 16x16 v tng t vi thnh phn tn hiu i in cho tn hiu mu cng vy.
M ha thut ton entropy: phng php m ha entropy nng cao l
m ha thut ton c a vo b m ha H.264 to ra kh nng m ha entropy mnh hn l m ha CABAC trong khi trong H.263 ch l mt tnh nng m rng.
Context-adaptive entropy coding: 2 phng php m ha entropy
c p dng trong H.264 l CAVLC (context-adaptive variable-length coding) v CABAC. C 2 phng php ny u s dng tng thch ni dung ci thin hiu qu thc hin m ha so vi cc chun trc.
Data Partitioning: Do mt s thng tin bin din cho cc vng (vecto
chuyn ng v cc thng tin d on khc) quan trong hn nhiu thng tin khc biu din ni dung video do H.264 cho php c php ca mi slice c tch lm 3 phn khc nhau cho vic truyn, ph thuc vo s phn nhm cc phn t c php. Tnh nng ny k tha t MPEG-4 v phn m rng ca H.263++.
B chuyn ng c kch c block thay i: H.264 h tr mm do
hn trong vic la chn kch c b chuyn ng b chuyn vi kch c nh nht l cc block c kch c 4x4 im nh.
B chuyn ng chnh xc ti pixel: hu ht cc chun trc ch
cho php vecto chuyn ng chnh xc ti pixel th H.264 k tha mt tnh nng m rng ca MPEG-4 vi chnh xc ca vecto chuyn ng ln ti pixel nhng gim s phc tp ca tin trnh ni suy so vi chun trc .
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Vecto chuyn ng c th ti tn cc bin ca nh. Trong khi vecto
chuyn ng ca MPEG-2 v cc chuyn m ha trc yu cu ch ra vng trong khung nh tham chiu c m ha trc cho d on chuyn ng th H.264 k tha k thut ngoi suy bin nh ca H.263 (y l mt tnh nng m rng ca H.263).
PSNR ca H.264 so chun MPEG
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H.264 so vi mt s chun nn khc.
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CH NG 3: H.264 TRONG M H NH IPTV

Hnh 3.1 cho ta ci nhn v vic cc ni dung video c nn qua cc lp nh th no khi chuyn t lp trn xung lp di trong m hnh IPTV.
Hnh 3.1: M hnh truyn thng IPTV
3.1 Lp m ha video
Qu trnh truyn thng bt u lp m ha (video coding), cc tn hiu tng t hoc s c nn. Tn hiu u ra ca b nn l cc dng MPEG c bn. Cc dng MPEG c bn c nh ngha l cc tn hiu s lin tc thi gian thc. C nhiu loi dng c bn. V d m thanh c m ha s dng MPEG c gi l dng c bn m thanh. Mt dng c bn thc ra ch l tn hiu ra th t b m ha. Cc dng d liu c t chc thnh cc khung ti lp ny. Cc thng tin cha trong mt dng c bn c th bao gm:
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Loi khung v tc V tr ca nhng block d liu trn mn hnh

T s cnh
iu quan trng phi ch l lp ny c chia thnh 2 lp ph theo c tnh ca chun H.264/AVC: lp m ha video(VCL) v lp tru tng(NAL). Lp ph VCL quan tm ti vic nn cc ni dung video. Tn hiu u ra ca lp ny l chui cc slice nh. Dng bit lp NAL c t chc thnh cc gi ri rc c gi l cc khi NAL. nh dng ca cc khi NAL c m t trong hnh 3.2 Cc khi trong hnh 26 m t 1 khi NAL vi phn payload ni dung video. N c th cha cc loi payload khc trong phn ny nh thng tin iu khin. Nhng khi nh th c xp vo loi khng phi khi VCL (non-VCL unit). Cc khi NAL c kt hp vi nhau thnh chui, nh dng nn khi truy cp. ch rng khi NAL c to nn t chun H.264/AVC c th h tr cho c cu trc mng da trn giao thc IP v cc mng khng da trn giao thc IP.
Hnh 3.2: Cu trc ca khi NAL
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3.2 Lp ng gi Video
truyn cc dng c bn m thanh, d liu v hnh nh qua mng s, mi dng c bn ny phi c chuyn i sang mt dng c chn ca gi PES c nh du thi gian (PES- Parketized Element Stream ). Mt dng PES ch bao gm 1 loi d liu t 1 ngun. Mt gi PES c th c kch thc khi c nh hoc thay i, c th ln ti 65536 byte/gi. Bao gm 6 byte header, v s byte cn li cha ni dung chng trnh. nh dng ca 1 PES header c minh ha trong hnh 3.3 v gii thch trong bng 3.1 di:
Hnh 3.3: nh dng gi MPEG PES
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Bng 3.1: Cu trc ca mt gi MPEG PES Tn trng Tin t m bt u gi Chc nng Gi PES bt u vi tin t 0x000001 Trng ny nhn dng loi payload trong gi. Mt mu bit 111x xxxx cho bit l gi audio, cn mu bit 1110 xxxx cho bit rng l gi video. Gi tr "X" c s dng biu th cc s ca cc dng MPEG Trng di 2 byte ch th di gi Trng c dng ng b ni dung video v audio Trng 14 bit cha cc b ch th PES khc nhau hay cc c, cung cp phn cng hay phn mm b gii m ca set - top box IP vi thng tin thm vo. Cc loi c gm: iu khin tranh chp PES: C ny bo cho b gii m gi c c bo m hay khng thng qua x l tranh chp. u tin PES: C ny cung cp cho b gii m thng tin v C header PES mc u tin ca gi PES. B ch th sp xp d liu: B ch th ny quyt nh Payload ca PES bt u vi bit video hay audio Thng tin bn quyn: Khi bit ny c thit t, ni dung video c bo v bi bn quyn. Bn gc hay bn sao: C ny ch ra ni dung ny l bn gc di d liu header ca PES Trng header ca PES Payload ca PES hay bn sao. Trng ny nhn ch ra tng s byte b chim bi cc trng header khc nhau. Trng ny cha mt s cc bt ty chn. Payload ca PES gm cc dng audio hay d liu video.
Nhn dng dng (1 byte)
di gi PES M ng b
Do bn cht ca mng, th t hay chui cc khung video t li ra ca trung tm d liu IPTV c th khc th t cc khung do cc thit b ca ngi dng nhn
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c. Do , gip qu trnh ng b, cc h thng da trn MPEG thng dn nhn cc gi PES khc nhau trong chui video. C 2 loi nhn thi gian c s dng i vi mi gi PES: nhn thi gian trnh din(PTS), v nhn thi gian gii m(DTS): ., PTS---- nhn thi gian trnh din c gi tr thi gian 33 bit, c t trong trng PES header. Mc ch ca vic s dng PTS cho mi gi l xc nh xem khi no v theo trt t no th gi c xem (bi ngi xem). ., DTS---nhn gii m s dng gip b gii m thit b ca ngi s dng bit khi no x l gi . Khi nim ng dng nhng nhn thi gian khc nhau i vi mi gi PES trong dng m ha MPEG c minh ha trong hnh 3.4. Nh ch ra trn, th t cc gi c truyn i qua mng khc vi th t cc gi nhn c thit b ca ngi s dng. Thit b ngi s dng IPTV s dng cc nhn PTS v DTS ti to li ni dung video gc. bn cnh vic gi i cc ni dung nn MPEG-2, PES cn c kh nng truyn ti cc khi H.264/AVC qua mng IPTV. Cc chi tit qu trnh nh x c m t hnh 3.5.
3.3 Lp cu trc dng truyn ti

