Linear transformations Cheat Sheet Edexcel Core Pure 1

A linear transformation describes how a general point is transformed. The new point is called the image. The inverse of a linear transformation
Remember that you can always use the method from example 1 to find the transformation represented by a particular
Properties ▪ If 𝑨 is a matrix representing a transformation, then the matrix 𝑨−𝟏 has the effect of reversing the
matrix if you are unsure of what it represents.
A linear transformation only involves linear terms in 𝑥 and 𝑦. Below are three different transformations. The only one that transformation described by 𝑨.
If the determinant of 𝑀 is negative then the shape
is a linear transformation is 𝑇 since the transformation matrix has all entries written in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦. has been reflected.
The determinant
2 4
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝑎 𝑏 Example 4: B = ( )
𝒙+𝟏 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚 𝟒𝒚 ▪ If 𝑀 = ( ) represents a linear transformation, then 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑀 represents the scale factor for the change in -2 -5
𝑺: (𝒚) ↦ ( ) 𝑻: (𝒚) ↦ ( ) 𝑼: (𝒚) ↦ ( 𝟐 ) 𝑐 𝑑 The matrix B represents a linear transformation, 𝑇, which maps coordinates (x,y) to position (8,12).
𝒚−𝟖 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 −𝒙 area.
Find the coordinates (x,y).
The following formula is useful for questions involving the change in area as a result of a linear transformation.
▪ Any linear transformation can be represented by a matrix
Find the inverse matrix B-1 1 -5 -4 1 -5 -4 2.5 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 × |𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑀| B-1= 2 2) = 2 2) = -1 -1)
)
▪
) )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 represents the area before the

|
▪ Linear transformations always map the origin onto itself. det B -2
transformation is applied.
Form an equation to find (x,y) x 8 x -1 8
B y) = 12) => y) =B 12)
) ) ) )
𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑏
▪ The linear transformation 𝑇: (𝑦 ) ↦ ( ) can be represented by the matrix 𝑀 = ( ).
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑐 𝑑 2 0 Perform calculations to find (x,y)
Example 2: 𝑀 = ( ) x 2.5 2 ) 8
0 −3 -1 8 44
y) =B 12) = -1 -1 12) = -20)
) ) ) ) )
1 0 (a) Describe fully the transformation represented by 𝑀.
Any linear transformation can be defined by its effect on the unit vectors ( ) and ( ). You can use the following fact to
0 1 A 2D shape with area 𝑘 is transformed using the transformation represented by 𝑀.
find the transformation that a given matrix represents. (b) Given that the image of the shape has area 24, find the value of 𝑘.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 0 𝑏
▪ If 𝑀 = ( ), then ( ) ( ) = ( ) and ( ) ( ) = ( ). Identifying the correct transformation: This is a stretch of scale factor 2 parallel to the 𝑥 −axis and a
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 0 𝑐 𝑐 𝑑 1 𝑑 Finding invariant points and lines
stretch of scale factor −3 parallel to the 𝑦 −axis.
Some questions will require you to find the points and/or lines that are invariant under a transformation that does not
Using 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 × |𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑀| 24 = 𝑘 × |𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑀|
represent a reflection, rotation, enlargement or stretch.
1 0
Example 1: 𝑀 = ( )
0 −1 Finding the determinant and 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑀 = 2(−3) − 0 = −6
Describe fully the transformation represented by 𝑀. 𝑎 𝑏
substituting back into the equation 24 ▪ To find the invariant points under a transformation represented by 𝑀 = ( ), you need to solve the
∴ 24 = 𝑘 × |−6| ⇒ 𝑘 = =4 𝑐 𝑑
formed in the previous step: 6 𝑎 𝑏 𝑋 𝑋
We find what happens to the unit 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 system ( ) ( ) = ( ) for 𝑋 and 𝑌.
