CREATED BY

GROUP 1

TYPES OF VARIABLES
AND THEIR USES
THERE ARE 8 TYPES OF
VARIABLES

Independent variables Confounding variables

Dependent variables Intervening variables
Control variables Composite variables
Moderating variables Extraneous variables
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES
A singular characteristic that the
other variables in your
experiment cannot change
It can change other variables; the
dependent variables
HOW IS IT USED?
The independent variable is mostly used in
experimental research
The independent varibale is usually
used as:
- Treatment
- To see how the outcomes differ
given the intervention.
This explains why the independent
variable is referred to as the “cause”
of a particular effect
FOR EXAMPLE
In a study examining the
impact of exercise on weight
loss, the independent
variable would be the
amount of exercise.
 FOR EXAMPLE
The Impact of Teaching Methods on Student Learning
Outcomes in Strands with Math major

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Teaching Methods Student Learning

Outcomes in Math
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
The type of variable that is being measured in
quantitative research
- Most particularly in experimental research,
where researchers do not directly control this
variable.
Relies and is changed by other components or
variables. It can be influenced by independent
variable, but not the other way around
HOW IS IT USED?
is used to to represent
the “outcome” or
“effect” that researchers
measure in the study.
FOR EXAMPLE
In the exercise and weight
loss study, the dependent
variable would be the
weight loss achieved by
participants.
 FOR EXAMPLE
Exploring the Factors Influencing High School Dropout
Rates: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural
Schools

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Factors in Urban/Rural Student Dropout Rates

Schools
CONTROLLED
VARIABLES
are properties that researchers hold
constant to prevent them from
affecting the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.
Keeping their values consistent helps the
study establish the true relationships
between the independent and
dependent variables
HOW IS IT USED?
To enhance the internal validity of a
study by limiting the influence of
confounding and other extraneous
variables.

This helps you establish a

correlational or causal relationship
between your variables of interest
and helps avoid research bias.
FOR EXAMPLE
In the same study of the
two other variables,
controlled variables might
include factors like age,
diet, or initial weight.
 FOR EXAMPLE
Exploring the Factors Influencing High School Dropout
Rates: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural
Schools

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Factors in Urban/Rural Student Dropout Rates

Schools
MODERATING
VARIABLES
affects the direction and strength of the
relationship between dependent and
independent variables . Also, it can help
you see beyond studying what's
happening and why it is happening or
why it isn't happening between the two
variables in your research.
HOW IS IT USED?
To assess whether the relationship between
an independent variable and a dependent
variable varies depending on the level of
the moderating variable.

It helps researchers understand the

conditions under which the relationship
between the independent and dependent
variables is stronger, weaker, or even
reversed, providing perspectives into the
nature of causal relationships.
FOR EXAMPLE
In a study investigating the
relationship between exercise
(independent variable) and
weight loss (dependent
variable), a moderating
variable could be genetics.
 FOR EXAMPLE
The Effects of Screen Time on a Student’s Mental
Health
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Effects of Screen Time A Student’s Mental Health

Moderating Variable:

Addiction
CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
a third variable in a statistical study that
affects both the independent and
dependent variables, leading to a spurious
or misleading association between them.
In other words, it can create the appearance
of a causal relationship between two
variables when, in reality, the relationship is
due to the confounding variable.
HOW IS IT USED?
to prevent distortion of
the relationship between
independent and
dependent variables,
improving internal
validity.
FOR EXAMPLE
In a experiment investigating the
impact of different diets
(independent variable) on weight
loss (dependent variable), a
confounding variable could be the
participants' level of physical
activity.
 FOR EXAMPLE
The Effects of Student Workload on Academic
Performance in High School
Confounding Variable:

Time Management

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Workload given to SHS Academic Performance of

Students Students
INTERVENING
VARIABLES
a variable that affects the relationship
between an independent variable and a
dependent variable.
Often this type of variable can appear
when researchers are studying the
relationship between two variables and
don’t realize that another variable is
actually intervening in the relationship.
HOW IS IT USED?
To explain the mechanisms between
independent and dependent
variables, offering insights into
causal pathways.
This helps you establish a
correlational or causal relationship
between your variables of interest
and helps avoid research bias.
FOR EXAMPLE
In a study investigating the
relationship between studying
(independent variable) and exam
performance (dependent
variable), an intervening
variable could be memory
retention.
 FOR EXAMPLE
The Effects of Student Workload on Academic
Performance in High School
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Workload given to SHS Academic Performance of

Students Students

Intervening Variable:

Time Management
COMPOSITE VARIABLES

also known as a composite measure

or composite index, is a statistical
construct created by combining two
or more individual variables or
indicators into a single, unified
measure.
HOW IS IT USED?
to simplify complex data
and provide a more
comprehensive view of a
concept or phenomenon.
FOR EXAMPLE
In educational research, A Study
Habits Score is created by
combining factors like study hours,
organization, and study aid usage
into a single variable to assess
overall study habits' impact on
academic success.
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES

A variable that is not investigated or

was not originally considered by the
researcher when designing the
experiment but could possibly affect
the findings or results of the study.
HOW IS IT USED?
to isolate the specific impact of
independent variables on
dependent variables, bolstering
research validity.
FOR EXAMPLE
In a psychology experiment
investigating the effect of music
(independent variable) on mood
(dependent variable),
extraneous variables could
include the volume of the music
or the type of music genre
 FOR EXAMPLE
Extraneous Variable:
Impact of Extracurricular
Activities on High School
Family Dynamics
Students' Well-being and
Stress Levels