Lp tip theo trong m hnh truyn thng IPTV lm nhim v to nn dng truyn ti, bao gm 1 dng lin tip cc gi. Nhng gi ny thng c gi l cc gi TS, c to ra bng cch ngt cc gi PES thnh cc gi TS c kch thc c nh l 188 byte c lp vi thi gian. S dng thi gian c lp ny lm gim kh nng mt gi tin trong qu trnh truyn v gim n. Mi gi TS bao gm 1 trong 3 nh dng truyn thng: d liu, m thanh, hnh nh. Do , cc gi TS mang c nh 1 loi hnh truyn thng. Mi gi TS bao gm 184 byte payload v 4 byte header. Cc thnh phn ca TS header c m t trong hnh 3.6 v gii thch trong bng sau.
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Hnh 3.4: nh dng gi MPEG TS
Hnh 3.5: nh x gi truy cp AVC sang gi MPEG PES
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Hnh 3.6: ng dng nhn thi gian vi cc gi MPEG PES Bng 3.2: Cu trc gi MPEG TS
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Chc nng Phn header thng bt u bng cc bit ng b (8 bit),
Trng ng b
61 thng l cc bit 0. Trng ny dng xc nh im bt
u ca 1gi IPTV. Bit c ny s ch ra 1 li (nu c) lin quan n dng truyn Trng ch th cung cp chc nng to ra cc dng chng trnh. Mt dng li Lp ny cng ti chng trnh l mt gi PES cha 1 vi dng c bn c m ha s dng cng Trng ch th ng h ch, hoc ng h h thng. Cc kiu dng ny c pht trin cho nhng im bt u Bit c ny s ch ra 1 im bt u ca khi truyn ti ng dng nh lu tr ni dng video trn cc a quang hoc a cng. khi truyn ti Mc u tin truyn ti Khi t c ny s ch ra mc u tin khi payload Trng quan trng nht trong phn header l13 bit xc nh ID chng trnh. N s ch ra gi no thuc dng no.Cc gi thuc dng no th s c cng ID chng trnh. ID chng trnh B phn knh trong b ca ngi s dng dng thng tin phn bit cc loi gi khc nhau. Ch rng cc gi null c ID chng trnh = 8191. Cc gi khng c ID chng trnh th s b thit b nhn IPTV loi b. iu khin vic tranh chp cc truyn ti Trng iu khin thch nghi 2 bit ca trng ny s cho bit trng thi m ha ca phn payload gi truyn ti. Trng 2 bit ny s cho bit liu header ca gi d liu c lin quan ti dng truyn ti c bao gm trng thch nghi v payload khng B m tin s m tng ln 1 khi 1 gi dng truyn ti vi B m tin cng mt ID chng trnh. Nh c th xc nh c nu c mt hoc b lp gi. iu ny c th nh hng hnh nh. Trng ny c th c hoc khng c trong phn header. Trng thch nghi ny bao gm nhiu thng tin khc nhau Trng thch nghi c s dng nh thi v iu khin, bao gm c PCR. PCR c s dng ng b ng h IPTVCD vi ng h b m ha. Gi tr PCR c di 42 bit v c tng theo tc ng h chun, 27MHz. Ngay sau khi ng b, vic gii Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc Trng ny c th c hoc khng c trong phn header. Trng thch nghi ny bao gm nhiu thng tin khc nhau m MPEG - 2 IPTV c tin hnh
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Bn cnh cc ni dung hnh nh v m thanh c nn, dng truyn ti bao gm nhiu thng tin c trng ca chng trnh hoc metadata m t cc dng bit. Thng tin ny c cha trong 4 bng PSI. 1) Bng chng trnh kt hp (PAT)- Vic truyn cc bng PAT l bt buc v l im vo cc bng PSI. Bng chng trnh kt hp lun c ID chng trnh l 0. Bng ny a ra cc lin kt gia ch s chng trnh v ID ca chng trnh 2) Bng nh x chng trnh: Bng nh x chng trnh cng l bt buc v mang cc thng tin v mt chng trnh c th. Bng nh x chng trnh lit k cc ID chng trnh cho cc gi mang cc thnh phn ca mt chng trnh c th (m thanh, hnh nh, d liu, v cc thng tin PCR). Hnh 3.7 m t mt v d v mi quan h gia bng chng trnh kt hp (PAT) v bng chng trnh nh x (PMT). V th khi mt thit b ngi dng (IPTVCD) yu cu mt chng trnh, bng chng trnh kt hp s c kim tra, sau s kim tra bng chng trnh nh x nh ngha cc IP chng trnh v gi m thanh, hnh nh v d liu lin kt vi chng trnh . Trong v d ny, thu bao la chn chng trnh 1 v thit b IPTV ca ngi s dng nh v ton b cc gi truyn ti vi ID chng trnh l 36 i vi phn hnh nh ca chng trnh v cc gi vi ID chng trnh l 3 vi cc phn m thanh ca chng trnh. Nu d liu l qung b vi chng trnh, th bng nh x chng trnh s bao gm cc chi tit trn xc nh cc gi d liu truyn ti.
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Hnh 3.7: Mi lin h gia PMT v PAT 3) Bng iu kin truy cp(CAT)- bng iu kin truy cp l mt bng ty chn PSI bao gm cc ID chng trnh ca EMMs (cc tin qun l quyn truy cp). Tin qun l quyn truy cp bao gm cc thng tin v mc cho php i vi h thng truy cp. 4) Bng thng tin mng (NIT)- Bng thng tin mng NIT l mt bng ty chn lu tr cc thng tin nh tn s knh v s dng truyn ti. Set top box s s dng thng tin ny chnh sng ti cc chng trnh c th. Khi TS c cu trc v nh dng, n s c chuyn xung lp truyn ti trc tip hoc ti lp s dng giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc (RTP).
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3.4 Lp giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc( ty chn)