( ) ( ) = ( ), ( )( ) = ( ) 𝑐 𝑑 𝑌 𝑌
vectors under 𝑀: 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1
Drawing a diagram to visualise the Successive transformations ▪ To find the invariant lines under a transformation represented by 𝑀 = (
𝑎 𝑏
), you need to solve the
effect 𝑀 had on the unit vectors: 𝑐 𝑑
▪ The matrix 𝑷𝑸 represents the transformation 𝑄 followed by the transformation 𝑃 , where these 𝑎 𝑏 𝑋 𝑋′
system ( )( )=( ′ ) for 𝑀 and 𝐶.
𝑐 𝑑 𝑀𝑋 + 𝐶 𝑀𝑋 + 𝐶
transformations are represented by matrices 𝑸 and 𝑷 respectively.

Example 3: Use matrices to show that a reflection in the 𝑦 −axis followed by a reflection in the line 𝑦 = −𝑥 is 3 3
Example 5: 𝑃 = ( )
equivalent to a rotation of 90° anticlockwise about (0, 0). 4 7
The unit vectors have been reflected in (1,0) is unchanged by 𝑀 while (0, 1) is transformed to (0, −1). The matrix 𝑃 represents a linear transformation, 𝑇, of the plane.
the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. We can conclude that 𝑀 represents a reflection in the 𝑥 −axis. (a) Describe the invariant points of the transformation 𝑇.
Identifying the correct matrices for the Let 𝑈 represent a reflection in the 𝑦 −axis and 𝑉 represent
(b) Describe the invariant lines of the transformation 𝑇.
two reflections: a reflection in the line 𝑦 = −𝑥.
Reflections, rotations, enlargements and stretches (a) This is the system we need to solve: 3 3 𝑋 𝑋
−1 0 0 −1 ( )( ) = ( )
Then 𝑼 = ( ) and 𝑽 = ( ) 4 7 𝑌 𝑌
0 1 −1 0
▪ Points which are mapped to themselves under a given transformation are known as invariant points. The given combination of 0 −1 −1 0 0 −1
𝑉𝑈 = ( )( )=( ) 3𝑋 + 3𝑌 𝑋
transformations will be given by 𝑉𝑈 −1 0 0 1 1 0 ⇒( )=( )
▪ Lines which are mapped to themselves under a given transformation are known as invariant lines. 4𝑋 + 7𝑌 𝑌
Substituting 𝜃 = 90° into the rotation Anticlockwise rotation of 90° about the origin is given by
matrix and showing it to be equal to 𝑉𝑈: 𝑐𝑜𝑠90° −𝑠𝑖𝑛90° 0 −1 Equating the two rows: 3𝑋 + 3𝑌 = 𝑋 ሾ1ሿ
The below table details the different matrices that correspond to particular transformations you need to be familiar with, ( )=( ) = 𝑉𝑈 as required. 4𝑋 + 7𝑌 = 𝑌 ሾ2ሿ
𝑠𝑖𝑛90° 𝑐𝑜𝑠90° 1 0
as well as their respective invariant points and lines. You will be given the rotation matrix in the formula booklet, as well Simplifying the first equation, making 𝑌 the 2
as the matrix for a reflection in the line 𝑦 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)𝑥. 2𝑋 + 3𝑌 = 0 ⇒ 𝑌 = − 𝑋
subject: 3
Linear transformations in three dimensions Simplifying the second equation, making 𝑌 the 4 2
4𝑋 + 6𝑌 = 0 ⇒ 𝑌 = − 𝑋 = − 𝑋
Transformation Matrix Invariant points Invariant lines Just like in two dimensions, a linear transformation in three dimensions can be defined by its effect on the unit vectors subject: 6 3
1 0 0 Both equations yield the same result, so we Both equations are consistent; the invariant points lie
Reflection in the 𝑦 −axis −1 0 All points on the 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 𝑘 for any 𝑘 (0) , (1) and (0). You need to be familiar with the following linear transformations in three dimensions:
( ) can confirm we have the correct conclusion: 2
on the line 𝑌 = − 3 𝑋.
