Precedence “Precedence” refers to the order or priority given to certain elements, actions, or rules over others. It determines which item takes priority in situations where multiple considerations are involved. The concept of precedence is applied in various fields, such as: 1. Mathematics and Programming: + Operator Precedence: In arithmetic and programming, certain operations (e.g., multiplication and division) are performed before others (e.g., addition and subtraction) unless parentheses are used to override the default order. Example: In3 + 4 * 2, multiplication takes precedence, so the resultis3 + (4 * 2) = 11. 2. Law and Governance: + In legal contexts, precedence refers to a decision or case that serves as an authoritative example for future [or= Tot oS Example: Court decisions establish precedents for future legal interpretations. 3. Social and Ceremonial: + Precedence defines the order of importance or rank in formal settings, such as determining seating arrangements or the order of speeches at events. 4. Linguistics: + The precedence of grammatical rules determines the order in which words or structures are interpreted Ta c1alcalecton Would you like an example or further explanation in a specific area? | gmdependent variable oY, jtisa factor or intervention whose effect has to be studied. is also known as cause. | Dependent variable .. Itis the concept which is cha intervention (independent variableis a subjectreaction to change Extraneous variables « Theses are other factors which can affect the dependent variable. The true effect ofthe intervention can only be measured when the possible effect of all other factors which might | produce a change in dependent variable are controlled. Give 2 examples of each point Here are two examples for each type of variable based on the definitions provided: 1. Independent Variable + Example 1: The amount of fertilizer applied to plants (independent variable) affects their growth. + Example 2: The number of study hours (independent variable) affects students’ exam scores. 2. Dependent Variable + Example 1: The growth of plants (dependent variable) changes based on the amount of fertilizer used. - Example 2: The students’ exam scores (dependent variable) depend on the number of hours spent studying. 3. Extraneous Variables Example 1: The quality of soil and sunlight (extraneous variables) could also affect plant growth in the fertilizer experiment. Example 2: The student's health and prior knowledge (extraneous variables) might influence their exam scores in addition to study hours. Would you like me to elaborate further or clarify these examples? Yes Here's a more detailed explanation of the examples: 1. Independent Variable The independent variable is the factor that the researcher manipulates or changes to observe its effect. It is the “cause” in the cause-and-effect relationship. Example 1 (Fertilizer and Plant Growth): + Independent Variable: The amount of fertilizer applied (e.g., Og, 50g, 100g). + In this experiment, you control how much fertilizer is given to the plants to see how it affects their growth. Example 2 (Study Hours and Exam Scores): + Independent Variable: Number of hours spent studying (e.g., 1 hour, 3 hours, 5 hours). * You alter the amount of study time to observe its impact on the exam performance of students. 2. Dependent Variable The dependent variable is the outcome or effect being measured, which depends on the independent variable. It represents the “effect” in the cause-and-effect relationship. Example 1 (Fertilizer and Plant Growth): + Dependent Variable: The height or biomass of the plants. + By measuring plant growth (e.g., height in centimeters), you determine the effect of varying fertilizer levels. Example 2 (Study Hours and Exam Teg) + Dependent Variable: Exam scores or grades. Pee COLOR -TarlNe4-M UR) CLM CM OM Lot tt) how the study hours influenced academic performance. 3. Extraneous Variables Oe tee CR at] tele alae] factors that might interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. If not controlled, these variables can skew dng e101 Coe Example 1 (Fertilizer and Plant Growth): - Extraneous Variables: * Quality of soil: Fertilizer might not be effective if the soil lacks essential nutrients. + Amount of sunlight: Plants receiving more sunlight might grow better regardless of fertilizer use. SC reer etc Scores): + Extraneous Variables: + Student's health: A sick student might score lower regardless of study hours. Prior knowledge: A student who already understands the material may perform well even with limited study time. Controlling Extraneous Variables Researchers often use techniques like randomization, standardized procedures, or controlled environments to minimize the impact of extraneous variables. For example: + In the fertilizer experiment, keep all plants in the same soil and under the same lighting conditions. + In the study hours experiment, test students with similar academic backgrounds and health conditions. Let me know if you'd like further clarification or help with a related topic! chatgpt.com