Lp ty chn ny c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ng dng khc nhau. Lp ny hot ng nh 1 lp trung gian gia cc ni dung c nn MPEG-2, H.264/AVC lp cao hn v c lp thp hn trong m hnh IPTV. Giao thc RTP chnh l li ca lp ny v thng l block c s h tr truyn dng ni dung theo thi gian thc qua mng IP. Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc phn pht cc dng m thanh v hnh nh bng cch ng gi cc ni dung ny trong mt nh dng ring bit c gi gi. Mi gi bao gm phn header v payload(d liu IPTV). s dng hiu qu bng thng, phn payload thng bao gm nhiu hn mt gi MPEG-TS. Phn header bao gm cc chc nng ct yu cc th truyn thnh cng cc d liu thi gian thc qua mng. Header ca RTP c th nhn bit vi header ca UDP c gi tr l 5004, v bao gm rt nhiu trng. Chi tit v cc trng khc nhau c minh ha trong hnh 3.8 v bng 3.3. C mt iu ng ch , l giao thc thi gian thc khng c trng di trong phn header bi v n ph thuc vo giao thc truyn ti c bn cung cp loi thng tin ny. Nh miu t trong bng di, li ch chnh ca vic chn cc ni dung video c nn v trong cc gi RTP l: 1)Thm s chui vo gi gip c b gii m pha nh cung cp v thit b ngi dng c th sp xp li cc gi nhn c t mng IP. 2)Trng nhn thi gian gip khc phc cc vn nh jitter v mt ng b gia ngun v ch.
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Hnh 3.8: nh dng RTP header Khi header truyn ti thi gian thc c thm vo payload video, gi truyn ti thi gian thc c gi ti giao thc TCP hoc UDP tip tc x l. nh dng phn payload ca RTP cho vic ng gi dng bit nn MPEG-2 : thay v s dng UDP mang cc gi TS MPEG-2 th mt vi h thng IPTV s dng lp RTP thm vo lp UDP truyn cc gi. Vic nh x cc gi MPEG-TS sang cc gi RTP l kh n gin. Cu trc bao gm phn header v payload ca gi MPEG-2 TS. Mi gi c di 188 byte. Hnh 3.9 m t cu trc truyn ti ni dung DVB da trn MPEG-2 qua mng IP. nh dng payload RTP cho vic ng gi dng bit c nn dng chun H.264/AVC: RFC 3984 cung cp khuyn ngh v gii php truyn cc ni dung H264/AVC v nh ngha 3 c ch chn cc khi NAL vo RTP payload: 1) Mt gi NAL ring bit: k thut ny nh ngha s nh x gi NAL sang tng payload RTP. 2) Gi NAL tp hp: K thut ny nh ngha s nh x nhiu gi NAL sang mt gi RTP.
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Bng 3.3: Cu trc ca gi IPTV da trn RTP Tn trng Phin bn (V) Phn m (P) Phn m rng (X) Tng s ngun gp (CSRC) Bit du Chc nng Trng ny xc nh phin bn RTP c dng trong gi IPTV. Trng ny xc nh c byte m trong gi RTP hay khng. Nu bit ny c t bng 1 th phn m rng theo ngay sau tiu c nh. Trng ny cha thng tin s b nhn din CSRC c trong gi. Chc nng ca n c xc nh bi m t RTP. Thng c s dng xc nh ranh gii khung. Trng ny ch thng tin v nh dng payload ca IPTV. V d, gi tr 34 ch ra ni dung video c m ha s dng H.263 Trng ny gip tm ra c nhng gi b mt, li. Gip cho IPTVCD sp xp li cc gi c gi ti khng theo th t, S th t gi xc nh ng knh thc gi khng ng v ch ra gi b lp. Gi tr trong trng c tng ln mt mi ln mt gi RTP c gi qua mng. Khi dng IPTV bt u, mt gi tr bt k c gn cho trng ny gim ri ro b hacker tn cng. Trng ny gi du thi gian ca gi, c khi to t mt Du thi gian ng h ng tin cy. Trng ny c sd thm vo trong cc gi m thanh v hnh nh ng theo th t thi gian ca dng IPTV. Ngun ng b Mc ch ca trng ny ch ra ngun ng b trong mng (SSRC) IPTV. Trng ny thng c s dng kt hp vi trng s
Loi Payload (PT)
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th t gi sa nhng vn xy ra trong chui IPTV. Danh sch CSRC Mc ch ca trng 32 bit ny ch ra nhng ngun video v audio gp vo payload IPTV.
Hnh 3.9: Cc gi MPEG TS
Hnh 3.10: nh x ni dung H264/AVC ( tng khi NAL ring bit ) sang RTP payload
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Hnh 3.11: nh x ni dung H264/AVC ( nhiu khi NAL ring bit ) sang mt RTP payload
Hnh 3.12: nh x ni dung mt H264/AVC NAL sang nhiu RTP payload
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Khi NAL tp hp c nh ngha xc nh dung lng gi ln nht i vi mi mng. VD, vi mng Ethernet kch thc gi ln nht l 1500 byte, cn vi mng ATM kch thc gi ln nht l 54 byte. Dng cc gi NAL tp hp nh x nhiu gi NAL sang mt phn payload RTP khng cn phi chuyn m v thm nhiu tiu gi khi trin khai IPTv trn cc nn. 3) Gi NAL phn tch: y l k thut nh x 1 khi NAL ring r ra khi nhiu phn payload RTP. im ng ch l gi phn tch NAL phi c gi qua mng theo mt trt t lin tip. iu ny l c th khi s dng cc s tng dn trong header ca RTP. K thut ny em li hai li ch cho nh cung cp dch v. Th nht, iu ny gip truyn lng ln chng trnh c phn gii cao da trn IP. Th hai l gip tng kh nng sa li. Ch rng, k thut RTP thng c trin khai trong cc mng khng m bo cht lng dch v QoS truyn cc dch v IPTV. Mc d RTP gip lm tng kh nng cc dng ti ch trong trt t ng, nhng khng c thit k m bo cc mc cht lng dch v. Do , trch nhim ca nh cung cp dch v l n bo video lun c u tin khi chng c truyn i trong h tng mng.
3.5 Lp truyn ti
Thng thng cc gi RTP l dng u vo ca lp truyn ti. iu ng ch l c th nh x trc tip cc gi MPEG-TS sang payload giao thc ca lp truyn ti. Lp truyn ti IPTV c thit k m bo cc kt ni u cui l tin cy. Nu d liu ti thit b ngi nhn ng, lp truyn ti s truyn li. Lp truyn ti thng bo vi lp trn c cc thng tin chnh xc hn. TCP v UDP l 2 giao thc quan trong nht c s dng lp ny. S dng TCP nh tuyn cc gi IPTV : TCP l giao thc ct li ca b giao thc internet v c xp vo loi nh hng kt ni. iu ny c bn c ngha l kt ni c thit lp gia u cui nh cung cp v thit b IPTV ca ngi s dng truyn cc chng trnh qua mng.
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TCP c kh nng iu khin li xy ra trong qu trnh truyn cc chng trnh qua mng. Cc li nh mt gi, mt trt t gi, hoc lp gi thng gp trong mi trng truyn IPTV. x l cc tnh hung ny, TCP s dng h thng cc s lin tc cho php thit b gi c th gi li cc d liu hnh nh b mt hoc hng. H thng s lin tc ny l trng c di 32 bit trong cu trc gi. Trng u tin cha chui s bt u ca d liu trong gi v trng th hai cha gi tr ca chui s tip theo m video server ang i (mong) nhn tr li t IPTVCD
Hnh 3.13: C ch iu khin lung ca TCP Bn cnh vic sa cc li c th xy ra trong qu trnh truyn ni dung video qua mng IP bng rng, TCP cn c iu khin lung d liu. iu ny c th t c bng cch s dng trng kch thc ca s, vi thut ton c gi l ca s
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trt. Gi tr trong trng ny xc nh s cc byte c th truyn i qua mng trc khi nhn c xc nhn t pha thit b nhn. Trong mi trng IPTV, gi tr trng kch thc ca s chnh l kch thc vng m trong IPTVCD tr i lng ni dung c trong vng m ti mt thi im. D liu ny s c gi cho ti khi bn tin thng bo nhn c gi v t IPTVCD. Khi gi tr ca trng ny bng 0, IPTVCD pha u thu s khng kh nng x l cc d liu IPTV tc ln. Khi , TCP s ch th cho video server dng hoc lm chm li tc gi cc gi d liu ti IPTVCD. iu ny s m bo rng IPTVCD s khng b trn cc gi d liu ti. Khi IPTVCD x l xong cc cc gi d liu trong vng m v video server bit c iu th gi tr ti vng m s tng ln, v video server s bt u truyn tip cc ni dung. Trong mi trng IPTV l tng, s ca ca s c bo v t IPTVCD s bo cho server bit khng gian vng m cn trng chnh l tc m ti cc ni dung video c gi i t video server. Cc cng TCP v Socket: Mi im cui ca 1 lin kt IPTV th c 1 a ch IP v 1 gi tr cng lin quan. V th mi lin kt c 4 thnh phn khc nhau: (1) (2) (3) (4) a ch IP ca video server S ca cng ca video server a ch IP ca IPTVCD S ca cng ca IPTVCD
Vic kt hp a ch IP v s ca cng cho php mt tin trnh trn IPTVCD c th lin lc trc tip vi tin trnh ang chy trn mt trong cc my server c t trung tm d liu IPTV. Mt cng gm 16 bit nh ngha hng truyn cc thng bo gia cc lp mng. C 2 loi cng : 1)Cng well known c gi tr t 1 n 1023. Loi cng ny thng c cc server s dng v c qun l bi IANA. Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
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2)Cng Ephemeral c thiu lp bi IPTVCD trng thi tm thi khi lin lc vi IPTV server. Cc cng thng c nh trong ngn xp phn mm IP. Cc gi tr ny thng ln hn 1024 v nh hn 65535. Cng ny khng chu s qun l ca IANA. Socket cng l mt thnh phn quan trng khc trong m hnh truyn thng IP. Mt socket v c bn l mt giao din ng dng chng trnh (API), c s dng lm cho lm vic lin lc gia cc tin trnh ang chy trn 1 thit b IP. Mt socket c thit t bng cch kt hp a ch IP vi s ca cng.
Hnh 3.14: Qu trnh truyn thng trong mng IPTV hiu hn v mi lin h gia a ch IP v socket, xt cc bc thit lp mt knh truyn thng gia 1 tin trnh chy trn IPTVCD v mt tin trnh chy trn trung tm cung cp d liu IPTV. Bc c m t nh sau: 1) Chun b d liu: Tin trnh gi chy trn h thng server IPTV chun b ni dung v gi module truyn thng TCP/IP truyn cc d liu ti 1 tin trnh ang chy trn mt IPTVCD. Cc tin trnh truyn thng bt u v thng tin header c thm vo ni dung khi truyn qua cc lp trong IPTVCM.
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2) Thit lp kt ni logic TCP: C 2 u kt ni u c nh ngha bi 1 a ch IP v 1 s cng. Kt hp gia a ch IP v s cng gi l socket. H thng a ch i vi lin kt truyn thng bao gm cc thnh phn sau: Giao thc : a ch IP ca my ch IPTV ID ca tin trnh chy trn my ch IPTV a ch IP ca IPTVCD ID ca tin trnh chy trn IPTVCD
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Truyn d liu: Truyn thng bt u thng qua socket gia 2 tin trnh t pha IPTV server n IPTVCD.
Qun l cc dng ni dung IPTV: giao thc TCP qun l cc dng IPTV trong khi kt ni c thit lp.
Hy b kt ni: Khi hon thnh vic truyn cc ni dung IPTV, IPTVCD hoc trung tm d liu s hy b socket v kt ni mng.
Header: Thng tin ny gip cho segment c truyn i t ngun n ch. Header mang thng tin chnh l s cng ca ngun v ch, s chui ca segment v kim tra tng. Cc s tng m bo rng d liu c th ti v tr v t ng cc tin trnh ang chy trn mi thit b IP. S chui gip TCP c th hiu c bng cch no a d liu v dng trc khi b ngt thnh cc segment.
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Bng 3.4: nh dng ca TCP segment Tn trng Ca ngun Cng ch Ch s dy Ch s chp nhn di d liu c t trc Chc nng Trng 16 bit. Ch ra s ca cng ngun. Trng 16 bit. Ch ra s ca cng ch. Ch ra ch s dy ca on TCP. iu ny gip TCP theo c vt ca mi gi IPTV chuyn qua mng. Cha ch s dy tip theo m thit b gi mong mun nhn c. Trng ny ch cha gi tr ny nu bt iu khin ACK c thit lp. Trng ngn ny ch ra v tr trong on m d liu video bt u. Trng ny c t trc s dng sau ny v c gi tr bng 0 Trng ny gm c 6 bt iu khin: URG: Urgent pointer Cc bit iu khin ACK: Acknowledgment PSH: Push RST: Reset (t li lin kt) SYN: Synchronize (ng b ch s dy) FIN: khng c thm d liu t bn gi Ca s Ch kch thc ca s cho d liu phn phi gia nhng ln nhn Checksum Kim tra li bo v d liu c gi qua mng con tr khn cp Ch c dch khi trng con tr khn cp c cho php Cc ty chn l cc bi s 8 bit c sn v c th cha cc kiu Cc ty chn v m bin khc nhau. Cc ty chn c la chn s quyt nh di ca on TCP. m l phn cui cng ca tiu v to thnh bi cc s 0 TCP nh x segment sang giao thc IP sau khi chn cc thng tin cn thit vo trong phn header. Nh m t trn, TCP cung cp ton b cc chc nng truyn ti cc d liu qua mng IP. S dng UDP nh hng cc gi IPTV: UDP l giao thc thuc v b giao thc Internet. UDP cho php my ch kt ni vi mng bng rng gi ti cc IPTVCD dch v truyn hnh qung b c
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cht lng hi lng ngi dng. UDP ging vi TCP nhng l phin bn s lc hn, a ra cho s lng ti thiu cc dch v truyn ti. UDP l giao thc khng lin kt, iu c ngha l kt ni gia video server v IPTVCD ko cn phi thit lp trc khi d liu c truyn i. Video server dn gin ch thm vo a ch IP ch v s cng vo datagram v gi ti c s mng phn pht ti a ch IP ch. Khi trn mng, UDP s dng cch tt nht c gng thu c d liu v im ch ca n. Ch rng UDP s dng cc khi d liu c gi l cc datagram truyn ni dung qua mng. u im v nhc im ca UDP: u im ca UDP: Khng c ngt trong qu trnh truyn ni dng video: khng c tr trong qu trnh phn phi ngay c khi trong mng c cc gi b tr hoc b hng. Ngc li, khi s dng TCP, c th xy ra s ngt qung khi phi ch cc gi b tr v cc khung hnh ti hoc phi ch cc gi b hng c thay th. Dung lng thp: Kch thc header ca UDP ch bao gm c 8 byte trong khi TCP header chim ti 20 byte. Tc thit lp kt ni: thi gian thit lp v hy b kt ni gia IPTVCD v cc thit b trung tm d liu IPTV ngn. Do , vic phn phi cc gi s dng giao thc UDP thng nhanh hn so vi s dng giao thc TCP. H tr truyn 1 chiu: UDP khng yu cu ng v, do cho php cc cng ty s dng v tinh c th truyn ni dung IPTV truyn a im ti khch hng ca mnh. Nhc im ca UDP: Mc d UDP l nhanh chng v hiu qu i vi cc ng dng cn thi gian, v s l khng hiu qu trong trng hp: Tnh ton vn ca d liu: Tnh ton vn ca d liu khi s dng UDP l khng c bo m khi UDP ch cung cp 1 dch v duy nht l kim tra tng v Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
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multiplexing thng qua s cng. bt k vn no cng c th xy ra trong qu trnh truyn thng ti u cui no cn c iu khin c lp vi cc ng dng. Cc vn thng gp nh l pht li, ng gi v lp rp li, truyn li cc gi b mt, s tc nghn, v iu khin lung nm ngoi kh nng sa li ca UDP.
Kh khn trong vic vt qua cc tng la: Nhiu loi tng la trn
mng chn cc thng tin UDP gy ra cc li trong qu trnh truyn thng. y khng phi l vn ln i vi cc nh cung cp dch v IPTV, tuy nhin n cng nh hng ti cc cng ty cung cp dch v Internet TV.
Hnh 3.15: nh dng datagram da trn UDP
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Bng 3.5: Cu trc datagram IPTV da trn UDP Tn trng Chc nng Ch ra ch s ca ca qu trnh gi datagram. N l ca Ca ngun ty chn v nu khng c dng th s c in y bng cc s 0. Ca ch Ch ra ch s ca ca qu trnh ch ang chy trn IPTVCD. Gip cho IPTVCD xc nh di v kch thc ca di datagram UDP ang n. Trng di bao gm mt gi tr h 8, bao gm c tiu v d liu video thc s. Trng ny di 2 byte cha s c nh trc, cho Checksum php mt IPTVCD kim li tnh nguyn vn ca UDP ang n da trn datagram IPTV. Phn ny ca datagram cha d liu video. Trong D liu video trng hp mi trng IPTV, d liu l mt phn ca datagram UDP c nh dng bi giao thc dng video v audio m c s dng ti u cui IPTV. i vi IPTV, UDP t ra hu ch khi trung tm d liu cn gi cc ni dung video IP ti nhiu IPTVCD v l giao thc mc truyn ti ph bin nht m cc nh cung cp dch v IPTV.
3.6 Lp IP
Sau lp truyn ti l lp IP(cn c gi l lp lin mng ). Nhim v chnh ca lp ny l a cc d liu ti cc v tr mng ring bit thng qua nhiu mng c lp c lin kt vi nhau c gi l lin mng. Lp ny c s dng gi cc d liu thng qua cc ng khc nhau ti ch. IP l giao thc tt nht c s Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
