j a Ray Optics and — Optical Instruments Bitsy le) eA TOPIC! Reflection, Refraction, Lens and Prism Ray Optics or Geometrical Optics In this branch of optics, the light is considered as a ray which travels in a straight line. It states that for each and every object, there is an image. It deals with the phenomena of reflection and refraction of light by ordinary geometrical methods. Reflection of Light Reflection is the phenomenon of changing the path of light after incidenting on a smooth surface without any change in the medium. + N(Normal) ° Reflection from plane surface The returning back of light in the same medi" ithas come after striking a smooth surface is called reflection of light,poy Optics ond Optical instruments of Reflection jo las oF FeMection are given below 0 The anele of incidence is cqual to the angle of reflection r ic {i) The incident ray, reMected reflecting surface at the the same plane. ray and normal to the Point of incidence all lie in iypes of Mirror Phere are LO types of mirror ior Part of a hollow sphere, spherical mirrors are also of two types (a) Concave spherical mirror (b) Convex spherical mirror robe Cone gs ce whose reflecting Concave, mror rea surtace Reflecting surfoce of spherical mirror Sign Convention All measurements should be taken from pole of mirror. * All measurements along the direction of incident ray will be Positive and opposite to incident ray are negative. * All te measurements for the distances above the Principal axis are taken as positive and below the principal axis are taken as negative. * For areal object, w is negative whereas v is negative for real image and positive for virtual image. Mirror Direction of Incident light —— Heights. PlPole) Xais Heights] Distances against downwards incident light, negative |negative Distances along incident lignt positive Sign convention Mirror Formula Mirror formula is a relat Focal length of mirror (fn) where, f is focal of mirror and R is Linear Magnification 1 vo The ratio of the size of the image formed by a spherical ‘mirror 1 to the size of the object O is called the linear magnification produced by the spherical mirror. tis negative for real image and positive for virtual image. Refraction ‘The phenomenon of changing the path of light as it goes from one transparent medium to another is called refraction. Incident Normal neat ay (Pare fe (e)POtacted ray © Laws of Refraction Two laws of reffaction are given as (i) The incident ray, refracted nhapterwise CBSE Solved Pop, rs PAE Seg Ors ee ine of the angle of incidence 10 the Gi) The ratio of the si sine of the angle of refraction is constant fOr the wo ‘given media. This constant is denoted by and is called the relative refractive index, n {hy = S24 (Snell's law) i sin r where, ht is refractive index ofthe second medium with respect to first medium. nere, = rorractve index of denser medium yi, jum. N Absolute Refractive Index torarermedl , ‘The refractive index (1) of a medium oe rae he Total Internal Reflection (TIR) 5 . og ight travelling from denser me speed of light (c) in vacuum to the medium (¥). ‘When a ray Of a Mathematically, refracti medium is incident 2 the interface of tW0 mesg ingle greater the critical angle for the two p. Mected back to denser mediun, Ts : is totally 7 ae rcalied Total Internal Reflection ve index is given by the relation ‘Speed of light in the vacuum, Speed of light in the medium fnenomenon is called FT Oa = nly when angle ‘of incidence in denser medium Itis also referred to as absolute refractive index of the ea) angle ical angle ie. isp 8 medium. Principle of Reversibility of Light neg " Principle of reversibility of light states that when final path Biel ofa ray of light after suffering any number of reflections a and refractions is reversed, the ray of ight retraces its path, ts exactly. Done | rele = aes cae } reflected rays Dae abd Total Internal Reflection Refraction at a Spherical Surfaces There are two refraction at a spherical surfaces (i) Reffaction formula for refraction by convex spherical refracting surfaces is given by N mirror principle of reversibility of isht Critical Angle (ic) ‘The angle of incidence in denser m .edium for which angle Of refraction in rarer medium is 90° is called the eral angle of the denser medium. were jy, gaze refractive indices at : ree media and ie vand Rae to be taken vi cited i Denseredt me age angle ae (Gi) When refraction takes place from Se f medium, then comgoy Optics end Optical Instruments - Ss jas is transparent medium bounded by two su tafe one o both Sufices are spherical aoe convex or Converging Lens which is thicker at the i lens at the centre and thinner at its A flled convex lens. Convex lenses are of three hes hare given as below: of ues) peg whic Double convex. Plans jo-convex _Coneavo-corwex tens lens lens concave or Diverging Lens ‘Alen which is thinner at the centre and thicker at its ends jsealled a concave lens. Concave lenses are of three types ‘which are given