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Amount and Difficulty of Student’s Well-being and Stress

Extracurricular Activities Levels
 FOR EXAMPLE
Extraneous Variable:
Impact of Technology
Integration on SHS Students'
Teacher Training
Learning Outcomes in English
Classes

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Technology Integration SHS Students' Learning

Outcomes in English
 GROUP ACTIVITY
GET YOUR WHITEBOARDS AND MARKERS READY!
1. WHAT TYPE OF A. Intervening
VARIABLE AFFECTS
VarIAble
BOTH INDEPENDENT
AND DEPENDENT B. Controlled
VARIABLE, LEADING
Variable
TO A MISLEADING
ASSOCIATION C. Confounding
BETWEEN THEM?
Variable
2. WHAT IS THE A. Dependent
TYPE OF Variable
VARIABLE B. Independent
RELIES AND IS
Variable
CHANGED BY
C. Controlled
OTHER
COMPONENTS Variable
3. IT EXPLAINS A. Moderating
THE MECHANISM
BETWEEN Variable
INDEPENDENT AND B. Intervening
DEPENDENT
VARIABLES,
VariAble
OFFERING INSIGHT C. Composite
INTO CAUSAL
PATHWAYS
Variable
4. IT IS USED TO A. Extranous
ISOLATE THE
SPECIFIC IMPACTS Variable
OF INDEPENDENT B. Moderating
VARIABLES ON
DEPENDENT
Variable
VARIABLES, C. Composite
BOLSTERING
Variable
RESEARCH VALIDITY.
5. A SINGULAR A. Dependent
CHARACTERISTIC
Variable
THAT OTHER
VARIABLES IN B. Independent
ONE’S Variable
EXPERIMENT
CANNOT
C. Controlled
CHANGE. Variable
 WHICH VARIABLE COULD IT BE?
??? VARIABLE
Screen time on the app +
Interactions + Distraction Level
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Facebook Activity
Examining the Effect of
Facebook Activity on
Academic Success
among STEM Students.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Academic Success
 FOR EXAMPLE
"A Investigation of the Effects of Sleep
Deprivation on Cognitive Functioning"
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Sleep deprivation Cognitive functioning

??? Variable:

AGE
 FOR EXAMPLE
The Impact of Teaching Methods on Student Learning Outcomes in Strands
with Math major
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT VARIABLE
VARIABLE Student Learning Outcomes
Teaching Methods in Math

??? Variable:

Motivation to learn
 FOR EXAMPLE
The Effects of Screen Time on a Student’s Mental
Health
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Effects of Screen Time A Student’s Mental Health

??? Variable:

Types of Screen Activities

 FOR EXAMPLE
“Learning Outcomes in Blended vs. Traditional
Classrooms: A Comparative Analysis
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Class setting/mode Learning Outcomes

(blended vs traditional)

??? Variable:
Teaching and
Learning Styles
THANK YOU!
Leader: Alo, Ann
Members:
Alvarade, Maria Baco, John Miguel
Bundang, Samantha Gozon, Ashleypaul
Clavero, Sofia Tolin, Wency
Dela Peña, Jamaica
Ilagan, Gabriela
Mojica, Ma. Avhiona
 REFERENCES
Frost, J. (2022). Control variables: Definition, uses
& examples. Statistics by Jim. https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/control-variables/

PHILO-notes. (2022, February 13). Types of variables in research and their uses (Practical Research 2)
[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6QNZWilasc

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design:

Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches.
Sage publications.

Trochim, W. M., & Donnelly, J. P. (2008). The research

methods knowledge base. Atomic Dog.

Neuman, W. L. (2013). Social research methods: Qualitative

and quantitative approaches. Pearson.
 REFERENCES
Bhandari, P. (2022). Extraneous Variables | Examples, types, controls. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.co.uk/research-methods/extraneous-variable/

Eads, A. (2023, March 11). 10 Types of Variables in Research and Statistics. Indeed. Retrieved September
20, 2023, from https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/types-of-variables

S. Ramirez, V. (n.d.). Practical Research 2: Kinds of

Variables and their Uses (S. C. S. Gatchalian, Interviewer; J.
V. Henson, Ed.). Department of Education, Schools
Division of Pampanga.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/don-honorio-
ventura-technological-state-university/practical-
research/module-3-kinds-of-variables-and-their-
uses/20330912?fbclid=IwAR2CbSDqy_QbnuotLG-
zOgJVIigrRCfuTWSUMW_7ZsfLWVUwjMFzJgozHE4
 REFERENCES
Dillon, A. (2012, July 12). What are Composite Variables? study.com.
https://study.com/learn/lesson/composite-variable-overview-methods.html

Thomas, L. (2023b). Confounding variables | Definition, examples & controls. Scribbr.

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/confounding-variables/
Control and moderation – it’s easy when you
understand. (n.d.). FIU Business.
https://business.fiu.edu/graduate/insights/control-and-
moderation-it-is-easy-when-you-
understand.cfm#:~:text=Moderating%20variables%20a
re%20important%20because,their%20inclusion%20in%
20the%20model

Zach. (2021). What is an Intervening Variable? Statology.

https://www.statology.org/intervening-variable/