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dng trong lp lin mng. Giao thc ny cung cp dch v phn pht gi c bn cho tt c cc dch v IPTV. Cc loi dch v ny vi h thng truyn n im, ni cc gi c truyn t ngun ti mt IPTVCD ch, khc vi h thng truyn a im ni m cc gi c truyn t my ch ti nhiu IPTVCD. IPv4 l giao thc ph bin nht c s dng trong mng IPTV ngy nay. Nhim v chnh ca IP l phn pht cc bit d liu trong cc gi t ngun ti ch. IP s dng k thut c hiu qu cao nht phn pht d liu. Ni cch khc khng c tin trnh no m bo qu trnh phn pht thng tin qua mng. Cc khi c s ca giao thc IP l cc on bit d liu c t trong cc gi v c nh a ch. Gi IP l n v d liu bao gm d liu video thc v cc thng tin ca vic nhn video t trung tm cung cp d liu IPTV ti ch IPTVCD. Cch nh a ch IP: trong mi trng IPTV, a ch IPv4 thng c dng nh ngha IPTVCD v trung tm cung cp d liu. a ch IPv4 l chui 4 s c ngn cch vi nhau bng cc du chm nh ngha mt cch chnh xc v tr vt l ca mt thit b, v d nh set-top box, trong mng. a ch IPv4 gm 32 bit trong h nh phn. Cc s nh phn ny c chia thnh 4 octet, mi octet 8 bit, mi octet c i din bi mt s h thp phn nm trong khong t 0 n 255. Mi octet c ngn cch bi mt du chm trong h thp phn. a ch IP c t chc thnh hai phn: 1) a ch mng dng nh ngha mng bng rng m IPTVCD kt ni ti. 2) a ch host dng nh ngha cc thit b IPTV.
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Hnh 3.16: nh dng gi video IPv4 Bng 3.6: Cu trc gi video IPv4 Tn trng Phin bn di Header Chc nng Ch ra phin bn ca IP c s dng trn mng _ IPv4 hay IPv6. M t kch thc ca header, gip cho IPTVCD nhn ra payload ca d liu video bt u u. Cn c bit l im m phn bit dch v (DSCP_Differentiated services code point). Trng ny kh quan trng cho vic phn phi ni dung IPTV bi v n cho nh cung cp dch v thit t loi ni dung c mang trong gi d liu. Thng tin ny sau c x l bi b nh tuyn IP trong h thng mng. iu ny cho php cc b nh tuyn chp nhn v lm cho mc cht lng dch v thch hp vi nhng loi lu lng khc nhau. Bo cho IPTVCD bit ton b chiu di ca gi IPTV. Gi tr ny c di 16bit, c ngha l mt gi c th c kch thc ti a l 65535 byte c b nh tuyn s dng phn mt gi ln thnh nhiu mnh nh. Khi c phn mnh, b nh tuyn s dng trng ny phn bit cc mnh khc nhau ca gi ban u
Loi dch v
Tng chiu di
Th nhn dng
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Cc c xc nh cc kiu phn mnh khc nhau, hoc gi l mt mnh, hoc n c cho php phn mnh, hoc gi l mnh cui cng hay c thm mnh khc. Khi mt gi IPTV c phn mnh v chuyn i qua mng th chc nng ca IPTVCD l tng hp cc mnh theo ng th t. Trng ny nh s mi mnh, cho php IPTVCD tng hp li theo ng th t. V mt gi IP chuyn qua mng, trng thi gian sng s c mi b nh tuyn dc theo ng truyn kim tra v gi tr bn trong trng ny s c gim dn. Qu trnh ny tip tc cho n khi gi tr trng ny gim v 0. Khi iu ny xy ra c ngha l gi ny ht hn v s b loi b. Chc nng chnh ca trng ny l loi b cc gi trn mng m khng c kh nng truyn n ch. iu ny s lm gim tc nghn trn mng. Gi tr ca trng ny trong khong t 30 n 32. Trng di 8 bit, ch ra loi giao thc ng gi bn trong datagram IP. Nu gi tr l mt th sau ICMP c dng, l hai tng ng vi IGMP, l 6 c s dng cho lu lng TCP, v 17 c s dng cho ng dng UDP. Cho php IPTVCD tch datagram khi header li. Gi b li thng b IPTVCD loi b hay hy Cha a ch IP ca thit b gi gi IPTV. Trong mi trng IPTV, thit b gi thng l my ch VoD hoc l b m ha. Cha a ch ca thit b nhn c ch nh. Trong mi trng IPTV, a ch ny thng l a ch ca IPTVCD v c nh cung cp IPTV s dng cung cp thm cc c im khc L ni dung video
di ca mnh
Thi gian sng
Giao thc
Kim tra tng header a ch ngun a ch ch Ty chn m D liu
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Mt im ng ch l mt vi bit u tin ca a ch s nh ngha cc bit cn li ca trng a ch s c phn chia th no cho host v mng. thun li cho vic s dng v qun l, a ch IP c chia thnh cc lp khc nhau. Chi tit a ch cc lp c m t trong bng di y 3.7. Bn cnh vic chia thnh cc lp, mt s a ch IP c dnh ring cho cc mng t nhn. Cc a ch ny nm trong di: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 Bng 3.7: Cc lp a ch IPv4 Lp a ch IP M t M t mt mng s hu s u tin trong a ch IP, c gi tr t 0 n 128. Ba s cn li c dng xc nh mt IPTVCD, my ch, hay thit b mng khc. Do , mt a ch lp A c a ch A mng 7 bit v a ch host 24 bit. Bit c th t cao nht c thit lp bng 0 C 126 a ch mng lp A trn th gii v mi mng trong s c s a ch IP h tr hn 16 thiMt b mng. Tt c cc a ch IP lp A c cp php t InterNIC t nhiu nm trc. Mt mng lp B c a ch gm s u tin c gi tr t 128 n 191. Gi tr ny tng ng vi a ch mng 14 bit v mt a ch cc b 16 bit. Gi tr ca 1 v 0 gn cho 2 bit c th t cao nht. B C khong 16000 mng lp B trn Internet, mi mng c kh nng h tr 64000 thit b mng. Nhng t chc ln hn v cc nh cung cp dch v Internet cp php cho hu ht hoc gn ht cc a ch ny. V d v a ch lp B: 132.6.2.24, trong , 132.6 ch ra mng, 2.24 ch ra host.
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Mng lp C c a ch c s u tin c gi tr t 192 n 223. S ny tng ng vi mt a ch mng 21 v a ch cc b 8 bit. C Gi tr 1,1 v 0 c gn cho 3 bit c th t cao nht. C gn 2 triu a ch mng lp C, mi mng c kh nng h tr nh a ch cho 254 thit b mng. L phn u tin ca a ch c gi tr t 224 n 239. Nhng a ch IP ny c s dng cho mc ch truyn a im. a ch mng lp E c gi tr t 240 n 247 v c t trc s dng sau ny.
D E
Hnh 3.17: Cc lp a ch IP Mng con IPTV:
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Trong cc mng ln IPTV vi hng ngn IPTVCD tri rng trn 1 khu vc a l rng, mng da trn IP ny cn c chia thnh cc mng nh hn gi l mng con. Mng con ca mng IPTV cho php nh cung cp dch v nh ngha v gim st cc phn ring bit trong mng m khng cn a ch IPv4 mi. Ngi iu hnh mng cng s dng a ch mng con giu i cu trc mng ni b trch b tn cng t mng Internet cng cng. Ngi qun tr mng IPTV s dng cc s ring bit c gi l a ch subnet mask to cc mng con trong mi trng IPTV. Subnet mask l a ch IP32 bit. Gi tr mc nh ca subnet mask ca lp A, B, C l: Class A----- 255.0.0.0 Class B----- 255.255.0.0 Class C-----255.255.255.0 Cc tin trnh chy trn mng con thng c qun l bi thit b phn cng gi l router. Mt router c th ni vi nhiu mng v quyt nh thng tin s c gi n u trong mng. Tng lai ca a ch IP: Khi cu trc a ch IP ca mng Internet mi c pht trin trong nhng nm u ca thp k 80, ngi ta cho rng n p ng c nhu cu ca ngi dng hin ti v trong tng lai. a ch IP 32 bit trong vesion IPv4 c th nh a ch cho hn 4 t my trm trong khong 16,7 triu mng khc nhau. a ch IPv4 khng p ng c nhu cu tc pht trin ca mng Internet nh hin nay.Tc pht trin ca mng Internet nm ngoi d on ca nhng ngi pht trin giao thc IP v s lng mng kt ni vi mng Internet tng ln tng thng. tm gii php cho hn ch ca a ch IPv4, Nhm K S mng Internet a ra version mi IPv6 vi 128 bit a ch. IPv6 c th cung cp lng a ch gp hng t ln s a ch IPv4. IPv6 c c cc kh nng cung cp h tr vic xc thc, tnh ton vn QoS, m ha v b mt. Vic s dng IPv6 trn mng IPTV l thch
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hp bi v c ch QoS bn trong n v c kh nng h tr s lng khng gii hn cc IPTVCD.Trong 5 ti 10 nm t, IPv6 s dn thay th IPv4. Ti sao li s dng IPv6 khi trin khai IPTV ? IPv6 c tnh nng vt tri hn so vi IPv4. Cc nguyn nhn chnh khin cc nh cung cp dch v xem xt vic s dng IPv6: Quy m c tng ln: IPv4 dng a ch 32 bit trong khi IPv6 dng a ch 128 bit, ln hn gp 4 ln. iu ny cho php nh cung cp dch v IPTV m rng s lng thit b c th qun l . Cu trc header n gin: IPv6 gim kch thc header xung cn 40 byte c nh v n gin cu trc ca trng header. Cc thnh phn c bn ca IPv6 header c m t trong hnh 42 v bng di. Tng mc bo v: IPv6 c 2 c im gip tng mc bo v: 1) Bao gm header xc thc-- bao gm cc bn tin xc nhn v kim tra ngi gi gi. 2) Payload bo mt c ng gi-- c im ny m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu IPTV v bo mt gia cc my ch trung tm d liu IPTV v cc IPTVCD khc. Lu lng thi gian thc tt hn: kh nng dn nhn lung ca IPv6 cho php nh cung cp dch v nh du cc gi ring, ph thuc vo tng loi dch v. Trong mi trng triple-play, cc router c th coi cc gi IP c dn nhn vi mt nhn dng video l cc gi IP c dn nhn khi mang ni dung web. T ng cu hnh: Kh nng plug and play ca IPv6 gip gim bt phc tp khi ci t dch v IPTV ti nh ca khch hng.
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Hnh 3.18: Cu trc header ca IPv6 Bng 3.8: M t trng ca IPv6 Tn trng M bt u ca gi nh dng dng di gi PES M ng b Chc nng Cc gi PES bt u bng cc bit 0 Trng ny dng nh ngha loi payload cha trong gi. Dng 111xxxxx l ch gi m thanh, v 1110 xxxx ch cc gi hnh nh. x l s dng MPEG 2 byte ca trng ny dng nh ngha di gi Trng ny c s dng ng b m thanh v ni dung video cung cp phn cng v phn mm trong b m ha t trong settop box IP vi cc thng tin thm. Trong trng ny cn bao gm cc c: C iu khin trn m PES: bo cho b m ha bit liu gi c c m bo khng trong qu trnh x l trn m. C u tin PES: Cung cp thng tin v mc u tin ca gi PES cho b gii m. Data_alignment_indicator : C ch th ny s xc nh xem phn payload ca PES bt u vi bit m thanh hay hnh nh. Thng tin
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bn quyn: khi bit nay c thit lp, chng trnh l chng trnh c bn quyn. C nguyn bn hay bn sao: C ny ch th liu di d liu header Cc trng header trong PES Trng payload v d liu video chng trnh c phi l bn gc, hay la bn sao. Trng ny dng nh ngha tng s byte c s dng bi cc trng header khc. Trng ny cha cc s cc bit ty chn.
Trng payload ca PES cha cc dng c bn m thanh.
V nhng u im k trn IPv6 c xem nh gii php lu di h tr trin khai cc thit b s quy m ln, c th s dng nhiu loi ng dng da trn IP. Nhc im chnh khi s dng giao thc IP l khng c g m bo rng khi no cc gi ti ng ch hay gi c n ng lc khng. Ngay c th t cc gi c chuyn n cng khng c xc nh. Do , lp IP lm vic cng vi giao thc lp truyn ti m bo rng cc gi n IPTVCD ng lc v theo trt t ng. IP cng lm cho qu trnh phn pht ni video b tr.
3.7
Lp lin kt d liu
Lp lin kt d liu ly cc d liu th t lp IP v nh dng chng thnh cc
gi ph hp truyn qua mng vt l. Ch , lp lin kt d liu khc vi cc giao thc mng. K thut Ethetnet l mt trong nhng k thut ph bin hn c s dng trong h thng IPTV. Lp lin kt d liu bao gm cc chc nng dnh cho cc mng da trn Ethernet: Encapsulation---- Lp ny thm vo cc gi IPTV 1 header. Ethernet header l loi Encapsulation ph bin nht dng trong lp lin kt d liu ca IPTVCD. Cc thnh phn c bn ca Ethernet header c gii thch trong bng 3.9 nh a ch---- Lp lin kt d liu x l cc a ch vt l ca mng ngi s dng v cc thit b ch. H thng a ch khc nhau vi cc topo mng. V d, a ch MAC c s dng trong mng Ethernet. Mi thit b kt ni vi mng IPTV Hong Vn T Lun vn thc s khoa hc
87
th c 1 a ch MAC. di ca a ch MAC l 48 bit v thng c biu din bng 12 s trong h 16. Trong 12 s h 16 ny, 6 s u tin dnh cho nh sn xut thit b IPTV v cc s cn li c dng nh ngha giao din mng o. Kim tra li----- chc nng kim tra li c dng trong vi lp ca m hnh IPTV, bao gm c lp lin kt d liu. Cc gi b ngt l li thng gp trong qu trnh truyn cc ni dung video qua mng da trn IP. Phng php sa li thng dung l kim tra d tha vng (CRC) trong IPTV tm v loi b cc gi b ngt. S dng k thut CRC thit b gi IPTV thc hin vic tnh ton trn cc gi v lu tr kt qu trong gi. Cc php tnh ton tng t cng c thc hin trn thit b nhn khi nhn c cc gi. Nu kt qu tnh ton l nh nhau, th cc gi c x l bnh thng. Tuy nhin, nu kt qu ny l khc nhau, th gi b li s b loi b. Thit b gi s to mt gi mi v gi li n. Thng bo vi lp trn trong m hnh IPTV khi c li xy ra l nhim v chnh ca lp lin kt d liu trong k thut kim tra li m cc h thng IPTV end to end. iu khin lung---- iu khin lung l mt trong chc nng ca lp truyn ti. Trong mng IPTV, iu khin lung cho thit b IPTV ca ngi s dng khng b trn bi cc ni dung. Lp lin kt d liu cng vi lp truyn ti thc hin bt k yu cu iu khin lung no.
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Bng 3.9: Cu trc ca Ethernet header Tn trng trong Header a ch ch mng Ethernet a ch ngun mng Ethernet Kch thc (bit) 48 Ch ra a ch ca giao din ch Chc nng
48
Ch ra a ch ca giao din ngun Ch ra giao thc c s dng trong vic nh
Loi m
16
dng gi. V d kiu gi "TCP/IP" cha gi tr kiu hex "0 x 80 0 x 00"
Bng 3.10: Cu trc khung Ethernet c dng mang ni dung MPEG-2 M t Cc dng gi truyn ti MPEG by Tiu RTP Tiu UDP Tiu IP Tiu Ethernet cng vi 4 byte c dng lm thng tin header). Gi MPEG - TS by ny chim 1316 byte (10528 bit) ca khung Tiu ny chim 12 byte ca khung Ethernet Tiu ny chim 8 byte ca khung Ethernet Tiu ny chim 20 byte ca khung Ethernet Tiu ny chim 14 byte ca khung Ethernet Kch thc Mi gi c kch thc 188 byte (184 byte cha ni dung video,
3.8. Lp vt l
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Lp vt l quy nh lut l truyn cc bit s qua mng. N cp n vic a cc d liu qua cc mng vt l ring bit nh x DSL, v khng dy. Lp ny nh ngha cu hnh mng vt l, thng s k thut, in trong mi trng truyn. Khi dng bit c truyn qua mng, cc gi c chuynr t lp thp n lp cao trong m hnh truyn thng IPTV. V d lp lin kt d liu s kim tra cc gi v loi b i phn header Ethernet v trng sa li CRC. Tip s kim tra trng kiu m ca Ethernet header v xc nh gi cn c x k bi giao thc IP. Do gi d liu c chuyn ln lp mng. Lp mng kim tra v loi b i phn IP header v chuyn gi ln lp truyn ti. Phng php b i phn header khi qua cc lp khc nhau gi l bc gi. Qu trnh ny tip tc c thc hin cho ti khi gi d liu ln n tng trn cng trong m hnh. Hnh nh gc c th hin trn mn hnh TV ca ngi xem. Bng 3.11 Tng kt cc lp trong m hnh IPTV S th t lp 1 Tn lp Vt l Tng quan Xc nh cc thuc tnh ca cc phng tin truyn thng trong mng chu trch nhim truyn cc bit d liu IPTV. Qun l cc c ch c s dng truy cp thit 2 Lin kt d b truyn thng trong mng. Kim sot li, ng b liu v iu khin lung l nhng chc nng khc m lp ny cung cp. Chc nng ca lp ny c quan h vi vic nh 3 IP tuyn cc gi IP truyn trn mng. Cc c ch nh l nh a ch v iu khin tc nghn thng c lp IPTVCM ny s dng. Chc nng chnh ca lp ny l m bo rng 4 Giao vn cc gi IPTV n c ch. TCP v UDP u vn hnh ti lp ny.
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Mc d UDP l giao thc c lp giao vn u tin s dng hn cho vic phn phi ni dung IPTV trn mng bng rng, nhng n cng ko phi l giao 5 RTP chn) (ty thc ang tin cy v n khng h tr vic sa li hay gii quyt vn cc gi n IPTVCD khng theo ng th t. Do , mt s cc nh cung cp dch v s dng RTP gii quyt nhng thiu ht c hu trong giao thc UDP. Xy 6 7 dng dng Lp ny ng gi cc dng bt video v audio. Cc gi c di 188 byte. truyn ti Lp ng gi Lp ny to mt dng cc gi PES c nh Video M ha Video du thi gian. Cc dng audio v video c bn lm thnh nn tng cho lp IPTVCM. nh dng ca dng truyn c s dng lp ny ph thuc vo thut ton nn s dng bi b m ha. Dch v IPTV vi nhng u im ni tri so vi cc chun truyn hnh truyn thng v ang c pht trin mnh m trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam. i km vi IPTV l rt nhiu dch v gi tr gia tng khc nh: truyn hnh theo yu cu, mng gio dc t xa, hi tho t xa Trong phm vi n ny ch nu phng php ng gi d liu video qua tng lp. Chun nn H.264 ny khng ch c s dng trong IPTV m cn c ng dng trong hu ht cc cng ngh truyn hnh s hin i nh: truyn hnh s mt t, truyn hnh s v tinh, truyn hnh cp, truyn hnh di dng n truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV. ng gi d liu video qua tng lp cho thy cu trc d liu trong tng lp v cc c ch iu khin lung, c ch sa li, m bo cht lng dch v lm hi lng ngi xem
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CHNG 4: TH NGHIM, KT LUN V KIN NGH
4.1 Th nghim 1: nh gi qu trnh m ha v gii m thng qua PSNR