as below \( ( Double concave lens Plane-concave Convexo-concave lens lens Lens Maker’s Formula for a Convex Lens This formula relates the focal length of a lens to the refractive index of lens and radii of curvature of two surfaces. Uf =(u=1 WR, -VR2) uisrefractive index of material of lens with respect to surrounding media and Ry, R» is radii of curvatures of two surfaces. There are some important points related to Lens Maker's formula When lens of refractive index 1 is immersed in a medium of refractive index y'’, then (i) When lens is taken in another medium, then focal length changes to f,, which is given by (ve) eae In Kw JR Re (ii) If’ =1, i.e, medium is air, the focal length of lens (ie. f,) is given by Vf, =(u— 1) Q/R, -UR2) (HD (dividing Eq. (i) by Ea. (@) oi) Gi) Gi) 2 We (# =) u (vy) If pap > f,=0 => lens behaves like a glass slab. () Ifu fq > f_ and nature reversed. (vi) Ifu>y’ = f,,>f_ and nature remains same, Linear Magnification Produced by a Lens Linear magnification of a lens is defined as, the ratio of the height of the image formed by the lens and height of the object Linear magnification] meats aoeeameanD Height of object(O) For Convex Lens ‘When image is real, m=—I/O =v/—w When image is real, itis the other side of object. ASEM. When image is virtual, m=1/ When image is virtual, it is erect and forms on the same side of object. ‘Thus, it can be said that convex lens gives positive linear magnification for virtual image negative linear magnification for real image.en _______— Chapterwise CBSE Solved Paper, . Pi Se \ Power of combination of lenses in contact is Biven For Concave ey | Je heave lens always forms virtual image, li ificati Bey linear = Pyt-.+P, => magnification of concave lens, m=1/O = v/u P=P, +P, pre, ts Conca) always gi itive li ae ; — Other So for ties baminctes we mane Baton: {GT Magnification by combination of lenses m=m, xm, Ms -- Prism © Tim|>1 = image is magnified. Prism has the property of bending the incident jigh, ae Bo diminished, towards its base. A prism is a wedged shaped portion of a transparent medium bounded by two plane faces inclined to each, Thin Lens Formula at a suitable angle. It is a relation between focal length of a lens and distances We get, +m =A and 6=4 + —A A Refracting edge (Git) If] m| =1 = image is of same size as the object. of objects and image from optical centre of the lens. Lens formula, [l/f =1/v—1/u When the prism is adjusted at angle of minimum deviatix then Power of Lens (a) angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emerge The ability of a lens to converge or diverge the rays of light (b) 4, =b,% =%,5=8,,, A+5,, =2iand2r=4 incident on it. It is called the power of the lens. ee ( A on Ji : Thus, P=1/f (inm) SI unit of power of lens is dioptre (D) or m™ =>6,~(H-1)A (for small angle of prism 1TOPIC2 eT . t: th OF t Optical Instruments case When the image is formed at the infinity ase Near Point and Far Point of Human Eye * Near Point (D) The minimum distance from the eye at which an object can be seen most distinctly without any strain. For a healthy normal eye, it is 25 em. It is also known as least distance of distinct vision. e Far Point The farthest point from the eye, at which an object can be seen clearly by the eye is called the far point of the eye. For a normal eye, the far point is at infinity. Simple Microscope (Magnifying Glass) It is a converging lens of short focal length, held close to the eye. Case1 When image is formed at the near point. Then, ) Compound Microscope Bh aa device Which consists of two convex le and Dee very small focal length with short ape aperture, “piece, E of moderate focal length and large In the case of when eye is placed behind th distance a, th . ent—- Compound microscope, final Image ot D. wees where, ™e and m, are the individual magnifying powers of ‘objective and eye lens. eel - z } when final image is at near point Bl Se weve - when final image is at the infinity = ~£ . 2 7, Where L = Distance between the two lenses uy fe fe ‘Compound microscope, final image at infinity, ie when the final image is formed at infinity, the length of the compound microscope, Refracting Astronomical Telescope : Itvonsists of an objective lens of a large focal length (f,,) and large aperture, length, raion eye lens 5 () Magnification when final image is formed at infinity,‘and Optical Instruments ee 2 . frei Poves of electing telescopes are i) Cassegrain reflecting telescope. Le [ | el | f tonsa 41. i | = . . For final image formed at infinity, Eyepiece 0 oT iy “oleae vou pentonian reflecting telescope, and R is the radius of curvature of objective miroe Bj Previous Years Questions a Mark Questions utiple Choice Questions intermediate image formed by the objective of 1 ue mcro5° ee 5 d by the objective of a (ere, inverted and magnified (peal erect and magnified {@) virtual, erect and magni fied {@)sirwa, inverted and magnified Very Short Answer Question 4. An astronomical telescope may be ® refracting