0 1 𝑦 −axis 0 0 1
Reflection in the 𝑥 −axis 1 0 All points on the 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑘 for any 𝑘 3 3 𝑋
( ) (b) This is the system we need to solve: 𝑋′
0 −1 𝑥 −axis ( )( )=( )
Transformation Matrix 4 7 𝑀𝑋 + 𝐶 𝑀𝑋 ′ + 𝐶
Reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 0 1 All points on the The lines 𝑦 = −𝑥 and 𝑦 =
( ) −1 0 0
1 0 line 𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝑥 + 𝑘 for any 𝑘 Reflection in the plane 𝑥 = 0 3𝑋 + 3(𝑀𝑋 + 𝐶)
( 0 1 0) ( ) = ( 𝑋′ )
0 −1 4𝑋 + 7(𝑀𝑋 + 𝐶) 𝑀𝑋 ′ + 𝐶
Reflection in the line 𝑦 = −𝑥 ( ) All points on the The lines 𝑦 = −𝑥 and 𝑦 = 0 0 1
−1 0 line 𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑘 for any 𝑘 Equating both rows: 3𝑋 + 3(𝑀𝑋 + 𝐶) = 𝑋′ ሾ1ሿ
Reflection in the plane 𝑦 = 0 1 0 0
Rotation through angle 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Only the origin For 𝜃 ≠ 180° there are no (0 −1 0) 4𝑋 + 7(𝑀𝑋 + 𝐶) = 𝑀𝑋 ′ + 𝐶 ሾ2ሿ
( ) 0 0 1
anticlockwise about the origin 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (0, 0) invariant lines.
For 𝜃 = 180° any line Reflection in the plane 𝑧 = 0 1 0 0 Taking [1] and substituting into [2]: 4𝑋 + 7(𝑀𝑋 + 𝐶) = 𝑀(3𝑋 + 3(𝑀𝑋 + 𝐶) + 𝐶
passing through the origin is (0 1 0) Simplifying the resultant equation: 4𝑋 + 4𝑀𝑋 + 6𝐶 = 3𝑀 2 𝑋 + 3𝑀𝐶
0 0 −1
an invariant line. Factoring out the 𝑋: 𝑋(−3𝑀 2 + 4𝑀 + 4) + 3𝐶(2 − 𝑀) = 0
Stretch of scale factor 𝑎 parallel to 𝑎 0 Only the origin The 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes. Rotation anticlockwise, angle 𝜃, 1 0 0
( ) (0 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 ) Factorising the quadratic in 𝑀: 𝑋(2 − 𝑀)(3𝑀 + 2) + 3𝐶(2 − 𝑀) = 0
the 𝑥 −axis and a stretch of scale 0 𝑏 (0, 0) about the 𝑥 −axis
0 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 Now we need to think: what values could 𝑀 𝑀 = 2 ⇒ 𝐶 could be anything. So 𝑌 = 2𝑋 + 𝐶 is an
factor 𝑏 parallel to the 𝑦 −axis
If 𝒂 = 𝒃, the transformation is an Rotation anticlockwise, angle 𝜃, cos 𝜃 0 sin 𝜃 and 𝐶 take so that this equation is satisfied? invariant line for any 𝐶.
( 0 1 0 ) i.e. what could 𝑀 and 𝐶 be so that the 𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
enlargement with scale factor 𝒂 about the 𝑦 −axis
− sin 𝜃 0 cos 𝜃
Stretch of scale factor 𝑎 parallel to 𝑎 0 All points on the Any line parallel to the 𝑅𝐻𝑆?
( )
the 𝑥 −axis only 0 1 𝑦 −axis 𝑥 −axis Rotation anticlockwise, angle 𝜃, cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃 0 Notice that another solution is given by 𝑀 = 𝑀 = −2/3 AND 𝐶 = 0 would also satisfy the
( sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 0) −2/3 and 𝐶 = 0. 2
Stretch of scale factor 𝑏 parallel to 1 0 All points on the Any line parallel to the about the 𝑧 −axis equation. So 𝑌 = − 3 𝑋 is also an invariant line.
( ) 0 0 1
the 𝑦 −axis only 0 𝑏 𝑥 −axis 𝑦 −axis

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