4.1.1 Khi nim v PSNR y l 1 trong nhng phng php s dng rng ri nht nhm nh gi cht lng video qua ng truyn adhoc c tn hao. PSNR = Peak Signal To Noise Ratio : T s tn hiu trn tp m nh PSNR so snh cng sut tn hiu ln nht vi cng sut nhiu. N c th tnh theo cng thc di y, khi so snh thnh phn chi Y ca ngun v ch : Cng thc tng qut :
trong :
Cng thc c th so snh thnh phn Y ca ngun v ch :

Vpeak
Nc Nr 1 2 )[Ys ( n, i, j ) Yd ( n, i, j )] Nc .Nr i =0 j =0
PSNR(n)dB = 20 log10 ( Vpeak=2k 1; k : S bit/ pixel
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Trong cng thc trn, thnh phn di mu c gi tr rt nh, l sai s bnh phng trung bnh (MSE) , do cng thc trn c th rt gn thnh PSNR(n)dB = 20 log10
Vpeak M SE
PSNR c tnh ton theo frame by frame, do vi s lng khung rt nhiu ln n hng nghn khung, ta khng th nh gi theo tng gi tr m s so snh PSNR ca video c m ha vi video nhn c theo frame by frame, ni cch khc l so snh lch trung bnh hay lch tiu chun . Cht lng video s c nh gi theo bng sau : Bng 1: Bng nh gi cht lng video PSNR[dB] >37 31-37 25-31 20-25 <20 4.1.2 o PSNR ca qu trnh m ha v gii m A, M hnh
YUV th ban u
nh gi Rt tt Tt Bnh thng Km Ti
B Nn (Encoder)
D liu nn
B Gii nn YUV th ti to (Decoder)
Hnh 4.1: M hnh o PSNR B, Chun b
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- Download on video coastguard_cif.7z t http://trace.eas.asu.edu/yuv/index.html sau gii nn thnh file coastguard_cif.yuv". y l file Video th YUV nh dng CIF (352x288). Tool: ., Download phn mm Cygwin, VLC ., B tool ca myevalvid2 ., Codec x264 nn v gii nn theo chun H.264 C, Tin hnh - Ci Cygwin ri ch mc n folder myevalvid2 trong cha cc file ca b tool myevalvid2, x264.exe, file th coastguard_cif.yuv - To file video th dng nn (compressed raw video) vi 30 frame/s, chiu di GOP ca 30 frame khng c B-frame, vi cu lnh ./x264 I 30 B 64 fps 30 o test264.264 coastguard_cif.yuv 352x288 - To file ISO MP4 cha cc frames v track m t cch ng gi frame truyn ti vi RTP ./MP4Box hint mtu 1024 fps 30 add test264.264 test264.mp4 - Gii nn thnh file th coastguard_cif_ref.yuv ./ffmpeg i test264.mp4 test264_ref.yuv - Tnh ton PSNR ./ psnr 352 288 420 coastguard_cif.yuv test264_cif_ref.yuv > psnr_test264_ref.txt - M file psnr_test264_ref.txt ri copy v paste vo chng trnh statistics.xls ta c PSNR ca tng frame nh sau: D, nh gi - T l nn = 45619200byte /78588byte = 580 ln
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- Bng thng = 64kbps
nh sau khi nn c snapshot bng phn mm VLC
Hnh 4.2: th o PSNR
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4.2 Th nghim 2: Mi quan h gia tc bit u ra v cc tham s iu khin tc