type OF An flecting type. Which of the two produces IDA” © better quality? Justify your answer. Al india 2020 2 Marks Questions 5, Draw the ray diagram of an astronomical telessoPe srowwing image formation in the normal adjustment EE ‘ ve 2 ifthe focal length ofthe eyepiece ofa telescope is ae ie he expression or a yy Foxe, its magnifying power m will be m 6. Explain two advantages ofa reflesting telescope Oo @2m wan OF ae a refracting telescope. CBSE 2018, 7. Define the magnifying power of @ compound penoscope when the final image is formed at infinity. Why must both the objective and the eyepicss ofa Gompound microseope has short focal lengths? Delhi 2017 Assertion-Reason Questions Directions (Q. No. 3) Inthe following questions, wo atements are given- OnE labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to Explain these questions from the ‘codes (a), (b), (¢) and (d) as. given below 8. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length (@ both Assertion and Reason are conect and Reason 150 em and eyepiece of focal lengtt 5 em. What is the is the correct explanation of Assertion. magnifying power ofthe telescope for viewing (@) Iboth Assertion and Reason ste core” but Reason distance objects in normal adjustments is not the correct explanation of Assertion. If this telescope is used to view & 100 m tall tower 3 (6) If Assertion is correct but Reasons incorrect. km away, then what is the height of the [Owes cee thi 2015 (@) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are incorrect. 3, Assertion (A) A convex lens of focal Jength 30 cm can’t be used as a simple microscope in normal __ setting. Reason (R) For normal setting, the angler an i i i cope is M = * Thagnification of simple micTos©P° 556 4+5m =2iand2r= 4 (a) 230 am (b) 345 om (©) 460 nm (@) 690 nm aa Refractive index is directly proportional to the speed of light and inversely to speed of light" medium. 3. A ray of light travels a distance of 12.0 min@ sheet is cost (a) 1.33 1.50 (©) 1.65 a 1 Esoy Otis and Optical instruments 4. Aray of light of wavelength 600 airintoa medium, [Pits waveleny ecomes 400 nm, the rethaetive is @i4 ‘AM propagates from wath in the medium index of the medium, USE 2023 Wis 5. Light from a point source in air falls on a spherical glass surface ("= 1.5 and radius of curvature = 20 em), The distance of the light source from the glass surface is 100 cm. Image distance from the glass surfice is CBSE SQ? 2020.21 (b) 50cm (@) 75 om Abiconcave lens of power P vertically splits into two identical plano-concave parts. The power of each part will be Delhi 2020 2 or @e pat ae 2 cm Power of the lens is inversely proportional tothe focal | length of the lens, ) Ls O16 (206m (©) 100 em assertion-Reason Questions pirestions (Q. Nos. 7-13) In the following questions, two séatements are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the saber labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (i) as given below (@ Ifboth Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion (0) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. (©) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (@ Ifboth Assertion and Reason are incorrect. 7, Assertion A convex mirror cannot form real images. Reason Convex mirror converges the parallel rays. that are incident on it. CCSBE SaP 2020-21 8, Assertion The focal length of the convex mirror will increase, if the mirror is placed in water. Reason The focal length of a convex mirror of R PadinsRisequaltof =>. eyse sae 2000-21 9. Assertion A ray of light incident along the normal to the plane mirror retraces its path after reflection from the mirror. Reason A ray of light along the normal has angle of incidence as 7/2. 10. Assertion A convex mirror always make a virtual image. * Reason The rays always diverge after reflection from the convex mirror, ‘11. Assertion The images formed by total internal reflection are much brighter than those formed by 8 oF lenses, Reason There is no loss of intensity in total internal reflection. 12. Assertion A diverging lens (in air) cannot be made ‘more diverging whatever be the medium we choose to completely immerse the lens. Reason The minimum refractive index of any mediumis 1, 13. Assertion A hollow lens behaves like a thin glass plate. Reason Power of this lens becomes zero. Very Short Answer Questions 14, A ray of light is incident on a medium with angle of incidence j and is refracted into a second medium with angle of refraction r: The graph ofsin i versussin ris as shown. Find the ratio of the velocity of light in the first medium to the velocity of light in the second medium. 0-608 wr 15. State the factors on which the refractive index of a material medium for a given wavelength depends. CBSE SQP 2017-18 46. Sketch the emergent wavefront Glass. Glass ae CBSE SQP 2017-18 17. Define the power of a lens. Write its SI unit. (CBSE 2018¢ 48, A concave lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in ‘a medium of refractive index 1.65. What is the nature of the lens? All india 2015| 19. When an object is placed between f and 2/ of a ‘concave mirror, would the image formed be (i) real ‘or virtual and (ii) diminished or magnified? 