KNOW HISTORY

With Malik Sir

10th ICSE - 2025

Abdul Malik
M.A. B.Ed.
 KNOW HISTORY

Day - 1

The First War of Independence 1857

Dear Students as we know Europeans came to India for trade Misused our simplicity and Kind-Hearted
nature and their Business mind turned them to administrate us. Lack of Unity among Indian rulers, Selfish
nature, Greediness of few Merchants Made our Country to get Ruled by the British. As you know we were
ruled by Europeans for nearly 400 years. The British ruled us for More than 200 years. Many times, Indians
expressed their resistance against the British. Those rebellions were Local, scattered, and Isolated. In 1857
Millions of Peasants, Artisans, Soldiers, and both Hindus & Muslims Participated unitedly with the same
Aim. So, this mass uprising was called the 1st War of Independence. This war was also called Sepoy Mutiny.
There were many causes for the war such as Political, Economic, Socio-Religious, Military, and Immediate
Causes etc., Even though this war was Failed but it impacted Nationalism and laid the foundation for
freedom.

Administration of British and Expansion of the British empire

Because of lack of Unity among Indians, Greediness of Merchants and Rulers Helped the British to take
charge of Indian Administration. Battle of Plassey which was fought between British and Nawab of Bengal
Siraj Ud Duala made BEIC territorial power increase rapidly and the British tried to expand their Political
power by their Policy of Expansion. The British tried to expand their political power in India by four ways. The
British plotted the ruler of Awadh (Wajid Ali Shah) as insufficient to rule by alleged misrule and misgoverned
and they pretended the company was going to look after Awadh by good administration; by this they annexed
the Awadh and got control over it Later His wife Begum Hazrath Mahal took Active part in the Revolt. Earlier
Battle of Buxar (1764), Anglo-Mysore wars (1767-1799), 3rd Anglo- Maratha war (1817-18),2nd Anglo-Sikh
war (1823-1856) and such other wars helped the British to expand their Rule in India.

British Brought 2 other Cunning Policies to Expand the Administration

1. The Subsidiary Alliance
2. The Doctrine of Lapse

Policy Subsidiary Alliance Doctrine of Lapse

Introduced by • Lord Wellesley • Lord Dalhousie

Meaning • An agreement between the BEIC • According to this, if an Indian

and the Indian Princely states for ruler died without a male heir,
Internal and external Protection by his kingdom would lapse, that is
force. by virtue of which these it would come under the
states lost their sovereignty to the company’s territory in India.
British.

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Conditions ● The Indian King had to station the

British Army in his kingdom.
● The concerned state had to bear the
expenses of the army and the wages
of soldiers, and also had to give
certain revenue lands as well.
● The King has to have a British
Resident in his Court.
● The King could not appoint any • Rulers are not allowed to adopt a
other Europeans without the Child in case of no Children. His
permission of the British. adopted son could not succeed
● In order to enter any agreement or him.
pact with any Indian Government,
the permission of the Governor
General was mandatory.
● In return for all these services, the
Company would offer protection to
the state from any internal or
external aggression

States ● Hyderabad (1798) Nagpur, Jaipur, Sambalpur, Satara,

accepted ● Mysore (1799 – After Tipu Sultan Jhansi many other states
these Policies was defeated in the Fourth Anglo-
Mysore War)
● Tanjore (1799)
● Awadh and many other states

Why Sepoy Mutiny?

English historians presented this Revolt as Sepoy Mutiny as the justification that this Revolt was just a Mutiny
by the Indian soldiers or Sepoys of the British army. Several factors were responsible for the changes in the
attitude of Sepoys in the Company.
• The British East India company was established by the help of Indian sepoys but they were not paid
enough, No proper food and housing.
• Indian sepoys were Prohibited from wearing caste or sectarian Marks, beards or turbans
● Sepoys were not benefited with any allowances even sepoys were recruited to the areas away from
their house and no extra payment for the services. Post office act 1854 withdrew the privilege of free
postage enjoyed by sepoys and no promotions for the Indian sepoys ‘Subedar’ was the highest post
offered to Indian sepoys in British army
● British troops performance was Poor they lost the wars like 1st Afghan wars and the Punjab wars
though the British sepoys compared to more Indian soldiers earned 3 times more salary than the
Indian sepoys.

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● British Brought General service Enlistment act to send Indian sepoys overseas for the Training and to
serve in Britain, it was a taboo for a Brahmin to cross the seas. The brahmin soldiers saw in this a
danger to their caste. This led to the feeling of resentment among them.
● The faulty distribution of troops in the areas like Delhi and Allahabad and More proportion of Indian
soldiers in the British army made it easier for the Indian sepoys to take up arms against the British.
● In 1856 the British government bought the Enfield Rifle. Instead of an old-fashioned Brown Bess gun.
But the procedure to load cartridges is to bring them to the mouth and. Biting off the top greased
paper with the teeth, but in the year 1857 a rumor was spread. In the Bengal Regiment cartridges are
greased with cow and pig fat where cow is sacred to Hindus and pig is prohibited in Islam. So, both
Hindu and Muslim soldiers refused to use these cartridges. And they staged an uprising when they
were forced to use them. This reason became the Immediate cause for the Revolt from Sepoys in
1857.
Day - 2
Insult of Indian Dominant Rulers
● Bahadur shah Zafar the Last later Mughal who was the emperor of India before the stability of BEIC
was under protection of the Company and received Pension
● The Name of the Mughal King removed from the coins minted
● In 1849 Lord Dalhousie announced that successors of Bahadur shah would not be permitted to use Red
Fort as their Palace and to shift to a Palace near the Qutub Minar
● In 1856, Lord Canning announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah his successors would not be
allowed to use the imperial titles with their names and would not be known as the real princes.
● This hurts the sentiment of Mughals and Their supporters though Zeenat Mahal, the wife of Bahadur
shah, is plotting against them.
● Nana Sahib was the adopted son of Bajirao II, the last Peshwa. The British refused to grant Nana Saheb
the pension they were paying to Bajirao II. This was widely resented by the Maratha state.
Interference in Indian Customs and Tradition
● Indian culture and Tradition were completely different from the western culture and Tradition
● British tried to bring some transformation in the customs and Tradition of Indians
● There were some unjust Practices in India like Sati System, Casteism, Discrimination on Girl Child and
Few Blind beliefs also
● Some of the Social reforms introduced by the British to Improve the Condition of people in India.
● Abolition of Sati (1829), Widow remarriage act (1856), Law of Property The religious Disabilities act
(1850) these acts interfered with the custom and Tradition of India. Especially the Law of Property
which had changed the Hindu Law of Property. It enabled a convert from Hinduism to other religions
to inherit the property of his father. The Hindu regarded this as an incentive to give up one’s religious
faith.
● The British officials were rude and arrogant towards Indians. They plotted themselves as the superior
and the Mughals as Cruel and unfaithful.
● There was corruption in Police and petty officials, Rich got away from the crime but the common man
was looted, oppressed and tortured. Complex judicial system oppressed the poor.
● The lands belonging to temple and Mosque were exempted from taxation by previous Indian rulers but
official policy of taxation from British included these places which hurts the religious sentiments of
Indians and the family’s dependent on the these lands they began to propagate the anti-religious
policy of a British

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● British showed friendly nature with Indian religion in the beginning they had no particular zeal towards
their religion and British tried to be trustees for Hindu religion later they started to interfere with the
local religion and social customs like Idol worship. In 1813 Christian missionaries increased and then
Indian thought government supporting them in the intention of converting to Christianity
● People were suspicious about the modern innovation of railway and telegraph a rumor was spread the
poles of Telegraph were erected to hang people who opposes British government and orthodox
Indians noted that Railway compartments were made as higher and lower caste to sit side by side they
believed that British had introduced such practices to harm their caste and religion
● In 1829 Kolkata Madrasa and later Banaras Sanskrit college became English institutions. later Pandit
and maulvi not supported it people thought they are encouraging English education to make their
children Christian
Day - 3
Economic Exploitation
● British exploited the Indian resources they made it India as the Junction of Raw materials to the
industries of England
● India was forced to export raw materials like Cotton, Silk, Indigo and tea which were in demand in
Britain. India was made to accept readymade British goods either duty free or at Nominal duty rates.
● Heavy duties on Indian silk and cotton textiles in Britain destroyed Indian industries
● The peasants were discontent with the official land revenue policy and the consequent loss of their
land
● When the native states were annexed to the British dominion thousands of soldiers, officials,
administrative, judicial and military posts became unemployed
● Thousands of artisans and craftsmen lost their source of livelihood because of the decay of cottage
and handicraft industries.
● The British doubled the land revenue in Bengal. Because of the increase in the land revenue many
peasants either became indebted or had to sell their land.
● Indigo trade was highly profitable to the British, but the conditions under which the peasants had
to work were inhuman.
● There were 12 major and numerous minor famines between 1765 and 1857 because of drought, bad
administration & other natural calamities.
● 20,000 estates were confiscated when the landlords could not produce evidences like the title
deeds
● Transfer of wealth from India to England for which India got no proportionate economic return.
Since India was being ruled by the British government from England at a distance of thousand miles this was
resented by the Indians. The Indians felt that they were being ruled from England and India's wealth was
being drained to England and not utilized for their welfare. The absence of Sovereignty of British caused the
Revolt in India.
Began of Uprising and Spread
● The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began on May 10, 1857, as a mutiny of Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the
British East India Company's army in Meerut, a town near Delhi. The revolt spread to other parts of
India, including Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow.
● The revolt spread over the entire area from the neighborhood of Patna to the borders of Rajasthan.
The main centers of revolt in these regions namely Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Jhansi, Gwalior and
Arrah in Bihar.

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● Lucknow: it was the capital of Awadh. Begum Hazrat Mahal, one of the begums of the ex-king of
Awadh, took up the leadership of the revolt.
● Kanpur: the revolt was led by Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II. He joined the revolt
primarily because he was deprived of his pension by the British. The victory was short- lived. Kanpur
was recaptured by the British after fresh reinforcements arrived. The revolt was suppressed with
terrible vengeance. Nana Saheb escaped but his brilliant commander Tantia Tope continued the
struggle. Tantia Tope was finally defeated, arrested and hanged.
● Jhansi: the twenty-two-year-old Rani Lakshmi Bai led the rebels when the British refused to accept the
claim of her adopted son to the throne of Jhansi. She fought gallantly against the British forces but was
ultimately defeated by the English.
● Gwalior: After Rani Lakshmi Bai escaped, she was joined by Tantia Tope and together they marched to
Gwalior and captured it. Fierce fighting followed where the Rani of Jhansi fought like a tigress but died,
fighting to the very end. Gwalior was recaptured by the British.
● Bihar: the revolt was led by Kunwar Singh who belonged to a royal house of Jag Dispur, Bihar
Consequences and Drawbacks of the 1st war of Independence
● End of the company's rule
● Relations either princely states - British tried to had good relationship with princely states by
abolishing annexation of Doctrine of Lapse
● Some Indian princes had remained loyal to the British government and they helped them to suppress
the uprising, for this they were rewarded by the assurance of territorial guarantee and allowed to have
adopted heirs.
● Queen Victoria assumed the title of empress of India and some Indian princess willingly became junior
partners or agents of the British crown and they would continue their ruling in their states.
● The strength of European troops in India was increased
● European troops kept in key geographical sand military position
● Discrimination on the basis of caste region and religion was practiced in the recruitment to the army
● In order to discourage nationalism in most regiment casteism, communism started,
● Newspapers, journals and nationalist publications were prevented from reaching the soldiers to keep
the Indian army separated from the life of the rest of the population.
● End of Maratha and Mughal Death of Bahadur shah 2nd brings the end to Mughal dynasty
● The last peshwa Nana sahib had fled to Nepal after the defeat that became end to Maratha rule
● Divide and rule policy They continued their policy of divide and rule by turning Princes against people,
Province against province, Caste against caste, Group against group, Hindus against Muslims
● Rise of Nationalism - Rani Lakshmi bai, Nana sahib, Mangalore Pandey inspired people for freedom
from British
● Racial antagonism -British followed the racial antagonism with Indians
● Foreign policy - Their policy was in favor of British empire in India and they exploited Indians in the
same of tax
● Queen Victoria's proclamation - Transfer from BEIC to British government made public at
Allahabad on 1st November 1858 by lord Canning (1st viceroy of India) this proclamation promised
that Transfer from BEIC to British government made public at Allahabad on 1st November 1858 by lord
Canning (1st viceroy of India) this proclamation promised that
1. It follows the policy of nonintervention in social religious matters of India
2. Do its best to advance the industries of India
3. Treat all subjects equal both European and Indians regarding education, job etc.
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4. General pardon who took part in war except (Murder guilty of British)
5. Promote works of public utility in India so as to ensure the material as well as the moral progress of
the people.