Download file YUV akiyo_cif.yuv t http://trace.eas.asu.edu/yuv/index.html Sau s dng b Codec x.264
Vi bc lng t ha QP =22
./x264 q 22 --bframes 2 --ipratio 1.4 --pbratio 1.3 -p 1 akiyo_cif.yuv -o qp22_akiyo_cif.264 352x288 ./MP4Box -hint -add qp22_akiyo_cif.264 qp22_akiyo_cif.mp4 ./ffmpeg i qp22_akiyo_cif.mp4 qp22_akiyo_cif.ref.264 ./psnr 352 288 420 akiyo_cif.yuv qp22_akiyo_cif_ref.yuv > qp22.txt
Vi bc lng t ha QP=20
./x264 q 20 --bframes 2 --ipratio 1.4 --pbratio 1.3 -p 1 akiyo_cif.yuv -o qp22_akiyo_cif.264 352x288 ./MP4Box -hint -add qp20_akiyo_cif.264 qp20_akiyo_cif.mp4 ./ffmpeg i qp20_akiyo_cif.mp4 qp20_akiyo_cif.ref.264 ./psnr 352 288 420 akiyo_cif.yuv qp20_akiyo_cif_ref.yuv > qp20.txt Tin hnh vi QP khc nhau ta c bng sau: Bng 4.1: Mi quan h gia QP v tc bit u ra b m ha
qp
20 22 24 25 26 28 30 32 34
fps
20.08 22.56 21.91 23.91 15.32 16.61 17.41 17.55 16.44
bitrate
202.18 144.99 103.75 92.33 77.24 57.71 42.83 32.27 25.18
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96 36 38 40 17.97 18.52 19.14 19.59 15.72 13.08
Bng 4.2: Mi quan h gia crf v tc bit u ra b m ha
crf
20 22 24 25 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
fps
7.69 13.33 14.44 21.35 16.92 15.16 15.87 16.46 17.79 16.82 18.48 18.88
bitrate
202.33 145.04 103.79 92.37 77.29 57.76 42.88 32.31 25.22 19.64 15.77 13.12
Hnh 4.3: quan h gia QP v tc bit u ra
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Hnh 4.4 : quan h gia CRF v tc bit u ra
Hnh 4.5: th biu din cht lng video tng ng vi gi tr QP Nhn xt: T nhng bng v th trn ta c mt s nhn xt sau: kt qu thc nghim ging vi l thuyt.
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mi quan h gia QP v tc bit u ra: QP tng tng ng vi t s nn tng, bit rate gim dn n cht lng video gim v ngc li. mi quan h gia CRF v tc bit u ra: CRF tng tng ng vi t s nn tng, bit rate gim dn n cht lng video gim v ngc li. thc hin o psnr ca file video m ho H.264 vi cc gi tr QP khc nhau ta thy c cht lng video ph thuc vo gi tr QP ng vi nhn xt trn.
4.3 Kt lun v kin ngh