20. A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in a water of refractive index 1,33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens? Give reason. All India 2014 21. A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens? Give reason. All Indio 2014 Delhi 2015¢ 22. A convex lens is placed in contact with a plane mirror. A point object at a distance of 20 cm on the axis of this combination has its image coinciding with itself. What is the focal length of the len: All indi 2014 23. Write the relationship between angle of incidence i, angle of prism A and angle of minimum deviations 5, fora triangular prism. Delhi 2013 24. When red light passing through a convex lens is replaced by light of blue colour, how will the focal length of the lens change? All Indio 2013. 25. How does focal length of a lens change when red light incident on it is replaced by violet light? Give reason for your answer. Foreign 2012 & WSiaea ] This question can be answered by considering the Lens ‘Maker's formula. From the formula, we can identify which factor will change on changing the wavelength. 26. Under what condition, does a biconvex lens of glass having a certain refractive index act as a plane glass sheet when immersed in @ liquid? Delhi 2012 27. For the same value of angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three media 4, B and C are 15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which medium, would the velocity of light be minimum? All Indio 2012 28. When monochromatic light travels from one medium to another, its wavelength changes but frequency remains the same. Explain Delhi 2011 29. Ifa ray of light propagates from a rarer to a denser ‘medium, how does its frequency change? All India 20116 . 31. A converging lens axi 32. 2 Marks Questions 34. A point object in air is placed symmetrically cn 35. 37. Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers for the phenomenon of total State the crit ri Doth reflection of light to take place ally in contact with a di th the lenses being of equal focal len, fh ofthe combination? —— All Ini Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 30°. Two thin lenses of power +6D and ~2D are in, tact. What is the focal length of the combination, ie a lens; What is the focal lengtt distance of 60 cm in front of @ concave phate ; surface of refractive index 1.5. Ifthe radius of curvature of the surface is 20 cm, find the positio the image formed. In the given figure, the radius of curvature of face in the plano-convex and the plano-concave is 15 cm each. The refractive index of the the lenses is 1.5. Find the final position of formed. A biconvex lens made of a transparent materia refractive index 1.25 is immersed in water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave converging or a diverging lens? Justify you CASE sa Calculate the radius of curvature of an equi- lens of refractive index 1.5, when it is kept medium of refractive index 1.4, to have a pox -SD? An equilateral glass prism has a refractive in in air. Calculate the angle of minimum de pees when kept in a medium of refracti 42 5 Under what conditions does the phenomeno internal reflection take place? Draw a ray di showing how a ray of light deviates by 90' Passing through a right-angled isosceles— Roy Optics and Optical | truments 40, A deam of light converges at a point P, Draw ray diagrams (© show where the beam will converge if (i) convex lens and (ii) a concave lens is kept in the path of the beam. Al Indio 2019 State with the help of a ray diagram, the working principle of optical fibres. Write one important use of optical fibres. All india 2019 ate The figure shows a ray of light A falling normally on the face 4B ‘of an equilateral glass prism having refractive index 3/2, placed in water of refractive index 4/3. Will this ray suffer toial internal reflection on striking the face AC ? Justify your answer. CBs 2018 aH c Ary PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC made of material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray through the prism, From which face will the ray emerge? Justify your answer. Al Indio. 2016 A 9 60" 8 c Use the mirror equation to show that an object placed between F and 2F of a concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2F. All india 2015 How does the refractive index of a transparent 30: medium depend on the wavelength of incident light used? Velocity of light in glass is 2<10* m/s and in air is3 x 10° m/s. If the ray of light passes from glass to air, calculate the value of critical angle. Foreign 2015 An equiconvex lens of focal length f is cut into two identical plane convex lenses. How will the power of each part be related to the focal length of the original lens ? A double convex lens of +5 D is made of glass of refractive index 1.55 with both faces of equal radii of ‘curvature. Find the value of its radius of curvature. Foreign 2015 Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face 4B of an isosceles right-angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of the glass prism. for the two rays 1 and 2 are respectively 1.35 and 51. 