Drawbacks
1. Lack of centralized leadership
2. Lack of common plans of Military action
3. Lack of coordination
4. No common goal
5. Good leaders in BEI company like Lawrence, Havelock, Campbell
6. More man, money and Material power with British
7. Movement not spread through the nation like South, Eastern and Western India
8. Nepal helped the suppression of the movement
9. Bombay And Madras armies remained loyal to British
10. Some of the rulers and zamindars refused to join the movement
11. Some zamindars were bonded with the Company because of economic connection

Day – 4
Growth of Nationalism
• Meaning of Nationalism: Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness
that emerges when people living in common territory share the same historical, political and cultural
background, have the same cultural values and consider themselves as one nation.
The First War of Independence
● The Indians resisted the British rule in India from the beginning. This resentment found expression in a
number of civil rebellions, tribal uprisings and peasant movements which were precursors to the First
War of Indian Independence. Millions of Indians participated in the First War of Independence in 1857
which shook the British rule in India.

The suppression of the war and the resentment aroused among the Indians a feeling of
nationalism. They felt that an opposition based on modern political ideas can do away the
colonial rule.

Economic exploitation of India

India became an economic colony of Britain, i.e., it became a source of raw materials for British industries and
market for its finished goods. The economic system of India was adjusted to the needs of the British at the cost
of welfare of the Indians.
● Peasants: The British exploited the peasants by taking a large part their produce in the form of land
revenue and taxes that led the peasants into the clutches of landlords and moneylenders
● Artisans and craftsmen: The British exploited the artisans and craftsmen by destroying Indian handicraft
industry which crippled them and left them without any source of livelihood
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● Working class: The British factory owners exploited the working class by paying them low wages and
making them work in inhumane conditions.
● Educated Indians: The British exploited the educated Indians by giving them low salaries, low posts with
bleak chances of promotion and backward economic policies
● This made Indians realize that the salvation lay in uprooting the British rule

Unification of the country

● The British brought the whole country under one government with native states under indirect rule and
Indian provinces under the direct rule
● They established a strong central government and introduced a uniform system of law and
administration in the country.
● A uniform system civil and criminal law was enforced throughout the country
● Common institution and common law shaped India into a common mound. The Indians achieved a new
sense of political unity
● The modem trade and industries on all India scale brought about the economic unification of the country
Influence of western education
● The introduction of modern Western education led to the assimilation of modern western ideas of
democracy and nationalism gave a new direction to the Indian political thinking and national awakening
● Opened to the newly educated Indians floodgates of liberal European political thought, economic ideas
and ideals of liberty, nationality, equality, rule of law and self-government
● The spread of English language gave the Indians
● a common language in which they could communicate
● a common platform to organize the movement of an all India character
● Thus, the influence of western education became a relevant factor to the growth of nationalism

Development of means of communication and transport

● The British developed modern means of transport and communication by building a network of roads
and railways as well as Post and Telegraph for the need of economic exploitation, administrative
convenience, military defense and commercial interests.
● Means of transport and communication knit together the vast country and enabled Indians
● to easily connect to one another
● to transmit exchanges of messages speedily
● to come in contact with one another and discuss problems facing the country
● Thus, development of means of communication and transport was relevant factor in the growth of
Nationalism

Class -5
The Rise of the middle class
● The introduction of western and the innovations brought about in the administrative and economic
system gave rise to new urban middle class in towns.
● These newly educated class became lawyers, doctors’ teachers
● Some of them visited England for higher studies
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● They saw the difference between the working of political institutions there and in India
● India they were not given a chance of higher employment
● This realization turned them into nationalists which provided leadership to the Indian political
association.
Impact of Contemporary European Movements
● The Contemporary Nationalist Liberation Movements and in Europe in Greece, Italy and Ireland the
French revolution provided concepts of nationalism and self-determination initiated
● They were a great stimulus to the growth of India nationalism
The Press and the Patriotic literature
● A large number of English and vernacular newspapers and magazines were started. Prominent English
ones were
1. Amrit Bazar Patrika 2. The Bengali 3. The Hindu

4. The Tribune 5. The Pioneer 6. The Statesman

7. The Times of India

The Role of newspapers

● Spread the message of patriotism and modern ideals of liberty, equality, freedom, home rule and
independence among the people
● Carried on daily criticism to expose the unjust policies of British government
● Facilitated exchange of views among different social groups from different parts of country and
organizing political movement
● Created awareness among Indians
● to understand the political and social development of the outside world
● to shape their own policies and programmes
● National literature in the form of essays, novels and patriotic poetry promoted the spirit of nationalism.
The prominent writers who stirred national consciousness through their writings
● Hindi - Bharatendu Harishchandra
● Tamil - Subramanya Bharathi
● Marathi - Vishnushastri Chiplunkar
● Bengali - Bankim Chandra Chatterje
● Rabindra Nath Tagore
● Urdu - Altaf Hussain Hali

Socio-religious reform movements

● The socio-religious reform movement initiated by the reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami
Dayanand Saraswathi and Swami Vivekananda created a consciousness of a new liberal society devoid
of privileges based on caste, creed and religion

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● In the social sphere they worked for the abolition of Caste system, child marriage, dowry system, purdah
system, sati system and female infanticide social and legal inequalities
● In The religious sphere they worked on combating religious superstitions, Idolatry, Polytheism and
heredity priesthood
● These reform movements drew inspiration from India's rich cultural heritage and promoted a feeling of
pan- Indianism and a spirit of nationalism.
Rediscovery of India's Past
● The rediscovery of India’s national heritage in literature, philosophy, science, arts and politics by both
the Europeans and the Indians helped the growth of nationalism their efforts gave rise
● to a sense of cultural unity and pride among the Indians
● to restore people’s self-confidence and self-respect
● to counter the western propaganda that the Indians had never been able to rule themselves and that
they were destined to be ruled by foreigners
Racial Discrimination
● The British looked down upon Indians with contempt, tried to maintain distance from them
● After the First War of Independence of 1857 they considered Indians as inferior race.
● The racial discrimination and arrogance of British towards the Indians made the Indians feel humiliated
and led them to be united
Class - 6
Repressive Policies of Lord Lytton
a. The Vernacular Press Act 1878
● The Vernacular Press Act forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might excite the
feelings of dissatisfaction against the British Government.
● This Act led the people to resent the British policies and accelerated movement against British rule.
b. The Arms Act 1879
● The Arms Act of 1879 made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without license
● This Act was not applicable to the British
● This repressive Act led the people to resent the discriminatory policies of the British and accelerated
movement against their rule.
c. Delhi Durbar
● Organizing a Grand Delhi Darbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India costing lakhs
of rupees disregarding the welfare of Indians who were in the grip of famine
d. Age in Civil Services Examination
● Reduction in the maximum age limit for the civil service examination from 21 to 19 years for Indians
e. Elimination of import duties on British textiles

Ilbert Bill Controversy

● Introduced by Viceroy Council Member Sir C.P. Ilbert
● The Bill sought to abolish judicial disqualification based on racial distinctions
● This was resented by the British and they started Defense Associations to defend their special privileges
● This caused counter agitation by educated Indians
● The government withdrew the Bill
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● The moderate measure of vesting power of trying Europeans by a sessions judge and a district judge
who might be an Indian
● This made it clear to the Indians that justice and fair play could not be expected where the interest of
European community were involved

The precursors to the Congress

● Raja Ram Mohan Roy was pioneer of political movement on India
● Liberty of press
● Appointment of Indians in Civil courts and other higher posts
● Codification of laws

East India Association Indian Association Indian National Conference

Founded 1866 - in London 1876 - India 1883 - India
Headed by Dadabhai Naroji Headed by Surendra Nath Convinced to merge by Surendra
Banerjee Nath Banerjee
It voiced the grievances of Consisted with Lawyers, Combined Association
Indians in England Professionals and other Middle
class
Branches at Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengal and Towns outside of Merged with INC in 1886
Chennai Bengal
● The first political association in India – Landholders society in Kolkata
● Others that followed
● Bengal British Indian Society
● British Indian Society
● East India Association
● Indian Association
● These associations served as a base for formation of the Congress the All India Political organization

London Indian Society

● First organization to be formed in England by Indian students under the direction of Dadabhai Naroji
● It voiced the grievances of Indians
● It opposed the misinterpretation of Indians in English press
● Pherozeshah Mehta W.C. Banerjee
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
● Political organization of Western India
● Founded by Justice Ranade
● Made people aware urged them to fight constitutionally for their political rights
Indian Association
● Meant to be an all India Movement Branches in Bengal and outside Bengal

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● Headed by Surendranath Banerjee

● Members were lawyers, professionals and educated middle class
Objectives
● Creation of strong body of public opinion
● Integration of Indian people on the basis of common political interests
● Promotion of friendly relations between Hindus and Muslims
● Mass participation in public movements
Achievements
● Agitations against oppressive License Acts, The Arms Act, The Vernacular Press Act and lowering the age
limit from 21 to 19 years for ICS examinations
● Took up the cause of the workers on British owned plantations
East India Association
● Founded in London by Dadabhai Naroji
● Branches in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai
● Provided information on Indian subjects to British citizens and Members of Parliament
● Voiced grievances of Indians and suggested remedial measures
Dadabhai Naroji’s opinion
● British were basically just and good
● Wanted to place the true state of affairs of India before the people of England so that problems of
Indians may be resolved
Class - 7
Formation/foundation of the Indian National Congress
● The precursors of the Congress were local in character.
● They prepared the ground for creating an all India political association.
● Surendra Nath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naroji, Justice Ranade were working towards founding a formation
of an all India political body.
● A. O. Hume, a retired British member of the India Civil service wanted to set up an organization that
would draw the government's attention to the administrative drawbacks and suggest means to rectify
them.
● Hume wrote an open letter to the graduates of the Calcutta University asking them to dedicate
themselves to the service of the people by forming a union to organize well-defined course of action.
● This appeal produced the desired result. In 1884 Hume, in consultation with the Indian leaders, laid the
foundation of Indian National Union.
● The conference of the representatives of different parts of India was convened by the Union at Pune on
December 25, 1885.
● Plague broke out in Pune. So, the meeting of the Union was held at Gokaldas Tejpal Sanskrit College,
Mumbai from December 28 to 31, 1885 under the presidentship of Womesh Chandra Bonerjee. It was
attended by 72 delegates.
● On the suggestion of Dadabhai Naroji the name of the Union was changed to the Indian National
Congress.
● Thus, the foundation of the Indian National Congress was laid on December 25, 1885.

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The Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, favored the formation of the Congress because he wanted it to act as a 'safety-valve'
for popular discontent, thereby, safeguarding the British interest in India.
The Congress stood for the hopes and aspirations of the people of India who accepted its leadership in launching
the freedom movement. It achieved the goal of freedom in 1947.

In the presidential address of the first session of the Indian National Congress held Mumbai in December, 1888
WC. Banerjee declared the following as the aims of the Indian National Congress:
1. To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country
2. To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or province
3. To formulate popular demands and present them before the government
4. To train and organize the public opinion in the country

Sessions of Congress
1. Sessions of Congress:

Session Year Place President

1st 1885 Gokaldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Mumbai W.C Banerjee

2nd 1886 Kolkata Dada bhai Naoroji

FIRST PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

Early nationalist
• In the early years 1885-1907 INC was led by the group of leaders who were called as Early Nationalist
or Moderates
• They were called as Moderates because they were believed in constitutional and peaceful methods to
achieve their demands
• they had been greatly influenced by western thoughts, ideas, literature, Philosophy etc.,
• They believed in the promise made by the British, British rule and they believed British rule has done a
lot of good things to India and Indians should be loyal to British crown
• they had full faith in the sense of justice and fair play of British
• Dada bhai Nao roji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Surendra Nath Banerjee were few prominent leaders.
Objectives and Demands of Early Nationalist
• Early nationalist had the objectives like
• self-government under British empire
• to educate Indians Politically
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• to arose political consciousness and national spirit

• to awaken and organize public opinion
Under these objectives early nationalists Demanded the
• Economic reforms like - Reduction in Land tax, Military expenses, Abolition of Salt tax, duties on sugar
etc.,
• Civil rights like - Right to assembly peacefully, oppose the restriction on freedom of speech demand on
restoration of civil liberties etc.,
• Administrative demands like - Indianization of civil services, repeal of the arms act and license act,
simultaneous holding of ICS examination in India and England
• Constitutional demands like - Self-government, Separation of Judiciary from the executive, Increase in
the membership of the council and power of council etc.,
To achieve these demands the followed the Methods of
• They followed peaceful Methods
• They followed constitutional agitation
• 3P's - Prayer, Petition and Protest
• They drafted memorandum and passed resolutions and submitted them to the government
• They delivered speeches
• they used Newspapers or press for criticizing the wrong policies of government
• they organized the public opinion and educate the mass etc.,
Contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji
Trick - " Grand Oldman of India traveled unofficially as an Ambassador from INC to ICS through Bengal
swaraj Swadeshi national Drain by Dharma Marg from Poverty and un-British rule in India "
• He was known as Grand old man of India who served for Indian cause for nearly 61 years
• He was the unofficial ambassador to England for his political activities
• He was the Founder member of INC
• His efforts led to ICS examinations to be held simultaneously in India and England
• He brought revolution in Swadeshi, boycott and national education
• He propagated Drain theory
• He started a magazine called Dharmamarga Darshak
• He wrote a book called Poverty and Unbritish rule in India
• He started a movement against Vernacular press act
• He founded East India Association
Contribution of Gopal Krishna Gokhale
• He was a great Nationalist leader
• He was foremost among the congress leaders
• He favored constitutional method to achieve freedom
• He criticized the government for adopting policy of racial discrimination in appointments to high posts
• He criticized imposing production tax on cotton
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• He pleaded British government to improve primary education

• He established servants of India society in1905
• He was the editor of Sarvajanika Sabha
• He propagated new economic ideas
• He was political mentor of Gandhiji
• He played a significant role in the reduction on Salt tax, toll tax, land revenue. he brought to the notice
of the government
Contribution of Surendra Nath Banerjee
• He was called as Father of Indian Nationalist movement
• He started agitation against License act, Vernacular press act, Arms act
• He was the 1st Indian to qualify for ICS Exams
• Fought against Lowering age for ICS exams
• He edited the newspaper Bengali which served as powerful medium for mobilizing public opinion
• His book Nation in the making gives an account of his political concern and his view about self-
government
• He opposed separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims
• He believed that British imperialism was main cause of India’s economic problems
• He founded Indian Association
2nd Phase of National Movement
Objectives of Assertive:
The main objective of the Assertive was the attainment of Swaraj or self- government. This means complete
independence, unlike the moderate demand of self-governing institutions but within the framework of the
British rule to emphasize the radical objectives. Tilak said, ‘’swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it’’. Lala
Lajpat Rai also maintained that the Indians would not accept any politics accept the politics of freedom.
METHODS AND PROGRAMMES:
The Radical/ Assertive introduced direct action and resistance, to unjust acts as necessary methods to ensure,
that the government took them seriously. New concepts like “passive resistance”, “Non-cooperation” and
“Self-Reliance” were adopted as a means for their struggle. The aggressive nationalist used Swadeshi &
Boycott mainly to achieve their goals. They also tried to instill confidence in themselves by reminding people
of our culture and our past. They tried to build our future by popularizing national education which provided
all-round development including vocational, political and secular. Tilak revived Ganpati and Shivaji festival to
inspire the masses and encourage them with self confidence
Beliefs of Assertive:
They did not have full faith in the British sense of justice they highlighted the deceit and treachery by means
of which the British has conquered India
CONTRIBUTION OF BAL GANGADHAR TILAK – (1856-1920)
• He was a true leader of an aggressive nationalist and believed in action not just in talk.
● He openly declared “swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it’’.
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● He used the paper Maratha and the Kesari to spread his ideas.
● He was in favor of Swadeshi and Boycott to pressurize the British. British sentenced him to 6 yrs.
imprisonment.
● To instill a sense of patriotism in the masses he revived the Shivaji and Ganpati festival.
● He also organized akharas and lathi clubs to train the youth in India to be brave enough to defy the
British power.
● Along with Ann Besant he set up the Home Rule league.
● He also helped to spread Swadeshi and Boycott movement outside Bengal.
● His famous books are Gita Rahasya and Arctic Home in the Vedas.

CONTRIBUTION OF BIPIN CHANDRA PAL – (1858-1932)

● He was an eminent leader of the aggressive nationalist.
● Being a great orator, he spread the message of Swadeshi and Boycott.
● He wanted Indians to work actively towards gaining Swaraj.
● He was willing to go to prison for the shake of the country.
● Like other radical nationalist leaders, he emphasized the importance of self-reliance and national
pride.
● He felt that spread of national education could be used to arouse the Indian youth.
● He also urged the nationalist to work together for the removable of poverty.
● He made a forceful speech against the discriminatory Arms Act.

CONTRIBUTION OF LALA LAJPAT RAI- (1865-1928)

● Being an eminent educationist, he was associated with the D.A.V. College Lahore.
● He started the ‘magazine young India’ to spread the message of swaraj.
● He favored the Swadeshi and specially the boycott movement to weaken the very prestige of British.
● Congress adopted the non-cooperation movement resolution under him.
● When the movement was suspended, he was disappointed.
● He was part of congress group who formed the swaraj party.
● To mobilize the public opinion, he even went to America and supported the Gadhar party an
organization founded by the Indian in the USA and Canada.
● On 30th October 1928 while leading a procession against the Simon commission he was gravely injured
and later on because of this fatal injures he died.
● ‘Sher-e-Punjab’ is what he was and is remembered as

Difference between Moderates and Assertive / Moderates

Moderates Assertive
The Moderates wanted to achieve self-government On the other hand, Extremists wanted Swaraj i.e.,
they did not aim for total independence. They complete independence.
demanded certain reforms and concessions from
British government because they wanted to
develop India under the guidance of benevolent
British rule.

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Moderates were loyal to British rule and English 1. The Extremists were not loyal to British
crown. They considered British rule a gift for India rule and they considered it as a curse and
wanted to uproot it from India.

The moderates believed in adopting constitutional Extremists believed in noncooperation and

and peaceful method to achieve their objective. adopted method of boycott against foreign goods
They had full faith in British sense of justice and propagation of Swadeshi and national
education.
Moderates believed in British culture. They believed in Indian culture, civilization,
religion and tradition
Moderates believed that Indians were not fit to While under extremists, people came under them.
rule. Under the moderates, national movement
was not a popular movement it had no touch with
people

The Partition of Bengal

What was the reason behind the partition of Bengal?

OFFICIAL MOTIVE- Bengal during those period was very big all most about 1 lakh 90 thousand square miles
and a population of 78.5 million it was said that the province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently
administered by the single provincial government it was quite difficult for one L.T governor to administer it
efficiently therefore a scheme was prepared to divide the province of the Bengal into two separate provinces.
But the Real motives are
• The real motive was to break the growing solidarity of Bengali nationalisms.
• To drive a wedge (gap) between the Hindus and Muslims
• To demonstrate the strength of British Raj
SURAT SPLIT IN 1907- When the Indian national congress met at the Surat in 1907 Gopal Krishna Gokhale
and rest of the moderates wanted to cooperate with the British government for bringing about necessary
reforms. They were afraid that swadeshi and boycott movement would make the British refuse to give them
more political right so they did not want to continue with this Programme. This made the radical angry and
they left the congress. This break in congress is known as Surat split.
● 1903announcement of partition
● 1905 partition of Bengal
● 1911 withdrawal of Partition

Formation of Muslim league

FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE Anti-partition agitation was gaining ground. Muslims were happy with the
favorable reforms that the govt. gave to the deputation. It was at such time when in Dhaka, Muslim
representation were gathered in 1906, Nawab Salim Ullah suggested the setting up of an organization just to

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represent Muslims in India. The Muslim league was thus formed in Dhaka on 30th December 1906.The first
session of the party was held in Karachi in 1907.
OBJECTIVES OF MUSLIM LEAGUE
1. To protect the right of the Muslims
2. To put forward their problems in front of the British rulers.
3. To spread loyalty towards the British among the Muslims.
4. To prevent any feeling of hostility towards the other communities of India

LUCKNOW PACT: In 1915 both the congress and the league held their session at Bombay. The Bombay
session of the league was attended by the congress leaders. The leaders of both the parties forged a joint plan
of post war constitutional reforms. In 1916 the congress and the league again held their respective sessions at
Lucknow. A joint scheme was finally adopted by them. This agreement signed by two parties is known as the
Lucknow pact.
IMPORTANCE OF LUCKNOW PACT:
1. It was an important step on the road to Hindu Muslim unity.
2. The Lucknow pact brought two factions (wings) of the congress together i.e. moderates and the
extremist were united after eight long years.
3. The congress league alliance and coming together of the two factions the congress demoralized the
govt. of India.
4. The pact led to the gradual development of self-governing institutions.

MAHATMA GANDHI & THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT

• Mahatma Gandhi: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as “Bapu” or “Mahatma Gandhi”
or “Father of the Nation”.
Non-Cooperation Movement
Non – Co-operation is ‘a way of protesting in which one does not co-operate with the evil – doer.’ This
resolution was ratified at the regular session of Congress at Nagpur, in December, 1920.
Causes which led to the Non-Cooperation Movement
• Rowlett Act: The Rowlett Act implied: Arrest of a person without a trial. In camera trial. (trial in
seclusion)
• The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy: A large but peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in
Amritsar. General Dyer, the military commander of Amritsar, surrounded the Bagh with his soldiers
and ordered them to shoot at the crowd. About one thousand innocent demonstrators were killed.
• The Khilafat Movement: The Muslim population in India, started a powerful agitation, known as the
Khilafat movement, in order to restore the powers Of the Caliph under the leadership of the Ali
Brothers – Mohammed Ali & Shaukat Ali.
Programs of the Non-Cooperation Movement:
The programs of the Non-cooperation Movement were as follows:
• Boycott programs:

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• Boycott of government schools, colleges and court

• Boycott of foreign goods.
• Swadeshi Programs:
• Popularization of Swadeshi and Khadi by reviving hand spinning and hand weaving.
• Establishment of national schools and colleges, private arbitration courts known as panchayats all over
India.
Reasons for suspension
• The Non-Cooperation Movement was suspended because of a violent tragedy which occurred in
Chauri Chaura. About 3000 peasants who had marched to a police station to protest against a police
officer who had beaten up volunteers. The police fired upon the peasants. This infuriated the
demonstrators and they set up the nearby police station on fire killing 22 policemen. Gandhiji was
shocked at this and withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Impact of the Movement
• The National Movement became a mass movement.
• It transformed Congress from a deliberative assembly into a revolutionary movement.
• It fostered Hindu – Muslim Unity.
• It generated a desire for freedom and inspired the people to challenge the colonial rule.

The Civil Disobedience Movement

The causes that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement were as follows:
• The Simon Commission: In November 1927, the British Government appointed the Indian Statutory
Commission which had no Indian member. This was seen as a violation of the principle of self-
determinations and a deliberate insult to the self-respect of the Indians. Therefore, the Indian National
Congress decided to boycott the Commission at ‘every stage and in every form’
• Congress’s demand for Poorna Swaraj: The British government did not accept the Nehru Report and
the Congress passed the Poorna Swaraj Resolution at the Lahore Session of 1929 the Congress working
committee put forward a working programme which included: Preparation of Civil Disobedience
Movement and Poorna Swaraj as its objective.
Launching of Civil Disobedience Movement
The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched on March 12, 1930.
The programme of the Civil Disobedience Movement: The Civil Disobedience Movement involved:
• Defiance of Salt Laws.
• Boycott of British goods of all kinds.
• Non-payment of taxes and revenues.
Dandi March programme: On 12th March, 1930 Gandhiji began the historic Dandi march from Sabarmati
Ashram to Dandi. On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji reached Dandi and picked up the salt and violated the
Salt Law.
Reasons for suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement:
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• Gandhi Irwin Pact: The British realized that it was a waste to hold the 1st Round Table Conference
without the representatives of the Congress. So, the government started negotiations with Gandhiji
which resulted in the signing of the Gandhi – Irwin Pact.
• As per the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, the government agreed to:
• To permit peaceful picketing of shops selling foreign goods and liquor.
• To permit free manufacture of salt by people near the sea coast.
• The Congress in turn agreed:
• To suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• To participate in the 2nd session of the Round Table Conference.
Reasons for the renewal of the Civil Disobedience Movement:
Failure of the Second Round Table Conference: Gandhiji attended the 2nd round table Conference as the sole
representative of the Congress. But the conference was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue. British
government refused to grant Dominion Status immediately. Therefore, Gandhiji returned to India
disappointed. The Great Depression of 1930’s in the world had hit the farmers in India. Gandhiji asked for an
interview with Lord Willingdon, but it was refused. So, congress renewed the Civil Disobedience Movement.
The impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement:
• The Movement developed patriotic fervor in the country.
• The Movement under the leadership of Birla and the ‘Harijan Sevak Sangh’ changed the social
conditions. Depressed class were given entry into the temples and access to the wells.
• It brought women out of their homes to participate in politics.
• It made the people understand the significance of the principles of non-violence.

Quit India Movement

CAUSES OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
The Cripps' Mission (1942) - During World War II the Japanese army rapidly advanced towards India, it
became necessary for the British to break the political deadlock in India. Churchill announced in March 1942,
that Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of the War Cabinet, would go to India for consultation with all the parties.
The Cripps' Mission proposed the following Constitutional reforms:
• India would be given a Dominion Status when the War would end.
• A Constituent Assembly would be set up. It would consist of the members elected by the Lower House
of the Indian Legislature and the representatives of the Princely States nominated by their rulers. It
would be set up to draft a new Constitution.
• There would be a federation of British India and Indian States. Any province that was not prepared to
accept the Constitution would be allowed to obtain Dominion Status separately.
• Provisions would also be made for the protection of the racial and religious minorities.
FAILURE OF THE CRIPPS' MISSION
Almost all the parties and sections of the people rejected the proposals on the following grounds:
• The Cripps' Mission did not bring with it the promise of independence in the near future.
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• The plan involved partitioning the country.

• The League opposed the creation of a single union. The proposals did not accept Pakistan specifically.
They did not grant the right of self- determination to Muslims.
• the Hindus Mahasabha rejected it as it feared partition.
• The people of the Princely States had no right to send their representatives to the proposed
Constitution-making body.
• The Sikhs, Anglo Indians, Christians and labor leaders rejected it as it did not safeguard their interests.
JAPANESE THREAT
The War situation was discouraging in 1942. The Japanese Army had attacked Burma (Myanmar) and was
marching towards Assam. Gandhiji observed, 'The presence of the British in India is an invitation to Japan to
invade India. Their withdrawal removes the bait.'

QUIT INDIA RESOLUTION

In 1942, the failure of the Cripps' Mission left no further meeting ground between the British Government and
the Congress. Mahatma Gandhi felt that the British presence in India was an invitation to Japan to invade
India and that their withdrawal would remove the bait.
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
The All-India Congress Committee met at Bombay on August 8, 1942 and passed the Quit India Resolution
adopted at Wardha in July 1942. The Congress proposed to start a non-violent mass struggle under Gandhiji's
leadership if this demand of immediate and complete independence was not conceded by the British. In his
speech before the All India Congress Committee, Gandhiji declared that it was a decision "To Do or Die".
IMPACT OF THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
The Quit India movement made independence of India as the only agenda of the National Movement.
The Movement had the following impact:
• The Quit India Movement was in fact short-lived. Its importance lay in the fact that it demonstrated the
depth that nationalist feeling had reached in the country and the great capacity for struggle and
sacrifice that the people had developed.
• It was evident that the British would no longer find it possible to rule India against the wishes of the
people.
• It was the mass uprising before attaining independence. People from all parts of India took part in
processions and demonstrations. The Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Parsis and even people
from the Princely States participated.
• . After the suppression of the Quit India Movement, the Constitutional question remained dormant till
the close of the War in 1945.
Forward Bloc & INA

Forward Bloc is a Political Party and The Indian National Army (INA) which is also called Azad Hind was a
collaborationist armed unit of Indian Collaborators that fought under the Command of Japan Empire.
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INA was founded by Mohan Singh in Singapore in September 1942 during World War 2nd.

Forward Bloc is a Left-Wing Nationalist Political party emerged by INC (INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS) on 3rd
of May 1939 and Founded by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.

Subhash Chandra Bose was famous as Netaji and you know the Slogan of Subhash Chandra Bose used to
Inspire the Soldiers as “Give me Blood I will Give you Freedom “and Inspired Indians by ‘Jai Hind ‘.

Subhash Chandra Bose was attracted by the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi and
became an active worker of the freedom Movement. Bose also Participated in the Civil Disobedience
Movement of 1930. He criticized Gandhi when he withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement.

At the Haripur session of the Congress in 1938, Bose was unanimously elected as the President of the
Congress. He inaugurated The All India National Planning Committee at Mumbai in December 1938.

There was a Rift Between Bose and INC

Subhash Chandra Bose INC (Gandhi ji)

Favored the Policy of Large-Scale Industrialization Gandhiji Favored the Idea of Small-Scale Industries

Favored Tact while dealing with his Opponents Gandhiji Favored openness while dealing with his
Opponents

Bose wanted to support the struggle of Princely Gandhiji Criticized their demands
states for freedom

Bose wanted to Utilize the Difficult situation of Gandhiji wanted to adopt a compromising attitude
British during the world war toward British during the world war
These differences widening the Gulf between Right and Left wings of the Congress party.
At the Tripuri (MP) session Gandhiji tried to discourage Netaji from standing for re-election as President of the
Congress for a second term. He supported Pattabi Sitaramayya against Netaji but Netaji won the election.
Gandhiji and 13 Members from the Congress working committee resigned. Netaji requested a Nominate
working committee to work on the wishes of Gandhiji and members reconfirmed to support Gandhiji which
created the deadlock between Gandhiji and Netaji. Gandhiji’s wing began to oppose Netaji which made him
resign from the President ship of Congress on April 29, 1939.

Finally, with the Left-wing Members Netaji founded a Left-wing party on May 3, 1939 as Forward Bloc with
the Following Objectives
1. Reorganization of Agriculture & Industries on the Socialist Lines.
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2. Abolition of Zamindari System

3. Introduction of the New Monetary and Credit system.

In July 1940 Netaji was arrested under Defense of India Rules. Due to his ill health he was released and kept
House arrest. In January 1941 Netaji escaped and Reached Germany.

In the year 1942, 23rd of June The Bangkok Conference Invited Netaji to Lead INA.
INA was conceived by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer in the British Indian Army. He decided not to work for
the British army and instead went to the Japanese to help.
The Japanese helped Civilian Indians to Join Anti-British Organization but had no concept of having a military
wing.

Indian Prisoners of war were handed over by the Japanese to Mohan Singh who inducted them into INA. The
fall of Singapore Brought 45000 Soldiers to INA.

Rash Behari Bose’s effort made a conference which was held at Tokyo from 28th March to 30th March 1942.
with Indian officers Both the Military and Civil to meet Japanese High Command and following decisions were
taken
1. To expand and strengthen the Indian Independence League
(IIL is an association which was coined by Rash Behari Bose who lived in Singapore as like other
associations which were established by the Indians who were living in Different territories)
2. To form under the overall command of the League an Indian National Army (the Army for Indian
liberation)
3. To hold the Conference at Bangkok to consolidate these Decisions.

The Bangkok Conference which was held from June 15 to June 23, 1942 with 150 delegates all the way from
Burma, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore were passed the resolution such as
1. Invitation to Netaji as to Lead the Movement
2. Formation of Council of Action to Control and Guide the Movement
3. Electing Rash Behari Bose as the President of the Council
4. Appointment of Mohan Singh as the Commander-in-chief of INA.

The Motto of INA was Unity, Faith, Sacrifice and Indian National Army had the following objectives
1. To organize an armed revolution and to fight the British army with Modern Arms.
2. Since it was not possible for the Indians to organize an armed revolution from their homeland, this
task must be assigned to the Indians living abroad, particularly on Indians living in East Asia.
3. To organize a provincial government of Free India in order to mobilize all the forces effectively
4. Total Mobilization of Indian man-power and Money for a total war.

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Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose contribution was much More

1. He Inspired the INA Soldiers by a call ‘Give me blood I will Give you Freedom”
2. He took the Charge of Freedom Movement by a Slogan Jai Hind and Delhi Chalo
3. In August 1943 He took the Charge of INA and became the Supreme Commander
4. He started a Women Regiment in INA and named it as Jhansi Regiment (Dr. Lakshmi Swaminathan led
the regiment)

INA captured many frontiers. INA gave a tough fight to the British force in the Assam hills and succeeded in
capturing Ukhra and Kohima. They raised the Tricolor flag for the 1st time on the liberated Indian soil on
March 19, 1944.

Unfortunately, the Surrender of Japan in the Second World War on August 15th, 1945 sealed the fate of the
INA too. while on his way to Tokyo Netaji met a plane crash and The Japanese official version was that Netaji
died on August 18, 1945.

The INA set an inspiring example of Patriotism. The heroic deeds and sacrifice of the soldiers of INA led to
political consciousness among the Indian forces.

India achieved its Independence on 15th August 1947 but It faced the Many consequences during
Independence and after.
India was divided as One more territory by the Name of Pakistan which was the demand of Muslim League,

World war 2nd brought many Changes to Indian Freedom Struggle like
1. Quit India Movement was fresh
2. Tragic End of INA
3. Muslim League Demanded Partition of India.

There was deadlock situation in Indian Politics to clear the deadlock Lord Wavell who came after Lord Linlith
gow brought many offers like
1. Dominion Status to India
2. Allowing a draft for their own Constitution by Wavell Plan.
But Muslim League Rejected his Plan because there was no concept of Pakistan

Cabinet Plan
British PM Clement Attlee sent a cabinet Mission which consisted with Pethic Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps
and A. Alexander to India in Feb 19, 1946 with the Aim of
● Facilitate the Process of Transfer of Power and Helping Indian leaders to form the Kind of Government.
There were reasons behind sending Cabinet Mission to India
1. USSR & USA forced Britain to Leave India.

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2. There was loss of Economic and Military power of Britain

3. Change in Britain Government (Labor Party Supported India)
4. British Soldiers were Not ready to work
5. Difficulties from the strike of Indian Labor
6. Indian Freedom Struggle
Clauses of Cabinet mission
1. Federal Union - The Government with State and Union with British Provinces and Princely states to
form a Union Government to deal with topics like Foreign affairs, Defense and Communication and it
should have the power to raise funds.
2. Power of Union - Must have Legislative and executive power by elected members.
3. Provincial Autonomy - Provinces should enjoy all the powers except union?
4. Grouping of Provinces - Like A (Hindu Province) B (Muslim Province) C (Chief commissioner Province)
5. Formation of Constituent Assembly - Total 389 Members in which 296 from British Provinces and 93
from Princely states
6. Representation of Minorities - Reservation for Minorities like Muslim and Sikh
7. Formation of Interim Government - For time being with 14 Members under Viceroy
8. Freedom to join the Common wealth - India would be free to remain or join
9. Transfer of Power - To work out of treaty between Constituent Assembly and Britain

Cabinet mission Rejected the Concept of Pakistan because

1. How Non- Muslims from Bengal, Assam and Punjab to divide
2. Princely states decision became difficult
3. difficult to transfer Facilities like Railway etc.

Lord Mountbatten
Lord Mountbatten was appointed to transfer the power but there was a deadlock between INC and ML… he
thought that the Cabinet Mission Plan wouldn't work.

Finally Mount Batten Proposed that Plan - Mount batten’s Plan

He proposed his plan in front of Big 7
1. Nehru
2. Kripalni
3. Jinna
4. Patel
5. Liaquat
6. Nishtar
7. Baldev Singh
They agreed and This plan was announced on June 3, 1947
Gandhi said - I repeat Partition of India can only harm to the country’s future

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Clauses of Mountbatten Plan

1. Partition - Country would be divided into 2 Dominion —--- India & Pakistan
2. Relation between 2 New Dominion - Decision of their own ads between British commonwealth and
Each Other
3. Boundary Commission - To divide Boundaries
4. Princely States - Join India, Pakistan or Remain Independent

India achieved its Independence on 15th August 1947 but It faced the Many consequences during
Independence and after.
India was divided as One more territory by the Name of Pakistan which was the demand of Muslim League,

The First World war

World wars caused the huge damage to life and property which created hatred among the nations and
which caused the evolution of 2 Power Blocks. As you know the 1st World war was fought in 1914 July 28 and
till 1918 November 11.

Imagine as the 1st war was like a Gang war which was happened between 2 Gangs
GOA v/s F-BIRJU

Remember these terms as GOA and F-BIRJU

GOA -
✓ GERMANY
✓ Austria - Hungary (AUSTRIA not AUSTRALIA please remember)
✓ OTTOMAN TURKS

F-BIRJU – FRANCE
✓ BRITAIN (GREAT BRITAIN)
✓ ITALY
✓ RUSSIA
✓ JAPAN
✓ USA (UNITED STATES OF AMERICA joined in the year 1917) America was Neutral in the Beginning.

Remember this
➢ GOA Gang as Central Power
and

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➢ F-BIRJU as Allies Power.

Central Power v/s Allies Power
1. As you now without reason no fight, no war and no problem
2. 'The Causes of war is preparation for war'.
3. Remember Wars are not paid for wartime, the bill comes later.
4. There were Many causes for 1st world war let us come to know
A. Nationalism & Imperialism
B. Race of Armaments
C. Division of Europe
D. Immediate Cause that is Sarajevo Crisis (CRISIS means Danger or Trouble)

Nationalism … What is NATIONALISM?....... Yes, the feeling toward our Nation, The Proud towards our
Nation, The Love towards our Country is called Nationalism. But when Nationalism went to an extreme level it
turned to an Aggressive way which was called Aggressive Nationalism.
Aggressive Nationalism is also called JINGOISM or CHAUVINISM.
When you Feel other countries are Nothing in front of Your country and Your country is only the superior one,
such a feeling is called Aggressive Nationalism…
This Aggressive Nationalism turned towards Imperialism.

Imperialism When a Superiority complex arises then the person tries to have control on others. Same thing
happened here.
Policy or Practice by which a Powerful Nation establishes its Control over another country, either by direct
territorial acquisition (Acquire) or by gaining Political & Economic Control.

Many countries of Europe wanted to Prove themselves as Strong and Powerful so they started to increase
their Military Power.
In the Meantime, Media means Paper, Radio etc. also provoked by reporting as England & France Built up a
Huge Colonial Empire in ASIA and AFRICA etc.…. Actually, Each Nation thought about its National Interest &
did not care for the Interest of Other Nations.

As earlier we discussed how to Prove themselves as Strong and Powerful Nations started to Called Arms
(Weapons) which led to the Race of Armaments. Which became another cause for the 2nd World war?

Race of Armaments in the 1870-71 Franco-German war became the main cause for the Armament race.
Germany was victorious and captured a few areas of FRANCE.
other nations feared and for self-defense they started to collect ARMS.

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In order to Protect their colonies in AFRICA & few Islands in the PACIFIC Germany began to build a Powerful
navy with a view to achieving equal Status with BRITAIN. In the same way other Nations also Started to collect
Arms which led the Race of Armaments.

Division of Europe - Before this GOA & F-BIRJU gang it means before this Central and Allied Powers there
were 2 Strong Groups called

Triple Entente & Triple Alliance

in 1880 FRANCE
POLAND
GERMANY was on one side AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
RUSSIA was on another side

RUSSIA went out from the group

GERMANY Joined AUSRIA-HUNGARY + ITALY Also Joined Finally it became TRIPLE ALLIANCE you can remeber
as GAI - GERMANY
AUSTRO-HUNGARY
ITALY

to conquered this 3ple ALLIANCE in the year 1907

A FRE Group was formed FRE means FRANCE
RUSSIA
ENGLAND by the name 3ple ENTENTE
where JAPAN also Joined later. Like this Europe was splatted into 2 Groups which fought the 1st World War.

They were ready for war but they waited for trigger THE SARAJEVO CRISIS became the Immediate Cause for
the war

Sarajevo Crisis - The Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife (The Prince of Austro-Hungary) visited to
Sarajevo which was the capital of a Country called Bosnia.
Bosnia was Controlled by Austria and The People of Bosnia wanted to free themselves and join Serbia.

With the Aim of unite all Serbians including those who were in Bosnia into a single Serbian state ( Now
Yugoslavia ) a nationalist secret society called BLACK HAND or UNION OF DEATH which was formed by
extremist Serbian Nationalist organized the Assassination ( Murder ) of The Archduke in the year 1914 , 28
June by a nationalist called Gavrilo Princip a Serbian student at the age of 18 shot the Archduke and his wife
Sophie by semi-automatic Handgun.

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Because of this Austria-Hungary served an Ultimatum (Demand) on Serbia.

Serbia accepted most of the demands which consisted of 11 points but except those that would have led to
the loss of her Sovereignty…… Then Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia 28/09/1914.

As you know Serbia was weak country so RUSSIA came to help SERBIA. in the same Manner

GERMANY Helped AUSTRIA-HUNGARY and attacked on RUSSIA ... then

on RUSSIA's Friend Country (3 Alliance) FRANCE.
Later ENGLAND (BRITAIN) came and helped FRANCE and declared war on GERMANY.

ITALY was passive in the beginning but in 1915 it declared war against GERMANY (Yes ITALY came out from
the alliance and posed against the friend country because of Political Interest).

Like this All the Nations joined the 1st World War and even during that time INDIA was a colony of the British
so Indian soldiers served in the British army during the war.

As the Result of the 1st World War ALLIES group it means F-BIR (France, Britain, Italy, Russia, Serbia) won the
War … yes USA and JAPAN were not in the scene still.

As the Result to maintain Peace A Treaty (An agreement) was signed between FBIR and GERMANY…… " The
Treaty of Versailles "

All the Countries wanted to make GERMANY weak (Even USA also wanted to make GERMANY weak)

Treaty of VERSAILLES
● This treaty was signed on 28 Jan 1919. In Paris.
● The terms of this Treaty were decided by
Woodrow Wilson - President of America
Lloyd George - Prime Minister of Britain
George Clemenceau - Prime Minister
All winning countries took part in the conference. This was a Humiliated treaty with the following conditions
Conditions
1. The Treaty declared Germany guilty of aggression.
2. Germany was required to pay for the loss and damages suffered by the Allies during the war.
3. The Amount of Reparations was fixed at 33 Billion dollars.
4. Germany had to cede the merchant ships to the Allies as Compensation and Had to supply huge
quantities of Coal to FRANCE, ITALY, BELGIUM for 10 Years.
5. The Area of Rhine valley was to be demilitarized and the German territory west of Rhine was to be
occupied by the Allied troops for 15 Years.

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6. Had to evacuate the areas she captured during the war.

7. The German army is restricted to a force of1 lakh Soldiers.
8. The Navy was limited to 15K men and 24 Ships.
9. The Air Force and Submarines were Banned.

Hitler vanished this treaty…. This caused the 2nd World war.
Impact of 1st world War
Territorial Rearrangement 1. Ottoman Empire in Turkey came to an end
2. Austria-Hungary became separate Independent States
3. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged as Independent States.
4. 3 Ruling dynasties Viz.
Romanov in Russia
Hohenzollern in Germany
Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary was destroyed.

After 1st world war in1920 A World Organization of all Independent states emerged by the name of ' LEAGUE
OF NATION '
Rise of Dictatorship

As we learnt about the 1st World War… this war made the world towards Democracy.
DEMOCRACY - DEMO = PEOPLE
CRACY = RULE
where people rule,
But…. Russia, Italy, Germany, Spain suffered by DEMOCRACY so some leaders interfere
1. HITLER
2. MUSSOLINI they were famous as Dictators

Hitler started Nazism in Germany and Mussolini started Fascism in Italy

As you know Hitler killed 60LK Jews.

Let's study about these Dictators and their Ideology

Party / Ideology Fascism Nazism

Founder Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler

Meaning The Word Fascism has been National Socialist German

derived from the Italian Word Workers Party.
Fascio = Union or League. Term Nazi = National Socialist
Fascism means Unity coined by opponent to Insult
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Political Party The National Fascist Party, Italy, 9 National Socialist German
November 1921 Workers Party, Germany, 24
February 1920

Team / Part Workers Black Shirts Nazi

Dictatorship was rises in Russia, Germany, Italy and Spain

Fascism and Benito Mussolini

● Fascism is an Italian word which means Union or League
● The symbol of Fascism party is Fasces = Bundle of sticks bound to an axe which means 'POWER OVER
LIFE AND DEATH'
● He was Socialist in the Beginning but Later became Anti-Socialist
● He got funds from Industrialist to form an Anti-Socialist party
● He organized Fascia’s to organize Violence in Italy
● With the Help of his party he attacked Rome with 40K Black Shirts but the Government Not resisted.
Emperor Victor Emmanuel who was a weak ruler invited him to form a Government because even
Emperor wants someone to stop Socialist (Favorer of Labor Class)
● Finally, Mussolini became the absolute Master with terror.
● he captured many important cities like Albania, Abyssia etc.,
● During the 2nd World War He was executed by people and Fascism came to an end.

Nazism and Adolf Hitler

● He was an Austrian
● Dreamt about to Capture Berlin of Germany
● During 1st World war he served as a Corporal (an Officer in army)
● First Founded a party called The German workers party which became The National Socialist Party and
stood for election but lost the Election.
● So, he attacked on Berlin but arrested and Imprisoned
● In Prison he wrote a book called ' Micampf ' (My struggle)
● Again, he stood for election but lost
● President offered him The Chancellorship (Prime Minister) of Hindenburg
● Later he declared Himself as President
● After the Death of President, he declared Himself as dictator
● During 2nd world war when soviet (Russia) entered Berlin he doesn’t want to be a war prisoner so he
committed suicide on April 30, 1945.

Causes for the Rise of Fascism and Nazism

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Causes for the Rise of Fascism Nazism

1. Treaty of Versailles Discontentment of treaty of Humiliating treaty of Versailles

Versailles - Italy Joined allies in after the defeat in 1st world war
1st world war to gain the German Humiliated and posed as
territories of Turkey and Germany Guilty. Germany lost her many
but got only few territories Territories because of this
except the desired one which German government Weimar
caused the loss of hope on the republic got opposed by people.
ruler by people and chance for Hitler encouraged people by his
the rise of new political party and speech and gained the faith.
leader.

2. Economic Crisis Italy also suffered because of the Germany suffered a lot because
1st World war. of the 1st World war and Treaty
Loss of Property and lives, Trade, of Versailles.
Commerce and Gained Loss of Property and lives, Trade,
Unemployment, shortage of Food Commerce and Gained
and economic depletion where Unemployment, shortage of Food
people waited for the changes. and economic depletion where
people waited for the changes.

3. Class conflict Class conflict between Workers & Growing fear of Communism -
Industrialist, Socialist & Anti- Reichstag party was a communist
Socialist people were ready to party there was a threat of being
support but only Promises were a servant of Germany so they
made which made common wanted a new party to
people angry about the Present Administrate.
Administration.

4. Failure of League of League of Nation which was League of Nation which was
Nation established to check such kind of established to check such kind of
wars and to maintain peace was a wars and to maintain peace was a
weak organization, which failed weak organization, which failed
to check Fascism, Nazism and to check Fascism, Nazism and
Dictatorship Dictatorship

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5. Leadership Leadership Provided by Mussolini Leadership Provided by Adolf

played a significant role. Hitler played a significant role.
His Charismatic Personality and His Charismatic Personality and
His speeches about bringing back His speeches about bringing back
the past glory of Italy helped him the past glory of Germany helped
to win the faith of Countrymen. him to win the faith of
He became 'Duce' the leader. Countrymen.
' It is better to live one day as Lion He became 'Fuhrer' the
than 100 years as a Sheep' leader/Guide
' Versailles is just a waste Paper '

6. Few Other Causes Political Instability - in 19191 Anti-Semitic propaganda - Nazi

Democracy was formed but not opposed Jews they thought Jews
stable because the Single Party helped Allies in the sense they
failed to get Majority. 6 coalition started to punish them. 6 Million
Governments were formed. Jews either Killed and sent to
Finally, Mussolini was ready to Prison. 60 Lakh Jews were killed
solve the problem. by Hitler in the Gas Chamber …
Threat of Communism - There Semitic religions are Islam and
was a threat of communism to Christianity where there was
the Capitalist Class. democracy conflict between Jews V/S
was weak so Businessmen started Christians.
supporting Mussolini who was an Absence of Strong Opposition
anti-Communist. Resurgence of Militant
Absence of Strong Opposition Nationalism

Similarities between Fascism and Nazism Ideology

1. Both Hatred Discontentment of Treaty of Versailles
2. Both Hatred of democratic Principles and preference for totalitarian system and one Party One leader.
3. To Uphold intensely nationalistic, anti-Communist, Anti-Democratic Rule.
4. Political Instability and Class Conflict between the Aristocrats and the Common people.
5. To believe in Aggressive Nationalism and Imperialism.
6. To regard war as the Instrument for furthering National Interest.
7. To hold that the state is supreme and it could suppress the fundamental rights and freedoms of
Individuals.

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Aims of Fascism and Nazism

Fascism Nazism

● Antithesis of Democracy ● Antithesis of Democracy

● Supported One Party One Leader ● Supported One Party One Leader
● Favored equal control over all the ● Favored equal control over all the Sections
Sections of Society. (Capitalist, of Society. (Capitalist, Industrialist, Labor,
Industrialist, Labor, Landlord, Peasant, Landlord, Peasant, Artisans)
Artisans) ● Laid Stress on Nationalism not on Individuals
● Laid Stress on Nationalism not on if one gone let gone.
Individuals if one gone let gone. ● They believed that the interest of state must
● They believed that the interest of state get precedence over individuals because
must get precedence over individuals individual identity is only because of state.
because individual identity is only ● They favored Aggressive Foreign Policy and
because of state. regarded war as an Instrument for furthering
● They favored Aggressive Foreign Policy National Interest.
and regarded war as an Instrument for
furthering National Interest.

Impact of Fascism and Nazism

● Established a totalitarian State
● Economic Reform
● Repudiated peace Treaty
● Acquisition of Territories
● Racial Supremacy (Only for Nazi)
● Negative Aspects

2nd World War

Dear in our previous classes we discussed the 1st world war and its Impact on the world. Today we are going
to discuss the 2nd World War.

Dear you might have heard about Hiroshima and Nagasaki how the nuclear Bomb was dropped on these cities
by the USA. Which caused Huge damage to lives and property and the Japanese suffered a lot.

there were many causes for 2nd World war let's discuss

1. Dissatisfaction of Treaty of Versailles - As you know the

● The 1st World war made Germany guilty and the treaty which was made created more
Problems than solutions.

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● Germany's territories were taken away and created many states like Poland and Other.
● The war Indemnity (33 Billion) which could never pay.
● Military Power of Germany Cutdown. So, Germany decided to oppose the treaty and to take
Revenge and want to acquire Slovakia, Hungary and Somalia etc.,
2. Rise of Fascism and Nazism
● Both Mussolini and Hitler had the same Ideology of Bringing their Country's Glory back. Italy -
Mussolini and Germany - Hitler
● in 1937 Italy Signed Anti-Comin tern Pact with Germany that is an alliance of 10 years
● In 1938 Hitler joined Mussolini and took over Austria, Czechoslovakia.
3. Policy of Appeasement
● Appeasement refers to the policy of pacifying an aggressive power at the expense of some
other country.
● It means when a country attacks on other country being neutral as to make that country weak
for their personal gain
● Britain and France never tried to stop Germany and Italy while attacking other countries
because they thought these countries checked communism and made Russia weak by attacking
4. Japanese Invasion of China
● Japan wanted to expand their territory after 1st world war
● 1931 Japan Attacked Manchuria
● 1931 Japan Attacked China and China requested League of Nation to save but League of Nation
was failed
● Britain and France followed the Policy of Appeasement; they let China weak.
● Japan Joined Berlin (Germany) Rome 9 Italy ) means Axis force and are an alliance with
Germany and Italy (Germany + Italy + Japan = Axis )
● In 1939 Japan Left League of Nations and started Occupying the colonies of Britain and
America.
5. Failure of league of Nation
● League of Nation Failed due to many reasons as lack of Support
● USA did not join the League of Nation
● Joined members were not interested in Collective Security.
● There was no Military Power with League of Nation
● No economic Sanction Power
● Failed to Maintain Peace
● Failed to stop the acquisition of Poland, Italy
● Many Countries of Europe they entered themselves with Political and Military alliance instead
League of Nation.
6. Immediate cause
● Hitler Invaded Poland in 1 September 1939 for the following reasons

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● Because of treaty of Versailles Germany divided into 2 parts

● Poland went as a colony. so, to get Poland He attacked on Poland
● The city of Dazing was inhabitant of Germans so called need….
● Poland accused atrocities against Germany.
● German Army reached Poland …. France and Britain gave Ultimatum to Germany in Reply.
● Germany Attacked on France in Sep 3…. and 2nd World war started
● Britain and France attacked on Germany
● German army won the complete Poland in 3 weeks

Consequences of 2nd World War

1. Defeat of Axis Power

● In the beginning from 1939 to 1942 GERMANY, ITALY and JAPAN got the remarkable success
but after 1942 USA, RUSSIA, BRITAIN and FRANCE recaptured AFRICAN Territories, FRANCE and
victory On ITALY & GERMANY
● Then after they turned their attention towards JAPAN because JAPAN already won most
SOUTHEAST ASIAN areas.
● British forces liberated Myanmar, Malaya, Philippines and Singapore.
● In 1945, July 26Japan was invited to the POTSDAM Conference and asked to Surrender but
Japan refused it.
● America dropped Nuclear Bomb on HIROSHIMA (6th August 1945), and NAGASAKI (8th August
1945)
● Then JAPAN Surrenders and war came to an END
2. Consequences of War
● At the end of the 2nd world war Germany was divided into 2 zones under the army of each
allied power. West Zone (USA, ENGLAND, FRANCE) a big part East Zone (RUSSIA) a small Part.

FRG (FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GDR (GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC)

GERMANY)
West Germany East Germany

Capitalist Ideology Communist Ideology

Capitalist Bloc Communist Bloc

Capital - BONN Capital - East Berlin

Britain, France, USA Soviet Union of Russia

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● Japan and Italy also became weak but Not divided. The American Army Captured Japan and even in the
presence of King Hirohito (with No Power) it was under Control of America till 1952.

To prevent 3rd world War The leaders

● Joseph Stalin from Russia
● Roosevelt from America
● Churchill from Britain who were called 3 big came forward

● They called a Meeting at Yalta in 1945

● 2nd meeting was held at San Francisco where they Passed the Charter of United Nation
● Finally, the United Nations Organization was established in the year 1945 October 24.

Cold war
● 2nd world war led to the Cold war
● Cold war is 'The state of tension between the countries in which each side adopted policies designed
to strengthen itself and weaken the other without armed conflict'
● Suspicious Ideological Differences
● Extreme Political Tension
This Cold war led the whole world to divide in 2 Power Blocks

Democratic Bloc Communist Bloc

America leading the Bloc Russia leading the Bloc

Britain, Italy, France, Austria Poland, Hungary, Romania

THE UNITED NATIONS Part - 1

Composition only

REASONS FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS

I. Disastrous World Wars

ii. Failure of the League of Nations
iii. Fear of Third World War
iv. Division of World into Two Blocs (USA and USSR)
v. Destructive Weapons

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ORIGIN OF THE U.N.

The leaders of Allied Governments - US President Franklin Roosevelt and the British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill held many discussions for the formation of the UNO. The UN Charter was drafted in June 1945 and
signed by 50 participating nations. The United Nations came into existence on 24th October 1945, celebrated
as UN Day. The six official languages of the UN are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
OBJECTIVES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
1.To maintain international peace and security and to suppress acts of
aggression.
2.To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-
determination of people.
3.To achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural problems and encouraging respect
for Human Rights.
4.To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
5.The three new objectives of the UN - Disarm, Decolonize and Develop.
ORGANS OF THE UNITED NATIONS
The six organs of the UN : General Assembly, Security Council, International Court of Justice, ECOSOC,
Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat.
GENERAL ASSEMBLY (Only Composition)
•All members of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly. Each State has five
representatives in the General Assembly but one vote.
•Assembly elects a new President, 21 Vice-Presidents and then Chairmen of the six Main Committees. The
presidency rotates each year among five groups: Africa, Asia, Europe, America, Caribbean.
•Special sessions are convened by the Secretary-General. Decisions on Important Matters are made by a
2/3rd majority. These matters include the election of the non-permanent members of the UN.
THE SECURITY COUNCIL (Only Composition)
•The Security Council consists of 15 members. It has 5 permanent members
China, France, Russia, Britain and the United States of America.
•The regional representation of the 10 non-permanent members - Afro- Asian countries (5), Latin-American
countries (2), West European countries (2) and East European countries (1).
•The non-permanent members are elected by the two-third majority of the General Assembly for two years. A
retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.
VETO POWER - Each member of the Security Council has one vote. When a permanent member of the
Council passes a negative vote i.e., Veto (if any one of the permanent members can pass it and has Veto
Power)
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE - ICJ Composition Only
•The Court is composed of 15 judges elected for a 9-year term office by the United Nations General Assembly
and Security Council.
•It may not include more than one judge from any nationality. Elections of judges are held every 3 years for
1/3 of the seats. Retiring judges may be re-elected.
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•The judges of ICJ were independent magistrates, not under the government. But the judges must possess the
qualifications required in their respective countries. The President and Vice-President of the ICJ is elected for
three years.
Others
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) - Responsible for promoting higher standards of living, full
employment and economic and social progress.
The Trusteeship Council - It is in charge of all territories which were administered before the Second World
War under the Mandate System of the League of Nations.
The Secretariat - It is the administrative office of the UN which is composed of the Secretary-General, and he
heads it.
MAJOR AGENCIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
There are several agencies of the UN, but the main agencies are UNICEF, WHO and UNESCO.
1.UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND (UNICEF)
The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund was created to help the emergency needed by
the children in the post-war scenario of Europe. Later on, its name was changed to UNCF however its acronym
UNICEF continued. Headquarters at New York. The main functions of UNICEF are :
I. UNICEF works for the protection of children in respect of their survival, health and well-being.
II. It provides funds for training personnel, including health and sanitation workers, teachers, workers for
immunization against preventable diseases.
III. It provides help to children and mothers in emergencies arising from natural calamities, civil strife and
epidemics.
IV. It makes an effort to prevent diseases like T.B, Malaria, Skin and Eye diseases. It upholds the Convention on
the Rights of the Child.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO)
April 7 is celebrated as World Health Day. Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The main functions of WHO
are:
I. It helps countries to improve their health system by building up infrastructure, institutions and
manpower.
II. It gives important drugs needed for medical care. It launched a programmed to immunize children
on DPT, Polio, MMR and T.B.
III. It promotes research to cure and prevent diseases and to improve vaccines and research workers.
IV. It organizes conferences, seminars and training for health care personnel. It declared 1981-1990 as
the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION (UNESCO)
UNESCO has its headquarters in Paris, France. The main functions of UNESCO are:-
I. Education: - The largest sector of UNESCO's activity is in the field of education. Removal of Illiteracy by
encouragement to adult education and open school system. Emphasis on education of women & girls.
Financial assistance for education.

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ii. Scientific Activities: - It organizes seminars & conferences of scientists and circulates information. It
promotes basic research in fields of Math’s, Physics. It finances engineering and technology schemes. It
encourages the study of social sciences.
iii. Communication: - It develops communication by setting up networks and deals with aspects of
informatics. It improves the quality of the Press and upholds the independence of Media.
iv. Preservation of Cultural Heritage: - It provides funds for preservation of monuments. It has prepared
a World Heritage List to identify the monuments and sites to be protected. It aims to protect the world
inheritance of books, art and rare manuscripts. It encourages fine arts in literature. It pays attention towards
cultural development through films.

Non-Aligned Movement
Introduction
After the 2nd world war during the cold war the concept of Non- Alignment emerged. The whole world was
divided into 2 Power blocs
as communist bloc under USSR and
Capitalist bloc under USA.
They expected all newly Independent Countries should join any of either blocs.

Newly Independent Countries (Which were Previously British ruled Colonies of Asia and Africa) were not
interested to join any of the Blocs as they wanted to remain Non-Aligned.

" Non-Alignment is the International Policy of a sovereign state.

According to which it does not align itself with any of the Power bloc and
at the same time actively participates in world affairs to promote
International Peace, Harmony and Cooperation ".

Many newly independent countries in the sense of enjoying their power of freedom decided not to join any of
the blocs and
they had a conference in 1955 at Bandung (Indonesia) .

The First Summit (Meeting) of NAM

was held in September 1961 at Belgrade in Yugoslavia
Egypt, India, Nepal, Burma, Indonesia, Ghana, Ethiopia took part in the summit of Belgrade
(This Summit was attended by 25 Non-Aligned nations and Marshal Tito Was the Chairperson)

NAM was formed based on the Objectives of

1. Advocate peaceful settlement of International Disputes
2. To oppose Colonialism, Racial Discrimination, Imperialism
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3. To encourage Friendly relationship among various countries across the world

4. To advocate easy and quick settlement of Multiple issues among countries in a peaceful manner
5. To support UN and its agencies
6. To oppose the use of Nuclear Weapons
7. To Build a New International Economic Order (NIEO)

● Jawaharlal Nehru the 1st PM of India came up with the idea of NAM
● Gamel Abdel Nasser - President of Egypt
● Joseph Broze Tito - President of Yugoslavia
● Kwame Nkrumah - PM of Ghana
● Sukrane - President of Indonesia were the founders or Architects of NAM

Jawaharlal Nehru played an Important Role in formulating and launching the concept of NAM.

● He advocated it on the World's Platform.

● He called upon the newly Independent Countries to stay away from the 2 Military alliances and Power
Blocs.
● He created a forum for them to come together and present their interests to the World.
● He led the Bandung conference and was instrumental in passing the Panchasheel Principles and
various other similar agreements.
● He was also a great spokesperson for neutrality of Asian and African Countries during the cold war era.

In 1954 India and China signed an agreement of Peaceful coexistence containing 5 Principles called
Panchsheel Principles.
This agreement was signed between Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese PM Chou-En-lai.

The Panchsheel Principles are

1. Mutual Non-Interference in Each other's Internal Affairs
2. Mutual Non-aggression
3. Equality for Mutual benefits
4. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
5. Peaceful co-existence

These Principles Inspired the Objectives of NAM

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Glance me Once
Doctrine of Lapse Lord Dalhousie
Disrespect to Nana Saheb pension denied
Disrespect to Bahadur Shah no Red fort/no titles
Disrespect to Rani Laxmi bai annexation of Jhansi
Annexation of Awadh Lord Dalhousie
Subsidiary Alliance Lord Wellesley
Political Causes of 1857 Revolt • Doctrine of Lapse
• Disrespect to Nana Saheb
• Disrespect to Bahadur Shah
• Disrespect to Rani Laxmi bai
• Annexation of Awadh
• Subsidiary Alliance

Economic Causes of 1857 Revolt • Unemployment

• Poverty
• tax on farmer
• Indigo Cultivation
• Drain of wealth
• Raw material cheap rates Finished goods high price
Socio Religious Causes of 1857 Revolt • Social customs
(ban on sati, female infanticide, child marriage,introduce
widow remarriage)
• Christian Missionaries
• Tax on temples and mosques
• position of Pundits and Maulvis reduced
• General Service Enlistment Act
Military Causes of 1857 Revolt • Low Salaries
• No promotion beyondSubedar
• General Service Enlistment Act
• no extra allowances like Bhatta
• ill fed, ill housed
• not allowing any religious customs like tilak or
beard
Immediate Cause Enfield Rifle
First one to revolt against Enfield rifle Mangal Pandey
First Viceroy Lord Canning
Last Viceroy Lord Mountbatten

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Press (newspapers) Amrit Bazar Patrika, Times of India,

Bengalee, Maratha, Kesari
Reform Movements Brahmo Samaj and
Satya Shodhak Samaj
Brahmo Samaj Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Satya Shodhak Samaj Jyotiba Phule
Raja Ram Mohan Roy Introduction of Widow remarriage and Ban on Sati,
child marriage
Father of Indian Renaissance Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Prophet of Indian Nationalism Papers of Raja Ram Mohan Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Roy Pioneer of Indian Journalism Book by Raja Ram Mohan Samwad Kaumudi and Mirat ul Akbar Raja Ram
Roy Mohan Roy
Association by Raja Ram Mohan Roy Gift to monotheists (one God) Brahmo Samaj and
Atmiya Sabha

Jyoti ba Phule First school for girls

removal of Untouchability
Book by Jyoti ba Phule Gulamgiri

Pre cursors of Indian National Congress (INC) Indian Association and

East India Association
Indian Association Surendra Nath Banerjee

East India Association Dada Bhai Naoroji

Set up of Indian National Congress (INC) Allen Octavian Hume (A O Hume)

President of the First Session of Indian National Womesh Chandra Banerjee (W C Banerjee)
Congress (INC)
Place of the First Session of Indian National Bombay (Mumbai)
Congress (INC)
President of the Second Session of Indian Dada bhai Naoroji
National Congress (INC)
Place of the Second Session of Indian National Congress (INC) Calcutta (Kolkata)

Objectives of INC Unity, public opinion and demands

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Two wings/phases of INC Early Nationalists Phase (Moderates)

Assertive Nationalists (Radicals)
Methods of Early Nationalists Phase (Moderates) Petitions, Plea, prayers, peaceful protests,
meetings, speeches, memorandums, pamphlets,
demonstrations, deputations to British

Aim or Objective of Early Nationalists Phase Dominion status or

(Moderates) Self-government
Methods of Assertive Nationalists (Radicals) Boycott, Swadeshi
National education,
Mass movement Revivalism, passive resistance,
Self-reliance, personal sacrifices

Aim or Objective of Assertive Nationalists Complete Independence or

(Radicals) Poorna swaraj
Early Nationalists leaders (called moderates) Dadabhai Naoroji Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Surendranath Banerjee

Grand Old Man of India Elected President of INC thrice Dadabhai Naoroji Dadabhai Naoroji Dadabhai
Unofficial Ambassador of India in England Naoroji Dadabhai Naoroji
Drain Theory Poverty and Unbritish rule in India Rast Goftar
Book by Dadabhai Naoroji and Dharma Marg Darshak
Newspaper by Dadabhai Naoroji

Political mentor/guru of Gandhi Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Called C.I.E. (Companion of Indian Empire) Association by Gopal Krishna Gokhale Servants of India Society
Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Father of Nationalist Movement Newspaper by Surendra Surendra Nath Banerjee Bengali

Nath Banerjee Book by Surendra Nath Banerjee Nation in the Making
First Indian to qualify ICS exam Surendra Nath Banerjee

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Assertive Nationalists leaders (called radicals) Lal – Bal – Pal trio

Lala Lajpat Rai
Bal Gangadhara Tilak Bipin Chandra Pal

Called Punjab Kesari or Sher –e – Punjab or Lion Lala Lajpat Rai

of Punjab
Association formed by Lala Lajpat Rai Book by Lala Lajpat Servants of People Society National Education
Rai Young India, Punjabi, Vande Mataram(Urdu daily) and
Paper by Lala Lajpat Rai People(English weekly)
The Call to Young India, England’s debt to
India, Political Future of India
Publications

Father of Assertive Nationalism Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Forerunner of Gandhi Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Papers by Bal Gangadhar Tilak Marata in English and Kesari in Marathi Home rule

Association by Bal Gangadhar Tilak Founded Deccan Education Society Poona New English School
Organized Shivaji and Ganpati festivals for mass movement Bal Gangadhar Tilak
and nationalism
Organized Lathi clubs and Akharas Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Slogan by Bal Gangadhar Tilak Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it Gita Rahasya
Book by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the Arctic home of Vedas

Father of Revolutionary thought in India Papers by Bipin Bipin Chandra Pal

Chandra Pal The New India, The Tribune
Partition Of Bengal Lord Curzon
Real reason for Partition Of Bengal Divide and rule and to break nationalism
Excuse for Partition Of Bengal Administrative efficiency

Viceroy who agreed setting up Muslim League Lord Minto

Deputation to Lord Minto Aga Khan
Permanent President of Muslim League Aga Khan
President of First Session of Muslim League Nawab Salim Ullah of Dacca
Place of First Session of Muslim League Dacca
Objectives of Muslim League Loyal to British, no hostility, check congress, present
needs of Muslims,
protect political rights of Muslims

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Mass Movements by Gandhiji Non-Cooperation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement

Quit India Movement

Meaning of Mass movement All sections of society (men, women, children,

farmers, rulers, artisans)
Objectives of Non-Cooperation Movement Self govt
Annulment of Rowlett Act
Restore position of Calipha/Sultan of Turkey
Session where Non-Cooperation Nagpur Session
Movement was adopted
Causes of Non-Cooperation Movement Rowlett Act Jallianwala Baugh
Khilafat Movement

Rowlett Act Black Act

Arrest without reason and without warrant, in camera
trial, suspend Habeas Corpus
Rowlett Act headed by Justice Rowlett
Jallianwala Baugh Punjab, Amritsar
Why gathered at Jallianwala Baugh Protest against arrest of leaders like Satya Pal
and Kitchulu
Jallianwala Baugh General Dyer
Renounced knighthood after Jallianwala Rabindranath Tagore
Baugh tragedy
gave up the medal of Kaiser-i-Hind Mahatma Gandhi
Khilafat Movement Ali brothers
Mohammad Ali, Shaukat Ali, Maulana Azad, Hazrat
Mohani, Hakim Ajmal Khan
Reason for Khilafat Movement Sultan of Turkey was Muslim head called Calipha
After war position of Calipha was not restored

Khilafat Movement supported by Gandhi Unity between Hindus and Muslims

Programmes of Non-Cooperation Positive and Negative

Movement
Positive programme of Non Hindu/Muslim unity
Cooperation Movement Abolition of untouchability Upliftment of women Swadeshi
Setting up of national schools and colleges

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Negative programmes of Non-Cooperation Boycott

Movement Boycott up of government schools and colleges Boycott up of
government offices
Boycott up of government schools and colleges Boycott up of
government medals and titles
Why Non-Cooperation Movement Chauri Chaura incident
withdrawn/called off/suspended Police station burnt and 22 policemen killed
Impact of Non-Cooperation Movement Hindu/Muslim unity Abolition of untouchability Mass movement
Swadeshi
Bold, Patriotism, nationalism, sacrifice, confidence
among Indians

Causes of Civil Disobedience Movement Simon Commission (All White Commission)

Lahore Session of Congress
Session of Congress that boycotted Simon Madras Session President Dr Ansari
Commission
Why was Simon Commission Only 7 British members
boycotted No Indian representative
Chairman of Simon Commission Sir John Simon
How was Simon Commission Hartals, Black flags
protested Slogans of Simon go Back
The Indian leader who lost life during protest of Lala Lajpat Rai
Simon Commission
President of Lahore Session Jawaharlal Nehru
Significance of Lahore Session Resolution of Poorna Swaraj passed
th
26 January declared as Independence Day

Event that commenced/began the Dandi March

Civil Disobedience Movement From Sabarmati to coast of Dandi
Dandi March also called Salt March
Reason for Salt March Breaking the sat tax by picking up salt
British had monopoly of Salt manufacture so it was
taxed and Indians not allowed to manufacture salt. All sections of
society used salt
Programmes of Civil Disobedience Movement Swadeshi and Boycott Not to obey laws
Not to pay taxes

Meaning of Swadeshi Using goods made in one’s own country

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Symbol of Swadeshi Charkha/Khaadi

Meaning of Satyagraha Satya means truth and agraha means insistence to hold fast
Suffering willingly but not to submit to wrong Resist evil but not to
hate evil doer
Does not use violence

Why Civil Disobedience Movement Gandhi Irwin Pact

withdrawn/called off/suspended
Gandhi Irwin Pact ➢ Gandhi suspends CDM
➢ Congress attends Second Round Table Conference
➢ Irwin allows manufacture of Salt
➢ Irwin releases political prisoners if not guilty
Second Round Table Conference London
Gandhi attended as representative of Congress It was failure
Narrow objectives were discussed
No discussion about India’s Independence

Impact of Civil Hindu/Muslim unity Mass movement Swadeshi

Disobedience Movement Bold, Patriotism, nationalism, sacrifice, confidence among Indians Popularized new
methods like prabhat peris, pamphlets
Groups were formed like Vanar sena for boys and Manjari Sena for girls
Women participated

Where was Quit India Resolution Wardha session

adopted
Causes of Quit India Movement Failure of Cripps Mission
Japan’s threat
Failure of Cripps Mission It involved partitioning
Giving Dominion status after war Gandhi described it as
‘postdated cheque of a failing bank’

Japan’s threat Japan against British/England in 2d World War

Till British in India, Japan might attack India
So British should Quit India
Slogan by Gandhiji during QIM Do or Die
Political party formed by Subhash Forward Bloc
Chandra Bose

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Objectives of Forward Bloc Liberate India

Socialistic society Abolition of zamindari
New credit or monetary system Create a rival govt

Idea of Indian National Army (INA) Mohan Singh

was conceived by
Country that helped INA Japan
Invited Subhash Chandra Bose to Rash Bihari Bose
lead INA
Supreme Commander in Chief of Subhash Chandra Bose
INA
Objectives of INA/Azad Hind Fauj Mobilize money and man power against British
Mobilize forces
Fight with modern weapons and create Armed Revolution

Unity, Faith, Sacrifice

Motto of INA

Contribution of Subhash Chandra Supreme Commander in Chief of INA

Bose Formed Forward Bloc
Was elected President of INC

Slogans by Subhash Chandra Bose Give me blood and I shall give you freedom Chalo Delhi
Jai Hind

Who sent Lord Mountbatten to Clement Attlee

India
Why was Lord Mountbatten sent to India Transfer of power

Provisions or clauses of ➢ India and Pakistan created

Mountbatten Plan ➢ Boundary Commission to demarcate boundaries
➢ Constituent Assembly
➢ Princely States can join India or Pakistan or remain
independent
➢ Sylhet , Sind, North West Frontier
Province (NWFP) can use plebiscite or referendum to decide
➢ Transfer of power by 15th August 1947

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Why Mountbatten Plan accepted There were Communal riots to avoid Civil war
Better to have small India with strong Centre rather than big
India wit weak Centre.
Due to differences between Congress and Muslim League.
Muslim League had joined Interim government but to obstruct.
They wanted India to be secular and democratic

Mountbatten Plan was accepted Indian Independence Act of 1947

and it became

Provisions or clauses of ➢ India and Pakistan created

Indian Independence Act of 1947 ➢ Boundary Commission to demarcate boundaries
➢ Constituent Assembly
➢ Governor General for each country to be appointed
➢ Office of Secretary of State to be abolished
➢ Treaties and agreements would cease/end
➢ Provisions made for distributing army and assets
➢ Princely States can join India or Pakistan or remain independent
➢ Sylhet, Sind, North West Frontier Province (NWFP) can use plebiscite
or referendum to decide
➢ Authority of British Parliament would end from 15th
August 1947
First Governor General of Lord Mountbatten
Free India
First Governor General of Indian origin C Rajagopalachari

First Governor General of Mohammed Ali Jinnah

Pakistan
First President of Indian Dr Rajendra Prasad
Republic
First Prime Minister of free Jawaharlal Nehru
India

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Aims and Objectives & Differences

INC Muslim League Forward Bloc INA

Uniting the People of to put forward their Reorganisation of To organise an armed

India problems before the Agriculture & Industry revolution and to fight the
British rulers on Socialist Lines British Army with modern
Making People Politically arms
Aware To spread loyalty among Abolition of Zamindari
the Muslims towards the System To organise a provincial
Learning to Formulate just British government of
demands and the placing Introduction of a new Independent India in order
these in front of the British To protect the rights of monetary & Credit to mobilise all the forces
the Muslims and promote System effectively
Planning for the future of their social & Economic
the country interest Total Mobilisation of
Indian man Power and
To prevent disharmony Money in order to get
between the Muslims & freedom from British rule
other communities

Moderates & Assertive

Sl.no Moderates Assertive

1 The Moderates wanted to achieve self- They aimed at nothing short of swaraj
government and autonomy within the Empire
but not absolute Independence

2 They Believed in the constitutional methods and They were extremist in approach & used
worked within the framework of Law aggressive methods to achieve their ais

3 They held good positions under the British They denounced the British rule & its Privileges
Government

4 They had faith in the British sense of Justice & They Held The British responsible for the poverty
fair play of Indians

5 They received the support from the upper class , They were popular among the common masses
intelligentsia and rich sections of the society

6 They were highly inspired by the ideology of the They got inspiration from India’ glorious past
western philosophers

Date & Time

Some important Phases of Indian National Movement:

1. 1885-1907- First phase of the Indian National Movement/ Early Nationalist Phase
2. 1905-1916- Second phase of the Indian National Movement / Assertive Nationalist Phase
3. 1915- 1947- Mass phase of the Indian National Movement / Gandhian Era

Important Dates in Chronological Order

1. 1793- Permanent Settlement Act (By Lord Cornwallis)

2. 1828- Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahmo Samaj
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3. 1829 - Abolition of Sati 1848- Doctrine of Lapse

4. 1849- Lord Dalhousie announced successor of Bahadur Shah Zafar would shift to a place near Qutub
Minar.
5. 1850- Religious Disabilities Act
6. 1851- Jyotiba Phule started one of the first girls ‘school in Pune
7. 1852 - Inam Commission
8. 1853 – Death of Ruler of Jhansi, Annexation of Berar
9. 16 April 1853 – 1st Railway line established b/w Bombay to Thane
10. 1856- Annexation of Awadh, Widow Remarriage Act, General Service Enlistment Act
11. March 29, 1857 -Mangal Pandey attacked of the adjutant at Barrackpore
12. June 17, 1858-Death of Rani of Jhansi
13. 1 Nov. 1858- Queen Victoria’s Proclamation
14. 1859- Tantia Tope captured and hanged
15. 1859-60- Indigo Movement (in Bengal & Bihar)
16. 1861-Indian Civil Service Act (Provided for an annual Competitive Exam for recruitment to Civil
Services
17. 1862- When did Bahadur Shah Zafar died 1866 - East India Association
18. 24 Sep. 1873- Satya shodhak Samaj
19. 10 April 1875- Arya Samaj by Swami Dayanand Saraswathi
20. 1876 - Indian Association by Surendra Nath Banerjee
21. 1877- the first Delhi Durbar
22. 1878 - Vernacular Press Act by Lord Lytton
23. 1883 - Indian National Conference by Surendra Nath Banerjee
24. 1885 - Formation of Indian National Congress by A. O. Hume
25. 1886 -Appointment of Public Service Commission
26. 1893 - Simultaneous Examination for ICS in London and India
27. 1893 – Swami Vivekananda represented India India at Parliament of Parliament of World Religious
held at Chicago
28. 16 Oct 1905- Partition of Bengal
29. 30 Dec 1906- Muslim League formed in Decca 1907 - Surat Session of Congress
30. 1909-Morley Minto
31. 1911 – Cancellation of Partition of Bengal-Delhi Durbar– Shifting Capital from Calcutta to Delhi
32. 1915- Gandhi Returned to India 1916 - Lucknow Pact
33. 1916- Home Rule League (Mrs. Annie Besant)
34. 1917- Champaran Satyagraha 1918 – Ahmedabad Satyagraha 1918 - Kheda Satyagraha
35. 13 April 1919 - Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919- Montagu – Chelmsford Reforms 1919 - Rowlatt Act
Passed
36. 1920- Non-Cooperation Movement; Khilafat Movement
37. 5 Feb. 1922- Chauri-Chaura Incident, Withdrawal of Non-Co-operation Movement
38. Nov 1927- Simon Commission 1928 – Death of Lala Lajpat Rai 1929- Poorna Swaraj
39. 26 January- Poorna Swaraj day
40. 1930- Salt Satyagraha; Civil Disobedience Movement; Dandi March, First Round Table Conference
41. 1931- Gandhi Irwin Pact
42. Sep-Oct 1931- Second Round Table Conference
43. 16 Aug 1932- Communal Award
44. 24 Sep 1932 – Poona Pact
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45. Nov-Dec 1932– Third Round Table Conference 1935- Government of India Act
46. 3 May 1939- Subhash Chandra Bose resigned from Congress and founded Forward Block
47. 8 Aug 1940- August offer March 1942- Cripps’s Mission
48. 8 Aug 1942 – Quit India Movement Launched
49. 1942- Captain Mohan Singh conceived idea of Indian National Army
50. 1943 – SC Bose became supreme commander of INA
51. 1943- SC Bose set up provincial government of free India at Singapore
52. March 1946 – Cabinet Mission arrived in India
53. 16 Aug 1946 – Direct Action Day / Great Calcutta Killings
54. July 1947- India Independence Act
55. 14 Aug 1947- Partition of Indian union

Some Important Leaders (Birth and Death)

1. 1825- 1917- Dada bhai Naoroji

2. 1848- 1925- Surendra Nath Banerjee
3. 1866-1915- Gopal Krishna Gokhale
4. 1856-1920- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
5. 1858- 1932- Bipin Chandra Pal
6. 1865-1928- Lala Lajpat Rai
7. 1891-1956 – Dr B R Ambedkar
8. 23 Jan 1897- 18 Aug 1945 – Subhash Chandra Bose

Tenure of Some Important Viceroys

1. 1798-1805- Lord Richard Wellesley 1846-56- Lord Dalhousie

2. 1876-80- Lord Lytton
3. 1899-1905 – Lord Curzon
4. 1936- 1944- Lord Linthgow
5. 1944 – 1947 Lord Wavell
6. 1947-1948 Lord Mountbatten

Dates related to War

1. 1757- Battle of Plassey

2. 1764 – Battle of Buxar
3. 1757- 1857 – Time of British Conquests / Rapid Expansion
4. 1767-69 – 1st Anglo-Mysore war
5. 1780-84 - 2nd Anglo-Mysore war
6. 1790-92 – 3rd Anglo-Mysore war
7. 1798-99 - 4th Anglo-Mysore war
8. 1775- 1782- 1st Anglo-Maratha war
9. 1803-1805 – 2nd Anglo-Maratha war
10. 1817-1818- 3rd Anglo-Maratha war / Pindari War
11. 1839-42 -1st Anglo-Afghan war
12. 1878-80 – 2nd Anglo-Afghan war
13. 1919- 3rd Anglo-Afghan war
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News Paper, Magazine, Society

Sl. Newspaper / Magazine / Book Publisher / Author / Editor

No
1 Dharma Marg Darshak Dada Bhai Naoroji

2 Kesari & Maratha Bal Gangadhar Tilak

3 India - What it can teach us Max Mueller

4 Samvad Koumudi Raj Ram Mohan Roy

5 Rast Goftar Dada Bhai Naoroji

6 Poverty & the Un-British rule In India Dada Bhai Naoroji

7 Drain Theory Dada Bhai Naoroji

8 The Hindu Subramaniam Aiyar

9 Nation in the Making Surendra Nath Banerjee

10 Geetha rahasya Bal Gangadhara Tilak

11 The Bengali Surendra Nath Banerjee

12 The Political Future of India Lala Lajpat Rai

13 Amar Sonar Bangla Rabindranath Tagore

14 Yugantar Aurobindo Ghosh

15 Hamdard Maulana Mohammad Ali

16 Al-Hilal Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

17 Vande Mataram Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

18 My experiments with Truths Mahatma Gandhi

19 Young India Lala Lajpat Rai

20 Hind Swaraj Mahatma Gandhi

21 Unto This Last Mahatma Gandhi

22 Mein Kampf Hitler

23 New India Bipin Chandra Pal

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Sl. Leader / Reformer I am Also called

No

1 Raja Ram Mohan Roy Father of Indian Renaissance

2 Dada Bhai Naoroji Grand old Man of India

3 Gopal Krishna Gokhale The Political Guru of Gandhi

4 Surendra Nath Banerjee The Indian Bruce

5 Gopal Krishna Gokhale Companion of the Indian Empire

6 Bal Gangadhar Tilak Father of Indian Unrest

7 Bal Gangadhar Tilak Lokamanya

8 Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan The Frontier Gandhi

9 Subhash Chandra Bose Netaji

10 Lord Canning 1st Viceroy of BEIC

11 Dada bahi Naoroji unofficial ambassador of India

12 Antonio Guterres Secretary General of UN

Sl. Leader / Reformer / Viceroy / Governor Society / Policy / Pact / Reformation/

No General Movement

1 Raja Ram Mohan Roy Bramho Samaj

2 Lord William Bentinck Abolished Sati System

3 Lord Dalhousie Doctrine of Lapse

4 Lord Wellesley Subsidiary Alliance

5 Dwarakanath Tagore Land Holder’s society

6 Baba Ram Singh Kuja Movement

7 Jyothiba Phule Sathya Shodak Samaj

8 A O Hume INC

9 Mahadev Govind Ranade Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

10 Swami Vivekananda Rama Krishna Mission

11 Dayananda Saraswathi Arya Samaj

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12 Annie Besant Theosophical Society

13 Surendranath Banerjee Indian National Conference

14 Gopal Krishna Gokhale Madras Mahajan Sabha

15 Subramanyam Aiyar Servants of India Society

16 Lord Curzon Partition of Bengal

17 Lord Lytton Vernacular Press act

18 Sir Syed Ahmed khan Aligarh Movement

19 Anand Mohan Bose Federation Hall

20 C R as Swaraj Party

21 Mohammad Ali & Shaukat Ali Khilafath Movement

22 Subhash Chandra Bose Forward Bloc

23 Mohan Singh INA

24 Rasbehari Bose Indian Independence league

25 Athmaram Panduranga Prarthana Samaj

26 Sir Stafford Cripps Cripps Mission

Words to Know
1. absolution the act of being formally forgiven
2. age how long something has existed
3. agriculture the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock
4. anarchy a state of lawlessness and disorder
5. anthropology science of the origins and social relationships of humans
6. archaeology the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people
7. architecture the discipline dealing with the design of fine buildings
8. archive a depository containing historical records and documents
9. artifact a man-made object
10. artisan a skilled worker who practices some trade or handicraft
11. autobiography a book or account of your own life
12. barter exchange goods without involving money
13. boycott refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization
14. census a periodic count of the population
15. century a period of 100 years
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16. chronological relating to or arranged according to the order of time

17. city state a state consisting of a sovereign city
18. civilization a society in an advanced state of social development
19. clergy the entire class of religious officials
20. colony a group of organisms of the same type living together
21. confrontation discord resulting from a clash of ideas or opinions
22. constitution the act of forming or establishing something
23. culture all the knowledge and values shared by a society
24. curator the custodian of a collection, as a museum or library
25. data a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn
26. deism the belief in God on the basis of reason alone
27. deity a supernatural being worshipped as controlling the world
28. democracy the orientation of those who favor government by the people
29. demographic a statistic characterizing human populations
30. dictator a ruler who is unconstrained by law
31. diplomacy negotiation between nations
32. document a representation of a person's thinking with symbolic marks
33. documentary a film presenting the facts about a person or event
34. domestic of or relating to the home
35. domino effect the consequence of one event setting off a chain of similar events (like a falling domino
causing a whole row of upended dominos to fall)
36. dynasty a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family
37. economics science dealing with the circulation of goods and services
38. empire the domain ruled by a single authoritative sovereign
39. enlightenment education that results in the spread of knowledge
40. entrepreneur someone who organizes a business venture
41. epoch a period marked by distinctive character
42. era a period marked by distinctive character
43. exile the act of expelling a person from their native land
44. export sell or transfer abroad
45. fossil the remains of a plant or animal from a past geological age
46. heresy a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion
47. hierarchy a series of ordered groupings within a system
48. immigration movement of people into a country or area
49. impeach bring an accusation against
50. import bring in from abroad
51. inflation the act of filling something with air
52. initiative readiness to embark on bold new ventures
53. intolerable incapable of being put up with
54. irrigation the act of supplying dry land with water by artificial means
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55. isolationist of or relating to isolationism

56. Judicial of or relating to or characteristic of the Jews or their culture or religion
57. jury system a legal system for determining the facts at issue in a law suit
58. legislative relating to a lawmaking assembly
59. literacy the ability to read and write
60. malnutrition a state of poor nourishment
61. mass medium a technology that publicly transmits to a large audience
62. migration the movement of persons from one locality to another
63. millennium a span of 1000 years
64. monarchy autocracy governed by a ruler who usually inherits authority
65. monotheistic believing that there is only one god
66. myth a traditional story serving to explain a world view
67. nationalism the doctrine that your country's interests are superior
68. neglect leave undone or leave out
69. neutrality nonparticipation in a dispute or war
70. nomad a member of a people who have no permanent home
71. paleontology the earth science that studies fossil organisms
72. pardon accept an excuse for
73. patriarch the male head of family or tribe
74. perspective a way of regarding situations or topics
75. poll the counting of votes (as in an election)
76. prehistoric belonging to or existing before recorded times
77. primary of first rank or importance or value
78. propaganda information that is spread to promote some cause
79. province the territory in an administrative district of a nation
80. ratification making something valid by formally confirming it
81. reformation improvement in the condition of institutions or practices
82. refugee an exile who flees for safety
83. republic a form of government whose head of state is not a monarch
84. research a seeking for knowledge
85. revolution a single complete turn
86. rural living in or characteristic of farming or country life
87. schism division of a group into opposing factions
88. scribe someone employed to make written copies of documents
89. secondary being of second rank or importance or value
90. sectionalism excessive devotion to the interests of a particular region
91. secular someone who is not a clergyman or a professional person
92. segregation the act of keeping apart
93. social contract an agreement that results in the organization of society
94. socialism a political theory advocating state ownership of industry
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95. statistics a branch of mathematics concerned with quantitative data

96. suffrage a legal right to vote
97. tariff a government tax on imports or exports
98. technology the practical application of science to commerce or industry
99. theocracy a political unit governed by a deity

"A generation which ignores history has

no past and no future." "Only the
vanquished remember history."

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Dear students ,
This notes is prepared solely to assist you in understanding the
key concepts.

I strongly recommend referring to your

TEXT BOOK for thorough preparation and to score good
marks.

Reference
This notes is prepared by the reference of
• Total History and Civics text book
• ICSE History-Civics Teachers Club
• ICSEians (Paid)
• Goyal Brothers Question Bank
• Oswal question Bank and Summarized Notes
• Sir Tarun Rupani’s Classes
Disclaimer:
This material is intended solely for my students to assist in their Board exam
preparation. It is not for sale and can be obtained free of cost as a soft copy.
These notes are prepared exclusively for educational purposes under my
initiative, Aim Education for Excellence, and are not meant for generating any
commercial income.
- Abdul Malik

Very soon …………

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