Kt lun Qua qu trnh nghin cu chun H.264 cho thy nhng yu im ni tri ca n so vi cc chun khc. N cho t l nn rt cao nh c th truyn Video qua nhng ng truyn tc thp ( x.64kbps). V H.264 l nn tn hao nn khi t l nn cao th cht lng gim. Vy nn phi tnh ton cn bng gia cht lng v dung lng. H.264 c nhng yu im nhng ngc li n s dng nhng thut ton phc tp nn khi x l real time i hi tc x l phi cao. Nh c H.264 m IPTV c tnh kh thi cao. Kin ngh: Lun vn mi dng li vic nghin cu l thuyt cha can thip c vo code thc thi vic m ha v gii m H.264 cng nh lm nhng b codec bng phn cng. M hnh p dng H.264 vn rt chung chung, tng qut cha chi tit c th. Hng pht trin tng lai ca lun vn c th l can thip vo code lm cho b codec ti u hn nh iu khin tc (rate control), xy dng mt m hnh IPTV hon chnh trong d liu video c m ha H.264 ri truyn trong mng IPTV v c gii m khi nhn c tn hiu.
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TM TT LUN VN
D liu Video l nhng d liu c dung lng rt ln. C rt nhiu cc chun m ha (nn) d liu video c a ra nhm gim dung lng video m vn m bo cht lng. H.264 l mt chun m ha Video tin tin mi c a ra n lm rt tt iu ny. H.264 cho t s nn cao m cht lng vn m bo. Lun vn ny i vo nghin cu chun H.264 v ng dng ca n trong m hnh IPTV. Ni dung c bn ca lun vn gm 4 chng: Chng 1: C bn v nn Video s Chng 1 trnh by nhng kin thc c bn v nn Video s nh khi nim, c im, phng php nn v gii thiu mt chun nn rt in hnh l MPEG. Chng 2: Chun m ha Video tin tin H.264 Chng ny i vo chi tit chun m ha H.264 nh: cu trc b Codec H.264 (b m ha v gii m ha), cu trc d liu trong H.264, cc profile ca H.264 v mt s k thut trong H.264 Chng 3: ng dng H.264 trong m hnh IPTV H.264 c t l nn rt cao nn n c ng dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc. Nh c s ra i ca H.264 m IPTV tr nn hiu qu v thc t hn. Chng ny th hin chun H.264 c ng dng trong m hnh IPTV v cho chng ta bit v cc lp trong m hnh IPTV. Chng 4: Th nghim, kt lun v kin ngh Qua qu trnh nghin cu chun H.264, chng ny xy dng m hnh m ha mt file video th YUV theo chun H.264 bng b codec x264. T a ra nhng nh gi thng qua vic tnh ton PSNR, t s nn v xem on video sau khi nn. Th nghim mi quan h gia tc bit u ra vi nhng tham s iu khin tc Cui cng l a ra nhng kin ngh, kt lun v hng pht trin trong tng lai.
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ABSTRACT
Video data uses a huge amount of bits. There are many kinds of coding standards which have been used for the purpose of both reducing the bits consumption and ensuring the quality of video data. Among these coding standards, H.264 is the latest one which satisfies them all. H.264 offers a high compress ratio while ensuring the quality of data. This thesis aims to focus on the H.264 video coding standard and its application on IPTV model. The thesis consists of four chapters: Chapter 1: Video coding fundamentals Chapter one presents the basic knowledge of video data compression including the definition, its characteristics, source coding standard and the introduction of typical coding standard MPEG. Chapter 2: The advance video coding standard H.264 This chapter targets to discuss in more details about the video coding standard H.264 such as the structure of Codec H.264 (coder and decoder), data structure of H.264, Chapter 3: The application of video coding standard H.264 on IPTV model H.264 owns a high compress ratio. This is the reason why it has been used in many fields. Due to the introduction of H.264, IPTV is becoming more and more effective and reality. This chapter shows the application of H.264 on IPTV model and presents the slices of IPTV model as well. Chapter 4: Evaluation and Recommendation After researching the H.264, chapter four describes the process of coding a raw video file YUV by applying the H.264 standard using the codec x264. Then, it comes to the evaluation through the measure of PSNR, compress ratio and experience the video after coding and Testing about Rate Control. Finally, the writer makes necessary recommendations, conclusions and probable development prediction of this coding.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] [2] Iain E. G. Richardson, (2003), H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression Thomas Wiegand, Gary J. Sullivan, Gisle Bjontegaard, and Ajay Luthra,
Video Coding for Next-generation Multimedia , John Willey & Son (6/2003), Overview of the H.264 / AVC Video Coding Standard, IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems for video technology. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Hong Tin v Dng Thanh Phng, (2004), Gio trnh K thut truyn Nguyn Thanh Bnh v V Nguyn Quc Bo, (2007), X l m thanh, hnh Wes Simpson & Howard Greenfield, (2005), IPTV and Internet Video: New RFC 3626- request for comments Jirka Klaue, Berthold Rathke, and Adam Wolisz, (2003), EvalVid-A hnh, Nh xut bn KHKT, H Ni nh, Hc vin Cng ngh bu chnh vin thng. Markets in Television Broadscasting, Focal Press, United States of America.
Framework for Video Transmisssion and Quality Evaluation, Telecommunication Network Group (TKN). [8] [9] [10] http://wiki.videolan.org/ http://www.tapchibcvt.gov.vn http://trace.eas.asu.edu/yuv.index.html
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Thut ng AVC B Picture B-VOP