47, 52. (ii) Angle of minimum deviation, 5,, =2i— 4 1.45. Truce the path of these rays after entering. through the prism. ‘All Indie 2014 Ans: 2 a c A ray of light falls on a transparent sphere with centre C as shown in the figure. The ray emerges from the sphere parallel to the line AB. Find the angle of refraction of A, if the refractive index of B. material of sphere is Foroign 2014 Figure shows a ray of light passing through a Ii the refracted ray OR is parallel to the base show that () i =m =Al2and Foreign A ray PQis incident normally on the face triangular prism of refracting angle of 60° transparent material of refractive index 2/v shown in the figure. Trace the path of passes through the prism. Also, calet emergence and angle of deviation. 4 p ic A conyex lens of focal length f; is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal length f. Find the focal length of the combination. All india 2013 ‘When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, explain the following giving reasons,—— oe ( Bs the frequency of refectd und react ht tame as the frequency of incident Light? Gi) Dow the decrease in speed imply a reduction the energy carried by light wave? ‘Delhi 2013 53. (@ Write the necessary conditions for the “of total internal reflection to occu. 4) Write the relation between the refractive index and Tirical angle for given pair oFoptical medit, Jength 25 cm is placed th a concave lens of focal Jength 20 cm. Determine the power of the Combination. Will the system be converging of diverging in nature? Delhi 2013, | | Evalentoallength sven by 7 | weneres for power of combination 5 => oe pees ‘55, Trace the path ofa ray of light passing through 2 glass prism ABC as shown in the figure. Ifthe fefractive index of glass is V3, then find out the value of the angle of emergence from the prism. Foreign 2012 A 3 Ac 56. A ray of light incident on an equilateral glass prism (4, = V3) moves parallel to the base line of the prism inside it. Find the angle of incidence for this ray. Dethi 2012 57. An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure. A (@ Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object. __ Chopterwive CBSE Solved Papers: pay sition and intensity Of the i i) How will the por (tO eraTected ifthe lower balf ofthe mirror, beroting surtace is painted DIK? Atyg, 5 are known t (i) Plane and convex mirrors a0 Be bag Hy). Use this diagram to deduce the po/v py /u= p19 —444/R, where wand v respectively the distance of the object and the formed. Delhi 1.5 is dipped in (i) a medium of refractive index 1.65 Gi) a medium of refractive index 1.33 (a) Will it behave as a converging lens or a diverging lens in the two cases? (b) How will its focal length change in the media? AN India 94. Find the position of the image formed of the object by the lens combination given in the figure. f= +10em—10em 30m. 130 em: Bom Tem Foreign 201 95._ State the necessary conditions for producing total internal reflection of light. Draw ray diagrams to show how specially designed prisms make use ofa Chapterwise CBSE Solved Popers my), total intemal reflection to obtain inverted image of the object by deviation of rays ‘All indio 2011 96. A ray of light is incident on one face of a glass prism and emenges out from the other face, Trace the path ofthe ray and derive an expression for refractive index of the glass prism. Delhi 2011¢ ‘97 The image obtained with a convex lens is erect and its length is four times the length of the object. If the focal length of the lens is 20 cm, calculate the object and image distances, All indio 2010 ‘98. (i) How is the focal length of spherical mirror affected when it is immersed in water? (Gi) A convex lens has 10 cm focal length in air. What is its focal lenath in water? (Refractive index of air-water = 1.33, refractive index of air-glass =19. Foreign 2010 99. An object of 3 em height is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 30 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the image formed. ‘All nia 2010C & Siices Size of image produced by convex mirrors given by 1 v o 5 Marks Questions 4100. (i) Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of a real image of an object placed at a distance win front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature R Hence, obtain the relation for the image distance v in terms of wand R. (ii) A 1.8 mall person stands in front of a convex lens of focal length | m, at a distance of 5 m. Find the position and height of the image formed. case 2023 101. (i) Draw a ray diagram showing refraction of a ray of light through a triangular glass prism. Hence, obtain