LECTURE 11

NAMING OF OTHER ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS
I. Alcohols
II. Phenols
III. Carboxylic acids
IV. Aldehydes
V. Ketones
VI. Ethers
VII. Esters
VIII.Amines
IX. Amides
X. Halides
 Other Organic Compounds
Functional Groups – specific groupings of
atoms that give characteristic properties
to organic compounds.
halides F (fluoro-)
Cl
(chloro-
)
What group do theseBr belong to?
Halogens(bromo
• Alcohols -OH hydroxyl

• Organic acids -COOH carboxyl

• Aldehydes -CHO carbonyl

• Ketones
-C-
• Ethers
-O- O
• Esters -C-O
• Amines-N- O
• Amides -C-NH
I. ALCOHOLS

• Are organic compounds in which one or

more of the hydrogens is replaced with an –
OH group.
- OH group is called the hydroxyl group
Monohydroxyl Alcohols
-have one –OH group
H
R
C
O
H
Shortcut way to represent a primary
alcohol R-OH

R stands for REST of the molecule

IUPAC naming of
alcohols
•Replace the final “e” with “-ol”
● methane methanol CH3OH
● ethane ethanol C2H5OH
C H OH
● propane propanol 3 7
C H OH
● butane butanol 4 9

● pentane
 CH O
ol 5 11 H
COMMON NAME
Rule 1: Name all of the carbon
atoms of the molecule as a
single alkyl group.
Rule 2: Add the word alcohol,
separating the words with a space.
IUPAC rules for naming alcohols that
contain a single hydroxyl group follow.

Rule 1: Name the longest carbon chain to

which the hydroxyl group is attached. The
chain name is obtained by dropping the final -e
from the alkane name and adding the suffix -ol.
Rule 2: Number the chain starting at the
end nearest the hydroxyl group, and use
the appropriate number to indicate the
position of the —OH group. (In numbering
of the longest carbon chain, the hydroxyl
group has priority over double and triple
bonds, as well as over alkyl, cycloalkyl,
and halogen substituents.)
Rule 3: Name and locate any
other substituents present.

Rule 4: In alcohols where the —

OH group is attached to a carbon
atom in a ring, the hydroxyl group
is assumed to be on carbon 1.
Ex. 2-propanol
OH
H H

H C C C
H
H H H

1 3

2
II. PHENOLS
The IUPAC rules for naming phenols are
simply extensions of the rules used to
name benzene derivatives with hydrocarbon or
halogen substituents.

The parent name is phenol. Ring numbering always

begins with the hydroxyl group and proceeds in the
direction that gives the lower number to the next
carbon atom bearing a substituent.

The numerical position of the hydroxyl group is not

specified in the name because it is 1 by definition.
III. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Organic acids – have the functional gr oup -COOH
• R-
COOH O
Carboxyl
R C
group OH
IUPAC naming of Organic
Acids
▪ Replace the final “e” with “-oic ”acid
Methanoic acid - H
O H CH
HCOOH C H
R OH
IV. ALDEHYDES
Aldehydes- contain the functional group -CHO
R-CHO O
R C
H
 IUPAC naming of
Aldehydes-
• Replace the final “e” the the
ending “al”
First member of the aldehyde family is methanal
-its common name is formaldehyde
2 O preserve
H C 3
Used to
biological
1 samples
4 H
• Alcohols can be oxidized to
aldehydes
H O
R C OH + R C +
agent H
Oxidizing H
H 0
2
methanol methanal water
Draw
ethanol

H
O
H C H
HC
 V. KETONES
Ketones – contain the functional g roup R-CO-R
▪ Replace the final “e” with “-one”.

• The simplest
member of the
ketone family
is propanone.
• IUPAC name is propanone but its
common name is acetone, it is an
important industrial solvent.
R R
O
H H

H C C H
C H
VI. ETHER
• when two primary alcohols are treated With a
dehydrating agent, water is removed and the 2
alcohols are joined togethe by an oxygen “bridge”.
R-OH +R-OH R-O-R + H20
Primary Primary ether

alcohol alcohol

H2 O
 Di ethyl ether- used as a general anesthetic

ethylethyl
H H H H

H C C O C C H
H H Oxygen bridge H

H
Condensed formula
CH3 CH2 -O- CH2 CH3
Dimethyl ether-

methyl methyl
H H

H C O C H
H
Ox gen bridge H
y
Condensed formula
CH3 -O-
CH3
Name These:

Condensed
formula CH3-O- CH2
CH3
Methyl ethyl ether
CH3CH2-O-
CH2CH2CH3
Ethyl propyl ether
VII. ESTER
Esters – are organic cmpds with the

general formula R-CO-O-R

They are formed in a rxn O
between an organic acid C
and an alcohol. O
Draw this:

Esters have strong fragrant aromas and

are what make pineapples, bananas,
wintergreen & oranges so YummY!
 IUPAC naming of
Esters: H H H H
O
H C C C O C C
H
H H H H
O
1. Look at chain after the –C-O- write its
prefix Ex.(meth,eth, etc.) and add –yl to
the end of prefix
+ yl =
In this ex. :
eth ethyl
 H H H H
O
H C C C O C C
H