Context-adaptive Arithmetic Coding Context-adaptive Variable Length Coding

CODEC DCT DPCM

Coder and Decoder Discrete Cosine Transform Pulse Code Modulation

B m ha v gii m Bin i Cosin ri rc iu ch xung m vi phn

DPCM GOB GOP H.264

Differential Pulse Code Modulation Group of Blocks Group Of Picture

HDTV I_PCM IPTV IPTVCD IPTVCM I Picture

High Definition Television

Truyn hnh phn gii cao

Internet Protocol Television Internet Protocol Television Consumer Device

Truyn hnh theo giao thc IP Thit b s dng dch v IPTV

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

Chun nn nh JPEG c lng chuyn ng

Khi macro Chun nn nh ng MPEG Vector chuyn ng Lp mng tru tng

Predictive Code Picture picture_parameter_set Peak Signal To Noise Ratio

T s nh tn hiu trn tp m (thng s nh gi cht lng)

PES QoS QP SDTV RBSP SNR (S/N) RD RMS RLC RTP

Signal Noise Ratio

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

Reversible Variable Length Codes

B m bc chy theo chiu ngc c

SP SPS TCP TS UDP VCL VLC VO

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

1.1 K thut nn Video s

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

1.3 Cc phng php nn

Nn khng mt thng tin

Loai b khong xo JPEG

1 MPEG 2 Hnh 1.2: S phi hp cc k thut trong JPEG v MPEG

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

1.4 Tiu chun nn MPEG

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

D bo Inter mt chiu. nh d bo c to nh tham chiu trc (d bo nhn qu). nh

tham chiu ny c th l nh I hoc nh P gn nht.

C s dng b chuyn ng. Thng tin c lng chuyn ng ca cc

nh B l nh m ho lin nh hai chiu. Tc l:

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

C s dng b chuyn ng. D bo khng nhn qu, nh d bo gm cc MB ca c khung hnh

Khung d bo (P)= Khung trc - khung hin ti +Vector chuyn ng

Khung hnh trc (n -1)

Khung hnh hin ti (n)

Khung hnh tip (n+1)

Hnh 1.3: D on b chuyn ng mt chiu v hai chiu

Cu trc m: Lun bt u t mt nh I v kt thc bng mt nh I

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

Cu trc khp kn: Vic d on nh khng s dng thng tin ca GOP

Khi (Block): L n v c bn cho chuyn i DCT. Bao gm 8x8 im

nh tn hiu chi hoc tn hiu mu.

Khi Macro Block: L nhm cc khi DCT tng ng vi thng tin ca

Lt (slice): c cu thnh t mt hay mt s MB lin tip nhau. Phn

nh : Lp nh cho bn thu bit v loi m ho khung I, P, B. Phn

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

Hnh 1.4: Kin trc dng Video MPEG

Nhm nh (Group of Picture): Gm cu trc cc nh I, B v P. Mi nhm

bt u bng nh I cung cp im vo ra v tm kim.

Chui video ( Video Sequence): Lp chui bao gm phn Header, mt

Lun vn thc s khoa hc