the relation for the refractive index (j) in terms of angle of prism (4) and angle of minimum deviation (6,,). (ii) The radii of curvature of the two surfaces of a concave lens are 20 cm each. Find the refractive index of the material of the lens, if its power is -5.0D. CBSE 2023 12. A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60> .,, face ofa prism with the prism angle A = 6g» 7,)% passes symmetrically through the prism, Fing °% fingle of minimum deviation (5 ,) and refracy index of the material of the prism. If the prisy, immersed in water, how will, be affected? ). you answer. Chie 4103. (i) Draw the ray diagram showing refraction light through a glass prism. Derive the expr for the refractive index } of the material of, in terms of the angle of prism A and angle ‘minimum deviation (i) A ray of light PQ enters an isosceles r prism ABC of refractive index 1.5 as figure. (a) Trace the path of the ray through the pri (b) What will be the effect on the path ofthe ny the refractive index of the prism is 1.4 2 Al Indi 104. (i) Two thin lenses are placed co-axially in co! Obtain the expression for the focal length ofthis combination in terms of the focal lengths of the two lenses, (ii) A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 hasa power of 10D. When it is completely immes 4 liquid, it behaves as a diverging lens of focal length 50 em. Find the refractive index of liquid. Ail Indo 2 105. (i) Define the term focal length of a mirror. With help of a ray diagram, obtain the relation b its focal length and radius of curvature. (ii) Cateulate the angle of emergence (¢) of the ray of light incident normally on the face AC of a glass prism ABC of refractive index /3. How will the angle of emergence change qualitatively, if the ray of light ‘emerges from the prism into a liquid of refractive index 1.3 instead of air? Delhi b‘and Optical Instruments mirror equation for g Convex Derr that a CONVEX mirror aly, Fee dependent of the Ine one mirror, YS produc ‘ation of Object, CBSE SQP 2019.29 ‘Omenon of total served? Obtain the ngle of incidence Using it, 8 Virtual what condition: reflection of light is ob. - elation between the critical ay the refractive index of the medium qhree lenses of focal lengths +1 @ ocmare arranged coaxially a yen below. Find the position formed by the combination, Ocm, —[Link] and Ss in the figure Of the final image 10cm —10crh 4.30 om All India 2019 og.@) When a convex lens of focal length we 40 em is in contact with a concay ength 20 cm, find out if the syst or diverging. (i) Obtain the expression for the angle of incidence of _aray of light which is incident on the face of a prism of refracting angle A so that it suffers total internal reflection at the other face. (Given the teftactive index of the glass of the prism is ), 7 All India 2019 i.) Derive the mathematical relation between effactive indices 11, and j1, of two radii and tadius of curvature R for refraction at a convex ‘spherical surface. Consider the object to be a point _ Source lying on the principal axis in rarer medium _ Ofreffactive index 1, and a real image formed in the denser medium of refractive index 11. Hence, ___ derive lens maker’s formul Light from a point source in air falls on a convex "Spherical glass surface of refractive index 1.5 and Tadius of curvature 20 cm. The distance of light € lens of focal fem is converging sm, At what All India 2016 source from the glass surface is 100 ¢ Position is the image formed? 110. (i) A ray PQ of light is incident on the face oa glass prism ABC (as shown in the fate Bie emerges out of the face AC. Trace the pal ee ray. Show that Zi+ Ze= ZA + 26, where, denote the angle of deviation and angle of emergence respectively. Plot a graph showing the variation of the angle of devistion of RsGeenSE angle of incidence. State the condition under which 26 is minimum. (ii) Find out the relation between the refractive index (4) of the glass prism and 24 for the case, when the angle of prism (4) is equal to the angle of minimum deviation (6, ). Hence, obtain the value of the refractive index for angle of prism A =60°. Delhi 2015 111. Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of the image by a point object on the principal axis of a spherical convex surface separating two media of refractive indices 1, and 1, when a point source is kept in rarer medium of refractive index 1, . Derive the relation between object and image distance in terms of refractive index of the medium and radius of curvature of the surface. Hence, obtain the expression for lens Maker’s formula in the case of thin convex lens, Delhi 2014¢ 112. (i) Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of a ray of monochromatic light passing through a glass prism. Deduce the expression for the refractive index of glass in terms of angle of prism and angle of minimum deviation, Gi) Explain briefly how the phenomenon of total internal reflection is used in fibre optics. Delhi 2011 (Explanations =