H
CH3 CH2 COO CH2CH3
Condensed formula H H H
2. Give the name of the carbon chain

that in cludes the C=O,

offnd addthe last– letter a
leave
oate. Propane
propane + oate =
propanoate
Ethyl propanoate
Ex.) Draw ethyl pentanoate

H H H H H H
O
H C C C C O C C
C
H
H H H H H H
Now you’ve got it!
VIII. AMINES
Amines – contain the functional group -N-
• It is a derivative of ammonia – NH3
• IUPAC naming of amines –
- replace the final –e with “-amine”
H Draw:

H C C NH2
NH
H 2
C
methanamine ethanamine
IX. AMIDES
O
Amides – contain
the functional group: C NH
Found at the end of a carbon chain
• IUPAC naming of amides:
-drop the final –e and add
“amide” O
H H
H C C C propanamide
NH 2
H
Amide

butanamide

Synthetic Polyamides: nylon, kevlar

Natural Polyamide: silk!
 Other Organic Compounds
Functional Groups – specific groupings of
atoms that give characteristic properties
to organic compounds.
halides F (fluoro-)
Cl
(chloro-
)
What group do theseBr belong to?
Halogens(bromo
X. HALIDES Compounds
that are formed
when any halogen
(F,Cl,Br,I)
replaces an H
atom in an alkane.

The functional
group is the
halide
Halides
• They are named by citing the location of
the halogen attached to the chain
Drop the “ine” and add “o”
F

2- fluoropropane
1. Halogen atoms, treated as substituents on a carbon
chain, are called fluoro-, chloro-,
bromo-, and iodo-.

2. When a carbon chain bears both a halogen and an

alkyl substituent, the two substituents
are considered of equal rank in determining the
numbering system for the chain.
The chain is numbered from the end closer to a
substituent, whether it be a halo- or
an alkyl group.

3. Alphabetical priority determines the order in which all

substituents present are
listed.
END OF LECTURE 11
 Organic Reactions
• Substitution – replacement of one kind
of atom or group with another atom or
group
• If this rxn occurs between an
alkane and a halogen, it is called
halogenation.
*only happens with alkanes –
single bonds!!!!
 Substitution

+ +
H

Br2 Br
Hydrogen
Butane + bromine Bromobutane +
bromide

C4H10 + Br2 C4H9Br + HBr

The second Br can then substitute for another
H.

C3H7F + HF
 Addition –adding one or more
gro ups at a double or triple bond.
• Double bond is broken…becomes
a single bond

*only happens with alkenes &

alkynes – double/triple bonds!!!!
 Addition
• Alkene + Halogen → Alkyl Halide
• The double bond is broken, and the
halogen adds at either side of where the
double bond was. saturated

unsaturated
Fermentation
-Molecules are broken down
- enzymes act as catalysts
-Anaerobic respiration

glucose ethanol + Carbon

dioxide
 Esterification
• Organic Acid + Alcohol → Ester + Water
-COOH -OH -COO -H2O

-These are slow reversible reactions

-similar to neutralization rxn in inorganic

Acid + base = +
Saponification – is the
hydrolysis of fats by bases.
• The breaking of an ester to produce an
or ganic acid plus an
alcohol.

(glycerol ester) (soap) (alcohol)

Fat+ =organic acid glycerol
water +
What is this the reverse process of?

Esterification
Organic Acid + Alcohol → Ester +
Wa
ter
Saponification - hydrolysis of an es
ter in presence of a hot base (alkali)
Glycerol ester + 3 NaOH soap + glycerol

Fat base alcohol soap

 Polymers- are composed of many
repeating units of monomers
• Natural polymers
-starch – long chains of sugars
-proteins – long chains of amino
acids
a -cellulose – made of repeating units
starch
r of sug cellulose
Polymers
• Synthetic (man
made) polymers:
- nylon, rayon - polyester

- polyethylene- silicon e
Polymerization- formation of polymers from
m onomers

• Formation of larger molecules from

smaller on
2 Methods :
s.
1.Condensation polymerization:
bonding of monomers by
dehydration synthesis
▪ Monomers have at least two functional groups
▪ -OH on ends
Condensation polymerization
Ex.) H2O
H H
HO H H
C
+ HO
Leaves an C
monomer oxygen bridge monomer

H HC H
C
C C H O
HO
HH H + 2

H H
C
H polymer H
C
Addition Polymerization -
C + C C + C
C monomer

C monomer
ethylene
ethylene ethylene
monomer C C C C
C
polymer C
polyethylene
Finding missing reactants &
products in organic rxns
• In balanced rxns the number of atoms
on the left must equal the number of
C H Cl
ighatoms on the r

Ex.) C H Cl+ +
2 6 2 2 5
t.
Left side Right side missing
C= 2 C=2 C= 0
6 5
H= H= H= 1
2 1 1
Cl = Cl = Cl =
Missing product must be HCl
This is a substitution rxn because
hydrogen atom of ethane is replaced by
• Try this
Ex.) C2H4 Br2 C2H4 Br2
one: +

This is a addition rxn

▪ What process makes…

saponification
combustion
fermentation

addition
polymerization
Condensation
polymerization