Functional Groups
a group of atoms bonded in a particular way.
determine both its physical properties and its chemical reactivity
groups affect the polarity of a compound, and therefore determine the intermolecular forces it exhibits
(refer to table 12.3 on page 240-241 of your textbook)
Alcohols:
organic cmpds in which one or more of the hydrogens is replaced with an – OH group
Functional grp : -OH ; general formula: R-OH ; example: CH3CH2OH 1-propanol
Hydroxyl groups in natural compounds
Phenols
possess a hydroxyl group directly attached to a benzene ring
Alcohol Nomenclature
• Alcohols are named using the same procedure we used to name alkanes with minor modifications
1. Identify the parent chain, which should include the carbon that the –OH is attached to
2. Identify and Name the substituents
3. Assign a locant (and prefix if necessary) to each substituent. Give the carbon that the –OH is attached
to the lowest number possible
4. List the numbered substituents before the parent name in alphabetical order. Ignore prefixes (except iso)
when ordering alphabetically
5. The –OH locant is placed either just before the parent name or just before the -ol suffix
examples:
Naming Cyclic Alcohols
A cyclic alcohol is named as a cycloalkanol
If there are substituents, the ring is numbered from carbon 1, which is the carbon attached to the — OH group.
Compounds with no substituents on the ring do not require a number for the hydroxyl group.
Naming Phenols
When an –OH group is attached to a benzene ring, the parent name is phenol
When there is a second substituent, the benzene ring is numbered starting with carbon 1, bonded to the — OH
group.
The terms ortho, meta, and para are used for the common names of simple phenols.
The common name cresol is also used for methylphenols.
Names & Classification of alcohols
Name the following:
1.
2.
3.
Write the CSF of the following:
1. 2-chlorohex-3-yn-1-ol
2. 2-chlorohex-3-yn-1-ol
Chemistry Link to Health:
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used to make polycarbonate, a clear plastic that is used to manufacture beverage bottles, including
baby bottles.
Washing polycarbonate bottles with certain detergents or at high temperatures disrupts the polymer, causing small
amounts of BPA to leach from the bottles.
Carboxylic Acids
A carboxylic acid contains a carboxyl group, which consists of a hydroxyl group —OH attached to the carbon in a carbonyl
group.
general formula:
Common Carboxylic Acids
IUPAC Names for Carboxylic Acids
In the IUPAC names of carboxylic acids, the e in the alkane name is replaced with oic acid.
Substituents are numbered from the carboxyl, which is carbon 1
Many carboxylic acids are still named by their common names, which use prefixes: form, acet, propion, butyr.
When using the common names, the Greek letters alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) are assigned to the
carbons adjacent to the carboxyl carbon
IUPAC name 2-methylpropanoic acid
Common name ∝-methylpropionic acid
Give the IUPAC name of each compound
Chemistry Link to Health:
Alpha Hydroxy Acids
Several different alpha hydroxy acidsAHAs may be found in skin care products singly or in combination.
ESTERS
The ester group is formed by the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
The name of an ester consists of two words:
1. The first word indicates the alkyl part from the alcohol.
2. The second word is the carboxylate name of the carboxylic acid.
Give the IUPAC and common name of the ff:
Draw the condensed structural formulas for each of the following compounds:
1. propyl pentanoate
2. ethyl propionate
Ethers
general formula ROR
Thiols
Organic compounds that contain the SH group are analogs of alcohols. The SH-containing compounds are
known as thiols, or mercaptans.
Aldehydes
Ketones
Ketones are named by replacing the terminal -e of the corresponding alkane name with -one. The parent chain is
the longest one that contains the ketone group, and the numbering begins at the end nearer the carbonyl carbon.
Amines
Amide:
Functional group: General Formula:
