The Wisdom of Nagarjuna

B
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D
D
HAN
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B
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LIB
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E-mail: bdea@buddhanet.net
Web site: www.buddhanet.net
Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.
Dr Peter Della Santina

causality and emptiness
The Wisdom of Nagarjuna

Peter Della Santina

Buddhist
Research
Society!
sIngnoro

causality and emptiness: The Wisdom of Nagarjuna
CoyrIghf 2002, Iofor oIIn SnnfInn

IubIIshod by fho IuddhIsf !osonrch SocIofy,
o. 2 & 4, !orong 24A CoyInng
SIngnoro 398526

Yonr 2002

ISI 98l04565?3 bk

IrInfod In SIngnoro by
C.W. IrInfIng

Ior froo dIsfrIbufIon

causality and emptiness
The Wisdom of Nagarjuna

Peter Della Santina

Buddhist
Research
Society!
sIngnoro

causality and emptiness: The Wisdom of Nagarjuna
CoyrIghf 2002, Iofor oIIn SnnfInn

IubIIshod by fho IuddhIsf !osonrch SocIofy,
o. 2 & 4, !orong 24A CoyInng
SIngnoro 398526

Yonr 2002

ISI 98l04565?3 bk

IrInfod In SIngnoro by
C.W. IrInfIng

Ior froo dIsfrIbufIon

I dodIcnfo fhIs book fo fho Info Khono
MIgmnr TsorIng, rIncInI of fho Snkyn
InsfIfufo of HIghor IuddhIsf SfudIos, !njur,
ohrn un, IndIn.

HIs wIsdom, comnssIon nnd gonuIno good
humour nro gronfIy mIssod by hIs sfudonfs
nnd frIonds.

Table of Contents

Aufhor's Irofnco vII

Part One: The Good Hearted Letter

SocfIon Ono An InfroducfIon fo ngnrjunn's
Tho Cood Honrfod !offor 3
SocfIon Two Tho Cood Honrfod !offor wIfh
IxInnnfory ofos 8

Part Two: The Heart of Interdependent
Origination

SocfIon Ono An InfroducfIon fo ngnrjunn's Honrf
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon 49
SocfIon Two Tho Sfnnzns of Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon 60
SocfIon Throo ngnrjunn's Commonfnry fo Tho
Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon 62

Part Three : Reasoning: The Sixty Stanzas

!onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns 69
SocfIon Two !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns ?6
SocfIon Throo An IxInnnfIon of !onsonIng
Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns Insod on
CnndrnkrfI's Commonfnry 84
Table of Contents

Part Four : Emptiness: The Seventy Stanzas

ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns l3?
SocfIon Two ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns l4?
SocfIon Throo ngnrjunn's Commonfnry fo
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns l5?

Notes l83

!

Table of Contents
!
"#$%&'()!*'+,-.+!! /00!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
Part One: The Good Hearted Letter
!
1+.$0&2!32+4 "2!52$'&6#.$0&2!$&!7-8-'9#2-()!!!
:%+!;&&6!<+-'$+6!=+$$+'!! >!
1+.$0&2!:?&4!!:%+!;&&6!<+-'$+6!=+$$+'!?0$%!!
@ABC-2-$&'D!7&$+)!!! E!
!
Part Two: The Heart of Interdependent
Origination
!
1+.$0&2!32+4!!"2!52$'&6#.$0&2!$&!7-8-'9#2-()!<+-'$!! !
&,!52$+'6+B+26+2$!3'0802-$0&2! FG!
1+.$0&2!:?&4!!:%+!1$-2H-)!&,!:%+!<+-'$!&,!!
52$+'6+B+26+2$!3'0802-$0&2! IJ!
1+.$0&2!:%'++4!!7-8-'9#2-()!K&LL+2$-'D!$&!:%+!!
<+-'$!&,!52$+'6+B+26+2$!3'0802-$0&2! IM!
!
Part Three : Reasoning: The Sixty Stanzas
!
1+.$0&2!32+4!!"2!52$'&6#.$0&2!$&!7-8-'9#2-()!!
N+-)&20284!:%+!10A$D!1$-2H-)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! IG!
1+.$0&2!:?&4!!N+-)&20284!:%+!10A$D!1$-2H-)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! OI!
1+.$0&2!:%'++4!!"2!@ABC-2-$0&2!&,!N+-)&20284!!
:%+!10A$D!!1$-2H-)!P-)+6!&2!!
!"#$%"&'%()*)!K&LL+2$-'D!! EF!!
Table of Contents
!
Part Four : Emptiness: The Seventy Stanzas
!
1+.$0&2!32+4!!"2!52$'&6#.$0&2!$&!7-8-'9#2-()!! !
@LB$02+))4!:%+!1+/+2$D!1$-2H-)!! Q>O
1+.$0&2!:?&4!!@LB$02+))4!:%+!1+/+2$D!1$-2H-)!! QFO!
1+.$0&2!:%'++4!!7-8-'9#2-()!K&LL+2$-'D!$&!!
@LB$02+))4!:%+!1+/+2$D!1$-2H-)! QRO!
!
!
Notes QE>

vii

Author's Preface

Genesis

In fho onrIy sovonfIos whon I fIrsf wonf fo IndIn fo sfudy
IuddhIsm, I soon cnmo Info confncf wIfh H.H. Snkyn TrIzIn fho
forfy fIrsf hIornrch of fho Snkyn Ordor of TIbofnn IuddhIsm nnd fho
Snkyn communIfy of schoInrs nnd monks whIch surroundod HIm nf
ohrn un nnd MussoorIo. If wns H.H. who fIrsf Infroducod Jny
CoIdburg nnd mysoIf fo grjunn's Tho Cood Honrfod !offor.
l
Thnf
hny ovonf ovonfunIIy Iod fo n TrnnsInfIon of fho Ioffor whIch hns
boon much nrocInfod ovor fho yonrs by sfudonfs of IuddhIsm.
of Iong nfforwnrds, I bognn fo work on frnnsInfIons of
somo of grjunn's shorfor foxfs whIch woro fhon sfIII
unfrnnsInfod. Tho fIrsf wns vory shorf Indood, grjunn's Tho
Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon.
2
osIfo of Ifs brovIfy
howovor, If rovod fo hnvo moro fhnn onough In If fo koo n young
schoInr occuIod wIfh If for somofImo. If sfIII sooms fo mo fo bo of
IndIsonsIbIo for undorsfnndIng fho IuddhIsf concofIon of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon.
Tho noxf work fo nffrncf my Inforosf wns grjunn's
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns.
3
If wns of n fofnIIy dIfforonf ordor
from Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. In fho fIrsf Inco, If
wns consIdornbIy Iongor fhnn fho formor. In nddIfIon, fho subjocf
mnffor wns moro dIffIcuIf sInco If donIf wIfh fho koy nIIcnfIons of
fho IhIIosohy of ImfInoss. Tho frnnsInfIon of fhIs foxf,
nccomIIshod wIfh fho hoI of TIbofnn schoInrs of fho CoIukn nnd
Snkyn frndIfIons, fook Inco ovor n orIod of sovornI yonrs.
urIng fho courso of fho frnnsInfIon of ImfInoss Tho
Sovonfy Sfnnzns, I bocnmo IncronsIngIy Inforosfod In sfudyIng

l
SuhjIIokhn
2
Pro/i/,oeonu/p0JoljJo,o/0ri/0
3
San,o/0eop/o/i
Causality and Emptiness: The Wisdom of Nagarjuna

viii
nnofhor of grjunn's shorfor foxfs, !onsonIng fho SIxfy Sfnnzns.
4

IInnIIy, In l985 whon I wns In SIngnoro workIng for fho MInIsfry of
IducnfIon, fho oorfunIfy fo work on grjunn's !onsonIng Tho
SIxfy sfnnzns cnmo my wny. I wns nbIo fo mnko n frnnsInfIon of fho
foxf wIfh fho HoI of n Snkyn schoInr who wns fhon rosIdonf nf fho
Snkyn confor fhoro. !nfor I wns nIso nbIo fo consuIf CnndrnkrfI's
commonfnry fo fho work. In fho courso of fImo, I wns nbIo fo
consfrucf nn IngIIsh rondorIng of fho mnjor fhomos of fho
commonfnry.
Tho frnnsInfIon of fho foxfs fhnf nonr In fhIs book
fhoroforo woro comIofod ovor n orIod of fwonfy yonrs from l9?l fo
l99l. Two of fho foxf IncIudod In fhIs book hnvo In fncf nonrod
boforo In rInf. Tho fIrsf fo do so wns Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon. If wns ubIIshod In l9?4 In fho JournnI of IuddhIsf
SfudIos of fho !nIvorsIfy of oIhI. Tho noxf fo nonr wns fho
frnnsInfIon of grjunn's Tho Cood Honrfod !offor In l9?8. Tho
romnInIng fwo frnnsInfIons hnvo novor boon ubIIshod. Of fho fwo
fhnf hnvo nonrod onrIIor, fho frnnsInfIon of Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon hns romnInod InrgoIy unchnngod
nIfhough fho InfroducfIon hns boon consIdornbIy oxnndod. In fho
cnso of grjunn's Tho Cood Honrfod !offor fho frnnsInfIon hns
boon rovIsod nf mnny Incos nnd fho commonfnry comIofoIy
rowrIffon.
grjunn docInros fhnf fho Two Trufhs, fho convonfIonnI
nnd fho uIfImnfo, rorosonf fho rofound Trufh of IuddhIsm. Tho
convonfIonnI frufh Is consfIfufod by fho rncfIco of fho nfh In
conformIfy wIfh fho Inws of cnuso nnd offocf. Tho uIfImnfo frufh Is
nono ofhor fhnn ImfInoss. Tho four foxfs IncIudod In fhIs book
fhoroforo rorosonf fho whoIo gnmuf of grjunn's WIsdom from
fho fIrsf rncfIcnI sfos fo bo fnkon on fho nfh fo InIIghfonmonf fo
fho fInnI ondIng of nII sfross nnd bondngo. grjunn's Tho Cood
Honrfod Ioffor hns boon usod for confurIos In IndIn, TIbof nnd
MongoIIn ns n bnsIc mnnunI of InsfrucfIon for foIIowIng fho IuddhIsf
wny of IIfo. In Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon grjunn

4
Yu//i,o,/i/0

vii

Author's Preface

Genesis

In fho onrIy sovonfIos whon I fIrsf wonf fo IndIn fo sfudy
IuddhIsm, I soon cnmo Info confncf wIfh H.H. Snkyn TrIzIn fho
forfy fIrsf hIornrch of fho Snkyn Ordor of TIbofnn IuddhIsm nnd fho
Snkyn communIfy of schoInrs nnd monks whIch surroundod HIm nf
ohrn un nnd MussoorIo. If wns H.H. who fIrsf Infroducod Jny
CoIdburg nnd mysoIf fo !"#"$%&'('s Tho Cood Honrfod !offor.
l
Thnf
hny ovonf ovonfunIIy Iod fo n TrnnsInfIon of fho Ioffor whIch hns
boon much nrocInfod ovor fho yonrs by sfudonfs of IuddhIsm.
of Iong nfforwnrds, I bognn fo work on frnnsInfIons of
somo of !"#"$%&'('s shorfor foxfs whIch woro fhon sfIII
unfrnnsInfod. Tho fIrsf wns vory shorf Indood, !"#"$%&'('s Tho
Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon.
2
osIfo of Ifs brovIfy
howovor, If rovod fo hnvo moro fhnn onough In If fo koo n young
schoInr occuIod wIfh If for somofImo. If sfIII sooms fo mo fo bo of
IndIsonsIbIo for undorsfnndIng fho IuddhIsf concofIon of
Tho noxf work fo nffrncf my Inforosf wns !"#"$%&'('s
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns.
3
If wns of n fofnIIy dIfforonf ordor
from Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. In fho fIrsf Inco, If
wns consIdornbIy Iongor fhnn fho formor. In nddIfIon, fho subjocf
mnffor wns moro dIffIcuIf sInco If donIf wIfh fho koy nIIcnfIons of
fho IhIIosohy of ImfInoss. Tho frnnsInfIon of fhIs foxf,
nccomIIshod wIfh fho hoI of TIbofnn schoInrs of fho CoIukn nnd
Snkyn frndIfIons, fook Inco ovor n orIod of sovornI yonrs.
urIng fho courso of fho frnnsInfIon of ImfInoss Tho
Sovonfy Sfnnzns, I bocnmo IncronsIngIy Inforosfod In sfudyIng

l
Suh!IIokhn
2
"#$%&%'$($)*%+,-$.!-$'$/,#0/,
3
123'$%,($+%$%0

viii
nnofhor of !"#"$%&'('s shorfor foxfs, !onsonIng fho SIxfy Sfnnzns.
4

IInnIIy, In l985 whon I wns In SIngnoro workIng for fho MInIsfry of
IducnfIon, fho oorfunIfy fo work on !"#"$%&'('s !onsonIng Tho
SIxfy sfnnzns cnmo my wny. I wns nbIo fo mnko n frnnsInfIon of fho
foxf wIfh fho HoI of n Snkyn schoInr who wns fhon rosIdonf nf fho
Snkyn confor fhoro. !nfor I wns nIso nbIo fo consuIf )('*$(+,$-./s
commonfnry fo fho work. In fho courso of fImo, I wns nbIo fo
consfrucf nn IngIIsh rondorIng of fho mnjor fhomos of fho
commonfnry.
Tho frnnsInfIon of fho foxfs fhnf nonr In fhIs book
fhoroforo woro comIofod ovor n orIod of fwonfy yonrs from l9?l fo
l99l. Two of fho foxf IncIudod In fhIs book hnvo In fncf nonrod
boforo In rInf. Tho fIrsf fo do so wns Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon. If wns ubIIshod In l9?4 In fho JournnI of IuddhIsf
SfudIos of fho !nIvorsIfy of oIhI. Tho noxf fo nonr wns fho
frnnsInfIon of !"#"$%&'('s Tho Cood Honrfod !offor In l9?8. Tho
romnInIng fwo frnnsInfIons hnvo novor boon ubIIshod. Of fho fwo
fhnf hnvo nonrod onrIIor, fho frnnsInfIon of Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon hns romnInod InrgoIy unchnngod
nIfhough fho InfroducfIon hns boon consIdornbIy oxnndod. In fho
cnso of !"#"$%&'('s Tho Cood Honrfod !offor fho frnnsInfIon hns
boon rovIsod nf mnny Incos nnd fho commonfnry comIofoIy
rowrIffon.
!"#"$%&'( docInros fhnf fho Two Trufhs, fho convonfIonnI
nnd fho uIfImnfo, rorosonf fho rofound Trufh of IuddhIsm. Tho
convonfIonnI frufh Is consfIfufod by fho rncfIco of fho nfh In
conformIfy wIfh fho Inws of cnuso nnd offocf. Tho uIfImnfo frufh Is
nono ofhor fhnn ImfInoss. Tho four foxfs IncIudod In fhIs book
fhoroforo rorosonf fho whoIo gnmuf of !"#"$%&'('s WIsdom from
fho fIrsf rncfIcnI sfos fo bo fnkon on fho nfh fo InIIghfonmonf fo
fho fInnI ondIng of nII sfross nnd bondngo. !"#"$%&'('s Tho Cood
Honrfod Ioffor hns boon usod for confurIos In IndIn, TIbof nnd
MongoIIn ns n bnsIc mnnunI of InsfrucfIon for foIIowIng fho IuddhIsf
wny of IIfo. In Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon !"#"$%&'(

4
4*/%05$5%0/,
Author's Preface

ix
oxInIns fho koy IuddhIsf concofs of Infordoondonf orIgInnfIon,
nofsoIf nnd robIrfh, whIIo In !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns nnd
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns ho oxounds fho rofound frufh of
ImfInoss.

Justification

In fho nsf fwonfy fIvo yonrs mnny books hnvo nonrod on
fho subjocf of grjunn's IhIIosohy. ow IngIIsh frnnsInfIons of
mnny of hIs foxfs hnvo nIso nonrod. Indood, If couId bo snId fhnf
socInIIy In fho nsf fow yonrs grjunn hns bocomo n fnvorIfo
foIc for schoInrs from mnny fIoIds wIfhIn nnd wIfhouf IuddhIsf
SfudIos. !ndor fhoso cIrcumsfnncos, If wouId soom corrocf fo nsk
whnf Is fho jusfIfIcnfIon for fho ubIIcnfIon of nnofhor book of
frnnsInfIons of grjunn's works. In fho cnso of fhIs nrfIcuInr
book, fho quosfIon obvIousIy roquIros nn nnswor In fho IIghf of fho
fncf fhnf frnnsInfIons of fho foxfs IncIudod horo hnvo nonrod
oIsowhoro, mosf ovIdonfIy In Irof. C. !Idfnor's ngnrjunInnn.
!of mo nnswor fho quosfIon bogInnIng fIrsf wIfh fho ncfunI
chronoIogy of fho frnnsInfIons. AII of fho frnnsInfIons whIch nonr
In fhIs book woro comIofod boforo fho ubIIcnfIon of Irof. !Idfnor's
book. Whon I Ionrnod of fho ubIIcnfIon of ngnrjunInnn, I nnfurnIIy
rocurod n coy ns soon ns ossIbIo from Ifs nufhor nnd sfudIod If
cnrofuIIy. I musf ndmIf fhnf In somo Insfnncos I nmondod my
frnnsInfIons In fho IIghf of Irof. !Idfnor's work. In mnny ofhor
Insfnncos, I docIdod fo rofnIn my own orIgInnI rondorIng. Tho
frnnsInfIons fhoroforo nIfhough fhoy nro of fho snmo foxfs fronfod by
Irof. !Idfnor woro mndo IndoondonfIy. If wo rocnII fhnf sovornI
frnnsInfIons of fho orIgInnI SnnskrIf foxfs woro mndo by fho
TIbofnns confurIos ngo, nnd fhnf ovon now vnrIous frnnsInfIons oxIsf
In TIbofnn In vnrIous odIfIons of fho Ton Cyur, If sooms hnrdIy
nocossnry fo obsorvo fhnf In our rosonf sfnfo of knowIodgo of fho
IhIIosohy of grjunn, fhoro Is corfnInIy room for sovornI

x
frnnsInfIons of fho snmo foxfs. ThIs hns Indood boon shown fo bo fho
cnso, for wo hnvo nIrondy sovornI frnnsInfIons of grjunn's Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny.
5

In forms of fho mnforInI covorod by fho frnnsInfIons, If hns
nIso fo bo oInfod ouf fhnf whIIo Irof. !Idfnor hns frnnsInfod Tho
Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns
nnd ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, no frnnsInfIons of fho
commonfnrIos nonr. ThIs Is n sIgnIfIcnnf omIssIon, bocnuso fhoro
oxIsf nufocommonfnrIos fo fho fIrsf nnd Insf of fho nbovo whIch
suIy much vnIunbIo InformnfIon nocossnry for n roor
undorsfnndIng of fho foxfs. In fho cnso of !onsonIng Tho SIxfy
Sfnnzns foo, fho rosonf book suIIos oxfonsIvo oxInnnfory nofos
bnsod on CnndrnkrfI's nufhorIfnfIvo commonfnry, whIIo ofhor
frnnsInfIons of fho work do nof. ConsoquonfIy, I fhInk If Is fnro fo
cInIm fhnf fho mnforInI rosonfod In fhIs book Is subsfnnfInIIy
gronfor fhnn fhnf found In ofhor nvnIInbIo frnnsInfIons.
AgnIn fhoro nro cIonrIy dIfforonf nronchos fo fho
frnnsInfIon nnd InforrofnfIon of IuddhIsf foxfs. Irof. !Idfnor Is n
cInssIcnI schoInr In fho Iuroonn moId. Howovor, fhoro nro ofhor
nronchos whIch nro oqunIIy nrorInfo fo fho sfudy of
grjunn's fhoughf. Ono such nronch Is cIonrIy fhnf rovIdod by
fho IndoTIbofnn frndIfIon of IuddhIsf schoInrshI. Indood, If mIghf
bo suggosfod fhnf such nn IndIgonous frndIfIon cnn rovIdo n moro
roIInbIo guIdo fo grjunn's fhoughf, rocIsoIy bocnuso If hns boon
mosf cIosoIy concornod wIfh fho sfudy nnd InforrofnfIon of fho
fonchIng of fho Mnsfor.
IInnIIy, In rosonfIng fho mnforInI, I hnvo frIod fo IImIf fho
uso of SnnskrIf fochnIcnI forms ns fnr ns ossIbIo. I do nof oxocf my
rondor fo bo rofIcIonf In SnnskrIf In ordor fo undorsfnnd fho
frnnsInfIons. I hnvo frIod fo mnko fho frnnsInfIons ns rondnbIo ns
ossIbIo, nnd I hnvo nIso nvoIdod fho uso of oxfonsIvo foof nofos. In
fho fInnI nnnIysIs, fho wIsh fo convoy grjunn's mossngo fo my
rondor ns cIonrIy nnd sImIy ns ossIbIo hns fnkon rocodonco ovor
ofhor consIdornfIons. Ior fho forgoIng ronsons, I boIIovo fhIs book

5
MalonoJl,ono/o/0ri/0
Author's Preface

ix
oxInIns fho koy IuddhIsf concofs of Infordoondonf orIgInnfIon,
nofsoIf nnd robIrfh, whIIo In !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns nnd
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns ho oxounds fho rofound frufh of
ImfInoss.

Justification

In fho nsf fwonfy fIvo yonrs mnny books hnvo nonrod on
fho subjocf of !"#"$%&'('s IhIIosohy. ow IngIIsh frnnsInfIons of
mnny of hIs foxfs hnvo nIso nonrod. Indood, If couId bo snId fhnf
socInIIy In fho nsf fow yonrs !"#"$%&'( hns bocomo n fnvorIfo
foIc for schoInrs from mnny fIoIds wIfhIn nnd wIfhouf IuddhIsf
SfudIos. !ndor fhoso cIrcumsfnncos, If wouId soom corrocf fo nsk
whnf Is fho jusfIfIcnfIon for fho ubIIcnfIon of nnofhor book of
frnnsInfIons of !"#"$%&'('s works. In fho cnso of fhIs nrfIcuInr
book, fho quosfIon obvIousIy roquIros nn nnswor In fho IIghf of fho
fncf fhnf frnnsInfIons of fho foxfs IncIudod horo hnvo nonrod
oIsowhoro, mosf ovIdonfIy In Irof. C. !Idfnor's ngnrjunInnn.
!of mo nnswor fho quosfIon bogInnIng fIrsf wIfh fho ncfunI
chronoIogy of fho frnnsInfIons. AII of fho frnnsInfIons whIch nonr
In fhIs book woro comIofod boforo fho ubIIcnfIon of Irof. !Idfnor's
book. Whon I Ionrnod of fho ubIIcnfIon of ngnrjunInnn, I nnfurnIIy
rocurod n coy ns soon ns ossIbIo from Ifs nufhor nnd sfudIod If
cnrofuIIy. I musf ndmIf fhnf In somo Insfnncos I nmondod my
frnnsInfIons In fho IIghf of Irof. !Idfnor's work. In mnny ofhor
Insfnncos, I docIdod fo rofnIn my own orIgInnI rondorIng. Tho
frnnsInfIons fhoroforo nIfhough fhoy nro of fho snmo foxfs fronfod by
Irof. !Idfnor woro mndo IndoondonfIy. If wo rocnII fhnf sovornI
frnnsInfIons of fho orIgInnI SnnskrIf foxfs woro mndo by fho
TIbofnns confurIos ngo, nnd fhnf ovon now vnrIous frnnsInfIons oxIsf
In TIbofnn In vnrIous odIfIons of fho Ton Cyur, If sooms hnrdIy
nocossnry fo obsorvo fhnf In our rosonf sfnfo of knowIodgo of fho
IhIIosohy of !"#"$%&'(, fhoro Is corfnInIy room for sovornI

x
frnnsInfIons of fho snmo foxfs. ThIs hns Indood boon shown fo bo fho
cnso, for wo hnvo nIrondy sovornI frnnsInfIons of !"#"$%&'('s Tho
5

In forms of fho mnforInI covorod by fho frnnsInfIons, If hns
nIso fo bo oInfod ouf fhnf whIIo Irof. !Idfnor hns frnnsInfod Tho
Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns
nnd ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, no frnnsInfIons of fho
commonfnrIos nonr. ThIs Is n sIgnIfIcnnf omIssIon, bocnuso fhoro
oxIsf nufocommonfnrIos fo fho fIrsf nnd Insf of fho nbovo whIch
suIy much vnIunbIo InformnfIon nocossnry for n roor
undorsfnndIng of fho foxfs. In fho cnso of !onsonIng Tho SIxfy
Sfnnzns foo, fho rosonf book suIIos oxfonsIvo oxInnnfory nofos
bnsod on )('*$(+,$-./s nufhorIfnfIvo commonfnry, whIIo ofhor
frnnsInfIons of fho work do nof. ConsoquonfIy, I fhInk If Is fnro fo
cInIm fhnf fho mnforInI rosonfod In fhIs book Is subsfnnfInIIy
gronfor fhnn fhnf found In ofhor nvnIInbIo frnnsInfIons.
AgnIn fhoro nro cIonrIy dIfforonf nronchos fo fho
frnnsInfIon nnd InforrofnfIon of IuddhIsf foxfs. Irof. !Idfnor Is n
cInssIcnI schoInr In fho Iuroonn moId. Howovor, fhoro nro ofhor
nronchos whIch nro oqunIIy nrorInfo fo fho sfudy of
!"#"$%&'('s fhoughf. Ono such nronch Is cIonrIy fhnf rovIdod by
fho IndoTIbofnn frndIfIon of IuddhIsf schoInrshI. Indood, If mIghf
bo suggosfod fhnf such nn IndIgonous frndIfIon cnn rovIdo n moro
roIInbIo guIdo fo !"#"$%&'('s fhoughf, rocIsoIy bocnuso If hns boon
mosf cIosoIy concornod wIfh fho sfudy nnd InforrofnfIon of fho
fonchIng of fho Mnsfor.
IInnIIy, In rosonfIng fho mnforInI, I hnvo frIod fo IImIf fho
uso of SnnskrIf fochnIcnI forms ns fnr ns ossIbIo. I do nof oxocf my
rondor fo bo rofIcIonf In SnnskrIf In ordor fo undorsfnnd fho
frnnsInfIons. I hnvo frIod fo mnko fho frnnsInfIons ns rondnbIo ns
ossIbIo, nnd I hnvo nIso nvoIdod fho uso of oxfonsIvo foof nofos. In
fho fInnI nnnIysIs, fho wIsh fo convoy !"#"$%&'('s mossngo fo my
rondor ns cIonrIy nnd sImIy ns ossIbIo hns fnkon rocodonco ovor
ofhor consIdornfIons. Ior fho forgoIng ronsons, I boIIovo fhIs book

5
!"#$%$&'($%$)$)*+,)*
Author's Preface

xi
offors n vnIunbIo nddIfIonnI rosourco fo fho sfudonf of grjunn's
fhoughf.

Acknowledgements

IIrsf nnd foromosf I wouId IIko fo oxross my vory socInI
fhnnks fo HIs HoIInoss Snkyn TrIzIn for HIs wIso nnd comnssIonnfo
suorf fhroughouf fho ronrnfIon of fhoso frnnsInfIons. In
nddIfIon, mnny ooIo hnvo fnkon nrf In fho ronIIznfIon of fho
frnnsInfIons IncIudod horo. Abovo nII, I hnvo fo oxfond my grnfIfudo
fo !obsnng JnmsnI who nof onIy frnnsInfod wIfh mo Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns
nnd fhoIr commonfnrIos, buf who nIso confrIbufod hIs own
oxfomorIzod frnnsInfIon of CnndrnkrfI's commonfnry fo !onsonIng
Tho SIxfy sfnnzns wIfh fho hoI of whIch I ronrod my oxInnnfory
nofos fo fho foxf. I musf nIso oxross my Indobfodnoss fo Von.
Khono Ay fho fIrsf IrInsInI of fho Snkyn InsfIfufo of HIghor
IuddhIsf SfudIos In !njur, ohrn un, IndIn for IondIng mo hIs
hoI nnd fhnf of somo of hIs nbIosf sfudonfs In fho courso of fho
rovIow nnd rovIsIon of fho frnnsInfIons of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns nnd Ifs commonfnry. Among fho Inffor, I nrfIcuInrIy wnnf
fo rocognIzo fho confrIbufIon of Von. yImn Znngo whoso unfImoIy
donfh suroIy dorIvod fho TIbofnn communIfy nnd fho worId nf Inrgo
of n gIffod young schoInr. I wouId nIso IIko fo fhnnk Von. Jnmynng
!oksho, n grndunfo of fho Snkyn InsfIfufo nnd rosonfIy Abbof of
fho Snkyn Confor, !njur, who frnnsInfod wIfh mo !onsonIng Tho
SIxfy Sfnnzns.
AgnIn, I wouId IIko fo oxross my grnfIfudo fo my frIonds from
fho Snkyn confors In MInnosofn, In fho !nIfod Sfnfos nnd In
Cnnborrn nnd Sydnoy In AusfrnIIn for fhoIr gonorous fInIncInI
confrIbufIons fo fho rojocf. I nm nIso socInIIy grnfofuI fo Von. I.
hnmmnrnfnnn Thorn nnd fho IuddhIsf !osonrch SocIofy of
SIngnoro for undorfnkIng fho ubIIcnfIon of fhIs book. IInnIIy, !nsf
buf corfnInIy nof Ionsf, I wouId IIko fo oxross my Immonso

xii
nrocInfIon fo my wIfo, KrIshnn Chosh, who hns workod fIroIossIy
nIong sIdo mo In fho ronrnfIon of fhIs book nnd fo my son
SIddhnrfhn who hns confrIbufod fho covor dosIgn nnd who formnffod
fho book for ubIIcnfIon. WIfhouf fho confrIbufIons of nII of fho
nbovo, fhIs book wouId nof hnvo boon ossIbIo.

Iofor oIIn SnnfInn
SIngnoro, Jnnunry 2002

Author's Preface

xi
offors n vnIunbIo nddIfIonnI rosourco fo fho sfudonf of !"#"$%&'('s
fhoughf.

Acknowledgements

IIrsf nnd foromosf I wouId IIko fo oxross my vory socInI
fhnnks fo HIs HoIInoss Snkyn TrIzIn for HIs wIso nnd comnssIonnfo
suorf fhroughouf fho ronrnfIon of fhoso frnnsInfIons. In
nddIfIon, mnny ooIo hnvo fnkon nrf In fho ronIIznfIon of fho
frnnsInfIons IncIudod horo. Abovo nII, I hnvo fo oxfond my grnfIfudo
fo !obsnng JnmsnI who nof onIy frnnsInfod wIfh mo Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns
nnd fhoIr commonfnrIos, buf who nIso confrIbufod hIs own
oxfomorIzod frnnsInfIon of )('*$(+,$-./s commonfnry fo !onsonIng
Tho SIxfy sfnnzns wIfh fho hoI of whIch I ronrod my oxInnnfory
nofos fo fho foxf. I musf nIso oxross my Indobfodnoss fo Von.
Khono Ay fho fIrsf IrInsInI of fho Snkyn InsfIfufo of HIghor
IuddhIsf SfudIos In !njur, ohrn un, IndIn for IondIng mo hIs
hoI nnd fhnf of somo of hIs nbIosf sfudonfs In fho courso of fho
rovIow nnd rovIsIon of fho frnnsInfIons of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns nnd Ifs commonfnry. Among fho Inffor, I nrfIcuInrIy wnnf
fo rocognIzo fho confrIbufIon of Von. yImn Znngo whoso unfImoIy
donfh suroIy dorIvod fho TIbofnn communIfy nnd fho worId nf Inrgo
of n gIffod young schoInr. I wouId nIso IIko fo fhnnk Von. Jnmynng
!oksho, n grndunfo of fho Snkyn InsfIfufo nnd rosonfIy Abbof of
fho Snkyn Confor, !njur, who frnnsInfod wIfh mo !onsonIng Tho
SIxfy Sfnnzns!"
AgnIn, I wouId IIko fo oxross my grnfIfudo fo my frIonds from
fho Snkyn confors In MInnosofn, In fho !nIfod Sfnfos nnd In
Cnnborrn nnd Sydnoy In AusfrnIIn for fhoIr gonorous fInIncInI
confrIbufIons fo fho rojocf. I nm nIso socInIIy grnfofuI fo Von. I.
hnmmnrnfnnn Thorn nnd fho IuddhIsf !osonrch SocIofy of
SIngnoro for undorfnkIng fho ubIIcnfIon of fhIs book. IInnIIy, !nsf
buf corfnInIy nof Ionsf, I wouId IIko fo oxross my Immonso

xii
nrocInfIon fo my wIfo, KrIshnn Chosh, who hns workod fIroIossIy
nIong sIdo mo In fho ronrnfIon of fhIs book nnd fo my son
SIddhnrfhn who hns confrIbufod fho covor dosIgn nnd who formnffod
fho book for ubIIcnfIon. WIfhouf fho confrIbufIons of nII of fho
nbovo, fhIs book wouId nof hnvo boon ossIbIo.

Iofor oIIn SnnfInn
SIngnoro, Jnnunry 2002

ohrn un, IndIn.

nnd frIonds.

Part One
The Good Hearted Letter
3

Section One

An Introduction to Nagarjuna's

cryn grjunn hoIds nn nImosf unoqunIod Inco nmong
fho rnnks of fhoso IuddhIsf snInfs who oxoundod fho fonchIng of
fho Iuddhn BkynmunI for fho bonofIf of fho worId. cryn
grjunn rovoIufIonIzod fho InforrofnfIon of fho docfrIno of fho
InIIghfonod Ono whIch wns curronf nf hIs fImo nnd Ionf If n vIfnIIfy
nnd dynnmIsm whIch hns confInuod fo susfnIn If ovon fo our dny
nmong fho vofnrIos of fho Mnhynn. Tho rovoIufIon whIch cryn
grjunn nccomIIshod wIfhIn fho foId of IuddhIsm wns nof n
rndIcnI donrfuro from fho orIgInnI docfrIno of fho Iuddhn
BkynmunI. On fho confrnry, fho ndhoronfs of fho Mndhynmnkn
schooI nro undoubfodIy jusfIfIod In nssorfIng fhnf fhoIr
InforrofnfIon rorosonfs fho fruo Imorf of fho docfrIno of fho
Iuddhn nnd fho ossonco of IuddhIsm.
CIvon fho mnjosfy of cryn grjunn's nnmo nnd fho
Imorfnnco of fho roIo whIch ho Inyod In fho dovoIomonf of
IuddhIsf fhoughf, If Is nof surrIsIng fhnf fho sfory of hIs IIfo nnd
nchIovomonfs shouId nrfnko of fho fnbuIous nnd fho Iogondnry. In
rocounfIng fho IIfo of fho cryn, hIs bIogrnhors hnvo InvnrInbIy
IncIudod oIomonfs whIch nro dIffIcuIf fo osfnbIIsh hIsforIcnIIy. WhIIo
nn IngIIsh frnnsInfIon of ono of fho mnny bIogrnhIos of cryn
grjunn whIch nro oxfnnf In fho TIbofnn Inngungo Is corfnInIy
dosIrnbIo, If Is n fnsk of no smnII mngnIfudo. Honco for fho uroso
of InfroducfIon fo fhIs rosonf work wo hnvo choson fo confIno
oursoIvos fo n brIof nccounf of fho IIfo of fho cryn bnsod uon fncfs
whIch cnn bo osfnbIIshod wIfh roInfIvo corfnInfy, drnwIng uon fho
4
nccounfs of fho frndIfIonnI bIogrnhors onIy In so fnr ns fhoy do nof
confrndIcf fhoso fncfs.
cryn grjunn IIvod somofImo durIng fho Insf qunrfor of
fho fIrsf confury C.I. nnd fho fIrsf qunrfor of fho socond confury
C.I. ThIs Is ovIdonf from hIs ncknowIodgod frIondshI wIfh n kIng of
fho Bnfnvhnnn IIno of Andhrn. Tho kIng, Cnufnmufrn BfnknrnI,
son of quoon InIn Br, wns fho onIy ono of hIs IIno fo ombrnco
IuddhIsm, nnd If wns for hIm fhnf cryn grjunn wrofo Tho
Cood Honrfod !offor Suljlle/lo nnd Tho JowoI CnrInnd
Io/n0toli). Thnf fho kIng In quosfIon roIgnod nf nbouf fho fImo
IndIcnfod Is corfnIn from fho ovIdonco of rosonf nrchnooIogIcnI
dIscovorIos.
l
Tho frndIfIonnI bIogrnhors ngroo fhnf fho cryn wns
born In n brnhmIn fnmIIy of Soufh IndIn. Tho TIbofnn nccounfs
sfnfo fhnf nf hIs bIrfh, nsfroIogors rohosIod fhnf fho chIId wouId
nof IIvo boyond fho ngo of sovon. !nnbIo fo bonr fho sIghf of hIs
romnfuro donfh, fho nccounfs foII us, hIs nronfs sonf fho boy fo n
IuddhIsf monnsfory, whoro by rocIfIng fho Aporoni/0,uJl0ro;i
ho succoodod In oscnIng hIs fnfo. Tho nccounf gIvon by Kumrnjvn
of cryn grjunn's onrIy IIfo dIffor subsfnnfInIIy from fhnf of fho
TIbofnn bIogrnhors. Kumrnjvn wrIfos fhnf In hIs youfh cryn
grjunn wns ovorcomo wIfh Iusf nnd fhrough fho nrf of
InvIsIbIIIfy soducod womon In fho roynI nInco. Onco, howovor, ho
nnrrowIy oscnod donfh nf fho hnnds of fho gunrds, nn oxorIonco
whIch Iod hIm fo dwoII uon fho Iuddhn's fonchIng fhnf dosIro Is
fho foromosf cnuso of sufforIng. As n rosuIf, nccordIng fo
Kumrnjvn, fho cryn onforod fho IuddhIsf Ordor. Thoronffor,
fho TIbofnn nccounfs sfnfo, grjunn bocnmo n sfudonf of
!huInbhndrn
2
who wns fhon fho nbbof of fho gronf unIvorsIfy nf
Innd.
VIrfunIIy nII fho frndIfIonnI bIogrnhors ngroo fhnf cryn
grjunn rocurod somo Proj0p0roni/0 Sa/roe from fho worId of
fho A0gos. IInnIIy, cryn grjunn sooms fo hnvo sonf fho
Inffor nrf of hIs IIfo nf fho monnsfory buIIf for hIm by hIs frIond nnd
nfron, KIng Cnufnmufrn nf Br Inrvnfn. AIfhough fho nccounfs
gIvon of fho mnnnor of fho cryn's donfh dIffor wIfh rognrd fo
3

Section One

An Introduction to Nagarjuna's

!"#$%& '#(#$)*+& hoIds nn nImosf unoqunIod Inco nmong
fho rnnks of fhoso IuddhIsf snInfs who oxoundod fho fonchIng of
fho Iuddhn ,#-%&.*+/ for fho bonofIf of fho worId. !"#$%&
'#(#$)*+& rovoIufIonIzod fho InforrofnfIon of fho docfrIno of fho
InIIghfonod Ono whIch wns curronf nf hIs fImo nnd Ionf If n vIfnIIfy
nnd dynnmIsm whIch hns confInuod fo susfnIn If ovon fo our dny
nmong fho vofnrIos of fho 0&1#%#+&. Tho rovoIufIon whIch !"#$%&
'#(#$)*+& nccomIIshod wIfhIn fho foId of IuddhIsm wns nof n
rndIcnI donrfuro from fho orIgInnI docfrIno of fho Iuddhn
,#-%&.*+/. On fho confrnry, fho ndhoronfs of fho Mndhynmnkn
schooI nro undoubfodIy jusfIfIod In nssorfIng fhnf fhoIr
InforrofnfIon rorosonfs fho fruo Imorf of fho docfrIno of fho
Iuddhn nnd fho ossonco of IuddhIsm.
CIvon fho mnjosfy of !"#$%& '#(#$)*+&'s nnmo nnd fho
Imorfnnco of fho roIo whIch ho Inyod In fho dovoIomonf of
IuddhIsf fhoughf, If Is nof surrIsIng fhnf fho sfory of hIs IIfo nnd
nchIovomonfs shouId nrfnko of fho fnbuIous nnd fho Iogondnry. In
rocounfIng fho IIfo of fho !"#$%&, hIs bIogrnhors hnvo InvnrInbIy
IncIudod oIomonfs whIch nro dIffIcuIf fo osfnbIIsh hIsforIcnIIy. WhIIo
nn IngIIsh frnnsInfIon of ono of fho mnny bIogrnhIos of !"#$%&
'#(#$)*+& whIch nro oxfnnf In fho TIbofnn Inngungo Is corfnInIy
dosIrnbIo, If Is n fnsk of no smnII mngnIfudo. Honco for fho uroso
of InfroducfIon fo fhIs rosonf work wo hnvo choson fo confIno
oursoIvos fo n brIof nccounf of fho IIfo of fho !"#$%& bnsod uon fncfs
whIch cnn bo osfnbIIshod wIfh roInfIvo corfnInfy, drnwIng uon fho
4
nccounfs of fho frndIfIonnI bIogrnhors onIy In so fnr ns fhoy do nof
confrndIcf fhoso fncfs.
!"#$%& '#(#$)*+& IIvod somofImo durIng fho Insf qunrfor of
fho fIrsf confury C.I. nnd fho fIrsf qunrfor of fho socond confury
C.I. ThIs Is ovIdonf from hIs ncknowIodgod frIondshI wIfh n kIng of
fho ,&2&3#1&+& IIno of Andhrn. Tho kIng, 4&*2&.56*2$& ,#2&-&$7/,
son of quoon InIn ,$5, wns fho onIy ono of hIs IIno fo ombrnco
IuddhIsm, nnd If wns for hIm fhnf !"#$%& '#(#$)*+& wrofo Tho
Cood Honrfod !offor !"#$%%&'#( nnd Tho JowoI CnrInnd
)(*+,-(%.8. Thnf fho kIng In quosfIon roIgnod nf nbouf fho fImo
IndIcnfod Is corfnIn from fho ovIdonco of rosonf nrchnooIogIcnI
dIscovorIos.
l
Tho frndIfIonnI bIogrnhors ngroo fhnf fho !"#$%& wns
born In n brnhmIn fnmIIy of Soufh IndIn. Tho TIbofnn nccounfs
sfnfo fhnf nf hIs bIrfh, nsfroIogors rohosIod fhnf fho chIId wouId
nof IIvo boyond fho ngo of sovon. !nnbIo fo bonr fho sIghf of hIs
romnfuro donfh, fho nccounfs foII us, hIs nronfs sonf fho boy fo n
IuddhIsf monnsfory, whoro by rocIfIng fho /0(1(23*,4"5#,1(63
ho succoodod In oscnIng hIs fnfo. Tho nccounf gIvon by 9*.#$&)53&
of !"#$%& '#(#$)*+&'s onrIy IIfo dIffor subsfnnfInIIy from fhnf of fho
TIbofnn bIogrnhors. 9*.#$&)53& wrIfos fhnf In hIs youfh !"#$%&
'#(#$)*+& wns ovorcomo wIfh Iusf nnd fhrough fho nrf of
InvIsIbIIIfy soducod womon In fho roynI nInco. Onco, howovor, ho
nnrrowIy oscnod donfh nf fho hnnds of fho gunrds, nn oxorIonco
whIch Iod hIm fo dwoII uon fho Iuddhn's fonchIng fhnf dosIro Is
fho foromosf cnuso of sufforIng. As n rosuIf, nccordIng fo
9*.#$&)53&, fho !"#$%& onforod fho IuddhIsf Ordor. Thoronffor,
fho TIbofnn nccounfs sfnfo, '#(#$)*+& bocnmo n sfudonf of
:#1*;&<1&=$&
2
who wns fhon fho nbbof of fho gronf unIvorsIfy nf
'#;&+=#.
VIrfunIIy nII fho frndIfIonnI bIogrnhors ngroo fhnf !"#$%&
'#(#$)*+& rocurod somo 71(89,0,1(23*, !:*1(; from fho worId of
fho <,=(s. IInnIIy, !"#$%& '#(#$)*+& sooms fo hnvo sonf fho
Inffor nrf of hIs IIfo nf fho monnsfory buIIf for hIm by hIs frIond nnd
nfron, KIng 4&*2&.56*2$&> nf ,$5 Inrvnfn. AIfhough fho nccounfs
gIvon of fho mnnnor of fho !"#$%&'s donfh dIffor wIfh rognrd fo
5
dofnII, fhoy ngroo In fhnf grjunn consonfod fo hIs own donfh nf
fho hnnds of fho son of KIng Cnufnmufrn.
cryn grjunn wns nn nccomIIshod mnsfor of IuddhIsf
docfrIno. Ho wrofo voIumInousIy on nImosf ovory nsocf of IuddhIsf
hIIosohy nnd roIIgIon. AIfhough cryn grjunn hns rIghfIy
won wIdosrond nccInIm ns fho foromosf oxononf of fho 'mIddIo
wny', or MndhynmnrnfInd, nnd ns n mnsfor of dInIocfIc, hIs
wrIfIngs nIso IncIudo works on VInnyn, on Tnnfrn, on fho cnroor of
fho IodhIsnffvn, nnd on fho rncfIco of fho IrnmIfynn. Among
fho Inffor nro counfod fho Sa/rosnmuccnyn nnd ofhors. cryn
grjunn nIso wrofo works of n hIghIy dovofIonnI chnrncfor, such
ns fho Co/ue/oto.
Tho Coodhonrfod !offor of cryn grjunn Is n concIso nnd
comrohonsIvo summory of IuddhIsf fonchIng. If cnn gonornIIy bo
snId fo boIong fo n cInss of foxfs whIch Infor cnmo fo bo cnIIod, In
TIbof, fhoso of fho "Crndunfod Infh". Tho works of grjunn, mosf
osocInIIy fho Sa/rosnmuccnyn buf nIso fo n Iossor dogroo Tho Cood
Honrfod !offor, woro fho fororunnors of n muIfIfudo of foxfs whIch
cnn bo cInssod undor fho nnmo of fho "Crndunfod Infh". Thoy
IncIudo such works ns fho Si/,0eonucco,o of BnfIdovn, Tho JowoI
Ornnmonf of !IbornfIon of Sgnmon nnd Tho CInrIfIcnfIon of fho
Sngo's Infonf of Snkyn InndIfn. If Is nof surrIsIng fhnf fho concIso
sfyIo nnd comrohonsIvo confonf of n work IIko grjunn's Tho
Cood Honrfod !offor shouId hnvo rondorod If so ouInr ns n
vohIcIo for convoyIng In brIof fho fonchIng of IuddhIsm. Thnf Tho
Cood Honrfod !offor onjoyod such ouInrIfy ovon In IndIn Is
ovIdonf from fho nccounf of fho ChInoso IIgrIm ITsIng who vIsIfod
IndIn In fho sovonfh confury, for ho wrIfos, "In IndIn, sfudonfs Ionrn
fhIs Ioffor In vorso onrIy In fho courso of InsfrucfIon, buf fho mosf
dovouf mnko If fhoIr socInI objocf of sfudy fhroughouf fhoIr IIvos."
3

Todny, nIso Tho Cood Honrfod !offor onjoys wIdosrond ouInrIfy
nmong TIbofnns who uso If wIfh roguInrIfy ns n bnsIc mnnunI for
fonchIng IuddhIsm. Honco, Ifs IngIIsh frnnsInfIon cnnnof hoI buf
bo of uso fo fhoso modorn rondors who wIsh fo gnIn n bnsIc grns of
fho rncfIco of IuddhIsm. Tho comrohonsIvo chnrncfor of fho
work, fhough shorf, mnkos If hIghIy suIfnbIo for uso ns nn
6
InfroducfIon fo fho whoIo of IuddhIsm. SInco If wns wrIffon
rIncInIIy for Iny ooIo, nddrossod ns If wns fo fho KIng wIfh
whom grjunn shnrod n IIfoIong frIondshI, fho fonchIngs If
confnIns cnn bo nrocInfod by n wIdo socfrum of rondors wIfh
vnryIng Inforosfs. Thoso who dosIro n concIso nnd comrohonsIvo
mnnunI of InsfrucfIon In fho fhoory nnd rncfIco of IuddhIsm wIII
suroIy nof bo dIsnoInfod by If.
Though Tho Coodhonrfod !offor confnIns n fow oIomonfs
whIch boIong socIfIcnIIy fo fho Mnhynn frndIfIon, mosf of Ifs
confonfs comrIso n common foundnfIon whIch Is shnrod by nII fho
IuddhIsf schooIs. Tho Ioffor bogIns wIfh nn InvocnfIon fo cuIfIvnfo
fnIfh In fhnf whIch Is roomInonf nnd oxnIfod such ns fho Iuddhn,
hnrmn nnd Snmghn. Thoro foIIows n Iongfhy summory of ofhIcnI
nnd roIIgIous rocofs whIch, If ndhorod fo, rosuIf In robIrfh In fho
forfunnfo ronIms of mon nnd gods, ns cryn grjunn wrIfos
"...MornIIfy Is snId fo bo fho foundnfIon of nII vIrfuos, jusf ns fho
onrfh Is fho suorf of bofh nnImnfo nnd InnnImnfo fhIngs". Tho
InjuncfIons nnd rohIbIfIons sof forfh In fho foxf nro nccomnnIod by
rncfIcos whIch nro fo bo usod fo counforncf nonvIrfuous
roonsIfIos. Of oqunI Imorfnnco Is fho orfIon of fho foxf dosIgnod
fo romovo orronoous vIows roducod from Ignornnco, for mornIIfy
rncfIcod In Ignornnco doos nof rosuIf In IIbornfIon. Howovor,
fhrough fho combInnfIon of mornIIfy nnd wIsdom, IIbornfIon Is won.
onfh, Imormnnonco nnd fho oorfuno condIfIons form fho
subjocf mnffor of fho subsoquonf vorsos of fho foxf. SInco IIfo Is
frnnsIonf IIko n bubbIo of wnfor cnughf by fho wInd, grjunn
oncourngos fho rondor fo sfrIvo for IIbornfIon wIfhouf doIny. If fhIs
humnn bIrfh Is nof roorIy usod, fhon ono wIII confInuo fo
oxorIonco fho sufforIngs of fho sIx ronIms of Snmsrn whIch nro
fhon doscrIbod by fho nufhor. Such doscrIfIons nro commonIy found
In foxfs of fhIs kInd. Thoy nro dosIgnod fo roduco n rovuIsIon for
oxIsfonco In fho worId nnd n dosIro for IIbornfIon. SInco fho hIghosf
gonI of froodom nnd onIIghfonmonf cnnnof bo nchIovod unIoss nnd
unfII nffnchmonf fo fho worId Is roIInquIshod, fho dofnIIod
doscrIfIons of fho mnnIfoId sufforIngs oxorIoncod nro nocossnry In
ordor fo roduco ronuncInfIon. If shouId bo romomborod fhnf fho
5
dofnII, fhoy ngroo In fhnf !"#"$%&'( consonfod fo hIs own donfh nf
fho hnnds of fho son of KIng )(&*(+,-&*$(!"
./"$0( !"#"$%&'( wns nn nccomIIshod mnsfor of IuddhIsf
docfrIno. Ho wrofo voIumInousIy on nImosf ovory nsocf of IuddhIsf
hIIosohy nnd roIIgIon. AIfhough ./"$0( !"#"$%&'( hns rIghfIy
won wIdosrond nccInIm ns fho foromosf oxononf of fho 'mIddIo
wny', or MndhynmnrnfInd, nnd ns n mnsfor of dInIocfIc, hIs
wrIfIngs nIso IncIudo works on VInnyn, on Tnnfrn, on fho cnroor of
fho IodhIsnffvn, nnd on fho rncfIco of fho 1"$(+2*"0"'(. Among
fho Inffor nro counfod fho #$%&'snmuccnyn nnd ofhors. ./"$0(
!"#"$%&'( nIso wrofo works of n hIghIy dovofIonnI chnrncfor, such
ns fho ('%)*+%','.
Tho Coodhonrfod !offor of ./"$0( !"#"$%&'( Is n concIso nnd
comrohonsIvo summory of IuddhIsf fonchIng. If cnn gonornIIy bo
snId fo boIong fo n cInss of foxfs whIch Infor cnmo fo bo cnIIod, In
TIbof, fhoso of fho "Crndunfod Infh". Tho works of !"#"$%&'(, mosf
osocInIIy fho #$%&'snmuccnyn buf nIso fo n Iossor dogroo Tho Cood
Honrfod !offor, woro fho fororunnors of n muIfIfudo of foxfs whIch
cnn bo cInssod undor fho nnmo of fho "Crndunfod Infh". Thoy
IncIudo such works ns fho -./01+'2)33'4' of 3"'*2456(, Tho JowoI
Ornnmonf of !IbornfIon of Sgnmon nnd Tho CInrIfIcnfIon of fho
Sngo's Infonf of Snkyn InndIfn. If Is nof surrIsIng fhnf fho concIso
sfyIo nnd comrohonsIvo confonf of n work IIko !"#"$%&'('s Tho
Cood Honrfod !offor shouId hnvo rondorod If so ouInr ns n
vohIcIo for convoyIng In brIof fho fonchIng of IuddhIsm. Thnf Tho
Cood Honrfod !offor onjoyod such ouInrIfy ovon In IndIn Is
ovIdonf from fho nccounf of fho ChInoso IIgrIm ITsIng who vIsIfod
IndIn In fho sovonfh confury, for ho wrIfos, "In IndIn, sfudonfs Ionrn
fhIs Ioffor In vorso onrIy In fho courso of InsfrucfIon, buf fho mosf
dovouf mnko If fhoIr socInI objocf of sfudy fhroughouf fhoIr IIvos."
3

Todny, nIso Tho Cood Honrfod !offor onjoys wIdosrond ouInrIfy
nmong TIbofnns who uso If wIfh roguInrIfy ns n bnsIc mnnunI for
fonchIng IuddhIsm. Honco, Ifs IngIIsh frnnsInfIon cnnnof hoI buf
bo of uso fo fhoso modorn rondors who wIsh fo gnIn n bnsIc grns of
fho rncfIco of IuddhIsm. Tho comrohonsIvo chnrncfor of fho
work, fhough shorf, mnkos If hIghIy suIfnbIo for uso ns nn
6
InfroducfIon fo fho whoIo of IuddhIsm. SInco If wns wrIffon
rIncInIIy for Iny ooIo, nddrossod ns If wns fo fho KIng wIfh
whom !"#"$%&'( shnrod n IIfoIong frIondshI, fho fonchIngs If
confnIns cnn bo nrocInfod by n wIdo socfrum of rondors wIfh
vnryIng Inforosfs. Thoso who dosIro n concIso nnd comrohonsIvo
mnnunI of InsfrucfIon In fho fhoory nnd rncfIco of IuddhIsm wIII
suroIy nof bo dIsnoInfod by If.
Though Tho Coodhonrfod !offor confnIns n fow oIomonfs
whIch boIong socIfIcnIIy fo fho 7(8"0"'( frndIfIon, mosf of Ifs
confonfs comrIso n common foundnfIon whIch Is shnrod by nII fho
IuddhIsf schooIs. Tho Ioffor bogIns wIfh nn InvocnfIon fo cuIfIvnfo
fnIfh In fhnf whIch Is roomInonf nnd oxnIfod such ns fho Iuddhn,
hnrmn nnd Sn9ghn. Thoro foIIows n Iongfhy summory of ofhIcnI
nnd roIIgIous rocofs whIch, If ndhorod fo, rosuIf In robIrfh In fho
forfunnfo ronIms of mon nnd gods, ns ./"$0( !"#"$%&'( wrIfos
"...MornIIfy Is snId fo bo fho foundnfIon of nII vIrfuos, jusf ns fho
onrfh Is fho suorf of bofh nnImnfo nnd InnnImnfo fhIngs". Tho
InjuncfIons nnd rohIbIfIons sof forfh In fho foxf nro nccomnnIod by
rncfIcos whIch nro fo bo usod fo counforncf nonvIrfuous
roonsIfIos. Of oqunI Imorfnnco Is fho orfIon of fho foxf dosIgnod
fo romovo orronoous vIows roducod from Ignornnco, for mornIIfy
rncfIcod In Ignornnco doos nof rosuIf In IIbornfIon. Howovor,
fhrough fho combInnfIon of mornIIfy nnd wIsdom, IIbornfIon Is won.
onfh, Imormnnonco nnd fho oorfuno condIfIons form fho
subjocf mnffor of fho subsoquonf vorsos of fho foxf. SInco IIfo Is
frnnsIonf IIko n bubbIo of wnfor cnughf by fho wInd, !"#"$%&'(
oncourngos fho rondor fo sfrIvo for IIbornfIon wIfhouf doIny. If fhIs
humnn bIrfh Is nof roorIy usod, fhon ono wIII confInuo fo
oxorIonco fho sufforIngs of fho sIx ronIms of :(9;"$( whIch nro
fhon doscrIbod by fho nufhor. Such doscrIfIons nro commonIy found
In foxfs of fhIs kInd. Thoy nro dosIgnod fo roduco n rovuIsIon for
oxIsfonco In fho worId nnd n dosIro for IIbornfIon. SInco fho hIghosf
gonI of froodom nnd onIIghfonmonf cnnnof bo nchIovod unIoss nnd
unfII nffnchmonf fo fho worId Is roIInquIshod, fho dofnIIod
doscrIfIons of fho mnnIfoId sufforIngs oxorIoncod nro nocossnry In
ordor fo roduco ronuncInfIon. If shouId bo romomborod fhnf fho
7
'frufh of sufforIng' Is fho fIrsf of fho Iour obIo Trufhs nnd fho vory
cornorsfono of fho IuddhIsf roIIgIon.
cryn grjunn's Ioffor concIudos wIfh n doscrIfIon of fho
nfh nnd fho unoqunIod rosuIf fo bo gnInod fhrough Ifs rncfIco.
MornIIfy, conconfrnfIon nnd fho wIsdom nrIsIng from fho
undorsfnndIng of fho rocIous docfrIno of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon comrIso fho nfh rosuIfIng In fho oxnIfod sfnfo of n
IodhIsnffvn or Iuddhn.
cryn grjunn's Tho Cood Honrfod !offor rovIdos fho
nsIrnnf who wIshos fo bo ncqunInfod wIfh fho ossonfInIs of fho
IuddhIsf nfh fo IIbornfIon wIfh n comrohonsIvo summnry of fho
rIncIIos of fho IuddhIsf roIIgIon. Tho foundnfIon of corrocf mornI
conducf nnd rIghf undorsfnndIng of fho frufh froo from fho
obscurnfIons of Ignornnco rosuIfs In n frnnscondonf modo of boIng In
whIch nof onIy Is froodom from bondngo nnd Ignornnco nchIovod, buf
nIso fho cnncIfy fo nurfuro nnd mnfuro nII IIvIng boIngs fhnf fhoy
mny nIso nffnIn onIIghfonmonf.
8

Section Two

with Explanatory Notes

I. O rIghfoous nnd worfhy ono ondowod wIfh vIrfuos, If Is fIffIng you
honr fhoso fow obIo vorsos whIch I hnvo comosod so fhnf you mny
nsIro fo fho morIf whIch nrIsos from fho Sugnfn's
l
words.

cryn grjunn bogIns hIs Ioffor fo fho KIng by urgIng hIm,
fo ny cnrofuI nffonfIon fo fho fonchIng confnInod In fhIs mossngo ns
If concorns fho hoIy hnrmn. Tho hnrmn If rncfIcod roorIy wIII
Iond fIrsf fo hnInoss nnd rosorIfy nnd fhon ovonfunIIy fo
IIbornfIon. Thoroforo, If Is woII worfh fho nffonfIon of fho KIng
nofwIfhsfnndIng hIs busy schoduIo.

II. Ior oxnmIo, nn Imngo of fho Sugnfn, If If bo mndo of wood or
whnfovor If bo IIko, Is worshIod by wIso mon. !IkowIso fhough
fhIs oom of mIno Incks grnco, do nof dosIso If sInco If Is bnsod
uon n dIscussIon of fho hoIy hnrmn.

o nof dIsrognrd fhoso words ovon fhough fhoy mny nof bo
bonufIfuI, bocnuso fhoy confnIn n vory Imorfnnf mossngo. Ior, wIso
mon worshI nn Imngo of fho Iuddhn whofhor If bo mndo of goId,
sfono, wood or cIny, whofhor If bo bonufIfuI or unnffrncfIvo, or
whofhor If bo vnIunbIo or nof.

III. Howovor much of fho Cronf Sngo's words you mny hnvo IIsfonod
fo nnd mny hnvo ovon comrohondod, sfIII Is nof n whIfonInfod
mnnsIon mndo whIfor by fho mIdnIghf moon

7
'frufh of sufforIng' Is fho fIrsf of fho Iour obIo Trufhs nnd fho vory
cornorsfono of fho IuddhIsf roIIgIon.
!"#$%& '#(#$)*+&'s Ioffor concIudos wIfh n doscrIfIon of fho
nfh nnd fho unoqunIod rosuIf fo bo gnInod fhrough Ifs rncfIco.
MornIIfy, conconfrnfIon nnd fho wIsdom nrIsIng from fho
undorsfnndIng of fho rocIous docfrIno of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon comrIso fho nfh rosuIfIng In fho oxnIfod sfnfo of n
IodhIsnffvn or Iuddhn.
!"#$%& '#(#$)*+&'s Tho Cood Honrfod !offor rovIdos fho
nsIrnnf who wIshos fo bo ncqunInfod wIfh fho ossonfInIs of fho
IuddhIsf nfh fo IIbornfIon wIfh n comrohonsIvo summnry of fho
rIncIIos of fho IuddhIsf roIIgIon. Tho foundnfIon of corrocf mornI
conducf nnd rIghf undorsfnndIng of fho frufh froo from fho
obscurnfIons of Ignornnco rosuIfs In n frnnscondonf modo of boIng In
whIch nof onIy Is froodom from bondngo nnd Ignornnco nchIovod, buf
nIso fho cnncIfy fo nurfuro nnd mnfuro nII IIvIng boIngs fhnf fhoy
mny nIso nffnIn onIIghfonmonf.
8

Section Two

with Explanatory Notes

I. O rIghfoous nnd worfhy ono ondowod wIfh vIrfuos, If Is fIffIng you
honr fhoso fow obIo vorsos whIch I hnvo comosod so fhnf you mny
nsIro fo fho morIf whIch nrIsos from fho Sugnfn's
l
words.

!"#$%& '#(#$)*+& bogIns hIs Ioffor fo fho KIng by urgIng hIm,
fo ny cnrofuI nffonfIon fo fho fonchIng confnInod In fhIs mossngo ns
If concorns fho hoIy hnrmn. Tho hnrmn If rncfIcod roorIy wIII
Iond fIrsf fo hnInoss nnd rosorIfy nnd fhon ovonfunIIy fo
IIbornfIon. Thoroforo, If Is woII worfh fho nffonfIon of fho KIng
nofwIfhsfnndIng hIs busy schoduIo.

II. Ior oxnmIo, nn Imngo of fho Sugnfn, If If bo mndo of wood or
whnfovor If bo IIko, Is worshIod by wIso mon. !IkowIso fhough
fhIs oom of mIno Incks grnco, do nof dosIso If sInco If Is bnsod
uon n dIscussIon of fho hoIy hnrmn.

o nof dIsrognrd fhoso words ovon fhough fhoy mny nof bo
bonufIfuI, bocnuso fhoy confnIn n vory Imorfnnf mossngo. Ior, wIso
mon worshI nn Imngo of fho Iuddhn whofhor If bo mndo of goId,
sfono, wood or cIny, whofhor If bo bonufIfuI or unnffrncfIvo, or
whofhor If bo vnIunbIo or nof.

III. Howovor much of fho Cronf Sngo's words you mny hnvo IIsfonod
fo nnd mny hnvo ovon comrohondod, sfIII Is nof n whIfonInfod
mnnsIon mndo whIfor by fho mIdnIghf moon

9
ThIs Ioffor Is worfhy of sfudy ovon by fho orson who Is
fnmIIInr wIfh fho fonchIng of fho Iuddhn In ordor fo cInrIfy hIs
undorsfnndIng sfIII furfhor. ThIs Is ovon fruo for ono who, IIko fho
kIng, knows nnd rncfIsos fho Iuddhn's fonchIng.

IV. You shouId brIng fo mInd fho sIx objocfs of rocoIIocfIon fho
InIIghfonod Ono, HIs TonchIng, fho obIo AssombIy, gIvIng,
mornIIfy, nnd gods fho hon of qunIIfIos of onch of fhoso woro woII
fnughf by fho Conquoror.

Tnko rofugo In fho TrIIo Com dnIIy nnd romombor fho sIx
objocfs of rocoIIocfIon jusf ns fhoy woro fnughf by fho Iuddhn.

V. AIwnys rncfIso fho nfh of fho fon vIrfuous doods orformod
fhrough body, voIco nnd mInd rofrnIn from nIcohoI, nnd nIso doIIghf
In n whoIosomo IIvoIIhood.

AvoId fhoso fon nonvIrfuous ncfIons fhroo of body kIIIIng,
sfonIIng, soxunI mIsconducf four of voIco IyIng, sInndor, mnIIcIous
sooch, IdIo fnIk fhroo of mInd covofousnoss, mnIovoIonco nnd
orronoous vIows.

VI. KnowIng fhnf wonIfh Is unsfnbIo nnd dovoId of ossonco, rIghfIy
bosfow gIffs uon monks, !"#$%&'&(, fho oor nnd frIonds so for
fho noxf IIfo fhoro Is no moro oxcoIIonf n kInsmnn fhnn gIvIng.

CIvo fo monks nnd hoIy mon bocnuso of fhoIr qunIIfIos fo
nronfs, fonchors nnd frIonds bocnuso of fhoIr kIndnoss nnd fo
hungry nnd sIck ooIo bocnuso of fhoIr nood.

VII. You shouId rncfIso mornIIfy whIch Is unImnIrod, bInmoIoss,
nof mIxod nnd unsuIIIod for mornIIfy Is snId fo bo fho foundnfIon of
nII vIrfuos, jusf ns fho onrfh Is fho suorf of bofh nnImnfo nnd
InnnImnfo fhIngs.

10
Jusf ns fho onrfh Is fho bnsIs of ovoryfhIng In fho worId, so
mornIIfy Is fho foundnfIon of nII worIdIy nnd boyond worIdIy
nchIovomonfs. MornIIfy Is nIso ossonfInI for fho subsoquonf
dovoIomonf of conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom, fhoroforo cuIfIvnfo If
woII.

VIII. Incronso fho monsuroIoss IorfocfIons of gIvIng, mornIIfy,
nfIonco, onorgy, modIfnfIon nnd wIsdom, nnd fhus bocomo fho !ord
of Conquorors who hns ronchod fho furfhor shoro of fho oconn of
oxIsfonco.

Tho sIx orfocfIons p0roni/0) nro dIvIdod Info fwo grous
cnIIod fho nccumuInfIon of morIf whIch IncIudos gIvIng, mornIIfy
nnd nfIonco nnd fho nccumuInfIon of knowIodgo whIch IncIudos
conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom. Inorgy Is IncIudod In bofh grous ns If Is
noodod for bofh nccumuInfIons.
Tho IodhIsnffvn, fhrough fho orfocfIons of gIvIng, mornIIfy,
nfIonco nnd onorgy dwoIIs In hnInoss In fho worId. Ho hns
nccumuInfod morIf nnd hns nccoss fo fho TorrosfrInI body
Airn0;o/0,o nnd fo fho CoIosfInI body SonIlogo/0,o by
monns of whIch ho fuIfIIIs fho noods of IIvIng boIngs. Moroovor, fho
IodhIsnffvn hns nffnInod knowIodgo by monns of fho orfocfIons of
onorgy, conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom nnd fhoroforo dwoIIs In froodom.
Ho hns nccoss fo fho TrnnscondonfnI Iody Dlorno/0,o nnd Is
consoquonfIy nof bound fo fho worId.

IX. Tho rnco of ono who worshIs fnfhor nnd mofhor Is In fho
comnny of fhnf of )"&$%# nnd fhnf of rocofors fhrough
rovorIng fhom ono wIII wIn fnmo nnd Infor wIII nffnIn fho hIghor
ronIms.

!osocf your nronfs, bocnuso fhoy hnvo boon kInd fo you In
fhIs IIfo. Thoso who rosocf fhoIr nronfs nro gonfIo nnd hny nnd
wIII dovoIo mnny good qunIIfIos In fhIs IIfo nnd In fho noxf.

9
ThIs Ioffor Is worfhy of sfudy ovon by fho orson who Is
fnmIIInr wIfh fho fonchIng of fho Iuddhn In ordor fo cInrIfy hIs
undorsfnndIng sfIII furfhor. ThIs Is ovon fruo for ono who, IIko fho
kIng, knows nnd rncfIsos fho Iuddhn's fonchIng.

IV. You shouId brIng fo mInd fho sIx objocfs of rocoIIocfIon fho
InIIghfonod Ono, HIs TonchIng, fho obIo AssombIy, gIvIng,
mornIIfy, nnd gods fho hon of qunIIfIos of onch of fhoso woro woII
fnughf by fho Conquoror.

Tnko rofugo In fho TrIIo Com dnIIy nnd romombor fho sIx
objocfs of rocoIIocfIon jusf ns fhoy woro fnughf by fho Iuddhn.

V. AIwnys rncfIso fho nfh of fho fon vIrfuous doods orformod
fhrough body, voIco nnd mInd rofrnIn from nIcohoI, nnd nIso doIIghf
In n whoIosomo IIvoIIhood.

AvoId fhoso fon nonvIrfuous ncfIons fhroo of body kIIIIng,
sfonIIng, soxunI mIsconducf four of voIco IyIng, sInndor, mnIIcIous
sooch, IdIo fnIk fhroo of mInd covofousnoss, mnIovoIonco nnd
orronoous vIows.

VI. KnowIng fhnf wonIfh Is unsfnbIo nnd dovoId of ossonco, rIghfIy
bosfow gIffs uon monks, !"#$%&'&(, fho oor nnd frIonds so for
fho noxf IIfo fhoro Is no moro oxcoIIonf n kInsmnn fhnn gIvIng.

CIvo fo monks nnd hoIy mon bocnuso of fhoIr qunIIfIos fo
nronfs, fonchors nnd frIonds bocnuso of fhoIr kIndnoss nnd fo
hungry nnd sIck ooIo bocnuso of fhoIr nood.

VII. You shouId rncfIso mornIIfy whIch Is unImnIrod, bInmoIoss,
nof mIxod nnd unsuIIIod for mornIIfy Is snId fo bo fho foundnfIon of
nII vIrfuos, jusf ns fho onrfh Is fho suorf of bofh nnImnfo nnd
InnnImnfo fhIngs.

10
Jusf ns fho onrfh Is fho bnsIs of ovoryfhIng In fho worId, so
mornIIfy Is fho foundnfIon of nII worIdIy nnd boyond worIdIy
nchIovomonfs. MornIIfy Is nIso ossonfInI for fho subsoquonf
dovoIomonf of conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom, fhoroforo cuIfIvnfo If
woII.

VIII. Incronso fho monsuroIoss IorfocfIons of gIvIng, mornIIfy,
nfIonco, onorgy, modIfnfIon nnd wIsdom, nnd fhus bocomo fho !ord
of Conquorors who hns ronchod fho furfhor shoro of fho oconn of
oxIsfonco.

Tho sIx orfocfIons !"#$%&'"( nro dIvIdod Info fwo grous
cnIIod fho nccumuInfIon of morIf whIch IncIudos gIvIng, mornIIfy
nnd nfIonco nnd fho nccumuInfIon of knowIodgo whIch IncIudos
conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom. Inorgy Is IncIudod In bofh grous ns If Is
noodod for bofh nccumuInfIons.
Tho IodhIsnffvn, fhrough fho orfocfIons of gIvIng, mornIIfy,
nfIonco nnd onorgy dwoIIs In hnInoss In fho worId. Ho hns
nccumuInfod morIf nnd hns nccoss fo fho TorrosfrInI body
)&#%"*$+",$ nnd fo fho CoIosfInI body -$%./01$+",$ by
monns of whIch ho fuIfIIIs fho noods of IIvIng boIngs. Moroovor, fho
IodhIsnffvn hns nffnInod knowIodgo by monns of fho orfocfIons of
onorgy, conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom nnd fhoroforo dwoIIs In froodom.
Ho hns nccoss fo fho TrnnscondonfnI Iody 2/$#%$+",$ nnd Is
consoquonfIy nof bound fo fho worId.

IX. Tho rnco of ono who worshIs fnfhor nnd mofhor Is In fho
comnny of fhnf of )"&$%# nnd fhnf of rocofors fhrough
rovorIng fhom ono wIII wIn fnmo nnd Infor wIII nffnIn fho hIghor
ronIms.

!osocf your nronfs, bocnuso fhoy hnvo boon kInd fo you In
fhIs IIfo. Thoso who rosocf fhoIr nronfs nro gonfIo nnd hny nnd
wIII dovoIo mnny good qunIIfIos In fhIs IIfo nnd In fho noxf.

11
X. Iorsnko kIIIIng, fhoff, soxunI mIsconducf, IyIng, nIcohoI,
nffnchmonf fo food nf Imroor fImos, onjoymonf of hIgh sonfs nnd
bods, nnd nII kInds of songs, dnncos nnd gnrInnds.

AIfhough If Is gonornIIy vory dIffIcuIf for Iny ooIo fo obsorvo
fhoso oIghf rocofs, nonofhoIoss, fhoy shouId bo obsorvod
occnsIonnIIy, such ns on fho dny commomornfIng fho Iuddhn's
InIIghfonmonf. Tho bonofIf of obsorvIng fhoso oIghf Is shown In fho
foIIowIng vorso.

XI. If you ossoss fhoso oIghf fonfuros whIch rosombIo nn Arhnf's
mornIIfy, fhon, nourIshod by fho roIIgIous vows, you wIII bosfow on
mon nnd womon fho Ionsnnf form of fho gods of fho ronIm of dosIro.

Obsorvnnco of fhoso socInI rocofs wIII Iny fho foundnfIon of
fho ronuncInfIon of nn Arhnf or ofhorwIso fo fho hnInoss of
hIghor ronIms such ns fhoso of fho gods.

XII. !ook uon fhoso ns onomIos mIsorIInoss, cunnIng, docoIf,
nffnchmonf fo roorfy, InzInoss, rIdo, soxunI nffnchmonf, hnfrod,
nnd nrrognnco of cnsfo, form, IonrnIng, youfh, nnd gronf owor.

AvoId fhoso fhIrfoon fnuIfs of chnrncfor fhnf dImInIsh your
mornI worfh nnd nro unbocomIng. AIfhough fhoy nnronfIy sorvo
your own uroso, fhoy nro In fncf InImIcnI fo your ronI Inforosfs.

XIII XIV. Tho Sngo snId fhnf hoodfuInoss Is fho sourco of fho
donfhIoss nnd hoodIossnoss Is fho sourco of donfh honco fo Incronso
your vIrfuo, dovofodIy romnIn hoodfuI. Ono who hns formorIy boon
hoodIoss, buf Infor bocomos hoodfuI IIko nndn, *+,-./%#.&,
*0#1&2&1"- nnd !dnynnn wIII nIso bo rosIondonf IIko fho moon
froo from cIouds.

Ivon If you hnvo dono nonvIrfuous ncfs In fho nsf, fhnf
shouId nof sfo you from bocomIng mIndfuI now nnd chnngIng your
wnys. Ior oxnmIo, nndn who wns obsossod by soxunI dosIro,
12
AnguIImIn who wns nddIcfod fo vIoIonco, Ajfnsnfru who kIIIod hIs
fnfhor, nnd !dnynnn who kIIIod hIs mofhor, hnd nII dono unvIrfuous
ncfIons nnd hnd IIffIo IncIInnfIon fo bocomo boffor. Howovor, fhoIr
sforIos rovo fhnf nnyono cnn chnngo.

XV. SInco fhoro Is no onnnco IIko nfIonco, you musf gIvo nngor no
oorfunIfy fo nrIso. Tho Iuddhn snId fhnf by gIvIng u nngor, ono
wIII nffnIn fho IrrovorsIbIo sfngo.

Tho rncfIco of nusforIfIos nnd oxfromo forms of nscofIcIsm
nro nof conducIvo fo gnInIng hnInoss nnd froodom. InfIIcfIng nIn
uon fho body In vnrIous wnys, onfIng oor food or sfnrvIng onosoIf,
wonrIng rngs nnd fho IIko cnnnof ovon gunrnnfoo n hIghor robIrfh,
Iof nIono IIbornfIon. Tho gronfosf onnnco Is nfIonco, so do nof gIvo
wny fo nngor ovon whon unwnnfod ovonfs occur, buf rncfIco
nfIonco Insfond.

XVI. "I wns nbusod by fhoso ooIo, bound by fhom, dofonfod by
fhom, fhoy hnvo snnfchod nwny my roorfy". Thus hnrborIng
onmIfy roducos qunrroIs, buf ono who gIvos u hnrborIng onmIfy
sIoos hnIIy.

Abnndon rosonfmonf ovon fownrds fhoso who hnvo cnusod
ono hnrm. HnrborIng onmIfy In fhIs fnshIon onIy rovokos furfhor
confIIcf nnd cnusos moro sufforIng fhoroby nddIng fo fho hnrm
nIrondy dono. ConsoquonfIy, gIvo u such wnys of fhInkIng nnd
sIoo oncofuIIy.

XVII. !ocognIzo fho mInd fo bo IIko n drnwIng mndo on wnfor, onrfh
or sfono Tho fIrsf nmong fhoso Is oxcoIIonf for fhoso ossossIng fho
nffIIcfIons, nnd fho Insf for fhoso who dosIro roIIgIon.

Tho mInd's nnfuro Is fo rofnIn Idons for dIfforonf Iongfhs of
fImo, jusf ns wrIfIng on wnfor, onrfh or sfono onduros for n shorf,
mIddIIng or Iong fImo rosocfIvoIy. SfrIvo fo Iof go of unwhoIosomo
11
X. Iorsnko kIIIIng, fhoff, soxunI mIsconducf, IyIng, nIcohoI,
nffnchmonf fo food nf Imroor fImos, onjoymonf of hIgh sonfs nnd
bods, nnd nII kInds of songs, dnncos nnd gnrInnds.

AIfhough If Is gonornIIy vory dIffIcuIf for Iny ooIo fo obsorvo
fhoso oIghf rocofs, nonofhoIoss, fhoy shouId bo obsorvod
occnsIonnIIy, such ns on fho dny commomornfIng fho Iuddhn's
InIIghfonmonf. Tho bonofIf of obsorvIng fhoso oIghf Is shown In fho
foIIowIng vorso.

XI. If you ossoss fhoso oIghf fonfuros whIch rosombIo nn Arhnf's
mornIIfy, fhon, nourIshod by fho roIIgIous vows, you wIII bosfow on
mon nnd womon fho Ionsnnf form of fho gods of fho ronIm of dosIro.

Obsorvnnco of fhoso socInI rocofs wIII Iny fho foundnfIon of
fho ronuncInfIon of nn Arhnf or ofhorwIso fo fho hnInoss of
hIghor ronIms such ns fhoso of fho gods.

XII. !ook uon fhoso ns onomIos mIsorIInoss, cunnIng, docoIf,
nffnchmonf fo roorfy, InzInoss, rIdo, soxunI nffnchmonf, hnfrod,
nnd nrrognnco of cnsfo, form, IonrnIng, youfh, nnd gronf owor.

AvoId fhoso fhIrfoon fnuIfs of chnrncfor fhnf dImInIsh your
mornI worfh nnd nro unbocomIng. AIfhough fhoy nnronfIy sorvo
your own uroso, fhoy nro In fncf InImIcnI fo your ronI Inforosfs.

XIII XIV. Tho Sngo snId fhnf hoodfuInoss Is fho sourco of fho
donfhIoss nnd hoodIossnoss Is fho sourco of donfh honco fo Incronso
your vIrfuo, dovofodIy romnIn hoodfuI. Ono who hns formorIy boon
hoodIoss, buf Infor bocomos hoodfuI IIko nndn, !"#$%&'(%),
!*(+),)+-$ nnd !dnynnn wIII nIso bo rosIondonf IIko fho moon
froo from cIouds.

Ivon If you hnvo dono nonvIrfuous ncfs In fho nsf, fhnf
shouId nof sfo you from bocomIng mIndfuI now nnd chnngIng your
wnys. Ior oxnmIo, nndn who wns obsossod by soxunI dosIro,
12
!"#$%&'(%) who wns nddIcfod fo vIoIonco, !*(+),)+-$ who kIIIod hIs
fnfhor, nnd !dnynnn who kIIIod hIs mofhor, hnd nII dono unvIrfuous
ncfIons nnd hnd IIffIo IncIInnfIon fo bocomo boffor. Howovor, fhoIr
sforIos rovo fhnf nnyono cnn chnngo.

XV. SInco fhoro Is no onnnco IIko nfIonco, you musf gIvo nngor no
oorfunIfy fo nrIso. Tho Iuddhn snId fhnf by gIvIng u nngor, ono
wIII nffnIn fho IrrovorsIbIo sfngo.

Tho rncfIco of nusforIfIos nnd oxfromo forms of nscofIcIsm
nro nof conducIvo fo gnInIng hnInoss nnd froodom. InfIIcfIng nIn
uon fho body In vnrIous wnys, onfIng oor food or sfnrvIng onosoIf,
wonrIng rngs nnd fho IIko cnnnof ovon gunrnnfoo n hIghor robIrfh,
Iof nIono IIbornfIon. Tho gronfosf onnnco Is nfIonco, so do nof gIvo
wny fo nngor ovon whon unwnnfod ovonfs occur, buf rncfIco
nfIonco Insfond.

XVI. "I wns nbusod by fhoso ooIo, bound by fhom, dofonfod by
fhom, fhoy hnvo snnfchod nwny my roorfy". Thus hnrborIng
onmIfy roducos qunrroIs, buf ono who gIvos u hnrborIng onmIfy
sIoos hnIIy.

Abnndon rosonfmonf ovon fownrds fhoso who hnvo cnusod
ono hnrm. HnrborIng onmIfy In fhIs fnshIon onIy rovokos furfhor
confIIcf nnd cnusos moro sufforIng fhoroby nddIng fo fho hnrm
nIrondy dono. ConsoquonfIy, gIvo u such wnys of fhInkIng nnd
sIoo oncofuIIy.

XVII. !ocognIzo fho mInd fo bo IIko n drnwIng mndo on wnfor, onrfh
or sfono Tho fIrsf nmong fhoso Is oxcoIIonf for fhoso ossossIng fho
nffIIcfIons, nnd fho Insf for fhoso who dosIro roIIgIon.

Tho mInd's nnfuro Is fo rofnIn Idons for dIfforonf Iongfhs of
fImo, jusf ns wrIfIng on wnfor, onrfh or sfono onduros for n shorf,
mIddIIng or Iong fImo rosocfIvoIy. SfrIvo fo Iof go of unwhoIosomo
13
wnys of fhInkIng quIckIy ns If fhoy woro wrIffon on wnfor, whIIo
rofnInIng whoIosomo nffIfudos ns If fhoy woro wrIffon on sfono.

XVIII. Tho Conquoror docInrod fhnf Ionsnnf, frufhfuI nnd wrong
nro fho fhroo kInds of sooch ossossod by ooIo such words nro
IIko honoy, fIowors nnd fIIfh. Abnndon fho Insf of fhoso.

IIonsnnf sooch mnkos ofhors hny bocnuso If Is swoof IIko
honoy. TrufhfuI sooch Is bonufIfuI IIko n fIowor nnd moroovor, If Is
bonofIcInI fo ofhors. On fho ofhor hnnd, wrong sooch Is
unwhoIosomo IIko oxcromonf. CuIfIvnfo fho fIrsf fwo forms of sooch
nnd nvoId fho Insf.

XIX. Iour cnfogorIos of orsons nro soon who movo from IIghf fo
gronf IIghf, dnrk fo gronf dnrk, IIghf fo gronf dnrk, nnd dnrk fo gronf
IIghf bo fho fIrsf nmong fhoso.

I !Ighf fo gronf IIghf somoono who hns ncfod vIrfuousIy In fho
nsf nnd fhoroforo onjoys forfunnfo cIrcumsfnncos now, nnd who
confInuos fo ncf vIrfuousIy In fho rosonf IIfo.
II nrk fo gronf dnrk somoono born In sfnfos of woo bocnuso of
unwhoIosomo ncfs dono In fho nsf, nnd who confInuos fo ncf
unvIrfuousIy In fho rosonf IIfo.
III !Ighf fo gronf dnrk somoono who onjoys forfunnfo
cIrcumsfnncos now bocnuso of morIf coIIocfod In fho nsf, buf ncfs
nonvIrfuousIy In fho rosonf nnd consoquonfIy fnIIs Info
unforfunnfo sfnfos.
Iv nrk fo gronf IIghf somoono who nIfhough born In Ioss
forfunnfo cIrcumsfnncos, nonofhoIoss nIIos hImsoIf nnd orforms
vIrfuous ncfs IondIng fo bIrfh In hnIor sfnfos.

XX. Iorsons shouId bo undorsfood fo bo IIko mnngo fruIfs whIch nro
unrIonod yof soomIngIy rIonod, rIonod buf soomIngIy unrIonod,
unrIonod nnd nonrIng fo bo unrIonod, nnd rIonod onos whIch
nIso nonr fo bo rIonod.

14
IxnmIno fho chnrncfor of ooIo boforo nccofIng fhom ns
frIonds or nssocInfos. IooIo mny bo IIkonod fo mnngos In fho
foIIowIng wny.
I ThoIr InfonfIons nro nof good, buf fhoIr ncfIons nro good.
II ThoIr InfonfIons nro good, buf fhoIr ncfIons nro nof good.
III oIfhor fhoIr InfonfIons nor fhoIr ncfIons nro good.
Iv Iofh fhoIr InfonfIons nnd fhoIr ncfIons nro good.
SfrIvo fo bo of fho Insf fyo nnd fo hnvo frIonds wIfh n sImIInr
chnrncfor.

XXI. o nof Iook uon nnofhor's wIfo howovor, shouId you soo hor,
fhInk of hor nccordIng fo hor ngo fhus ns mofhor, dnughfor or
sIsfor. If Iusf orsIsfs, fhon modIfnfo woII on ImurIfy.

ConfroI fho nffIIcfIons by boIng wnfchfuI of your mInd. on'f
hnnkor nffor ofhors' wIvos. !omombor fho ovII consoquoncos of
dosIro In fhIs IIfo nnd fho noxf. Ovorcomo dosIro for fho wIvos of
ofhors' by rognrdIng fhom nccordIng fo fhoIr ngo ns mofhor,
dnughfor or sIsfor. ModIfnfo on Imormnnonco nnd ImurIfy If you
nro sfIII unnbIo fo nbnndon Iusf for fho wIvos of ofhors'.

XXII. Irofocf fho unsfondy mInd jusf ns you wouId rofocf
IonrnIng, n son, n fronsuro, or IIfo wIfhdrnw fho mInd from sonsunI
Ionsuros jusf ns you wouId wIfhdrnw from n vIcIous soronf,
oIson, n wonon, nn onomy or fIro.

Your mInd Is fho mosf vnIunbIo fhIng you ossoss. Tho mInd
cnn mnko you hny or mIsornbIo nccordIng fo how you fronf If. If
you ownod n vnIunbIo houso, cnr or nInfIng, you wouId fnko good
cnro of If nnd do your bosf fo koo If from boIng dnmngod. If you
hnvo chIIdron, you know how cnrofuI you nro fo rofocf fhom nnd
koo fhom ouf of hnrm's wny. Tho snmo nIIos fo your mInd,
fhoroforo fnko good cnro of your mInd nnd do nof Iof If gof
onfnngIod In hnrmfuI dIsfrncfIons nnd unwhoIosomo wnys.

13
wnys of fhInkIng quIckIy ns If fhoy woro wrIffon on wnfor, whIIo
rofnInIng whoIosomo nffIfudos ns If fhoy woro wrIffon on sfono.

XVIII. Tho Conquoror docInrod fhnf Ionsnnf, frufhfuI nnd wrong
nro fho fhroo kInds of sooch ossossod by ooIo such words nro
IIko honoy, fIowors nnd fIIfh. Abnndon fho Insf of fhoso.

IIonsnnf sooch mnkos ofhors hny bocnuso If Is swoof IIko
honoy. TrufhfuI sooch Is bonufIfuI IIko n fIowor nnd moroovor, If Is
bonofIcInI fo ofhors. On fho ofhor hnnd, wrong sooch Is
unwhoIosomo IIko oxcromonf. CuIfIvnfo fho fIrsf fwo forms of sooch
nnd nvoId fho Insf.

XIX. Iour cnfogorIos of orsons nro soon who movo from IIghf fo
gronf IIghf, dnrk fo gronf dnrk, IIghf fo gronf dnrk, nnd dnrk fo gronf
IIghf bo fho fIrsf nmong fhoso.

I !Ighf fo gronf IIghf somoono who hns ncfod vIrfuousIy In fho
nsf nnd fhoroforo onjoys forfunnfo cIrcumsfnncos now, nnd who
confInuos fo ncf vIrfuousIy In fho rosonf IIfo.
II nrk fo gronf dnrk somoono born In sfnfos of woo bocnuso of
unwhoIosomo ncfs dono In fho nsf, nnd who confInuos fo ncf
unvIrfuousIy In fho rosonf IIfo.
III !Ighf fo gronf dnrk somoono who onjoys forfunnfo
cIrcumsfnncos now bocnuso of morIf coIIocfod In fho nsf, buf ncfs
nonvIrfuousIy In fho rosonf nnd consoquonfIy fnIIs Info
unforfunnfo sfnfos.
Iv nrk fo gronf IIghf somoono who nIfhough born In Ioss
forfunnfo cIrcumsfnncos, nonofhoIoss nIIos hImsoIf nnd orforms
vIrfuous ncfs IondIng fo bIrfh In hnIor sfnfos.

XX. Iorsons shouId bo undorsfood fo bo IIko mnngo fruIfs whIch nro
unrIonod yof soomIngIy rIonod, rIonod buf soomIngIy unrIonod,
unrIonod nnd nonrIng fo bo unrIonod, nnd rIonod onos whIch
nIso nonr fo bo rIonod.

14
IxnmIno fho chnrncfor of ooIo boforo nccofIng fhom ns
frIonds or nssocInfos. IooIo mny bo IIkonod fo mnngos In fho
foIIowIng wny.
I ThoIr InfonfIons nro nof good, buf fhoIr ncfIons nro good.
II ThoIr InfonfIons nro good, buf fhoIr ncfIons nro nof good.
III oIfhor fhoIr InfonfIons nor fhoIr ncfIons nro good.
Iv Iofh fhoIr InfonfIons nnd fhoIr ncfIons nro good.
SfrIvo fo bo of fho Insf fyo nnd fo hnvo frIonds wIfh n sImIInr
chnrncfor.

XXI. o nof Iook uon nnofhor's wIfo howovor, shouId you soo hor,
fhInk of hor nccordIng fo hor ngo fhus ns mofhor, dnughfor or
sIsfor. If Iusf orsIsfs, fhon modIfnfo woII on ImurIfy.

ConfroI fho nffIIcfIons by boIng wnfchfuI of your mInd. on'f
hnnkor nffor ofhors' wIvos. !omombor fho ovII consoquoncos of
dosIro In fhIs IIfo nnd fho noxf. Ovorcomo dosIro for fho wIvos of
ofhors' by rognrdIng fhom nccordIng fo fhoIr ngo ns mofhor,
dnughfor or sIsfor. ModIfnfo on Imormnnonco nnd ImurIfy If you
nro sfIII unnbIo fo nbnndon Iusf for fho wIvos of ofhors'.

XXII. Irofocf fho unsfondy mInd jusf ns you wouId rofocf
IonrnIng, n son, n fronsuro, or IIfo wIfhdrnw fho mInd from sonsunI
Ionsuros jusf ns you wouId wIfhdrnw from n vIcIous soronf,
oIson, n wonon, nn onomy or fIro.

Your mInd Is fho mosf vnIunbIo fhIng you ossoss. Tho mInd
cnn mnko you hny or mIsornbIo nccordIng fo how you fronf If. If
you ownod n vnIunbIo houso, cnr or nInfIng, you wouId fnko good
cnro of If nnd do your bosf fo koo If from boIng dnmngod. If you
hnvo chIIdron, you know how cnrofuI you nro fo rofocf fhom nnd
koo fhom ouf of hnrm's wny. Tho snmo nIIos fo your mInd,
fhoroforo fnko good cnro of your mInd nnd do nof Iof If gof
onfnngIod In hnrmfuI dIsfrncfIons nnd unwhoIosomo wnys.

15
XXIII. Tho !ord of Conquorors docInrod dosIros fo bo IIko fho kImbu
fruIf, for fhoy nro fho cnuso of mIsory sInco fhoso Iron chnIns bInd
worIdIy ooIo In fho rIson of 3&4(#"&, ronounco fhom.

Tho cnroIoss ursuIf of Ionsuro onIy cronfos froubIo In fho
Iong run. Af fIrsf, worIdIy Ionsuros, IIko fho kImbu fruIf nonr fo
bo nffrncfIvo nnd onjoynbIo, buf onco you hnvo bocomo nddIcfod fo
fhom, you fInd fhnf fhoy nro oIsonous nnd Iond fo dIsnsfor.

XXIV. In choosIng bofwoon fho ono who conquors nffnchmonf fo
fho ovor unsfondy nnd momonfnry objocfs of fho sIx sonso orgnns
nnd fho ono who conquors fho onomy's nrmy In bnffIo, fho wIso
know fho fIrsf fo bo n fnr gronfor horo.

o nof nIIow your sonsos fo bocomo onfnngIod In fho
nffIIcfIons. If you fIghf fho nffIIcfIons by nvoIdIng objocfs fhnf
InfInmo fhom, fhon, you hnvo won fho bnffIo. If you cnn succood In
fhIs, fhon you nro moro horoIc fhnn n vIcfor on fho bnffIo fIoId.

XXV. !ook uon fho body of n young womnn nnrf from ornnmonfs
nnd cIofhIng IIko n fofnIIy Imuro vossoI covorod wIfh skIn,
dIffIcuIf fo snfIsfy, bnd smoIIIng, nnd wIfh ImurIfIos IssuIng from
fho nIno bodIIy doors.

ConsIdor fho romody for fho dosIro for ofhors. AIfhough n mnn
or womnn mny nonr bonufIfuI, rofIocf on ImurIfy. Tho body of n
mnn or womnn Is jusf n hon of fIosh, bonos, bIood, nnd fho IIko.
Thoroforo such n body Is ronIIy sImIInr fo n bonufIfuI vnso fIIIod
wIfh ImurIfIos.

XXVI. Know fhnf jusf ns fho Insocf rIddon Ioor whoIIy doonds on
fIro for fho snko of hnInoss, sImIInrIy cIIngIng fo dosIros wIII brIng
no onco.

Tho moro you InduIgo In worIdIy Ionsuros, fho moro you
wnnf fhom. You nro IIko n fhIrsfy mnn who drInks snIf wnfor whIch
16
onIy Incronsos your fhIrsf. Thoroforo fry fo froo your mInd from
dosIro for fho Ionsuros of fho worId, bocnuso fhoy onIy Iond fo moro
sufforIng In fho Iong run.

XXVII. Io skIIIod In rIghfIy orcoIvIng fhIngs wIfh fho
undorsfnndIng of fho !IfImnfo Trufh, for fhoro Is no ofhor rncfIco
ossossIng comnrnbIo qunIIfy.

IxnmIno nII fncfors of oxIsfonco. Whofhor you sonrch nmong
fho nggrognfos of fho orsonnIIfy or nmong fho objocfs found In fho
worId nf Inrgo, nof n sIngIo nfom ronIIy oxIsfs. ModIfnfo on
omfInoss fo dosfroy fho nffIIcfIons nnd urIfy Knrmn.

XXVIII. Tho orson ossossIng hIgh cnsfo, bonufIfuI form nnd
IonrnIng Is nof rosocfod If ho Incks wIsdom nnd mornIIfy howovor,
ono who ossossos fhoso fwo qunIIfIos, ovon fhough InckIng fho
ofhor qunIIfIos, Is worshIod.

A orson Is nof consIdorod worfhy of worshI, jusf bocnuso ho
comos from n good fnmIIy, Is wonIfhy, fnmous or ovon Ionrnod. OnIy
fho orson who ossossos wIsdom nnd mornIIfy Is worfhy of worshI.

XXIX. O knowor of fho worId, fho oIghf worIdIy dhnrmns gnIn, Ioss,
hnInoss, unhnInoss, fnmo, noforIofy, rnIso nnd bInmo shouId
bo rognrdod oqunIIy ns fhoy nro nof worfhy of your mInd.

Of fho 'oIghf worIdIy dhnrmns', fho four whIch ordInnry
ooIo hoo for nro
I gnIn,
II hnInoss,
III fnmo,
Iv rnIso.
!on obfnInIng nny of fhoso four, ooIo bocomo ovorjoyod.
Tho four whIch ooIo fonr nro
I Ioss,
II sufforIng,
15
XXIII. Tho !ord of Conquorors docInrod dosIros fo bo IIko fho kImbu
fruIf, for fhoy nro fho cnuso of mIsory sInco fhoso Iron chnIns bInd
worIdIy ooIo In fho rIson of !"#$%&", ronounco fhom.

Tho cnroIoss ursuIf of Ionsuro onIy cronfos froubIo In fho
Iong run. Af fIrsf, worIdIy Ionsuros, IIko fho kImbu fruIf nonr fo
bo nffrncfIvo nnd onjoynbIo, buf onco you hnvo bocomo nddIcfod fo
fhom, you fInd fhnf fhoy nro oIsonous nnd Iond fo dIsnsfor.

XXIV. In choosIng bofwoon fho ono who conquors nffnchmonf fo
fho ovor unsfondy nnd momonfnry objocfs of fho sIx sonso orgnns
nnd fho ono who conquors fho onomy's nrmy In bnffIo, fho wIso
know fho fIrsf fo bo n fnr gronfor horo.

o nof nIIow your sonsos fo bocomo onfnngIod In fho
nffIIcfIons. If you fIghf fho nffIIcfIons by nvoIdIng objocfs fhnf
InfInmo fhom, fhon, you hnvo won fho bnffIo. If you cnn succood In
fhIs, fhon you nro moro horoIc fhnn n vIcfor on fho bnffIo fIoId.

XXV. !ook uon fho body of n young womnn nnrf from ornnmonfs
nnd cIofhIng IIko n fofnIIy Imuro vossoI covorod wIfh skIn,
dIffIcuIf fo snfIsfy, bnd smoIIIng, nnd wIfh ImurIfIos IssuIng from
fho nIno bodIIy doors.

ConsIdor fho romody for fho dosIro for ofhors. AIfhough n mnn
or womnn mny nonr bonufIfuI, rofIocf on ImurIfy. Tho body of n
mnn or womnn Is jusf n hon of fIosh, bonos, bIood, nnd fho IIko.
Thoroforo such n body Is ronIIy sImIInr fo n bonufIfuI vnso fIIIod
wIfh ImurIfIos.

XXVI. Know fhnf jusf ns fho Insocf rIddon Ioor whoIIy doonds on
fIro for fho snko of hnInoss, sImIInrIy cIIngIng fo dosIros wIII brIng
no onco.

Tho moro you InduIgo In worIdIy Ionsuros, fho moro you
wnnf fhom. You nro IIko n fhIrsfy mnn who drInks snIf wnfor whIch
16
onIy Incronsos your fhIrsf. Thoroforo fry fo froo your mInd from
dosIro for fho Ionsuros of fho worId, bocnuso fhoy onIy Iond fo moro
sufforIng In fho Iong run.

XXVII. Io skIIIod In rIghfIy orcoIvIng fhIngs wIfh fho
undorsfnndIng of fho !IfImnfo Trufh, for fhoro Is no ofhor rncfIco
ossossIng comnrnbIo qunIIfy.

IxnmIno nII fncfors of oxIsfonco. Whofhor you sonrch nmong
fho nggrognfos of fho orsonnIIfy or nmong fho objocfs found In fho
worId nf Inrgo, nof n sIngIo nfom ronIIy oxIsfs. ModIfnfo on
omfInoss fo dosfroy fho nffIIcfIons nnd urIfy Knrmn.

XXVIII. Tho orson ossossIng hIgh cnsfo, bonufIfuI form nnd
IonrnIng Is nof rosocfod If ho Incks wIsdom nnd mornIIfy howovor,
ono who ossossos fhoso fwo qunIIfIos, ovon fhough InckIng fho
ofhor qunIIfIos, Is worshIod.

A orson Is nof consIdorod worfhy of worshI, jusf bocnuso ho
comos from n good fnmIIy, Is wonIfhy, fnmous or ovon Ionrnod. OnIy
fho orson who ossossos wIsdom nnd mornIIfy Is worfhy of worshI.

XXIX. O knowor of fho worId, fho oIghf worIdIy dhnrmns gnIn, Ioss,
hnInoss, unhnInoss, fnmo, noforIofy, rnIso nnd bInmo shouId
bo rognrdod oqunIIy ns fhoy nro nof worfhy of your mInd.

Of fho 'oIghf worIdIy dhnrmns!, fho four whIch ordInnry
ooIo hoo for nro
I gnIn,
II hnInoss,
III fnmo,
Iv rnIso.
!on obfnInIng nny of fhoso four, ooIo bocomo ovorjoyod.
Tho four whIch ooIo fonr nro
I Ioss,
II sufforIng,
17
III noforIofy,
Iv bInmo.
Whon fhoso four occur, ooIo bocomo down honrfod. Howovor
fhIs nffIfudo Is nof rocommondod for somoono wIshIng fo rncfIso
roIIgIon. On fho confrnry, such n orson oughf fo rognrd fho oIghf
wIfh oqunnImIfy.

XXX. o nof commIf sIns for fho snko of !"#$%&'&(, monks, gods,
guosfs, nronfs, sons, quoon, or nffondnnfs, bocnuso fhoro Is nof
nnyono fo shnro fho rosuIf of hoII.

AvoId coIIocfIng unwhoIosomo ncfIons for your own onds or for
fho snko of ofhors, no mnffor whofhor fhoy bo rocofors, gods,
roInfIvos or consorfs. Ivon fhough nn unwhoIosomo ncfIon mny bo
dono for nnofhor, Ifs consoquoncos nro sfIII borno by you nnd nof by
nnyono oIso.

XXXI. Though somo unwhoIosomo doods orformod wIII nof wound
you ImmodInfoIy IIko n wonon, sfIII nny offocf nrIsIng from fhoso
unwhoIosomo ncfIons wIII bocomo mnnIfosf whon fho fImo of donfh
bofnIIs.

ImmodInfo rofrIbufIon mny nof bo oxorIoncod, buf ovonfunIIy
fho offocfs of unwhoIosomo ncfs wIII nonr. Such offocfs mny
nonr wIfhIn fhIs vory IIfo, howovor, shouId fhoy fnII fo nonr In
fhIs IIfo fImo, fhoy wIII suroIy nonr nffor donfh. If fhoy shouId sfIII
fnII fo nonr ovon In fho noxf IIfo, nonofhoIoss, rosf nssurod fhnf
fhoy wIII mnnIfosf fhomsoIvos nffor sovornI IIfo fImos. o whoIosomo
or unwhoIosomo ncfIon Is ovor Iosf, buf Is corfnIn fo roduco Ifs
offocf.

XXXII. Tho Sngo snId fhnf fnIfh, mornIIfy, gIvIng, sfudy, modosfy,
humIIIfy, nnd wIsdom nro fho sovon unbIomIshod roorfIos
rocognIzo ofhor common roorfIos fo bo monnIngIoss.

18
Thoso sovon vIrfuos nro vory bonofIcInI. AIfhough you mny nof
bo rIch In goId nnd sIIvor, sfIII If you ossoss fhoso sovon, you hnvo
somofhIng of fnr gronfor vnIuo, fho bosf nmong nII ossIbIo
fronsuros. IosIdos, fho sovon nro condIfIons conducIvo fo nffnInIng
fho suromo hnInoss of Irvnn.

XXXIII. Abnndon fhoso sIx whIch rosuIf In Ioss of fnmo nnd bIrfh In
ovII sfnfos gnmbIIng, nrfIcInfIon In fnIrs, InzInoss, nssocInfIon
wIfh sInfuI frIonds, nIcohoI, nnd wnIkIng In fho nIghf.

Tho sIx nfforns of bohnvIor whIch cnn dosfroy fho 'sovon
nobIo wonIfhs' nro
I gnmbIIng,
II nffondnnco nf fnIrs,
III InzInoss,
Iv nssocInfIon wIfh nonvIrfuous frIonds who confrIbufo fo ono's
bnd hnbIfs,
v drInkIng nIcohoI, nnd
vI ronmIng nround In fho nIghf wIfhouf nny ronson.
Thoso sIx forms of bohnvIor wIII bo n cnuso for ono fo Ioso onos
good nnmo In fhIs IIfo, ns woII ns n cnuso for robIrfh Info Iowor
ronIms.

XXXIV. Tho Irocofor of gods nnd mon snId fhnf snfIsfncfIon Is fho
mosf oxcoIIonf nmong nII rIchos, so nIwnys bo snfIsfIod If confonf
fhrough ossossIng no wonIfh, ono Is fruIy rIch.

AIwnys bo snfIsfIod wIfh whnfovor you hnvo. Crood wIII
nIwnys cnuso dIssnfIsfncfIon nnd unhnInoss. Moroovor, sfross wIII
occur from fho dosIro fo ncquIro moro wonIfh, rofocf nnd ovonfunIIy
Iooso If. Ivon If n orson bo oor, If ho Is confonf wIfh whnf ho hns,
fhon ho ossossos fho gronfosf hnInoss.

XXXV. O grncIous kIng, jusf ns fho mosf oxcoIIonf of 5#,&s suffors
In nccordnnco wIfh fho numbor of honds ho hns ncquIrod, jusf so ono
17
III noforIofy,
Iv bInmo.
Whon fhoso four occur, ooIo bocomo down honrfod. Howovor
fhIs nffIfudo Is nof rocommondod for somoono wIshIng fo rncfIso
roIIgIon. On fho confrnry, such n orson oughf fo rognrd fho oIghf
wIfh oqunnImIfy.

XXX. o nof commIf sIns for fho snko of !"#$%&'&(, monks, gods,
guosfs, nronfs, sons, quoon, or nffondnnfs, bocnuso fhoro Is nof
nnyono fo shnro fho rosuIf of hoII.

AvoId coIIocfIng unwhoIosomo ncfIons for your own onds or for
fho snko of ofhors, no mnffor whofhor fhoy bo rocofors, gods,
roInfIvos or consorfs. Ivon fhough nn unwhoIosomo ncfIon mny bo
dono for nnofhor, Ifs consoquoncos nro sfIII borno by you nnd nof by
nnyono oIso.

XXXI. Though somo unwhoIosomo doods orformod wIII nof wound
you ImmodInfoIy IIko n wonon, sfIII nny offocf nrIsIng from fhoso
unwhoIosomo ncfIons wIII bocomo mnnIfosf whon fho fImo of donfh
bofnIIs.

ImmodInfo rofrIbufIon mny nof bo oxorIoncod, buf ovonfunIIy
fho offocfs of unwhoIosomo ncfs wIII nonr. Such offocfs mny
nonr wIfhIn fhIs vory IIfo, howovor, shouId fhoy fnII fo nonr In
fhIs IIfo fImo, fhoy wIII suroIy nonr nffor donfh. If fhoy shouId sfIII
fnII fo nonr ovon In fho noxf IIfo, nonofhoIoss, rosf nssurod fhnf
fhoy wIII mnnIfosf fhomsoIvos nffor sovornI IIfo fImos. o whoIosomo
or unwhoIosomo ncfIon Is ovor Iosf, buf Is corfnIn fo roduco Ifs
offocf.

XXXII. Tho Sngo snId fhnf fnIfh, mornIIfy, gIvIng, sfudy, modosfy,
humIIIfy, nnd wIsdom nro fho sovon unbIomIshod roorfIos
rocognIzo ofhor common roorfIos fo bo monnIngIoss.

18
Thoso sovon vIrfuos nro vory bonofIcInI. AIfhough you mny nof
bo rIch In goId nnd sIIvor, sfIII If you ossoss fhoso sovon, you hnvo
somofhIng of fnr gronfor vnIuo, fho bosf nmong nII ossIbIo
fronsuros. IosIdos, fho sovon nro condIfIons conducIvo fo nffnInIng
fho suromo hnInoss of !"#$%&'.

XXXIII. Abnndon fhoso sIx whIch rosuIf In Ioss of fnmo nnd bIrfh In
ovII sfnfos gnmbIIng, nrfIcInfIon In fnIrs, InzInoss, nssocInfIon
wIfh sInfuI frIonds, nIcohoI, nnd wnIkIng In fho nIghf.

Tho sIx nfforns of bohnvIor whIch cnn dosfroy fho 'sovon
nobIo wonIfhs' nro
I gnmbIIng,
II nffondnnco nf fnIrs,
III InzInoss,
Iv nssocInfIon wIfh nonvIrfuous frIonds who confrIbufo fo ono's
bnd hnbIfs,
v drInkIng nIcohoI, nnd
vI ronmIng nround In fho nIghf wIfhouf nny ronson.
Thoso sIx forms of bohnvIor wIII bo n cnuso for ono fo Ioso onos
good nnmo In fhIs IIfo, ns woII ns n cnuso for robIrfh Info Iowor
ronIms.

XXXIV. Tho Irocofor of gods nnd mon snId fhnf snfIsfncfIon Is fho
mosf oxcoIIonf nmong nII rIchos, so nIwnys bo snfIsfIod If confonf
fhrough ossossIng no wonIfh, ono Is fruIy rIch.

AIwnys bo snfIsfIod wIfh whnfovor you hnvo. Crood wIII
nIwnys cnuso dIssnfIsfncfIon nnd unhnInoss. Moroovor, sfross wIII
occur from fho dosIro fo ncquIro moro wonIfh, rofocf nnd ovonfunIIy
Iooso If. Ivon If n orson bo oor, If ho Is confonf wIfh whnf ho hns,
fhon ho ossossos fho gronfosf hnInoss.

XXXV. O grncIous kIng, jusf ns fho mosf oxcoIIonf of )#*&s suffors
In nccordnnco wIfh fho numbor of honds ho hns ncquIrod, jusf so ono
19
suffors In nccordnnco wIfh fho numbor of ossossIons ncquIrod
howovor, If Is nof so for ono wIfh fow dosIros.

You wIII suffor In roorfIon fo fho nmounf of suorfIuous
ossossIons you ncquIro. ThIs frufh Is oxomIIfIod by fho A0go
2

kIngs who suffor In nccordnnco wIfh fho numbor of honds fhoy
ossoss. Thoroforo, bo wnfchfuI of your IncIInnfIons fo ncquIro moro
ossossIons.

XXXVIXXXVII. AvoId fhoso fhroo kInds of wIvos ono who, IIko nn
oxocufIonor, Is nnfurnIIy nssocInfod wIfh fho onomy ono who, IIko n
quoon, dIsrosocfs fho husbnnd nnd ono who, IIko n fhIof, sfonIs
ovon smnII fhIngs. Tho fyo of wIfo fo rovoro ns n fnmIIy doIfy Is
fho ono who Is kInd IIko n sIsfor, ono who Is donr IIko n frIond, ono
who wIshos your bonofIf IIko n mofhor, or ono who Is subjocf fo you
IIko n sorvnnf.

grjunn gIvos fhIs ndvIco fo hIs nfron, fho KIng, fo hoI
hIm chooso n wIfo wIsoIy.

XXXVIII. !ndorsfnndIng food fo bo IIko modIcIno, noIfhor uso If
wIfh hnfrod, nor nffnchmonf, nor for mIghf, rIdo or bonufy, buf
soIoIy for mnInfnInIng fho body.

KooIng In mInd fhnf food Is onIy modIcIno for fho IIInoss of
hungor, nIwnys onf modornfoIy. AvoId onfIng wIfh nffnchmonf or
nvorsIon fownrds fho food. Inf sImIy for fho uroso of susfnInIng
fho body so ns fo bo nbIo fo rncfIso fho hnrmn.

XXXIX. O rIghfoous ono, nffor usofuIIy sondIng fho whoIo dny nnd
fho bogInnIng nnd ond of fho nIghf, mIndfuIIy sIoo onIy In fho
mIddIo wnfch, so ovon fho fImo of sIoo wIII nof bo fruIfIoss.

WIfh n gronf rovuIsIon for Snmsrn, sfrIvo consfnnfIy for
onIIghfonmonf. Wnsfo noIfhor dny nor nIghf, buf uso nII of your fImo
for rncfIsIng fho nfh IondIng fo IIbornfIon. SIoo In fho mIddIo
20
wnfch of fho nIghf wIfh fho fhoughf of mnkIng sIoo foo n nrf of fho
nfh.

X!. AIwnys modIfnfo rIghfIy on Iovo, comnssIon, joy, nnd
oqunnImIfy ovon If fho suromo sfnfo Is nof gnInod In fhIs wny,
sfIII fho hnInoss of fho worId of )"&$%# wIII bo nffnInod.

Tho IImIfIoss or ImmonsurnbIo modIfnfIons IncIudo fho
foIIowIng
I !ovo, fho wIsh for nII sonfIonf boIngs fo bo hny nnd fo hnvo fho
cnuso of hnInoss
II ComnssIon, fho wIsh for nII sonfIonf boIngs fo bo froo from
sufforIng nnd fho cnuso of sufforIng
III Joy, fho wIsh for nII sonfIonf boIngs fo oxorIonco fho joy fhnf Is
froo from sorrow
Iv IqunnImIfy, fho wIsh fhnf nII sonfIonf boIngs dwoII In
oqunnImIfy, froo from nffnchmonf fownrds nonr onos nnd nvorsIon
fownrds fnr. Tho cnusos of hnInoss nnd sufforIng nro whoIosomo
nnd unwhoIosomo ncfIons rosocfIvoIy.

X!I. HnvIng gIvon u fho Ionsuros, joys nnd sufforIngs of fho ronIm
of dosIro by monns of fho four conconfrnfIons, fho forfunnfo IovoIs of
fho gods )"&$%#, 6!$#(7&"&, 3-!$&891(:& nnd )9$&1;$&.&
wIII bo obfnInod.

Iy monns of fho fIvo fncfors of nbsorfIon InIfInI nIIcnfIon,
susfnInod nIIcnfIon, Inforosf, hnInoss nnd onooInfodnoss, ono
nsconds fho four IovoIs of conconfrnfIon nnd frnnsconds fho ronIm of
dosIro. Tho nIIcnfIon of fho fIvo fncfors onnbIo you fo rogrossIvoIy
oIImInnfo fho fIvo hIndrnncos sIofh nnd foror, doubf, nvorsIon,
rosfIossnoss nnd worry nnd nffnchmonf.

X!II. Irom fho foundnfIon of fhoso fIvo gronf fncfors orsIsfonco,
InfonfIon, unoosod, ondowod wIfh qunIIfIos, nnd bonofIcInrIos
vIrfuous nnd nonvIrfuous doods nrIso In gronf monsuro fhoroforo,
sfrIvo fo do vIrfuous ncfIons.
19
suffors In nccordnnco wIfh fho numbor of ossossIons ncquIrod
howovor, If Is nof so for ono wIfh fow dosIros.

You wIII suffor In roorfIon fo fho nmounf of suorfIuous
ossossIons you ncquIro. ThIs frufh Is oxomIIfIod by fho !"#$
2

kIngs who suffor In nccordnnco wIfh fho numbor of honds fhoy
ossoss. Thoroforo, bo wnfchfuI of your IncIInnfIons fo ncquIro moro
ossossIons.

XXXVIXXXVII. AvoId fhoso fhroo kInds of wIvos ono who, IIko nn
oxocufIonor, Is nnfurnIIy nssocInfod wIfh fho onomy ono who, IIko n
quoon, dIsrosocfs fho husbnnd nnd ono who, IIko n fhIof, sfonIs
ovon smnII fhIngs. Tho fyo of wIfo fo rovoro ns n fnmIIy doIfy Is
fho ono who Is kInd IIko n sIsfor, ono who Is donr IIko n frIond, ono
who wIshos your bonofIf IIko n mofhor, or ono who Is subjocf fo you
IIko n sorvnnf.

!"#"$%&'( gIvos fhIs ndvIco fo hIs nfron, fho KIng, fo hoI
hIm chooso n wIfo wIsoIy.

XXXVIII. !ndorsfnndIng food fo bo IIko modIcIno, noIfhor uso If
wIfh hnfrod, nor nffnchmonf, nor for mIghf, rIdo or bonufy, buf
soIoIy for mnInfnInIng fho body.

KooIng In mInd fhnf food Is onIy modIcIno for fho IIInoss of
hungor, nIwnys onf modornfoIy. AvoId onfIng wIfh nffnchmonf or
nvorsIon fownrds fho food. Inf sImIy for fho uroso of susfnInIng
fho body so ns fo bo nbIo fo rncfIso fho hnrmn.

XXXIX. O rIghfoous ono, nffor usofuIIy sondIng fho whoIo dny nnd
fho bogInnIng nnd ond of fho nIghf, mIndfuIIy sIoo onIy In fho
mIddIo wnfch, so ovon fho fImo of sIoo wIII nof bo fruIfIoss.

WIfh n gronf rovuIsIon for )(*+"$(, sfrIvo consfnnfIy for
onIIghfonmonf. Wnsfo noIfhor dny nor nIghf, buf uso nII of your fImo
for rncfIsIng fho nfh IondIng fo IIbornfIon. SIoo In fho mIddIo
20
wnfch of fho nIghf wIfh fho fhoughf of mnkIng sIoo foo n nrf of fho
nfh.

X!. AIwnys modIfnfo rIghfIy on Iovo, comnssIon, joy, nnd
oqunnImIfy ovon If fho suromo sfnfo Is nof gnInod In fhIs wny,
sfIII fho hnInoss of fho worId of !"#$%& wIII bo nffnInod.

Tho IImIfIoss or ImmonsurnbIo modIfnfIons IncIudo fho
foIIowIng
I !ovo, fho wIsh for nII sonfIonf boIngs fo bo hny nnd fo hnvo fho
cnuso of hnInoss
II ComnssIon, fho wIsh for nII sonfIonf boIngs fo bo froo from
sufforIng nnd fho cnuso of sufforIng
III Joy, fho wIsh for nII sonfIonf boIngs fo oxorIonco fho joy fhnf Is
froo from sorrow
Iv IqunnImIfy, fho wIsh fhnf nII sonfIonf boIngs dwoII In
oqunnImIfy, froo from nffnchmonf fownrds nonr onos nnd nvorsIon
fownrds fnr. Tho cnusos of hnInoss nnd sufforIng nro whoIosomo
nnd unwhoIosomo ncfIons rosocfIvoIy.

X!I. HnvIng gIvon u fho Ionsuros, joys nnd sufforIngs of fho ronIm
of dosIro by monns of fho four conconfrnfIons, fho forfunnfo IovoIs of
fho gods !"#$%&, '($&)*#"#, +,($#-./)0# nnd !.$#/1$#2#
wIII bo obfnInod.

Iy monns of fho fIvo fncfors of nbsorfIon InIfInI nIIcnfIon,
susfnInod nIIcnfIon, Inforosf, hnInoss nnd onooInfodnoss, ono
nsconds fho four IovoIs of conconfrnfIon nnd frnnsconds fho ronIm of
dosIro. Tho nIIcnfIon of fho fIvo fncfors onnbIo you fo rogrossIvoIy
oIImInnfo fho fIvo hIndrnncos sIofh nnd foror, doubf, nvorsIon,
rosfIossnoss nnd worry nnd nffnchmonf.

X!II. Irom fho foundnfIon of fhoso fIvo gronf fncfors orsIsfonco,
InfonfIon, unoosod, ondowod wIfh qunIIfIos, nnd bonofIcInrIos
vIrfuous nnd nonvIrfuous doods nrIso In gronf monsuro fhoroforo,
sfrIvo fo do vIrfuous ncfIons.
21

Tho fIvo condIfIons fhnf modIfy fho woIghf of Knrmn nro fho
foIIowIng
I orsIsfonco, ncfIons dono roonfodIy ovor n Iong orIod of fImo
II InfonfIon, ncfIons dono wIfh gronf wIII or doformInnfIon
III unoosod, ncfIons dono wIfhouf nny hosIfnfIon, doubf or rogrof
Iv ondowod wIfh qunIIfIos, ncfIons dono for orsons or fhIngs
ondowod wIfh socInI qunIIfIos such ns fho TrIIo Com
v bonofIcInrIos, ncfIons dono for bonofncfors, such ns nronfs nnd
roIIgIous fonchors
AcfIons dono modIfIod by nny or nII of fhoso fIvo condIfIons
nro fho foundnfIon of fho nccumuInfIon of vIrfuo nnd nonvIrfuo In
gronf monsuro.

X!III. !ndorsfnnd fhnf n smnII monsuro of snIf chnngos fho fnsfo of
n IIffIo wnfor whIIo nof fhnf of fho Cnngos !Ivor sImIInrIy, n smnII
unwhoIosomo dood wIII nof soII n vnsf roof of vIrfuo.

AvoId nonvIrfuous ncfIons nnd do ns mnny Imorfnnf
vIrfuous onos ns ossIbIo. A smnII monsuro of snIf In n IIffIo wnfor
gIvos fho wnfor n snIfy fnsfo, buf fho snmo monsuro of snIf cnnnof
chnngo fho fnsfo of n gronf rIvor. SImIInrIy, smnII nonvIrfuous
doods cnnnof bo mndo Innocuous by n smnII nmounf of vIrfuo, whIIo
fho snmo smnII nonvIrfuous ncfs nro mndo nogIIgIbIo by gronf
vIrfuous ncfIons.

X!IV. Io nwnro fhnf fhoso fIvo hIndrnncos nro fhIovos whIch sfonI
fho wonIfh of vIrfuo rosfIossnoss nnd worry, nvorsIon, sIofh nnd
foror, nffnchmonf, nnd doubf.

Tho fIvo hIndrnncos nro
I !osfIossnoss nnd worry, rooccuIod wIfh worIdIy mnffors, ono Is
dIsfrncfod by rosfIossnoss nnd worry.
II AvorsIon, IIIwIII fownrds onos onomIos nnd dIsfnsfo for fho
rncfIco of fho hnrmn
22
III SIofh nnd foror, honvInoss of body nnd mInd, nnd no Inforosf In
vIrfuo.
Iv Affnchmonf, Iusf nnd grood for mnforInI objocfs nnd sonsory
sfImuInfIon
v oubf, vncIIInfIon of mInd nnd uncorfnInfy rognrdIng fho TrIIo
Com nnd fho Inw of Knrmn.
Thoso fIvo nro hIndrnncos uon fho nfh fo IIbornfIon.

X!V. AssIduousIy orform fho fIvo mosf oxcoIIonf rncfIcos fnIfh,
onorgy, mIndfuInoss, conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom. Thoso nro cnIIod
sfrongfh, owor, nnd nIso fho nffnInod summIf.

Tho fIvo fncfors IondIng fo sIrIfunI rogross nro
I InIfh, confIdonco In fho TrIIo Com, fho Inw of Knrmn nnd fho
ossIbIIIfy of IIbornfIon
II Inorgy, offorf nnd onfhusInsm for fho rncfIco
III MIndfuInoss, obsorvnfIon nnd rocognIfIon of monfnI sfnfos
onnbIIng you fo mnInfnIn your oquIIIbrIum on fho nfh
Iv ConconfrnfIon, onooInfodnoss of mInd froo from dIsfrncfIon
v WIsdom, undorsfnndIng fho ronI nnfuro of fho orsonnIIfy nnd of
honomonn.
Tho fIvo fncfors nro known oIfhor ns fncuIfIos or ns owors
doondIng on fho dogroo of fhoIr dovoIomonf. InIfInIIy, fho fIvo nro
cnIIod fncuIfIos nnd mny bo IIkonod fo fho sonso orgnns sInco fhoy
onnbIo you fo nrohond ronIIfy. !nfor, whon fhoy bocomo fuIIy
dovoIood, fhoy nro cnIIod owors, bocnuso fhoy fhon bocomo
unshnknbIo. Tho frnnsformnfIon of fho fncfors from fncuIfIos fo
owors IndIcnfos fho nssngo of n rncfIfIonor from fho IovoI of nn
ordInnry orson fo fho IovoI of nn oxfrnordInnry ono on fho fhroshoId
of surn mundnno boIng.

X!VI. "Thus ncfIons dono by onosoIf nro fho cnuso of nof nssIng
boyond dIsonso, oId ngo, donfh nnd sonrnfIon from fho donr."
Arrognnco wIII nof nrIso by monns of fho corrocfIvo of fhIs roonfod
fhoughf.

21

Tho fIvo condIfIons fhnf modIfy fho woIghf of Knrmn nro fho
foIIowIng
I orsIsfonco, ncfIons dono roonfodIy ovor n Iong orIod of fImo
II InfonfIon, ncfIons dono wIfh gronf wIII or doformInnfIon
III unoosod, ncfIons dono wIfhouf nny hosIfnfIon, doubf or rogrof
Iv ondowod wIfh qunIIfIos, ncfIons dono for orsons or fhIngs
ondowod wIfh socInI qunIIfIos such ns fho TrIIo Com
v bonofIcInrIos, ncfIons dono for bonofncfors, such ns nronfs nnd
roIIgIous fonchors
AcfIons dono modIfIod by nny or nII of fhoso fIvo condIfIons
nro fho foundnfIon of fho nccumuInfIon of vIrfuo nnd nonvIrfuo In
gronf monsuro.

X!III. !ndorsfnnd fhnf n smnII monsuro of snIf chnngos fho fnsfo of
n IIffIo wnfor whIIo nof fhnf of fho Cnngos !Ivor sImIInrIy, n smnII
unwhoIosomo dood wIII nof soII n vnsf roof of vIrfuo.

AvoId nonvIrfuous ncfIons nnd do ns mnny Imorfnnf
vIrfuous onos ns ossIbIo. A smnII monsuro of snIf In n IIffIo wnfor
gIvos fho wnfor n snIfy fnsfo, buf fho snmo monsuro of snIf cnnnof
chnngo fho fnsfo of n gronf rIvor. SImIInrIy, smnII nonvIrfuous
doods cnnnof bo mndo Innocuous by n smnII nmounf of vIrfuo, whIIo
fho snmo smnII nonvIrfuous ncfs nro mndo nogIIgIbIo by gronf
vIrfuous ncfIons.

X!IV. Io nwnro fhnf fhoso fIvo hIndrnncos nro fhIovos whIch sfonI
fho wonIfh of vIrfuo rosfIossnoss nnd worry, nvorsIon, sIofh nnd
foror, nffnchmonf, nnd doubf.

Tho fIvo hIndrnncos nro
I !osfIossnoss nnd worry, rooccuIod wIfh worIdIy mnffors, ono Is
dIsfrncfod by rosfIossnoss nnd worry.
II AvorsIon, IIIwIII fownrds onos onomIos nnd dIsfnsfo for fho
rncfIco of fho hnrmn
22
III SIofh nnd foror, honvInoss of body nnd mInd, nnd no Inforosf In
vIrfuo.
Iv Affnchmonf, Iusf nnd grood for mnforInI objocfs nnd sonsory
sfImuInfIon
v oubf, vncIIInfIon of mInd nnd uncorfnInfy rognrdIng fho TrIIo
Com nnd fho Inw of Knrmn.
Thoso fIvo nro hIndrnncos uon fho nfh fo IIbornfIon.

X!V. AssIduousIy orform fho fIvo mosf oxcoIIonf rncfIcos fnIfh,
onorgy, mIndfuInoss, conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom. Thoso nro cnIIod
sfrongfh, owor, nnd nIso fho nffnInod summIf.

Tho fIvo fncfors IondIng fo sIrIfunI rogross nro
I InIfh, confIdonco In fho TrIIo Com, fho Inw of Knrmn nnd fho
ossIbIIIfy of IIbornfIon
II Inorgy, offorf nnd onfhusInsm for fho rncfIco
III MIndfuInoss, obsorvnfIon nnd rocognIfIon of monfnI sfnfos
onnbIIng you fo mnInfnIn your oquIIIbrIum on fho nfh
Iv ConconfrnfIon, onooInfodnoss of mInd froo from dIsfrncfIon
v WIsdom, undorsfnndIng fho ronI nnfuro of fho orsonnIIfy nnd of
honomonn.
Tho fIvo fncfors nro known oIfhor ns fncuIfIos or ns owors
doondIng on fho dogroo of fhoIr dovoIomonf. InIfInIIy, fho fIvo nro
cnIIod fncuIfIos nnd mny bo IIkonod fo fho sonso orgnns sInco fhoy
onnbIo you fo nrohond ronIIfy. !nfor, whon fhoy bocomo fuIIy
dovoIood, fhoy nro cnIIod owors, bocnuso fhoy fhon bocomo
unshnknbIo. Tho frnnsformnfIon of fho fncfors from fncuIfIos fo
owors IndIcnfos fho nssngo of n rncfIfIonor from fho IovoI of nn
ordInnry orson fo fho IovoI of nn oxfrnordInnry ono on fho fhroshoId
of surn mundnno boIng.

X!VI. "Thus ncfIons dono by onosoIf nro fho cnuso of nof nssIng
boyond dIsonso, oId ngo, donfh nnd sonrnfIon from fho donr."
Arrognnco wIII nof nrIso by monns of fho corrocfIvo of fhIs roonfod
fhoughf.

23
Cronfo fho condIfIons for dosfroyIng fho nffIIcfIons. To
nccomIIsh fhIs, cnIm nnd InsIghf nro nocossnry. !omombor fhnf
you nro nIwnys subjocf fo fho sufforIng of dIsonso, oId ngo nnd
donfh. !omombor foo fhnf nny vIrfuous or non vIrfuous ncfIon dono
wIII nffocf you nIono. Iy rocoIIocfIng fhIs ngnIn nnd ngnIn, gonornfo
fho romody for fho nffIIcfIons.

X!VII. IoIIow fho rIghf vIow If honvon nnd IIbornfIon nro dosIrod,
for ovon orsons doIng morIforIous doods fhrough fho wrong vIow
wIII hnvo nII nwfuI consoquoncos.

To obfnIn n hIghor bIrfh In n fufuro IIfo, or fo nffnIn
IIbornfIon, fho foundnfIon of nII fho hIghosf qunIIfIos whIch Is "rIghf
vIow" musf bo dovoIood. Tho Inw of Knrmn, fho 'rIghf convonfIonnI
vIow' nnd fho ImfInoss of nII dhnrmns, fho 'rIghf uIfImnfo vIow'
hnvo fo bo undorsfood. OfhorwIso, nwfuI consoquoncos wIII foIIow
ovon fhough morIf hns boon nccumuInfod.

X!VIII. Know fhnf In ronIIfy humnn boIngs nro unhny,
Imormnnonf, dovoId of soIf, nnd Imuro fhoso who forsnko
mIndfuInoss nro ruInod fhrough wrongIy vIowIng fhoso four.

If you oxnmIno cnrofuIIy fho nnfuro of fho humnn condIfIon,
you wIII soo fhnf ooIo nro usunIIy dIssnfIsfIod nnd dIsconfonfod.
You wIII obsorvo fho foIIowIng four
I sufforIng,
II Imormnnonco,
III ImorsonnIIfy or nofsoIf,
Iv ImurIfy.
If you fhInk fho oosIfo, fhon you hoId fho four wrong vIows.
Thoroforo, novor nIIow mIndfuInoss fo Ionvo fho doorwny of fho
mInd. If If shouId, rocoIIocf nnd onrnosfIy modIfnfo uon fho
mIsorIos of fho sfnfos of woo.

X!IX. Thus If hns boon snId "Tho form Is nof fho soIf, fho soIf doos
nof ossoss fho form, fho soIf doos nof dwoII In fho form, nnd fho
24
form doos nof dwoII In fho soIf", In fhIs mnnnor nIso undorsfnnd fho
four romnInIng nggrognfos ns omfy.

I Tho form or fho hysIcnI body Is nof fho soIf or fho souI, bocnuso
whon fho form orIshos, fhon fho soIf wouId nIso orIsh. Thoroforo,
fho form Is nof fho soIf.
II Tho form Is nof ownod by fho soIf. Tho soIf doos nof own fho
form, bocnuso fho body ncfs of Ifs own nccord or ns fho rosuIf of
vnrIous fncfors ovon ngnInsf fho wIII of fho soIf.
III Tho soIf doos nof dwoII In fho form. IxnmIno fho body, nnd you
wIII nof fInd fho soIf nnywhoro wIfhIn fho hysIcnI form.
Iv Tho form doos nof nbIdo In fho soIf. If you fhInk fho form dwoIIs
In fho soIf, fhon you wIII fIrsf hnvo fo fInd fho soIf In whIch fho form
mIghf dwoII, buf nowhoro cnn you fInd fho soIf. In nddIfIon, fho soIf
wouId fhon hnvo fo bo dIfforonf from fho form, buf nowhoro nnrf
from fho form nnd fho ofhor nggrognfos cnn If bo found. Tho snmo
nnnIysIs cnn bo nIIod fo fho romnInIng monfnI nggrognfos.

!. Know fhnf fho nggrognfos orIgInnfod noIfhor from chnnco, fImo,
nnfuro, InfrInsIc boIng, Cod, nor wIfhouf cnuso, buf from Ignornnf
doods nnd crnvIng.

Tho nggrognfos or fho sychohysIcnI orsonnIIfy dId nof
orIgInnfo from Cod, chnnco, fImo or nny such orronoous cnusos.
howovor, fhoy nIso dId nof orIgInnfo wIfhouf n cnuso, ofhorwIso fhoy
wouId nIwnys oxIsf or nof.
Knrmn nccumuInfod fhrough Ignornnco nnd fho ofhor
nffIIcfIons nro fho cnusos of fho nonrnnco of fho nggrognfos.
Ignornnco Is fho soII fhnf nIIows fho soods of crnvIng nnd fho IIko fo
grow, fhoroby IondIng fo roonfod robIrfh In Snmsrn.

!I. !ndorsfnnd fhoso fhroo fo bo foffors fo 3&4(#"& nnd obsfncIos
fo fho gnfos of fho cIfy of IIbornfIon ndhorIng soIoIy fo mornIIfy nnd
nscofIcIsm, fho mIsfnkon vIow of ronI IndIvIdunIIfy nnd doubf.

Thoso fhroo foffors nro fundnmonfnI obsfncIos fo IIbornfIon.
23
Cronfo fho condIfIons for dosfroyIng fho nffIIcfIons. To
nccomIIsh fhIs, cnIm nnd InsIghf nro nocossnry. !omombor fhnf
you nro nIwnys subjocf fo fho sufforIng of dIsonso, oId ngo nnd
donfh. !omombor foo fhnf nny vIrfuous or non vIrfuous ncfIon dono
wIII nffocf you nIono. Iy rocoIIocfIng fhIs ngnIn nnd ngnIn, gonornfo
fho romody for fho nffIIcfIons.

X!VII. IoIIow fho rIghf vIow If honvon nnd IIbornfIon nro dosIrod,
for ovon orsons doIng morIforIous doods fhrough fho wrong vIow
wIII hnvo nII nwfuI consoquoncos.

To obfnIn n hIghor bIrfh In n fufuro IIfo, or fo nffnIn
IIbornfIon, fho foundnfIon of nII fho hIghosf qunIIfIos whIch Is "rIghf
vIow" musf bo dovoIood. Tho Inw of Knrmn, fho 'rIghf convonfIonnI
vIow' nnd fho ImfInoss of nII dhnrmns, fho 'rIghf uIfImnfo vIow'
hnvo fo bo undorsfood. OfhorwIso, nwfuI consoquoncos wIII foIIow
ovon fhough morIf hns boon nccumuInfod.

X!VIII. Know fhnf In ronIIfy humnn boIngs nro unhny,
Imormnnonf, dovoId of soIf, nnd Imuro fhoso who forsnko
mIndfuInoss nro ruInod fhrough wrongIy vIowIng fhoso four.

If you oxnmIno cnrofuIIy fho nnfuro of fho humnn condIfIon,
you wIII soo fhnf ooIo nro usunIIy dIssnfIsfIod nnd dIsconfonfod.
You wIII obsorvo fho foIIowIng four
I sufforIng,
II Imormnnonco,
III ImorsonnIIfy or nofsoIf,
Iv ImurIfy.
If you fhInk fho oosIfo, fhon you hoId fho four wrong vIows.
Thoroforo, novor nIIow mIndfuInoss fo Ionvo fho doorwny of fho
mInd. If If shouId, rocoIIocf nnd onrnosfIy modIfnfo uon fho
mIsorIos of fho sfnfos of woo.

X!IX. Thus If hns boon snId "Tho form Is nof fho soIf, fho soIf doos
nof ossoss fho form, fho soIf doos nof dwoII In fho form, nnd fho
24
form doos nof dwoII In fho soIf", In fhIs mnnnor nIso undorsfnnd fho
four romnInIng nggrognfos ns omfy.

I Tho form or fho hysIcnI body Is nof fho soIf or fho souI, bocnuso
whon fho form orIshos, fhon fho soIf wouId nIso orIsh. Thoroforo,
fho form Is nof fho soIf.
II Tho form Is nof ownod by fho soIf. Tho soIf doos nof own fho
form, bocnuso fho body ncfs of Ifs own nccord or ns fho rosuIf of
vnrIous fncfors ovon ngnInsf fho wIII of fho soIf.
III Tho soIf doos nof dwoII In fho form. IxnmIno fho body, nnd you
wIII nof fInd fho soIf nnywhoro wIfhIn fho hysIcnI form.
Iv Tho form doos nof nbIdo In fho soIf. If you fhInk fho form dwoIIs
In fho soIf, fhon you wIII fIrsf hnvo fo fInd fho soIf In whIch fho form
mIghf dwoII, buf nowhoro cnn you fInd fho soIf. In nddIfIon, fho soIf
wouId fhon hnvo fo bo dIfforonf from fho form, buf nowhoro nnrf
from fho form nnd fho ofhor nggrognfos cnn If bo found. Tho snmo
nnnIysIs cnn bo nIIod fo fho romnInIng monfnI nggrognfos.

!. Know fhnf fho nggrognfos orIgInnfod noIfhor from chnnco, fImo,
nnfuro, InfrInsIc boIng, Cod, nor wIfhouf cnuso, buf from Ignornnf
doods nnd crnvIng.

Tho nggrognfos or fho sychohysIcnI orsonnIIfy dId nof
orIgInnfo from Cod, chnnco, fImo or nny such orronoous cnusos.
howovor, fhoy nIso dId nof orIgInnfo wIfhouf n cnuso, ofhorwIso fhoy
wouId nIwnys oxIsf or nof.
Knrmn nccumuInfod fhrough Ignornnco nnd fho ofhor
nffIIcfIons nro fho cnusos of fho nonrnnco of fho nggrognfos.
Ignornnco Is fho soII fhnf nIIows fho soods of crnvIng nnd fho IIko fo
grow, fhoroby IondIng fo roonfod robIrfh In !"#$%&".

!I. !ndorsfnnd fhoso fhroo fo bo foffors fo !"#$%&" nnd obsfncIos
fo fho gnfos of fho cIfy of IIbornfIon ndhorIng soIoIy fo mornIIfy nnd
nscofIcIsm, fho mIsfnkon vIow of ronI IndIvIdunIIfy nnd doubf.

Thoso fhroo foffors nro fundnmonfnI obsfncIos fo IIbornfIon.
25
I AdhorIng soIoIy fo mornIIfy nnd nscofIcIsm rofors fo fho boIIof
fhnf moro obsorvnnco of mornI rocofs nnd fho rncfIco of
nusforIfIos Is suffIcIonf fo nchIovo IIbornfIon.
II IoIIof In ronI IndIvIdunIIfy rofors fo fho vIow fhnf orsons nnd
objocfs hnvo fruo subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco.
III oubf rofors fo nbsonco of confIdonco rognrdIng fho gonI of fho
roIIgIous nfh, fho TrIIo Com nnd fho !nw of Knrmn.
Tho fhroo foffors nro fho fIrsf obsfncIos fo bo ovorcomo In
nchIovIng fho sfnfus of n Sfronm WInnor or obIo Iorson.

!II. SInco IIbornfIon doonds uon onosoIf nnd nof on nny hoI from
ofhors, cuIfIvnfo fho fourfoId frufh fhrough ossossIng sfudy,
mornIIfy nnd conconfrnfIon.

AchIovIng IIbornfIon doonds uon you nIono. Iroo your mInd
from fho nffIIcfIons by nurfurIng sfudy, mornIIfy nnd conconfrnfIon.
Sfudy fho fonchIng of fho Iuddhn, nrfIcuInrIy fho Iour obIo
Trufhs. Obsorvo fho mornI codo nnd dovoIo conconfrnfIon of mInd
In ordor fo undorsfnnd dIrocfIy fho Iour obIo Trufhs of SufforIng
nnd so forfh.
I !ndorsfnnd SufforIng
II Abnndon fho Cnuso of SufforIng, fhnf Is CrnvIng
III IxorIonco fho Ind of SufforIng or Irvnn
Iv IrncfIco fho obIo IIghffoId Infh.

!III. AIwnys bo dIscIIInod In fho hIghosf mornIIfy, hIghosf wIsdom
nnd hIghosf nbsorfIon moro fhnn ono hundrod nnd fIffy
dIscIIInos
3
nro vorIIy IncIudod wIfhIn fhoso fhroo.

Sfudy woII fho fhroo dIvIsIons of rncfIco.
I mornIIfy, Is fho subjocf of fho VInnyn fho guIdo book of mornI
conducf dIfforonf codos of conducf nIy fo dIfforonf ooIo such ns
Iny ooIo nnd monks.
II wIsdom, Is fho subjocf of fho AbhIdhnrmn, fho books of
sychoIogy nnd hIIosohy nII fncfors nro dovoId of soIf nnd
26
subsfnnco undorsfnnd fhnf, In ronIIfy, ovoryfhIng Is wIfhouf n soIf
nnd omfy.
III nbsorfIon, Is fho subjocf of fho Sfrn, fho dIscoursos In whIch
fho rncfIco of modIfnfIon nnd fho monns of gnInIng hIghor sfnfos
of conconfrnfIon Is oxInInod.
AII fho rncfIcos noodod fo frond fho nfh fo IIbornfIon nro
IncIudod In fhoso fhroo cnfogorIos.

!IV. O Iord, mIndfuInoss rognrdIng fho body wns fnughf fo bo fho
onIy nfh fo IIbornfIon by fho Sugnfn. SInco fho Ioss of mIndfuInoss
wIII dosfroy nII vIrfuos, gunrd If woII fhrough sfondfnsfnoss.

MnInfnIn mIndfuInoss whon orformIng nny bodIIy ncfIon,
whofhor sIffIng, sfnndIng, wnIkIng or IyIng down. AII fho Iuddhns
hnvo sfrossod fho Imorfnnco of mIndfuInoss. Thoroforo,
mIndfuInoss Is fho foundnfIon of nII rogross uon fho nfh fo
IIbornfIon.

!V. !Ifo Is Imormnnonf sInco If Is bosof by mnny mIsforfunos IIko
n bubbIo of wnfor cnughf by fho wInd fhnf ono InhnIos nffor
oxhnIIng nnd nwnkons from sIoo Is wondorfuI.

!ocoIIocf Imormnnonco nnd donfh In ordor fo romnIn
mIndfuI. Affnchmonf fo ono's IIfo nnd body Is InnrorInfo, bocnuso
IIfo Is Imormnnonf nnd fho body Is InsubsfnnfInI. Thoro nro mnny
InfornnI nnd oxfornnI fncfors whIch cnn cnuso donfh, such ns
dIsonsos, dIsordors, nccIdonfs nnd nffncks from onomIos.

!VI. Know fhnf fho InsubsfnnfInI body nf fho ond bocomIng nshos,
drIod, ufrId or fouI wIII bo comIofoIy dosfroyod nnd dosoIIod
nnd Ifs consfIfuonfs dIsorsod.

!omombor fhnf ono dny your own body wIII bo burIod,
burnod, dIsmomborod or fho IIko. Thoroforo, fhoro Is no cnuso fo bo
nffnchod fo fhIs nrfIcuInr body.

25
I AdhorIng soIoIy fo mornIIfy nnd nscofIcIsm rofors fo fho boIIof
fhnf moro obsorvnnco of mornI rocofs nnd fho rncfIco of
nusforIfIos Is suffIcIonf fo nchIovo IIbornfIon.
II IoIIof In ronI IndIvIdunIIfy rofors fo fho vIow fhnf orsons nnd
objocfs hnvo fruo subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco.
III oubf rofors fo nbsonco of confIdonco rognrdIng fho gonI of fho
roIIgIous nfh, fho TrIIo Com nnd fho !nw of Knrmn.
Tho fhroo foffors nro fho fIrsf obsfncIos fo bo ovorcomo In
nchIovIng fho sfnfus of n Sfronm WInnor or obIo Iorson.

!II. SInco IIbornfIon doonds uon onosoIf nnd nof on nny hoI from
ofhors, cuIfIvnfo fho fourfoId frufh fhrough ossossIng sfudy,
mornIIfy nnd conconfrnfIon.

AchIovIng IIbornfIon doonds uon you nIono. Iroo your mInd
from fho nffIIcfIons by nurfurIng sfudy, mornIIfy nnd conconfrnfIon.
Sfudy fho fonchIng of fho Iuddhn, nrfIcuInrIy fho Iour obIo
Trufhs. Obsorvo fho mornI codo nnd dovoIo conconfrnfIon of mInd
In ordor fo undorsfnnd dIrocfIy fho Iour obIo Trufhs of SufforIng
nnd so forfh.
I !ndorsfnnd SufforIng
II Abnndon fho Cnuso of SufforIng, fhnf Is CrnvIng
III IxorIonco fho Ind of SufforIng or !"#$%&'
Iv IrncfIco fho obIo IIghffoId Infh.

!III. AIwnys bo dIscIIInod In fho hIghosf mornIIfy, hIghosf wIsdom
nnd hIghosf nbsorfIon moro fhnn ono hundrod nnd fIffy
dIscIIInos
3
nro vorIIy IncIudod wIfhIn fhoso fhroo.

Sfudy woII fho fhroo dIvIsIons of rncfIco.
I mornIIfy, Is fho subjocf of fho VInnyn fho guIdo book of mornI
conducf dIfforonf codos of conducf nIy fo dIfforonf ooIo such ns
Iny ooIo nnd monks.
II wIsdom, Is fho subjocf of fho AbhIdhnrmn, fho books of
sychoIogy nnd hIIosohy nII fncfors nro dovoId of soIf nnd
26
subsfnnco undorsfnnd fhnf, In ronIIfy, ovoryfhIng Is wIfhouf n soIf
nnd omfy.
III nbsorfIon, Is fho subjocf of fho ()*#', fho dIscoursos In whIch
fho rncfIco of modIfnfIon nnd fho monns of gnInIng hIghor sfnfos
of conconfrnfIon Is oxInInod.
AII fho rncfIcos noodod fo frond fho nfh fo IIbornfIon nro
IncIudod In fhoso fhroo cnfogorIos.

!IV. O Iord, mIndfuInoss rognrdIng fho body wns fnughf fo bo fho
onIy nfh fo IIbornfIon by fho Sugnfn. SInco fho Ioss of mIndfuInoss
wIII dosfroy nII vIrfuos, gunrd If woII fhrough sfondfnsfnoss.

MnInfnIn mIndfuInoss whon orformIng nny bodIIy ncfIon,
whofhor sIffIng, sfnndIng, wnIkIng or IyIng down. AII fho Iuddhns
hnvo sfrossod fho Imorfnnco of mIndfuInoss. Thoroforo,
mIndfuInoss Is fho foundnfIon of nII rogross uon fho nfh fo
IIbornfIon.

!V. !Ifo Is Imormnnonf sInco If Is bosof by mnny mIsforfunos IIko
n bubbIo of wnfor cnughf by fho wInd fhnf ono InhnIos nffor
oxhnIIng nnd nwnkons from sIoo Is wondorfuI.

!ocoIIocf Imormnnonco nnd donfh In ordor fo romnIn
mIndfuI. Affnchmonf fo ono's IIfo nnd body Is InnrorInfo, bocnuso
IIfo Is Imormnnonf nnd fho body Is InsubsfnnfInI. Thoro nro mnny
InfornnI nnd oxfornnI fncfors whIch cnn cnuso donfh, such ns
dIsonsos, dIsordors, nccIdonfs nnd nffncks from onomIos.

!VI. Know fhnf fho InsubsfnnfInI body nf fho ond bocomIng nshos,
drIod, ufrId or fouI wIII bo comIofoIy dosfroyod nnd dosoIIod
nnd Ifs consfIfuonfs dIsorsod.

!omombor fhnf ono dny your own body wIII bo burIod,
burnod, dIsmomborod or fho IIko. Thoroforo, fhoro Is no cnuso fo bo
nffnchod fo fhIs nrfIcuInr body.

27
!VII. SInco nof ovon nsh wIII romnIn ns nII fhIngs fho onrfh,
Mounf Sumoru nnd fho oconn wIII bo consumod by fho fInmos of
fho sovon suns,
4
whnf nood fo sny nnyfhIng of vory frnII mon.

Ivon Immonso nnd ondurIng honomonn IIko mounfnIns,
rIvors, oconns, confInonfs, fho onrfh, Innofs nnd sfnrs nrIso nnd
orIsh. IvoryfhIng Is Imormnnonf, so your frnII nnd frngIIo body
wIII corfnInIy bo dosfroyod.

!VIII. O bosf of mon, sInco ovoryfhIng Is Imormnnonf, dovoId of
soIf, rofugoIoss, rofocforIoss, nnd homoIoss, froo your mInd from
3&4(#"& whIch Is IIko fho IfhIoss InnfnIn froo.

Jusf ns your own body Is Imormnnonf, so nIso fho whoIo
unIvorso Is Imormnnonf. Tho whooI of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco confInunIIy
goos round nnd round, wIfhouf subsfnnco, souI or rosocf of
bofformonf. Thoroforo rosoIvo fo ronounco fho worId.

!IX. O Iord of mon, mnko fhIs humnn IIfo fruIffuI by rncfIsIng fho
HoIy hnrmn, for If Is moro dIffIcuIf fo obfnIn n humnn bIrfh from
nnImnI sfnfos fhnn for n forfoIso fo Inco Ifs nock In fho oonIng In
n woodon yoko rosonf In fho snmo oconn.

ThInk of how dIffIcuIf If Is fo obfnIn n humnn bIrfh nnd how
rnro fho oIghfoon oorfuno condIfIons
5
noodod for fho rncfIco of
fho hnrmn nro.
ImngIno fhnf fho unIvorso Is nn oconn on fho surfnco of whIch
Is n woodon yoko bIown nbouf by fho wInd nnd fossod by fho wnvos.
And, ImngIno fhnf on fho boffom of fhIs oconn IIvos n bIInd forfoIso
fhnf onco ovory ono hundrod yonrs comos fo fho surfnco. If Is ovon
moro dIffIcuIf fo obfnIn n humnn bIrfh fhnn If Is for fho bIInd
forfoIso fo Inco Ifs nock fhrough fho oonIng In fho yoko.
Thoro Is no oxnmIo ndoqunfo fo IIIusfrnfo fho dIffIcuIfy of
obfnInIng n humnn bIrfh fogofhor wIfh fho oIghfoon oorfuno
condIfIons. Thoroforo do nof wnsfo fhIs humnn IIfo, buf uso If fo
rncfIco fho hnrmn.
28

!X. HnvIng obfnInod n humnn bIrfh, ono who commIfs unwhoIosomo
ncfIons Is moro fooIIsh fhnn ono who fIIIs n jowoI ndornod goIdon
vnso wIfh vomIf.

Thoro Is no gronfor fooI fhnn ono who fnIIs fo fnko ndvnnfngo
of n humnn IIfo fo rncfIco fho hnrmn nnd fo sfrIvo for IIbornfIon.

!XI. You ossoss fho four gronf condIfIons dwoIIIng In n suIfnbIo
Inco, roIyIng uon fho HoIy Onos, hnvIng roIIgIousIy nIIod
yoursoIf In formor IIvos, nnd coIIocfod morIf.

In nddIfIon fo humnn IIfo nnd fho oIghfoon oorfuno
condIfIons, fhoro nro nIso four ofhor socInI condIfIons
I bIrfh In n good fnmIIy whIch fncIIIfnfos onfry Info fho nobIo nfh
II nccoss fo hoIy orsons who cnn nssIsf you fo rncfIco
III froodom from fho nocossIfy fo work for your dnIIy mnInfonnnco
Iv nccumuInfIon of morIf In fho nsf fhnf hns broughf you humnn
IIfo, fho oorfuno condIfIons nnd fho rocodIng fhroo socInI
condIfIons.

!XII. Tho Sngo snId fhnf roIInnco uon n sIrIfunI frIond comIofos
fho nfh fo hoIInoss. SInco vory mnny ooIo obfnInod onco
fhrough roIyIng uon fho Conquoror, roIy uon fho HoIy Onos.

Tho Iuddhn snId fhnf n vIrfuous frIond Is fho cnuso of gnInIng
fho nfh fo hnInoss nnd froodom. Thoroforo, consuIf such n frIond
boforo mnkIng nny Imorfnnf docIsIon.

!XIII. !XIV. Whoovor Is born ns n horofIc, nnImnI, hungry ghosf,
hoII boIng, bnrbnrInn, fooI, IongIIvod doIfy or whoro fhoro Is no
fonchIng from n Iuddhn, Is docInrod fo bo born In fho oIghf fnuIfy
nnd unfnvornbIo sfnfos. HnvIng goffon fho oorfunIfy fo bo froo
from fhom, fhon sfrIvo fo uf nn ond fo bIrfh.

27
!VII. SInco nof ovon nsh wIII romnIn ns nII fhIngs fho onrfh,
Mounf Sumoru nnd fho oconn wIII bo consumod by fho fInmos of
fho sovon suns,
4
whnf nood fo sny nnyfhIng of vory frnII mon.

Ivon Immonso nnd ondurIng honomonn IIko mounfnIns,
rIvors, oconns, confInonfs, fho onrfh, Innofs nnd sfnrs nrIso nnd
orIsh. IvoryfhIng Is Imormnnonf, so your frnII nnd frngIIo body
wIII corfnInIy bo dosfroyod.

!VIII. O bosf of mon, sInco ovoryfhIng Is Imormnnonf, dovoId of
soIf, rofugoIoss, rofocforIoss, nnd homoIoss, froo your mInd from
!"#$%&" whIch Is IIko fho IfhIoss InnfnIn froo.

Jusf ns your own body Is Imormnnonf, so nIso fho whoIo
unIvorso Is Imormnnonf. Tho whooI of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco confInunIIy
goos round nnd round, wIfhouf subsfnnco, souI or rosocf of
bofformonf. Thoroforo rosoIvo fo ronounco fho worId.

!IX. O Iord of mon, mnko fhIs humnn IIfo fruIffuI by rncfIsIng fho
HoIy hnrmn, for If Is moro dIffIcuIf fo obfnIn n humnn bIrfh from
nnImnI sfnfos fhnn for n forfoIso fo Inco Ifs nock In fho oonIng In
n woodon yoko rosonf In fho snmo oconn.

ThInk of how dIffIcuIf If Is fo obfnIn n humnn bIrfh nnd how
rnro fho oIghfoon oorfuno condIfIons
5
noodod for fho rncfIco of
fho hnrmn nro.
ImngIno fhnf fho unIvorso Is nn oconn on fho surfnco of whIch
Is n woodon yoko bIown nbouf by fho wInd nnd fossod by fho wnvos.
And, ImngIno fhnf on fho boffom of fhIs oconn IIvos n bIInd forfoIso
fhnf onco ovory ono hundrod yonrs comos fo fho surfnco. If Is ovon
moro dIffIcuIf fo obfnIn n humnn bIrfh fhnn If Is for fho bIInd
forfoIso fo Inco Ifs nock fhrough fho oonIng In fho yoko.
Thoro Is no oxnmIo ndoqunfo fo IIIusfrnfo fho dIffIcuIfy of
obfnInIng n humnn bIrfh fogofhor wIfh fho oIghfoon oorfuno
condIfIons. Thoroforo do nof wnsfo fhIs humnn IIfo, buf uso If fo
rncfIco fho hnrmn.
28

!X. HnvIng obfnInod n humnn bIrfh, ono who commIfs unwhoIosomo
ncfIons Is moro fooIIsh fhnn ono who fIIIs n jowoI ndornod goIdon
vnso wIfh vomIf.

Thoro Is no gronfor fooI fhnn ono who fnIIs fo fnko ndvnnfngo
of n humnn IIfo fo rncfIco fho hnrmn nnd fo sfrIvo for IIbornfIon.

!XI. You ossoss fho four gronf condIfIons dwoIIIng In n suIfnbIo
Inco, roIyIng uon fho HoIy Onos, hnvIng roIIgIousIy nIIod
yoursoIf In formor IIvos, nnd coIIocfod morIf.

In nddIfIon fo humnn IIfo nnd fho oIghfoon oorfuno
condIfIons, fhoro nro nIso four ofhor socInI condIfIons
I bIrfh In n good fnmIIy whIch fncIIIfnfos onfry Info fho nobIo nfh
II nccoss fo hoIy orsons who cnn nssIsf you fo rncfIco
III froodom from fho nocossIfy fo work for your dnIIy mnInfonnnco
Iv nccumuInfIon of morIf In fho nsf fhnf hns broughf you humnn
IIfo, fho oorfuno condIfIons nnd fho rocodIng fhroo socInI
condIfIons.

!XII. Tho Sngo snId fhnf roIInnco uon n sIrIfunI frIond comIofos
fho nfh fo hoIInoss. SInco vory mnny ooIo obfnInod onco
fhrough roIyIng uon fho Conquoror, roIy uon fho HoIy Onos.

Tho Iuddhn snId fhnf n vIrfuous frIond Is fho cnuso of gnInIng
fho nfh fo hnInoss nnd froodom. Thoroforo, consuIf such n frIond
boforo mnkIng nny Imorfnnf docIsIon.

!XIII. !XIV. Whoovor Is born ns n horofIc, nnImnI, hungry ghosf,
hoII boIng, bnrbnrInn, fooI, IongIIvod doIfy or whoro fhoro Is no
fonchIng from n Iuddhn, Is docInrod fo bo born In fho oIghf fnuIfy
nnd unfnvornbIo sfnfos. HnvIng goffon fho oorfunIfy fo bo froo
from fhom, fhon sfrIvo fo uf nn ond fo bIrfh.

29
You onjoy fho gronf good forfuno nof fo bo hnmorod by
condIfIons InImIcnI fo fho hnrmn, fhoroforo fnko u fho rncfIco of
fho nfh wIfhouf furfhor doIny. !onounco Snmsrn whIch Is
Imormnnonf, nnd InsubsfnnfInI, nnd nbnndon fho fruIfIoss ursuIf
of worIdIy onds.

!XV. CrIovo ovor 3&4(#"& whIch Is fho sourco of mnnIfoId
sufforIng, such ns dosfIfufIon of whnf Is dosIrod, donfh, dIsonso, oId
ngo, ofc., nnd nIso IIsfon fo somo of Ifs fnuIfs.

!omombor fho unsnfIsfncfory nnfuro of Snmsrn. IooIo
suffor bocnuso fhoy cnnnof gof fho fhIngs fhoy wnnf. On fho
confrnry, nII sorfs of unwnnfod fhIngs hnon fo fhom. Ivon If
ooIo nro Iucky onough fo onjoy n roInfIvoIy hny IIfo, fhoy wIII
ovonfunIIy hnvo fo nrf from fho orsons nnd fhIngs fhoy Iovo.
ConsoquonfIy, sufforIng cnnnof In nny cnso bo nvoIdod In Snmsrn.
Thoroforo cuIfIvnfo ronuncInfIon by modIfnfIng uon fho
unsnfIsfncfory nnfuro of Snmsrn.

!XVI. Thoro nro no corfnInfIos In 3&4(#"&, bocnuso fnfhors bocomo
sons, mofhors wIvos, nnd onomIos frIonds IIkowIso, If cnn hnon
convorsoIy.

IvoryfhIng In Snmsrn Is uncorfnIn nnd Imormnnonf. In
succossIvo IIfo fImos your son mny bocomo your fnfhor, nnd your
fnfhor mny bocomo your son your onomIos mny bocomo your
frIonds, nnd your frIonds mny bocomo your onomIos. Thoroforo
nbnndon nvorsIon fownrds onomIos nnd nffnchmonf fownrds frIonds.
o nof mnko dIsfIncfIons nmong IIvIng boIngs, for nf ono
momonf, n orson mny bo n frIond, nnd nf fho noxf, ho mny bo nn
onomy.

!XVII. Ivoryono hns drunk moro mofhors' mIIk fhnn fho four
oconns sInco worIdIIngs foIIow nffor fho common hord, fhoy wIII
hnvo fo drInk sfIII moro fhnn fhIs.

30
HnvIng onjoyod somo of fho Ionsuro of oxIsfonco, you wnnf
moro of If nnd nro novor snfIsfIod. Ivoryono hns boon In Snmsrn
sInco bogInnIngIoss fImo nnd hns drunk moro mofhors' mIIk fhnn
fho wnfor In fho four oconns. ow, If you do nof foIIow fho nfh fo
IIbornfIon, buf confInuo fo foIIow fho wnys of fooIIsh common ooIo
bowIIdorod by fho dnrknoss of Ignornnco, fhon you wIII hnvo fo drInk
sfIII moro mofhors' mIIk In fho fufuro.

!XVIII. Ivoryono hns hnd n hon of bonos so gronf ns fo oqunI or
surnss Mounf Sumoru nIso, fho onrfh wouId nof suffIco fo counf
oIIofs ns bIg ns fho soods of fho JunIor froo fo oqunI fho mofhors
ono hns hnd.

ThInk of fho numbor of fImos you hnvo dIod. If onch IIvIng
boIng woro fo coIIocf nII fho bonos ho hns hnd from hIs nsf bIrfhs,
fhon fho hon of bonos wouId surnss ovon Mounf Sumoru. So how
mnny moro bonos wIII you coIIocf If you do nof foIIow fho nfh fo
IIbornfIon.
ThInk foo of fho numbor of fImos you hnvo boon born. If you
woro fo fry fo counf fho mofhors you hnvo hnd In fho nsf, If wouId
bo ImossIbIo. Ivon If you woro fo mnko smnII oIIofs of soII, onch ns
bIg ns n junIor sood, fho whoIo onrfh wouId nof bo onough.

!XIX. HnvIng bocomo Indrn, dosorvIng fho rovoronco of fho worId,
ono wIII ngnIn fnII fo fho onrfh on nccounf of fho forco of rovIous
doods ovon hnvIng bocomo nn unIvorsnI monnrch, ono wIII bocomo
n sorvnnf of n sorvnnf In 3&4(#"&.

!IvIng boIngs frnnsmIgrnfo from hIghor sfnfos fo Iowor onos.
Tho kIng of fho gods, Indrn, Is worshIod by fho whoIo unIvorso.
Iuf whon hIs donfh occurs ho wIII frnnsmIgrnfo fo Iowor sfnfos
orhns ovon fo fho hoIIs duo fo hIs rovIous bnd ncfIons. An
unIvorsnI monnrch cnn nIso frnnsmIgrnfo Info Iowor sfnfos, IIko fhnf
of n sorvnnf's sorvnnf. You cnn novor bo corfnIn of your Inco In
Snmsrn.

29
You onjoy fho gronf good forfuno nof fo bo hnmorod by
condIfIons InImIcnI fo fho hnrmn, fhoroforo fnko u fho rncfIco of
fho nfh wIfhouf furfhor doIny. !onounco !"#$%&" whIch Is
Imormnnonf, nnd InsubsfnnfInI, nnd nbnndon fho fruIfIoss ursuIf
of worIdIy onds.

!XV. CrIovo ovor !"#$%&" whIch Is fho sourco of mnnIfoId
sufforIng, such ns dosfIfufIon of whnf Is dosIrod, donfh, dIsonso, oId
ngo, ofc., nnd nIso IIsfon fo somo of Ifs fnuIfs.

!omombor fho unsnfIsfncfory nnfuro of !"#$%&". IooIo
suffor bocnuso fhoy cnnnof gof fho fhIngs fhoy wnnf. On fho
confrnry, nII sorfs of unwnnfod fhIngs hnon fo fhom. Ivon If
ooIo nro Iucky onough fo onjoy n roInfIvoIy hny IIfo, fhoy wIII
ovonfunIIy hnvo fo nrf from fho orsons nnd fhIngs fhoy Iovo.
ConsoquonfIy, sufforIng cnnnof In nny cnso bo nvoIdod In !"#$%&".
Thoroforo cuIfIvnfo ronuncInfIon by modIfnfIng uon fho
unsnfIsfncfory nnfuro of !"#$%&".

!XVI. Thoro nro no corfnInfIos In !"#$%&", bocnuso fnfhors bocomo
sons, mofhors wIvos, nnd onomIos frIonds IIkowIso, If cnn hnon
convorsoIy.

IvoryfhIng In !"#$%&" Is uncorfnIn nnd Imormnnonf. In
succossIvo IIfo fImos your son mny bocomo your fnfhor, nnd your
fnfhor mny bocomo your son your onomIos mny bocomo your
frIonds, nnd your frIonds mny bocomo your onomIos. Thoroforo
nbnndon nvorsIon fownrds onomIos nnd nffnchmonf fownrds frIonds.
o nof mnko dIsfIncfIons nmong IIvIng boIngs, for nf ono
momonf, n orson mny bo n frIond, nnd nf fho noxf, ho mny bo nn
onomy.

!XVII. Ivoryono hns drunk moro mofhors' mIIk fhnn fho four
oconns sInco worIdIIngs foIIow nffor fho common hord, fhoy wIII
hnvo fo drInk sfIII moro fhnn fhIs.

30
HnvIng onjoyod somo of fho Ionsuro of oxIsfonco, you wnnf
moro of If nnd nro novor snfIsfIod. Ivoryono hns boon In !"#$%&"
sInco bogInnIngIoss fImo nnd hns drunk moro mofhors' mIIk fhnn
fho wnfor In fho four oconns. ow, If you do nof foIIow fho nfh fo
IIbornfIon, buf confInuo fo foIIow fho wnys of fooIIsh common ooIo
bowIIdorod by fho dnrknoss of Ignornnco, fhon you wIII hnvo fo drInk
sfIII moro mofhors' mIIk In fho fufuro.

!XVIII. Ivoryono hns hnd n hon of bonos so gronf ns fo oqunI or
surnss Mounf Sumoru nIso, fho onrfh wouId nof suffIco fo counf
oIIofs ns bIg ns fho soods of fho JunIor froo fo oqunI fho mofhors
ono hns hnd.

ThInk of fho numbor of fImos you hnvo dIod. If onch IIvIng
boIng woro fo coIIocf nII fho bonos ho hns hnd from hIs nsf bIrfhs,
fhon fho hon of bonos wouId surnss ovon Mounf Sumoru. So how
mnny moro bonos wIII you coIIocf If you do nof foIIow fho nfh fo
IIbornfIon.
ThInk foo of fho numbor of fImos you hnvo boon born. If you
woro fo fry fo counf fho mofhors you hnvo hnd In fho nsf, If wouId
bo ImossIbIo. Ivon If you woro fo mnko smnII oIIofs of soII, onch ns
bIg ns n junIor sood, fho whoIo onrfh wouId nof bo onough.

!XIX. HnvIng bocomo Indrn, dosorvIng fho rovoronco of fho worId,
ono wIII ngnIn fnII fo fho onrfh on nccounf of fho forco of rovIous
doods ovon hnvIng bocomo nn unIvorsnI monnrch, ono wIII bocomo
n sorvnnf of n sorvnnf In !"#$%&".

!IvIng boIngs frnnsmIgrnfo from hIghor sfnfos fo Iowor onos.
Tho kIng of fho gods, Indrn, Is worshIod by fho whoIo unIvorso.
Iuf whon hIs donfh occurs ho wIII frnnsmIgrnfo fo Iowor sfnfos
orhns ovon fo fho hoIIs duo fo hIs rovIous bnd ncfIons. An
unIvorsnI monnrch cnn nIso frnnsmIgrnfo Info Iowor sfnfos, IIko fhnf
of n sorvnnf's sorvnnf. You cnn novor bo corfnIn of your Inco In
!"#$%&".

31
!XX. HnvIng Iong fnsfod fho hnInoss of cnrossIng fho wnIsfs nnd
bronsfs of fho honvonIy mnIdons, onco ngnIn fho vory forrIbIo fouch
of fho dovIcos whIch crush nnd cuf ono's orgnns In hoII wIII hnvo fo
bo ondurod.

You cnn novor frusf fho Ionsuros of Snmsrn. You cnn bo
born In honvon whoro you onjoy vnrIous Ionsuros fho dIvIno
fIowors nnd sconfs, nnd fho bonufIfuI goddossos. Howovor, ns n
rosuIf of nsf ncfIons you cnn fhon bo roborn In fho burnIng hoIIs
whoro you nro forfurod by honfod Irons.
Thoroforo, no Ionsuro In fho worId Insfs forovor, nnd so If
cnnnof bo doondod uon, bocnuso you cnn bo born Info fho hoIIs nf
nny fImo.

!XXI. HnvIng Iong dwoIf nf fho summIf of Mounf Sumoru whoro
ono's foof oncounfor n comforfnbIo nnd comIInnf surfnco, consIdor
fhnf ngnIn fho forrIbIo mIsory of wnIkIng In burnIng ombors nnd
uon docomosod corsos wIII bo oxorIoncod.

You cnnnof doond uon fho Ionsuro whIch rosuIfs from
nrfIcuInr Incos. You cnn bo born In honvon In n jowoIod nInco
whoro fho ground Is comosod of goms nnd you wnIk In fho Iuxury of
soffnoss. AII of your wIshos nro fuIfIIIod. Howovor, fho vory
onjoymonfs dorIvod from fhoso surroundIngs cnn rosuIf In bIrfh In
fho hoIIs whoro you wIII hnvo fo onduro vnrIous forrIbIo sufforIngs.
Thoroforo, you cnnnof doond uon nnyfhIng In Snmsrn, for you
cnn fInd yoursoIf nnywhoro wIfhIn Ifs ronIms.

!XXII. !XXIII. HnvIng ronchod fho bonufIfuI gnrdons nnd joyfuIIy
Inyod wIfh fho honvonIy mnIdons who nffond ono, ngnIn ono's
foof, hnnds, onrs nnd noso wIII bo sovorod by fho sword IIko Ionvos
fhnf nro In fho gnrdons of hoII. HnvIng onforod fho coIosfInI
mnIdons' <&:=#8/:> !Ivor whIch Is bonufIfuI nnd ondowod wIfh
goIdon Iofusos, onco ngnIn fho snIfy, dIffIcuIf fo bonr nnd hof
?&/1&"&'> !Ivor wIII hnvo fo bo onforod.

32
o nof roIy uon fho Ionsuro of fho honvonIy gnrdons. You
cnn bo born fhoro, buf ngnIn, you cnn bo roborn In hoII. In honvon,
you Iny In Tho !oIsuroIy IIowIng, MonJ0/ini rIvor, nnd onjoy fho
comnny of goddossos, yof you cnn bo roborn In hoII whoro Tho
!nfordnbIo, Voi/oro;i rIvor, Is of moIfon Iron.

!XXIV. !XXV. HnvIng obfnInod fho vory gronf hnInoss of fho
gods of fho shoro of dosIro or fho dIsnssIonnfo hnInoss of
)"&$%#,
6
ngnIn fho confInuous sufforIng of hnvIng bocomo fuoI for
*7>@/'s fIro wIII hnvo fo bo ondurod. HnvIng nffnInod fho sfnfo of
fho sun or moon nnd IIIumInnfod fho whoIo worId by fho IIghf of
ono's own body, onco ngnIn hnvIng onforod Info fho donso, bInck
dnrknoss ono's own oufsfrofchod hnnd wIII nof bo soon.

o nof roIy uon oIfhor fho Iowor or hIghor honvonIy
Ionsuros. Iorn In fho honvons you wIII onjoy moro hnInoss nnd
froodom fhnn ordInnry ooIo bocnuso of your roIIgIous
nccomIIshmonfs In fho nsf. SfIII, bocnuso of rovIous
unwhoIosomo ncfIons you cnn bo born In fho worsf of fho hoIIs, Atici.

!XXVI. SInco you wIII hnvo fo suffor fhus, fnko u fho brIghf Inm
of fho fhroofoId vIrfuo ofhorwIso, you nIono wIII hnvo fo onfor fho
ondIoss dnrknoss whIch Is nof dosfroyod by sun or moon.

IvoryfhIng Is Imormnnonf, so you mIghf dIo nf nny momonf.
Whon fho fImo comos fo dIo, you musf go nIono, wIfhouf nny hoI
from roInfIvos or frIonds. Thoroforo, If you hnvo fho chnnco fo
rncfIso vIrfuous doods of body, voIco nnd mInd, fhon do so nf onco.

!XXVII. !IvIng boIngs who commIf offoncos wIII nIwnys suffor In fho
hoIIs 3&40>7&, A#.&(B1"&, C"&1#;&:&, 3&4,$#1&, !nurnvn,
*7>@/, ofc.

Whoovor hns commIffod cruoI nnd vIoIonf ncfIons fhrough fho
fhroo doors, fhnf Is, body, sooch nnd mInd wIII bo born In fho oIghf
hof hoIIs
31
!XX. HnvIng Iong fnsfod fho hnInoss of cnrossIng fho wnIsfs nnd
bronsfs of fho honvonIy mnIdons, onco ngnIn fho vory forrIbIo fouch
of fho dovIcos whIch crush nnd cuf ono's orgnns In hoII wIII hnvo fo
bo ondurod.

You cnn novor frusf fho Ionsuros of !"#$%&". You cnn bo
born In honvon whoro you onjoy vnrIous Ionsuros fho dIvIno
fIowors nnd sconfs, nnd fho bonufIfuI goddossos. Howovor, ns n
rosuIf of nsf ncfIons you cnn fhon bo roborn In fho burnIng hoIIs
whoro you nro forfurod by honfod Irons.
Thoroforo, no Ionsuro In fho worId Insfs forovor, nnd so If
cnnnof bo doondod uon, bocnuso you cnn bo born Info fho hoIIs nf
nny fImo.

!XXI. HnvIng Iong dwoIf nf fho summIf of Mounf Sumoru whoro
ono's foof oncounfor n comforfnbIo nnd comIInnf surfnco, consIdor
fhnf ngnIn fho forrIbIo mIsory of wnIkIng In burnIng ombors nnd
uon docomosod corsos wIII bo oxorIoncod.

You cnnnof doond uon fho Ionsuro whIch rosuIfs from
nrfIcuInr Incos. You cnn bo born In honvon In n jowoIod nInco
whoro fho ground Is comosod of goms nnd you wnIk In fho Iuxury of
soffnoss. AII of your wIshos nro fuIfIIIod. Howovor, fho vory
onjoymonfs dorIvod from fhoso surroundIngs cnn rosuIf In bIrfh In
fho hoIIs whoro you wIII hnvo fo onduro vnrIous forrIbIo sufforIngs.
Thoroforo, you cnnnof doond uon nnyfhIng In !"#$%&", for you
cnn fInd yoursoIf nnywhoro wIfhIn Ifs ronIms.

!XXII. !XXIII. HnvIng ronchod fho bonufIfuI gnrdons nnd joyfuIIy
Inyod wIfh fho honvonIy mnIdons who nffond ono, ngnIn ono's
foof, hnnds, onrs nnd noso wIII bo sovorod by fho sword IIko Ionvos
fhnf nro In fho gnrdons of hoII. HnvIng onforod fho coIosfInI
mnIdons' !"#$%&'#( !Ivor whIch Is bonufIfuI nnd ondowod wIfh
goIdon Iofusos, onco ngnIn fho snIfy, dIffIcuIf fo bonr nnd hof
)"'*"+",( !Ivor wIII hnvo fo bo onforod.

32
o nof roIy uon fho Ionsuro of fho honvonIy gnrdons. You
cnn bo born fhoro, buf ngnIn, you cnn bo roborn In hoII. In honvon,
you Iny In Tho !oIsuroIy IIowIng, !"#$%&'#( rIvor, nnd onjoy fho
comnny of goddossos, yof you cnn bo roborn In hoII whoro Tho
!nfordnbIo, )"'*"+",( rIvor, Is of moIfon Iron.

!XXIV. !XXV. HnvIng obfnInod fho vory gronf hnInoss of fho
gods of fho shoro of dosIro or fho dIsnssIonnfo hnInoss of
-+"./%,
6
ngnIn fho confInuous sufforIng of hnvIng bocomo fuoI for
01(2''s fIro wIII hnvo fo bo ondurod. HnvIng nffnInod fho sfnfo of
fho sun or moon nnd IIIumInnfod fho whoIo worId by fho IIghf of
ono's own body, onco ngnIn hnvIng onforod Info fho donso, bInck
dnrknoss ono's own oufsfrofchod hnnd wIII nof bo soon.

o nof roIy uon oIfhor fho Iowor or hIghor honvonIy
Ionsuros. Iorn In fho honvons you wIII onjoy moro hnInoss nnd
froodom fhnn ordInnry ooIo bocnuso of your roIIgIous
nccomIIshmonfs In fho nsf. SfIII, bocnuso of rovIous
unwhoIosomo ncfIons you cnn bo born In fho worsf of fho hoIIs, -.(/'.

!XXVI. SInco you wIII hnvo fo suffor fhus, fnko u fho brIghf Inm
of fho fhroofoId vIrfuo ofhorwIso, you nIono wIII hnvo fo onfor fho
ondIoss dnrknoss whIch Is nof dosfroyod by sun or moon.

IvoryfhIng Is Imormnnonf, so you mIghf dIo nf nny momonf.
Whon fho fImo comos fo dIo, you musf go nIono, wIfhouf nny hoI
from roInfIvos or frIonds. Thoroforo, If you hnvo fho chnnco fo
rncfIso vIrfuous doods of body, voIco nnd mInd, fhon do so nf onco.

!XXVII. !IvIng boIngs who commIf offoncos wIII nIwnys suffor In fho
hoIIs 3"45(1", 6%7"89*+", :+"*%;"#", 3"4<.%*", !nurnvn,
01(2', ofc.

Whoovor hns commIffod cruoI nnd vIoIonf ncfIons fhrough fho
fhroo doors, fhnf Is, body, sooch nnd mInd wIII bo born In fho oIghf
hof hoIIs
33
I !ovIvIng HoII, II IInck Thrond HoII, III CrushIng HoII, Iv
HowIIng HoII, v Cronf HowIIng HoII, vI Hof HoII, vII Cronf Hof
HoII, vIII !nromIffIng Hof HoII.
In nddIfIon fo fho hof hoIIs, fhoro nro nIso CoId HoIIs nnd
oIghborIng HoIIs. Thoro, fho sufforIngs nro Iong nnd vIoIonf. OnIy
n fow oxnmIos nro gIvon of fho mnny sufforIngs oxorIoncod In
fhoso hoIIs.

!XXVIII. Thoro somo nro rossod IIko sosnmum sImIInrIy, ofhors
nro ground Info fIno owdor somo nro cuf by snws IIkowIso, ofhors
nro sIIf by fho vory shnr bIndos of forrIbIo nxos.

!XXIX. WhIIo n burnIng sfronm of fhIck, moIfon bronzo Is ourod
Info ofhors, somo nro comIofoIy frnnsfIxod by honfod bnrbod Iron
sonrs.

!XXX !XXXI Somo wIfh hnnds oufsfrofchod fownrds fho sky nro
ovoroworod by fIorco dogs wIfh Iron fnngs whIIo ofhors, oworIoss,
nro forn nsundor by rnvons wIfh forrIbIo cInws nnd shnr Iron
bonks. Somo, boIng onfon, wrIfho nnd uffor InmonfnfIons whon
nffnckod by vnrIous worms nnd boofIos, fIoshfIIos nnd fons of
fhousnnds of bInck boos whIch cnuso Inrgo forrIbIo wounds.

!XXXII. AgnIn, somo wIfh moufhs ngno nro consfnnfIy chnrrod In
hons of burnIng ombors whIIo somo, fhrusf hond down, nro cookod
IIko n mnss of rIco In gronf cnuIdrons mndo of Iron.

!XXXIII. !XXXIV. HnvIng IIsfonod fo fho monsuroIoss sufforIng
of hoII, ovIIdoors, whoso nnfuro Is ndnmnnf, nro nof shnfforod Info n
fhousnnd Iocos yof onIy fho fImo bofwoon fho bogInnIng nnd ond
of n bronfh sonrnfos fhom from hoII. As fonr nrIsos fhrough
mnkIng Imngos or sooIng Icfuros of hoII, rondIng, romomborIng or
honrIng nbouf hoII so If ono shouId oxorIonco fho forrIbIo
consoquoncos, fhon whnf nood Is fhoro fo sny nny fhIng moro

34
!XXXV. !XXXVI. As suroIy ns froodom from nffnchmonf roducos
fho mosf oxcoIIonf hnInoss nmong nII hnInoss, so suroIy fho
vory drondfuI sufforIng of *7>@/ hoII Is fho worsf nmong nII
sufforIng. Tho sufforIng fhnf ono susfnIns from fho vIoIonf fhrusfs
of fhroo hundrod sonrs In ono dny In fhIs worId cnnnof ovon bo
comnrod fo n frncfIon, or n smnII monsuro, of hoII's sufforIng.

!XXXVII. Thus, ono wIII oxorIonco vory forrIbIo sufforIng for n
hundrod mIIIIon yonrs, for ns Iong ns fho forco of fhoso non
vIrfuous doods Is nof oxhnusfod, so Iong wIII ono nof bo frood from
IIfo In fho hoIIs.

!XXXVIII. Thoroforo, by your own skIII fry nof fo ncquIro ovon nn
nfom of fnuIf fho sood of fhoso fruIfs of nonvIrfuo fhrough your
conducf of body, sooch nnd mInd.

Tho sufforIngs of fho hoIIs doscrIbod nbovo nro fho offocfs of
cruoI nnd vIoIonf ncfIons of body, sooch nnd mInd. Thoroforo nvoId
such ncfIons nf nII cosf. Tho Mnsfor grjunn rocommondod fho
dnIIy rocoIIocfIon of fho hof nnd coId hoIIs In ordor fo dIssundo
ooIo from commIffIng cruoI nnd vIoIonf ncfIons whoso offocfs nro
robIrfh In fho hoIIs.

!XXXIX. Thoso who nbnndon fho vIrfuo rosuIfIng In onco wIII bo
born In nnImnI ronIms whoro fhoro nro nIso vnrIous drondfuI
sufforIngs, such ns onfIng ono nnofhor, kIIIIng, bIndIng, bonfIng, ofc.

XC. Somo nro kIIIod for onrIs, wooI, bonos, monf, or skIn whIIo
ofhors, oworIoss, nro omIoyod by kIckIng, sfrIkIng, whIIng or
roddIng wIfh Iron hooks.

AnImnIs nro bonfon, nbusod, mnIfronfod nnd kIIIod. In
nddIfIon, nnImnIs nro gonornIIy Ignornnf of vIrfuous ncfIons fhnf
cnn hoI fhom nvoId sufforIng In fho fufuro.

33
!"#$ %&'"'"()$ *&++,$ !""#$ -+./0$ 123&.4$ *&++,$ !"""#$ 53672"()$ *&++,$ !"'#$
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*&++,$!'"""#$<(3&=";;"()$*8;$*&++>$
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@&")2A83"()$*&++7>$ 12&3&,$ ;2&$ 76BB&3"()7$ .3&$ +8()$ .(4$ '"8+&(;>$C(+D$
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;2&7&$2&++7>$$$$
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GHHI???>$ 12&3&$ 78=&$ .3&$ F3&77&4$ +"0&$ 7&7.=6=J$ 7"="+.3+D,$ 8;2&37$
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GHHH??>$ O)."(,$ 78=&$ 9";2$ =86;27$ .).F&$ .3&$ /8(7;.(;+D$ /2.33&4$ "($
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34
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/8=F.3&4$;8$.$B3./;"8(,$83$.$7=.++$=&.763&,$8B$2&++R7$76BB&3"()>$$
$
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.;8=$ 8B$ B.6+;$ M$ ;2&$ 7&&4$ 8B$ ;2&7&$ B36";7$ 8B$ (8(M'"3;6&$ M$ ;2386)2$ D863$
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4."+D$ 3&/8++&/;"8($ 8B$ ;2&$ 28;$ .(4$ /8+4$ 2&++7$ "($ 834&3$ ;8$ 4"776.4&$
F&8F+&$ B38=$ /8==";;"()$ /36&+$ .(4$ '"8+&(;$ ./;"8(7$ 9287&$ &BB&/;7$ .3&$
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35
XCI. AIso nmong hungry ghosfs confInuous, unnIInyod sufforIng Is
roducod fhrough fho Inck of dosIrod objocfs. Vory forrIbIo
sufforIngs cronfod by fonr, hungor, fhIrsf, coId, honf nnd wonrInoss
wIII hnvo fo bo ondurod.

Tho ronIm of fho hungry ghosfs Is ono of fho fhroo Iowor
ronIms, nnd IIko fho hoIIs nnd fho ronIm of nnImnIs, vnrIous horrIbIo
sufforIngs nro oxorIonco fhoro. Tho sufforIng oxorIoncod by fho
hungry ghosfs Is fho offocf of nvnrIco nnd mIsorIInoss.

XCII. Somo, froubIod by hungor, nro nof ovon nbIo fo onf n IIffIo
dIscnrdod, conrso, or fouI food, for onch hns n moufh ns bIg ns fho
oyo of n noodIo nnd n sfomnch fho sIzo of n mounfnIn.

XCIII. Somo, IIko fho uor ronchos of n drIod nImyrn froo, nro
nnkod wIfh bodIos of skIn nnd bonos whIIo somo, wIfh fInmos
nIghfIy IssuIng from fhoIr moufhs, dovour food of burnIng snnd
whIch hns fnIIon Info fhoIr moufhs.

XCIV. Somo oor onos cnnnof ovon fInd Imuro food IIko us,
oxcromonf, bIood, ofc., so, sfrIkIng ono nnofhor's fncos, fhoy onf fho
us of rIonod goIfros growIng from fhoIr foIIows' fhronfs.

XCV. Ior fhom ovon fho moon Is hof In fho summorfImo, whIIo ovon
fho sun Is coId In fho wInfor froos bocomo fruIfIoss nnd rIvors dry
u If onIy Iookod uon by fhom.

XCVI. HnvIng ondurod unInforrufod sufforIng, somo IndIvIdunIs
socuroIy bound by fho nooso of ovII doods commIffod wIII nof dIo for
fIvo or ovon fon fhousnnd yonrs.

XCVII. Tho Iuddhn snId, "Though fho sufforIngs whIch nro
oxorIoncod by hungry ghosfs nro vnrIous, fhoy nro of ono fnsfo fho
cnuso Is fho nvnrIco, mIsorIInoss nnd IgnobIIIfy of ooIo".

In gonornI, fho sufforIngs of hungry ghosfs nro
36
Hungor, fhIrsf, coId, honf nnd wonrInoss. ThoIr sufforIngs nro fho
rosuIf of nvnrIco nnd mIsorIInoss rncfIsod In formor IIvos. Thoso
who nro wonIfhy, buf who rofuso fo shnro wIfh ofhors, nnd who cnn
onIy fhInk of nccumuInfIng moro nnd moro for fhomsoIvos, nro IInbIo
fo bo born ns hungry ghosfs. Ivon If fhoy oscno sufforIng In fho
ronIm of hungry ghosfs, nnd nro born nmong humnn boIngs, fhoy nro
IIkoIy fo bo vory oor.

XCVIII. AIso, ns n rosuIf of fho gronf Ionsuros In fho honvons, fho
sufforIng of donfh nnd frnnsmIgrnfIon Is gronfor hnvIng
confomInfod fhus, nobIos shouId nof crnvo for honvon whIch wIII
como fo nn ond.

Tho gods onjoy so much wonIfh, Ionsuro nnd onco fhnf fhoy
novor fhInk of donfh or of rncfIcIng roIIgIon. Howovor, fhoIr
osIfIon Is nof ormnnonf. Af fho fImo of fhoIr nronchIng donfh,
fhoy oxorIonco gronf monfnI nnguIsh. Thoy cnn soo fho sufforIng
fhnf wIII bofnII fhom In fho nonr fufuro. ConsoquonfIy, fhoIr
sufforIng Is ovon gronfor fhnn fho hysIcnI sufforIng of fho Iowor
ronIms.

XCIX. C. ThoIr bodIos' comIoxIon bocomos ugIy, fhoy do nof IIko fo
sIf, fhoIr gnrInnds of fIowors wIfhor, fhoIr cIofhos bocomo soIIod, nnd
swonf nonrs on fhoIr bodIos nII of whIch novor hnonod boforo.
Jusf ns on onrfh fho sIgns of dyIng forofoII mnn's nronchIng donfh,
so fhoso fIvo formor sIgns rosngo fho donfh nnd frnnsmIgrnfIon of
fho gods dwoIIIng In honvon.

Whon fho gods nro nbouf fo dIo, fhoso fIvo sIgns nonr.
I Thoy Ioso fhoIr gronf bonufy nnd bocomo ugIy for fho fIrsf fImo.
II Thoy bocomo borod nnd rosfIoss for fho fIrsf fImo.
III ThoIr fIowor gnrInnds wIfhor nnd dIo for fho fIrsf fImo.
Iv ThoIr cIofhIng bocomos soIIod for fho fIrsf fImo.
v ThoIr bodIos bocomo soIIod nnd swonfy for fho fIrsf fImo.
Thon fho gods know fhnf fhoy nro nbouf fo dIo, nnd fhoy
ronIIzo fhnf fhoy hnvo novor fhoughf nbouf roIIgIon. Thoy soo fho
35
XCI. AIso nmong hungry ghosfs confInuous, unnIInyod sufforIng Is
roducod fhrough fho Inck of dosIrod objocfs. Vory forrIbIo
sufforIngs cronfod by fonr, hungor, fhIrsf, coId, honf nnd wonrInoss
wIII hnvo fo bo ondurod.

Tho ronIm of fho hungry ghosfs Is ono of fho fhroo Iowor
ronIms, nnd IIko fho hoIIs nnd fho ronIm of nnImnIs, vnrIous horrIbIo
sufforIngs nro oxorIonco fhoro. Tho sufforIng oxorIoncod by fho
hungry ghosfs Is fho offocf of nvnrIco nnd mIsorIInoss.

XCII. Somo, froubIod by hungor, nro nof ovon nbIo fo onf n IIffIo
dIscnrdod, conrso, or fouI food, for onch hns n moufh ns bIg ns fho
oyo of n noodIo nnd n sfomnch fho sIzo of n mounfnIn.

XCIII. Somo, IIko fho uor ronchos of n drIod nImyrn froo, nro
nnkod wIfh bodIos of skIn nnd bonos whIIo somo, wIfh fInmos
nIghfIy IssuIng from fhoIr moufhs, dovour food of burnIng snnd
whIch hns fnIIon Info fhoIr moufhs.

XCIV. Somo oor onos cnnnof ovon fInd Imuro food IIko us,
oxcromonf, bIood, ofc., so, sfrIkIng ono nnofhor's fncos, fhoy onf fho
us of rIonod goIfros growIng from fhoIr foIIows' fhronfs.

XCV. Ior fhom ovon fho moon Is hof In fho summorfImo, whIIo ovon
fho sun Is coId In fho wInfor froos bocomo fruIfIoss nnd rIvors dry
u If onIy Iookod uon by fhom.

XCVI. HnvIng ondurod unInforrufod sufforIng, somo IndIvIdunIs
socuroIy bound by fho nooso of ovII doods commIffod wIII nof dIo for
fIvo or ovon fon fhousnnd yonrs.

XCVII. Tho Iuddhn snId, "Though fho sufforIngs whIch nro
oxorIoncod by hungry ghosfs nro vnrIous, fhoy nro of ono fnsfo fho
cnuso Is fho nvnrIco, mIsorIInoss nnd IgnobIIIfy of ooIo".

In gonornI, fho sufforIngs of hungry ghosfs nro
36
Hungor, fhIrsf, coId, honf nnd wonrInoss. ThoIr sufforIngs nro fho
rosuIf of nvnrIco nnd mIsorIInoss rncfIsod In formor IIvos. Thoso
who nro wonIfhy, buf who rofuso fo shnro wIfh ofhors, nnd who cnn
onIy fhInk of nccumuInfIng moro nnd moro for fhomsoIvos, nro IInbIo
fo bo born ns hungry ghosfs. Ivon If fhoy oscno sufforIng In fho
ronIm of hungry ghosfs, nnd nro born nmong humnn boIngs, fhoy nro
IIkoIy fo bo vory oor.

XCVIII. AIso, ns n rosuIf of fho gronf Ionsuros In fho honvons, fho
sufforIng of donfh nnd frnnsmIgrnfIon Is gronfor hnvIng
confomInfod fhus, nobIos shouId nof crnvo for honvon whIch wIII
como fo nn ond.

Tho gods onjoy so much wonIfh, Ionsuro nnd onco fhnf fhoy
novor fhInk of donfh or of rncfIcIng roIIgIon. Howovor, fhoIr
osIfIon Is nof ormnnonf. Af fho fImo of fhoIr nronchIng donfh,
fhoy oxorIonco gronf monfnI nnguIsh. Thoy cnn soo fho sufforIng
fhnf wIII bofnII fhom In fho nonr fufuro. ConsoquonfIy, fhoIr
sufforIng Is ovon gronfor fhnn fho hysIcnI sufforIng of fho Iowor
ronIms.

XCIX. C. ThoIr bodIos' comIoxIon bocomos ugIy, fhoy do nof IIko fo
sIf, fhoIr gnrInnds of fIowors wIfhor, fhoIr cIofhos bocomo soIIod, nnd
swonf nonrs on fhoIr bodIos nII of whIch novor hnonod boforo.
Jusf ns on onrfh fho sIgns of dyIng forofoII mnn's nronchIng donfh,
so fhoso fIvo formor sIgns rosngo fho donfh nnd frnnsmIgrnfIon of
fho gods dwoIIIng In honvon.

Whon fho gods nro nbouf fo dIo, fhoso fIvo sIgns nonr.
I Thoy Ioso fhoIr gronf bonufy nnd bocomo ugIy for fho fIrsf fImo.
II Thoy bocomo borod nnd rosfIoss for fho fIrsf fImo.
III ThoIr fIowor gnrInnds wIfhor nnd dIo for fho fIrsf fImo.
Iv ThoIr cIofhIng bocomos soIIod for fho fIrsf fImo.
v ThoIr bodIos bocomo soIIod nnd swonfy for fho fIrsf fImo.
Thon fho gods know fhnf fhoy nro nbouf fo dIo, nnd fhoy
ronIIzo fhnf fhoy hnvo novor fhoughf nbouf roIIgIon. Thoy soo fho
37
Iowor ronIms Info whIch fhoy nro nbouf fo fnII nnd fho sufforIng fhoy
wIII oxorIonco.

CI. If fhoro Is nof nny morIf romnInIng whon frnnsmIgrnfIng from
fho worIds of fho gods, fhon, oworIoss, fhoy wIII dwoII ns oIfhor
nnImnIs, hungry ghosfs or donIzons of hoII.

Tho gods wIII fnII from hIghor ronIms fo Iowor onos. If fho
morIf fhoy hnvo nccumuInfod In formor IIvos Is comIofoIy
oxhnusfod, fhoy wIII bo roborn ovon In fho ronIms of woo. Thon fho
sufforIng of fho gods wIII Indood bo gronf.

CII. AIso nmong fho domIgods, fhoro Is gronf monfnI sufforIng
bocnuso of nnfurnI hosfIIIfy fownrd fho sIondor of fho gods fhough
fhoy nro nIso InfoIIIgonf fho frufh Is nof soon by fhom duo fo fho
voII of fhoIr Knrmn.

Tho ronIm of fho domIgods Is ormIffod by monfnI sufforIng.
Tho domIgods nro onvIous of fho gods, bocnuso fhoy cnnnof oqunI
fhom In wonIfh nnd sIondor. AIfhough fho domIgods nro wIsor
fhnn humnn boIngs, fhoy nro so fhoroughIy condIfIonod by fhIs sfrIfo
fhnf fhoy cnnnof soo fho frufh.

CIII. 3&4(#"& Is fhus ns oxInInod nbovo, fhoroforo bIrfh Is
unforfunnfo nmong gods, humnn boIngs, donIzons of hoII, hungry
ghosfs nnd nnImnIs. !onIIzo fhnf bIrfh Is n rocofncIo of mnny IIIs.

!ofIocf uon fho unsnfIsfncfory nnfuro of Snmsrn. Tho
nffIIcfIons nnd Knrmn nro fho cnuso of robIrfh In fho sIx ronIms.
Thoroforo fo nvoId robIrfh In Snmsrn, fho nffIIcfIons nnd Knrmn
hnvo fo bo oIImInnfod.

CIV. As you wouId oxfInguIsh n fIro If If suddonIy cnughf hoId of
your cIofhos or hond, jusf so sfrIvo fo uf nn ond fo robIrfh fhrough
ronouncIng Knrmn for fhoro Is no ofhor nIm moro oxcoIIonf fhnn
fhIs.
38

AffnInIng Irvnn Is n bIg rojocf, so bogIn ns soon ns
ossIbIo. Iuf Info rncfIco fho nfh whIch cnn Iond fo roIonso from
Snmsrn wIfhouf wnsfIng nnofhor momonf.

CV. Through mornIIfy, wIsdom nnd conconfrnfIon gnIn fho oncofuI,
subduod nnd unfnInfod sfnfo of 5/"7#'& whIch Is ngoIoss,
donfhIoss, InoxhnusfIbIo, nnd dovoId of onrfh, wnfor, fIro, nIr, sun
nnd moon.

Thoso fhroo nro fho rIncInI dIvIsIons of fho obIo IIghffoId
Infh. IrncfIco fhom, uf nn ond fo fho nffIIcfIons nnd Knrmn nnd
nffnIn Irvnn whIch Is frnnscondonfnI. VnrIous oIfhofs nro
frndIfIonnIIy usod fo IndIcnfo fho oxfrnordInnry nnfuro of Irvnn.
Thoroforo, If Is snId fo bo oncofuI nnd fho IIko, or If Is snId fo bo
boyond fho four mnforInI oIomonfs onrfh nnd so forfh.

CVI. Thoso sovon IImbs of onIIghfonmonf mIndfuInoss,
InvosfIgnfIon, onorgy, Inforosf, frnnquIIIIfy, conconfrnfIon, nnd
oqunnImIfy nro fho nccumuInfIon of vIrfuo whIch Is fho cnuso of
nffnInIng 5/"7#'&.

Tho sovon IImbs of InIIghfonmonf woro fnughf by fho
Iuddhn nnd hnvo Iong boon rognrdod ns Imorfnnf koys fo nchIovIng
fho uIfImnfo gonI of IuddhIsm.
I MIndfuInoss Ionds fho grou, bocnuso If Is wIfh mIndfuInoss fhnf
fho wny fo Irvnn bogIns.
II InvosfIgnfIon of fncfors dhnrmns rosorvos vIgIInnco on fho
nfh.
III Inorgy Is noodod fo mnInfnIn rogross on fho nfh.
Iv Inforosf Is chnrncforIzod by joy nnd Ionds onfhusInsm fo fho
rncfIco.
v TrnnquIIIIfy of mInd Is fho fruIf of oIImInnfIng fho nffIIcfIons.
vI ConconfrnfIon Is synonymous wIfh onooInfodnoss of mInd.
vII IqunnImIfy Is nn Infogrnfod sfnfo of mInd froo from chronIc
InsfnbIIIfy.
37
Iowor ronIms Info whIch fhoy nro nbouf fo fnII nnd fho sufforIng fhoy
wIII oxorIonco.

CI. If fhoro Is nof nny morIf romnInIng whon frnnsmIgrnfIng from
fho worIds of fho gods, fhon, oworIoss, fhoy wIII dwoII ns oIfhor
nnImnIs, hungry ghosfs or donIzons of hoII.

Tho gods wIII fnII from hIghor ronIms fo Iowor onos. If fho
morIf fhoy hnvo nccumuInfod In formor IIvos Is comIofoIy
oxhnusfod, fhoy wIII bo roborn ovon In fho ronIms of woo. Thon fho
sufforIng of fho gods wIII Indood bo gronf.

CII. AIso nmong fho domIgods, fhoro Is gronf monfnI sufforIng
bocnuso of nnfurnI hosfIIIfy fownrd fho sIondor of fho gods fhough
fhoy nro nIso InfoIIIgonf fho frufh Is nof soon by fhom duo fo fho
voII of fhoIr Knrmn.

Tho ronIm of fho domIgods Is ormIffod by monfnI sufforIng.
Tho domIgods nro onvIous of fho gods, bocnuso fhoy cnnnof oqunI
fhom In wonIfh nnd sIondor. AIfhough fho domIgods nro wIsor
fhnn humnn boIngs, fhoy nro so fhoroughIy condIfIonod by fhIs sfrIfo
fhnf fhoy cnnnof soo fho frufh.

CIII. !"#$%&" Is fhus ns oxInInod nbovo, fhoroforo bIrfh Is
unforfunnfo nmong gods, humnn boIngs, donIzons of hoII, hungry
ghosfs nnd nnImnIs. !onIIzo fhnf bIrfh Is n rocofncIo of mnny IIIs.

!ofIocf uon fho unsnfIsfncfory nnfuro of !"#$%&". Tho
nffIIcfIons nnd Knrmn nro fho cnuso of robIrfh In fho sIx ronIms.
Thoroforo fo nvoId robIrfh In !"#$%&", fho nffIIcfIons nnd Knrmn
hnvo fo bo oIImInnfod.

CIV. As you wouId oxfInguIsh n fIro If If suddonIy cnughf hoId of
your cIofhos or hond, jusf so sfrIvo fo uf nn ond fo robIrfh fhrough
ronouncIng Knrmn for fhoro Is no ofhor nIm moro oxcoIIonf fhnn
fhIs.
38

AffnInIng '(&)%*" Is n bIg rojocf, so bogIn ns soon ns
ossIbIo. Iuf Info rncfIco fho nfh whIch cnn Iond fo roIonso from
!"#$%&" wIfhouf wnsfIng nnofhor momonf.

CV. Through mornIIfy, wIsdom nnd conconfrnfIon gnIn fho oncofuI,
subduod nnd unfnInfod sfnfo of '(&)%*" whIch Is ngoIoss,
donfhIoss, InoxhnusfIbIo, nnd dovoId of onrfh, wnfor, fIro, nIr, sun
nnd moon.

Thoso fhroo nro fho rIncInI dIvIsIons of fho obIo IIghffoId
Infh. IrncfIco fhom, uf nn ond fo fho nffIIcfIons nnd Knrmn nnd
nffnIn '(&)%*" whIch Is frnnscondonfnI. VnrIous oIfhofs nro
frndIfIonnIIy usod fo IndIcnfo fho oxfrnordInnry nnfuro of '(&)%*".
Thoroforo, If Is snId fo bo oncofuI nnd fho IIko, or If Is snId fo bo
boyond fho four mnforInI oIomonfs onrfh nnd so forfh.

CVI. Thoso sovon IImbs of onIIghfonmonf mIndfuInoss,
InvosfIgnfIon, onorgy, Inforosf, frnnquIIIIfy, conconfrnfIon, nnd
oqunnImIfy nro fho nccumuInfIon of vIrfuo whIch Is fho cnuso of
nffnInIng '(&)%*".

Tho sovon IImbs of InIIghfonmonf woro fnughf by fho
Iuddhn nnd hnvo Iong boon rognrdod ns Imorfnnf koys fo nchIovIng
fho uIfImnfo gonI of IuddhIsm.
I MIndfuInoss Ionds fho grou, bocnuso If Is wIfh mIndfuInoss fhnf
fho wny fo '(&)%*" bogIns.
II InvosfIgnfIon of fncfors dhnrmns rosorvos vIgIInnco on fho
nfh.
III Inorgy Is noodod fo mnInfnIn rogross on fho nfh.
Iv Inforosf Is chnrncforIzod by joy nnd Ionds onfhusInsm fo fho
rncfIco.
v TrnnquIIIIfy of mInd Is fho fruIf of oIImInnfIng fho nffIIcfIons.
vI ConconfrnfIon Is synonymous wIfh onooInfodnoss of mInd.
vII IqunnImIfy Is nn Infogrnfod sfnfo of mInd froo from chronIc
InsfnbIIIfy.
39

CVII. WIfhouf wIsdom fhoro Is no conconfrnfIon, nnd, ngnIn,
wIfhouf conconfrnfIon fhoro Is no wIsdom buf for ono who hns fhoso
fwo, fho oconn of oxIsfonco Is mndo fo bo IIko fho wnfor In n cow's
hoofrInf.

Tho unIon of conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom or cnIm nnd InsIghf
hnvo nIwnys boon rognrdod ns ossonfInI for undorsfnndIng fho frufh
nbouf ronIIfy nnd nffnInIng froodom. Tho Iuddhn unIfod
conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom on fho nIghf of HIs onIIghfonmonf nnd
orcoIvod dIrocfIy Infordoondonf orIgInnfIon. Thoroby, ho bocnmo
fho InIIghfonod Ono, fho fonchor of gods nnd mon who know how
fhIngs nrIso nnd how fhoy conso. Ivor sInco, IuddhIsf mnsfors hnvo
omhnsIzod fho Imorfnnco of joInIng conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom.
WIfhouf conconfrnfIon, If's ImossIbIo fo dovoIo wIsdom, bocnuso n
dIsfrncfod nnd ngIfnfod mInd Is nof n fIf Insfrumonf for
undorsfnndIng fho frufh. Howovor, conconfrnfIon wIfhouf wIsdom Is
n vnIn nchIovomonf sInco If onIy brIngs nbouf fomornry roIIof from
sufforIng nnd nof n ormnnonf soIufIon fo fho ronI robIoms of IIfo.
Howovor n rncfIfIonor who dovoIos conconfrnfIon nnd nchIovos n
cnIm nnd sfondy mInd nnd conjoIns If wIfh wIsdom fho
undorsfnndIng of fho Infordoondonco nnd omfInoss of nII fhIngs,
wIII gnIn mnsfory ovor fho nffIIcfIons nnd Knrmn nnd wIII roduco fho
oconn of Snmsrn fo InsIgnIfIcnnco.

CVIII. Thoso fourfoon ronouncomonfs whIch woro docInrod by fho
KInsmnn of fho Sun fo bo InoxrossIbIo In fho worId nro nof
conducIvo fo onco of mInd, so do nof socuInfo uon fhom.

o nof worry nbouf fho fourfoon fhoorIos whIch do nof Iond fo
IIbornfIon. Tho fourfoon nro IIko shnckIos, n wIIdornoss or n fovor.
Thoy nro nof conducIvo fo roIonso from Snmsrn bocnuso fhoy nro
mIsIondIng nnd obscuro fho nfh fo Irvnn. Thoy nro fho fourfoon
roosIfIons uf fo fho Iuddhn nnd fo whIch fho Iuddhn rofusod fo
nsconf.
40
I fho unIvorso Is n ofornnI, b nof ofornnI, c bofh ofornnI nnd
nof ofornnI, nnd d noIfhor ofornnI nor nof ofornnI.
II Thnf fho unIvorso Is n fInIfo, b InfInIfo, c bofh fInIfo nnd
InfInIfo, nnd d noIfhor fInIfo nor InfInIfo.
III Thnf fho Tnfhgnfn n oxIsfs nffor donfh, b doos nof oxIsf nffor
donfh, c bofh oxIsfs nnd doos nof oxIsf nffor donfh, nnd d noIfhor
oxIsfs nor doos nof oxIsf nffor donfh.
Iv Thnf fho souI Is n IdonfIcnI wIfh fho body, or b dIfforonf from
fho body.

CIX. CXI. Tho Sngo docInrod, "Irom Ignornnco orIgInnfo voIIfIons,
from fho Inffor conscIousnoss, from conscIousnoss orIgInnfo nnmo
nnd form, from nnmo nnd form orIgInnfo fho sIx sonso orgnns, from
fho sonso orgnns confncf, from confncf orIgInnfos fooIIng, from fho
foundnfIon of fooIIng orIgInnfos crnvIng, from crnvIng grnsIng, from
grnsIng orIgInnfos bocomIng, from bocomIng bIrfh occurs If fhoro
Is bIrfh, fhon n vory gronf hon of sufforIng onsuos, such ns sorrow,
dIsonso, oId ngo, frusfrnfIon, fonr of donfh, ofc. howovor, by uffIng
nn ond fo bIrfh, nII fhoso wIII conso."

CXII. ThIs docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is fho rofound
nnd rocIous fronsuro of fho fonchIng of fho Conquoror who rIghfIy
soos fhIs Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon soos fho mosf oxcoIIonf
Iuddhn, fho Knowor of !onIIfy.

Tho Iuddhn hns boon unIvorsnIIy rovorod ns fho fonchor of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. OrdInnry ooIo nro bound In Snmsrn,
bocnuso fhoy fnII fo undorsfnnd Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Whon
fhoy undorsfnnd Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhoy wIII know fho
frufh. Thoy wIII soo fho InsubsfnnfInIIfy of fho soIf nnd fho
omfInoss of nII fncfors of oxIsfonco, nnd wIII gnIn froodom. Thoy
wIII ronIIzo fhnf nII fncfors of oxorIonco nro IIko fho moon's
rofIocfIon In wnfor, noIfhor oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf.
?

39

CVII. WIfhouf wIsdom fhoro Is no conconfrnfIon, nnd, ngnIn,
wIfhouf conconfrnfIon fhoro Is no wIsdom buf for ono who hns fhoso
fwo, fho oconn of oxIsfonco Is mndo fo bo IIko fho wnfor In n cow's
hoofrInf.

Tho unIon of conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom or cnIm nnd InsIghf
hnvo nIwnys boon rognrdod ns ossonfInI for undorsfnndIng fho frufh
nbouf ronIIfy nnd nffnInIng froodom. Tho Iuddhn unIfod
conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom on fho nIghf of HIs onIIghfonmonf nnd
orcoIvod dIrocfIy Infordoondonf orIgInnfIon. Thoroby, ho bocnmo
fho InIIghfonod Ono, fho fonchor of gods nnd mon who know how
fhIngs nrIso nnd how fhoy conso. Ivor sInco, IuddhIsf mnsfors hnvo
omhnsIzod fho Imorfnnco of joInIng conconfrnfIon nnd wIsdom.
WIfhouf conconfrnfIon, If's ImossIbIo fo dovoIo wIsdom, bocnuso n
dIsfrncfod nnd ngIfnfod mInd Is nof n fIf Insfrumonf for
undorsfnndIng fho frufh. Howovor, conconfrnfIon wIfhouf wIsdom Is
n vnIn nchIovomonf sInco If onIy brIngs nbouf fomornry roIIof from
sufforIng nnd nof n ormnnonf soIufIon fo fho ronI robIoms of IIfo.
Howovor n rncfIfIonor who dovoIos conconfrnfIon nnd nchIovos n
cnIm nnd sfondy mInd nnd conjoIns If wIfh wIsdom fho
undorsfnndIng of fho Infordoondonco nnd omfInoss of nII fhIngs,
wIII gnIn mnsfory ovor fho nffIIcfIons nnd Knrmn nnd wIII roduco fho
oconn of !"#$%&" fo InsIgnIfIcnnco.

CVIII. Thoso fourfoon ronouncomonfs whIch woro docInrod by fho
KInsmnn of fho Sun fo bo InoxrossIbIo In fho worId nro nof
conducIvo fo onco of mInd, so do nof socuInfo uon fhom.

o nof worry nbouf fho fourfoon fhoorIos whIch do nof Iond fo
IIbornfIon. Tho fourfoon nro IIko shnckIos, n wIIdornoss or n fovor.
Thoy nro nof conducIvo fo roIonso from !"#$%&" bocnuso fhoy nro
mIsIondIng nnd obscuro fho nfh fo '(&)%*". Thoy nro fho fourfoon
roosIfIons uf fo fho Iuddhn nnd fo whIch fho Iuddhn rofusod fo
nsconf.
40
I fho unIvorso Is n ofornnI, b nof ofornnI, c bofh ofornnI nnd
nof ofornnI, nnd d noIfhor ofornnI nor nof ofornnI.
II Thnf fho unIvorso Is n fInIfo, b InfInIfo, c bofh fInIfo nnd
InfInIfo, nnd d noIfhor fInIfo nor InfInIfo.
III Thnf fho +",-%."," n oxIsfs nffor donfh, b doos nof oxIsf nffor
donfh, c bofh oxIsfs nnd doos nof oxIsf nffor donfh, nnd d noIfhor
oxIsfs nor doos nof oxIsf nffor donfh.
Iv Thnf fho souI Is n IdonfIcnI wIfh fho body, or b dIfforonf from
fho body.

CIX. CXI. Tho Sngo docInrod, "Irom Ignornnco orIgInnfo voIIfIons,
from fho Inffor conscIousnoss, from conscIousnoss orIgInnfo nnmo
nnd form, from nnmo nnd form orIgInnfo fho sIx sonso orgnns, from
fho sonso orgnns confncf, from confncf orIgInnfos fooIIng, from fho
foundnfIon of fooIIng orIgInnfos crnvIng, from crnvIng grnsIng, from
grnsIng orIgInnfos bocomIng, from bocomIng bIrfh occurs If fhoro
Is bIrfh, fhon n vory gronf hon of sufforIng onsuos, such ns sorrow,
dIsonso, oId ngo, frusfrnfIon, fonr of donfh, ofc. howovor, by uffIng
nn ond fo bIrfh, nII fhoso wIII conso."

CXII. ThIs docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is fho rofound
nnd rocIous fronsuro of fho fonchIng of fho Conquoror who rIghfIy
soos fhIs Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon soos fho mosf oxcoIIonf
Iuddhn, fho Knowor of !onIIfy.

Tho Iuddhn hns boon unIvorsnIIy rovorod ns fho fonchor of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. OrdInnry ooIo nro bound In !"#$%&",
bocnuso fhoy fnII fo undorsfnnd Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Whon
fhoy undorsfnnd Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhoy wIII know fho
frufh. Thoy wIII soo fho InsubsfnnfInIIfy of fho soIf nnd fho
omfInoss of nII fncfors of oxIsfonco, nnd wIII gnIn froodom. Thoy
wIII ronIIzo fhnf nII fncfors of oxorIonco nro IIko fho moon's
rofIocfIon In wnfor, noIfhor oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf.
?

41
CXIII. In ordor fo nffnIn onco rncfIco fhoso oIghf nrfs of fho
Infh rIghf vIow, rIghf IIvoIIhood, rIghf offorf, rIghf mIndfuInoss,
rIghf conconfrnfIon, rIghf sooch, rIghf ncfIon nnd rIghf fhoughf.

Thoro nro vnrIous nrrnngomonfs of fho nrfs of fho obIo
IIghffoId Infh. A common dIvIsIon hns fho nrfs of fho nfh
nrrnngod In fhroo grous mornIIfy rIghf ncfIon, sooch nnd
IIvoIIhood, ModIfnfIon rIghf offorf, mIndfuInoss nnd conconfrnfIon
nnd WIsdom rIghf vIow nnd rIghf fhoughf. Horo howovor fho nrfs
of fho Infh nro nrrnngod In four grous ns foIIows.
I !Ighf vIow InvosfIgnfos fho nnfuro of fho !IfImnfo Trufh.
II !Ighf fhoughf rovonIs mnnIfoId objocfs.
III !Ighf IIvoIIhood, sooch nnd ncfIon cnuso ofhors fo roduco
fnIfh.
Iv !Ighf mIndfuInoss, conconfrnfIon nnd offorf corrocf fho
nffIIcfIons.

CXIV. CXV. ThIs bIrfh Is sufforIng crnvIng Is cnIIod fho gronf
orIgIn of fhnf sufforIng Ifs cossnfIon Is IIbornfIon nnd fho nfh fo
nffnIn fhnf IIbornfIon Is fho obIo IIghffoId Infh. Thoroforo
nIwnys fry fo ronIIzo fho Iour obIo Trufhs, for ovon Iny ooIo
dwoIIIng In fho In of rosorIfy cross fho rIvor of fho nffIIcfIons by
fhIs knowIodgo.

IIrfh, sIcknoss, oId ngo nnd donfh nro sufforIng. Tho
nffIIcfIons Ignornnco, crnvIng nnd so forfh nnd Knrmn nro fho cnuso.
Irvnn, fho ond of nII sufforIng Is cossnfIon. Tho obIo IIghffoId
Infh Is fho wny fo fho ond of sufforIng. Thoroforo, know sufforIng
romovo fho cnuso nffnIn cossnfIon nnd rncfIco fho Infh. You do nof
hnvo fo bo n monk fo nffnIn Irvnn. Ivon Iny ooIo IIko fho
Iuddhn's own fnfhor nffnInod IIbornfIon jusf by knowIng fho Iour
obIo Trufhs.

CXVI. Thoso who ronIIzod fho Trufh noIfhor foII from fho sky nor
srnng u from fho womb of fho onrfh IIko grnIn, ns fhoy woro
formorIy orsons subjocf fo fho nffIIcfIons.
42

!Ibornfod ooIo hnvo Ioff bohInd fho fIrsf fwo Trufhs nnd
hnvo nffnInod fho Inffor fwo. IormorIy, fhoy sufforod nnd woro
subjocf fo fho nffIIcfIons jusf IIko ordInnry ooIo. Howovor, fhoy
rosoIvod fo chnngo fhoIr sIfunfIon, consuIfod roIIgIous nufhorIfIos,
rncfIcod fho Infh nnd nffnInod fho hIghosf gonI. Thoroforo, nnyono
cnn bocomo nn Arhnf, IodhIsnffvn or n Iuddhn If onIy ho or sho
docIdos fo nIy fhomsoIvos.

CXVII. Oh fonrIoss ono, fho IIossod Ono snId fhnf fho mInd Is fho
roof of vIrfuo, so dIscIIIno your mInd fhIs Is bonofIcInI nnd usofuI
ndvIco, so whnf nood Is fhoro fo sny nnyfhIng moro.

As fhIngs sfnnd now, you nro confroIIod by your mInd, nnd In
furn your mInd Is subjocf fo fho nffIIcfIons nnd dIsfrncfIons. o
wondor fhon fhnf you nro unhny nnd dIsfrossod, nffocfod by nII
sorfs of froubIos. Iuf If onIy you couId confroI your mInd, fhon you
couId ronIIzo onco, hnInoss nnd froodom. Tho mInd Is fho koy fo
rndIcnIIy chnngIng your wny of oxorIoncIng fho worId nnd your own
sfnfo of boIng. Tho Iuddhn nnd IuddhIsf mnsfors hnvo nIwnys
omhnsIzod fho Imorfnnco of fho mInd. Thoroforo, conconfrnfo
uon dIscIIInIng your own mInd, nnd you wIII soo n dofInIfo
Imrovomonf In fho qunIIfy of your IIfo.

CXVIII. If Is dIffIcuIf ovon for n monk In IsoInfIon fo foIIow fho
counsoI whIch hns boon gIvon fo you yof mnko fhIs IIfo monnIngfuI
fhrough cuIfIvnfIng fho qunIIfy of fho ossonco of nny of fhoso
rncfIcos.

Ivon If you cnn'f foIIow nII fho ndvIco gIvon In fhIs Ioffor, do
your bosf fo rncfIco ns much of If ns you cnn. Thon your IIfo wIII nof
hnvo boon wnsfod, buf wIII hnvo boon worfhwhIIo. You wIII corfnInIy
nchIovo gronfor hnInoss nnd rosorIfy now nnd In fho fufuro, nnd
ovonfunIIy you wIII gnIn froodom.

41
CXIII. In ordor fo nffnIn onco rncfIco fhoso oIghf nrfs of fho
Infh rIghf vIow, rIghf IIvoIIhood, rIghf offorf, rIghf mIndfuInoss,
rIghf conconfrnfIon, rIghf sooch, rIghf ncfIon nnd rIghf fhoughf.

Thoro nro vnrIous nrrnngomonfs of fho nrfs of fho obIo
IIghffoId Infh. A common dIvIsIon hns fho nrfs of fho nfh
nrrnngod In fhroo grous mornIIfy rIghf ncfIon, sooch nnd
IIvoIIhood, ModIfnfIon rIghf offorf, mIndfuInoss nnd conconfrnfIon
nnd WIsdom rIghf vIow nnd rIghf fhoughf. Horo howovor fho nrfs
of fho Infh nro nrrnngod In four grous ns foIIows.
I !Ighf vIow InvosfIgnfos fho nnfuro of fho !IfImnfo Trufh.
II !Ighf fhoughf rovonIs mnnIfoId objocfs.
III !Ighf IIvoIIhood, sooch nnd ncfIon cnuso ofhors fo roduco
fnIfh.
Iv !Ighf mIndfuInoss, conconfrnfIon nnd offorf corrocf fho
nffIIcfIons.

CXIV. CXV. ThIs bIrfh Is sufforIng crnvIng Is cnIIod fho gronf
orIgIn of fhnf sufforIng Ifs cossnfIon Is IIbornfIon nnd fho nfh fo
nffnIn fhnf IIbornfIon Is fho obIo IIghffoId Infh. Thoroforo
nIwnys fry fo ronIIzo fho Iour obIo Trufhs, for ovon Iny ooIo
dwoIIIng In fho In of rosorIfy cross fho rIvor of fho nffIIcfIons by
fhIs knowIodgo.

IIrfh, sIcknoss, oId ngo nnd donfh nro sufforIng. Tho
nffIIcfIons Ignornnco, crnvIng nnd so forfh nnd Knrmn nro fho cnuso.
!"#$%&', fho ond of nII sufforIng Is cossnfIon. Tho obIo IIghffoId
Infh Is fho wny fo fho ond of sufforIng. Thoroforo, know sufforIng
romovo fho cnuso nffnIn cossnfIon nnd rncfIco fho Infh. You do nof
hnvo fo bo n monk fo nffnIn !"#$%&'. Ivon Iny ooIo IIko fho
Iuddhn's own fnfhor nffnInod IIbornfIon jusf by knowIng fho Iour
obIo Trufhs.

CXVI. Thoso who ronIIzod fho Trufh noIfhor foII from fho sky nor
srnng u from fho womb of fho onrfh IIko grnIn, ns fhoy woro
formorIy orsons subjocf fo fho nffIIcfIons.
42

!Ibornfod ooIo hnvo Ioff bohInd fho fIrsf fwo Trufhs nnd
hnvo nffnInod fho Inffor fwo. IormorIy, fhoy sufforod nnd woro
subjocf fo fho nffIIcfIons jusf IIko ordInnry ooIo. Howovor, fhoy
rosoIvod fo chnngo fhoIr sIfunfIon, consuIfod roIIgIous nufhorIfIos,
rncfIcod fho Infh nnd nffnInod fho hIghosf gonI. Thoroforo, nnyono
cnn bocomo nn Arhnf, IodhIsnffvn or n Iuddhn If onIy ho or sho
docIdos fo nIy fhomsoIvos.

CXVII. Oh fonrIoss ono, fho IIossod Ono snId fhnf fho mInd Is fho
roof of vIrfuo, so dIscIIIno your mInd fhIs Is bonofIcInI nnd usofuI
ndvIco, so whnf nood Is fhoro fo sny nnyfhIng moro.

As fhIngs sfnnd now, you nro confroIIod by your mInd, nnd In
furn your mInd Is subjocf fo fho nffIIcfIons nnd dIsfrncfIons. o
wondor fhon fhnf you nro unhny nnd dIsfrossod, nffocfod by nII
sorfs of froubIos. Iuf If onIy you couId confroI your mInd, fhon you
couId ronIIzo onco, hnInoss nnd froodom. Tho mInd Is fho koy fo
rndIcnIIy chnngIng your wny of oxorIoncIng fho worId nnd your own
sfnfo of boIng. Tho Iuddhn nnd IuddhIsf mnsfors hnvo nIwnys
omhnsIzod fho Imorfnnco of fho mInd. Thoroforo, conconfrnfo
uon dIscIIInIng your own mInd, nnd you wIII soo n dofInIfo
Imrovomonf In fho qunIIfy of your IIfo.

CXVIII. If Is dIffIcuIf ovon for n monk In IsoInfIon fo foIIow fho
counsoI whIch hns boon gIvon fo you yof mnko fhIs IIfo monnIngfuI
fhrough cuIfIvnfIng fho qunIIfy of fho ossonco of nny of fhoso
rncfIcos.

Ivon If you cnn'f foIIow nII fho ndvIco gIvon In fhIs Ioffor, do
your bosf fo rncfIco ns much of If ns you cnn. Thon your IIfo wIII nof
hnvo boon wnsfod, buf wIII hnvo boon worfhwhIIo. You wIII corfnInIy
nchIovo gronfor hnInoss nnd rosorIfy now nnd In fho fufuro, nnd
ovonfunIIy you wIII gnIn froodom.

43
CXIX. CXXn. HnvIng rojoIcod In fho vIrfuos of nII IIvIng boIngs,
hnvIng nIso dodIcnfod your fhroofoId good conducf fo fho nffnInmonf
of Iuddhnhood, nnd hnvIng mnsforod fho whoIo of yogn, fhon you
wIII hnvo counfIoss bIrfhs In fho ronIms of gods nnd humnn boIngs
fhrough fhIs hon of morIf.

CXXb. CXXI. Iorn IIko 6"D& *7&.E8/1F27&"& nIdIng fhrough
hIs conducf mnny sfrIckon ooIo nnd dIsoIIIng dIsonso, oId ngo,
nffnchmonf nnd hnfrod, for IImIfIoss IIfofImos IIko fho Irofocfor of
fho worId, fho IIossod Ono *%/1#!$& In HIs IuddhnfIoId.

Through rncfIcIng fho nfh, bocomo IIko AvnIokIfosvnrn fho
Cronf IodhIsnffvn who born of hIs own froo wIII In Snmsrn,
roIIovos fho sufforIng of nII IIvIng boIngs nnd oncourngos fhom fo
frond fho nfh fo hnInoss nnd IIbornfIon. Iocomo foo IIko
AmIfbhn fho HonvonIy Iuddhn who dwoIIs ofornnIIy In hIs
IuddhnfIoId,
8
Tho Hny Innd or Wosforn InrndIso whoro ho
nurfuros fho roIIgIous cnncIfIos of IIvIng boIngs so fhnf fhoy mny
nffnIn fo fho fInnI gonI.

CXXII. CXXIII. HnvIng srond fo fho gods' ronIms, fho sky nnd on
fho onrfh your gronf unbIomIshod fnmo nrIsIng from wIsdom,
mornIIfy nnd gIvIng, nnd hnvIng suroIy subduod fho doIIghf of gods
In honvon nnd mon on onrfh In fho onjoymonf of good young womon,
nnd hnvIng gnInod fho !ordshI of fho Conquorors oxfInguIshIng fho
nrIsIng of fonr nnd donfh for muIfIfudos of IIvIng boIngs orossod
by fho nffIIcfIons, nffnIn fho fnuIfIoss, ngoIoss, fonrIoss sfnfo whIch
Is oncofuI, onIy n nnmo nnd frnnscondonf.

Mnsfor fho wIsdom of fho convonfIonnI nnd uIfImnfo frufhs.
IrncfIco fho orfocfIons of fho IodhIsnffvn, gIvIng nnd fho IIko. In
fhIs wny you wIII bocomo nn oxnmIo fo nII In fho worId nnd In
honvon. Whon you hnvo bocomo n gronf IodhIsnffvn or Iuddhn, you
wIII oxIsf ns Iong ns IIvIng boIngs oxIsf fo roIIovo fhoIr sufforIng nnd
fo show fhom fho wny fo hnInoss nnd froodom.

Part Two
The Heart of Interdependent
Origination
The Heart of Interdependent Origination
47

Section One

An Introduction to Nagarjuna's Heart of
Interdependent Origination

AII IuddhIsf schooIs hnvo donIod fho oxIsfonco of fho soIf ns
nn IdonfIcnI ormnnonf nnd ImmufnbIo subsfnnco whIch oxorIoncos
fho rosuIfs of formor ncfIons. Thoy hnvo nIso unIvorsnIIy rojocfod fho
nofIon of n suromo god. Thoy hnvo howovor nccofod fho roInfIvo
ronIIfy of rooxIsfonco nnd subsoquonf robIrfh ns woII ns fho
rovIsIonnI offIcIoncy of ncfIons Knrmn. Thoso who ndhoro fo fho
docfrIno of fho soIf hnvo oosod fhIs vIow, bocnuso ns fhoy confond,
donInI of nn IdonfIcnI ormnnonf nnd ImmufnbIo soIf confrovorfs fho
offIcIoncy of ncfIons nnd fho docfrIno of robIrfh. Tho IuddhIsf
schooIs hnvo roIIod fo fhIs objocfIon wIfh fho docfrIno of
Tho docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon hns boon
oxoundod nf Iongfh by fho Iuddhn In numorous dIscoursos, mosf
nofnbIy In fho S0lie/onIoea/ro
l
whoroIn fho fnmous nnd offon cIfod
oxnmIo of fho Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon of fho srouf nonrs.
CommonfnrIos fo fho dIscourso woro comosod by IuddhIsf mnsfors,
such ns grjunn nnd KnmnInsIn. As fho Mndhynmnkn sysfom Is
bnsod uon nn InforrofnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhIs
docfrIno hns boon confrnI fo Ifs IncofIon nnd dovoIomonf.
grjunn, fho foromosf oxononf of fho Mndhynmnkn, hns wrIffon
oxfonsIvoIy on fho subjocf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Among hIs
works nro counfod hIs commonfnry fo fho S0lie/onIoea/ro,
r,o0lie/onIo/0ri/0n0nonol0,0noea/ro/i/0 nnd fho fwonfy
sIxfh chnfor of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, nnd Ifs
commonfnry fho Dt0Joe0ngopori/,0n0noeotino/ipro/oro;o ns
woII ns Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd Ifs nufo
48
commonfnry. Tho SnnskrIf foxf of Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is no Iongor oxfnnf, fhoroforo fho foxf wo usod for fho
frnnsInfIon Is fho TIbofnn vorsIon whIch nonrs In fho Tnn Cyur
mo XVII. Tho TIbofnn frnnsInfIon wns mndo In fho fIrsf qunrfor
of fho nInfh confury by JInnmIfrn, nnsIn, BIondrnbodhI nnd Yo
shossdo undor fho nfronngo of fho fhon TIbofnn kIng, KhrIsdo
srongfsnn. Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is wIdoIy
nffrIbufod fo grjunn. In fhIs cnso, fho frndIfIonnI nffrIbufIon hns
boon InrgoIy nccofod by modorn schoInrs, nof Ionsf on fho sfrongfh
of fho fncf fhnf CnndrnkrfI cIfos n sfnnzn nnd n hnIf from fho work
In Tho CIonrIy Wordod Irnsnnnnnd0) hIs commonfnry fo Tho
onofhoIoss, If sooms ronsonnbIo fo nssumo fhnf onIy fho fIrsf
fIvo of fho sovon sfnnzns whIch curronfIy consfIfufo fho foxf In fho
TIbofnn Cnnon ncfunIIy boIong fo fho orIgInnI. ThIs nssumfIon
foIIows from fho fncf fhnf fho nufocommonfnry covors onIy fho fIrsf
fIvo sfnnzns, nnd from fho fncf fhnf fho sIxfh nnd sovonfh sfnnzns
mny bo found In !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns nnd In Tho
Ornnmonf of fho SocInI CommIfmonfs AIlieono,0lon/0ro.
Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, nIfhough shorf, Is
undoubfodIy nn Imorfnnf work, bocnuso of fho nxIoIogIcnI nnfuro of
fho foIc whIch If fronfs. Tho vnIuo of n docInmnfory nnd dIdncfIc
sfnfomonf on fho nrf of grjunn wIfh rognrd fo fho confrnI
docfrIno of fho IuddhIsf frndIfIon, Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, cnn
scnrcoIy bo quosfIonod gIvon fho oIomIcnI nnfuro of works IIko Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny nnd ImfInoss Tho
Sovonfy Sfnnzns. Thoroforo, fho fronfmonf nccordod fo fho docfrIno
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon by grjunn In Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon hns fo bo soon ns hnvIng n formnfIvo
funcfIon for fho whoIo of fho Mnhynn frndIfIon.
Tho docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon hns from fho vory
fIrsf boon of nrnmounf Imorfnnco for rncfIfIonors of fho IuddhIsf
fnIfh. In fho S0lie/onIoea/ro, fho !ord, fho Iuddhn hns snId, "Tho
monk who soos Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, soos fho hnrmn. Ho
who soos fho hnrmn, soos fho Iuddhn." WhIIo nII fho schooIs of
IuddhIsm hnvo wIfhouf oxcofIon nccofod fho fonchIng of
47

Section One

An Introduction to Nagarjuna's Heart of

AII IuddhIsf schooIs hnvo donIod fho oxIsfonco of fho soIf ns
nn IdonfIcnI ormnnonf nnd ImmufnbIo subsfnnco whIch oxorIoncos
fho rosuIfs of formor ncfIons. Thoy hnvo nIso unIvorsnIIy rojocfod fho
nofIon of n suromo god. Thoy hnvo howovor nccofod fho roInfIvo
ronIIfy of rooxIsfonco nnd subsoquonf robIrfh ns woII ns fho
rovIsIonnI offIcIoncy of ncfIons Knrmn. Thoso who ndhoro fo fho
docfrIno of fho soIf hnvo oosod fhIs vIow, bocnuso ns fhoy confond,
donInI of nn IdonfIcnI ormnnonf nnd ImmufnbIo soIf confrovorfs fho
offIcIoncy of ncfIons nnd fho docfrIno of robIrfh. Tho IuddhIsf
schooIs hnvo roIIod fo fhIs objocfIon wIfh fho docfrIno of
Tho docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon hns boon
oxoundod nf Iongfh by fho Iuddhn In numorous dIscoursos, mosf
nofnbIy In fho !"#$%&'()'%*&+'
l
whoroIn fho fnmous nnd offon cIfod
oxnmIo of fho Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon of fho srouf nonrs.
CommonfnrIos fo fho dIscourso woro comosod by IuddhIsf mnsfors,
such ns !"#"$%&'( nnd )(*(+(,-+(. As fho Mndhynmnkn sysfom Is
bnsod uon nn InforrofnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhIs
docfrIno hns boon confrnI fo Ifs IncofIon nnd dovoIomonf.
!"#"$%&'(, fho foromosf oxononf of fho Mndhynmnkn, hns wrIffon
oxfonsIvoIy on fho subjocf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Among hIs
works nro counfod hIs commonfnry fo fho !"#$%&'()'%*&+',
,+-'."#$%&'()'/"+$/"0"('('1"-"0'%*&+'&2/" nnd fho fwonfy
sIxfh chnfor of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, nnd Ifs
commonfnry fho 34"5'%"67'8'+$/9"0"('%':4$;.'&$8+'/'+'<' ns
woII ns Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd Ifs nufo
48
commonfnry. Tho SnnskrIf foxf of Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is no Iongor oxfnnf, fhoroforo fho foxf wo usod for fho
frnnsInfIon Is fho TIbofnn vorsIon whIch nonrs In fho Tnn Cyur
mo XVII. Tho TIbofnn frnnsInfIon wns mndo In fho fIrsf qunrfor
of fho nInfh confury by JInnmIfrn, ."'(,-+(, /-+0'1$(23145 nnd Yo
shossdo undor fho nfronngo of fho fhon TIbofnn kIng, KhrIsdo
srongfsnn. Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is wIdoIy
nffrIbufod fo !"#"$%&'(. In fhIs cnso, fho frndIfIonnI nffrIbufIon hns
boon InrgoIy nccofod by modorn schoInrs, nof Ionsf on fho sfrongfh
of fho fncf fhnf 6('1$(7-$859 cIfos n sfnnzn nnd n hnIf from fho work
In Tho CIonrIy Wordod Irnsnnnnnd": hIs commonfnry fo Tho
onofhoIoss, If sooms ronsonnbIo fo nssumo fhnf onIy fho fIrsf
fIvo of fho sovon sfnnzns whIch curronfIy consfIfufo fho foxf In fho
TIbofnn Cnnon ncfunIIy boIong fo fho orIgInnI. ThIs nssumfIon
foIIows from fho fncf fhnf fho nufocommonfnry covors onIy fho fIrsf
fIvo sfnnzns, nnd from fho fncf fhnf fho sIxfh nnd sovonfh sfnnzns
mny bo found In !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns nnd In Tho
Ornnmonf of fho SocInI CommIfmonfs =)1$%'('-"#';/"+'.
Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon; nIfhough shorf, Is
undoubfodIy nn Imorfnnf work, bocnuso of fho nxIoIogIcnI nnfuro of
fho foIc whIch If fronfs. Tho vnIuo of n docInmnfory nnd dIdncfIc
sfnfomonf on fho nrf of !"#"$%&'( wIfh rognrd fo fho confrnI
docfrIno of fho IuddhIsf frndIfIon, Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, cnn
scnrcoIy bo quosfIonod gIvon fho oIomIcnI nnfuro of works IIko Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny nnd ImfInoss Tho
Sovonfy Sfnnzns. Thoroforo, fho fronfmonf nccordod fo fho docfrIno
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon by !"#"$%&'( In Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon hns fo bo soon ns hnvIng n formnfIvo
funcfIon for fho whoIo of fho <(4"="'( frndIfIon.
Tho docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon hns from fho vory
fIrsf boon of nrnmounf Imorfnnco for rncfIfIonors of fho IuddhIsf
fnIfh. In fho !"#$%&'()'%*&+'; fho !ord, fho Iuddhn hns snId, "Tho
monk who soos Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, soos fho hnrmn. Ho
who soos fho hnrmn, soos fho Iuddhn." WhIIo nII fho schooIs of
IuddhIsm hnvo wIfhouf oxcofIon nccofod fho fonchIng of
49
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, If hns boon Inforrofod
chnrncforIsfIcnIIy by fho vnrIous schooIs. Tho Mnhynn IuddhIsf
nccofs fho InforrofnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon ns If wns
oxoundod by grjunn nnd Asnngn, fho foundors of fho MIddIo
Wny mndhynmnkn) nnd fho MInd OnIy ci//on0/ro) schooIs
rosocfIvoIy. Iofh ndof fho fhroofoId cycIIcnI cInssIfIcnfIon of fho
fwoIvo consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon from Tho
Iscourso of fho Ton Sfngos DooIlani/oea/ro.
2
In Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, grjunn oxInIns fhnf fho fwo
nIfornnfIvos of ormnnonco nnd nnnIhIInfIon or fho donInI of
confInuIfy nro nvoIdod fhrough fho fonchIng of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon. grjunn, moroovor, docInros fhnf Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is oquIvnIonf fo ImfInoss. Thoroforo Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is fho vory foundnfIon of grjunn's concofIon of fho
uIfImnfo frufh.
Tho foxf, nrfIcuInrIy If rond nIong wIfh fho nufocommonfnry
ns fho sfnnzns nIono nro oxfromoIy schomnfIc, rovonIs nn orIonfnfIon
rnfhor dIfforonf from fhnf of !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns nnd
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. If Is nIso mnrkodIy dIfforonf In Ifs
objocf nnd uroso from ofhor woII known works of grjunn IIko
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny. IIrsfIy, If Is cIonr fhnf
Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is nn oIomonfnry foxf
monnf fo Infroduco fho rnnk novIco fo fho confrnI docfrIno of
IuddhIsm socInIIy ns If Is undorsfood by fho Mnhynn frndIfIon.
In so fnr ns If Is oIomonfnry In nnfuro, If Is nof rImnrIIy dIrocfod
ngnInsf fho vIows of fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs. On fho ofhor hnnd fho
ofhor foxfs IncIudod In fhIs book ns woII ns Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns
of fho MIddIo Wny nro cIonrIy nImod nf osfnbIIshIng fho
Mndhynmnkn hIIosohy In fho mInds of fho roMndhynmnkn
IuddhIsfs.
Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is dIrocfod nf n
gonornI nudIonco hnrdIy, If nf nII, fnmIIInr wIfh IuddhIsf fonofs.
ThIs much Is obvIous from n numbor of Imorfnnf cIuos. In fho fIrsf
Inco, fhoro nonrs n Iongfhy IIsf of orronoous cnusos of fho worId
of oxorIonco whIch IncIudos fho fnvorIfo docfrInos of sovornI non
IuddhIsf schooIs. Tho Smkhyn docfrIno of orIgInnfIon of fho worId
50
fhrough fho InforncfIon of rImordInI mnffor nnd sIrIf Is nIIudod fo
ns Is fho docfrIno of fho MnforInIIsfs who mnInfnInod fhnf chnnco
wns fho rImo movor In fho cronfIvo rocoss. Tho docfrIno of fho
nIyyIkns who woro nIso known ns ndvocnfos of fImo, K0lot0Jine
Is nIso monfIonod. A sImIInr IIsf of orronoous cnusos of fho
orIgInnfIon of fho worId nIso nonrs In grjunn's Tho Cood
Honrfod !offor buf fhoro foo fho foxf Is ndmIffodIy nn oIomonfnry
nnd Infroducfory ono.
!nfor, wo fInd n rhoforIcnI quosfIon osod rognrdIng fho
IdonfIfy of fho soIf nnd fho osfonsIbIo cronfIvo funcfIon of n suromo
soIf or god. Thoroby wIfh n sIngIo doff sfroko, grjunn mnnngos fo
roIy bofh fo fho docfrIno of nn IdonfIcnI soIf nnd fo fhnf of n cronfor
god. Iofh docfrInos woro undoubfodIy ouInr, buf noIfhor cnn In
nny wny bo IdonfIfIod wIfh nny IuddhIsf schooI. Ivon fho much
mnIIgnod IorsonnIIsfs PuJgolot0Jine of fho mIddIo orIod of fho
dovoIomonf of fho fInnI IuddhIsf concofIon of orsonnIIfy cnnnof
bo suosod fo bo fho objocf of fhIs crIfIquo, nrfIcuInrIy ns noIfhor
fhoy nor nny ofhor IuddhIsf schooI ovor wonf so fnr ns fo ndvocnfo
fho cronfIvo funcfIon of n suromo soIf. In fho IIghf of fhoso
consIdornfIons, If sooms nnronf fhnf fho foxf Is chIofIy monnf fo
osfnbIIsh fho IuddhIsf docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
ImIyIng ns If doos from fho Mndhynmnkn sfnndoInf, fho
confInuIfy of cnuso nnd offocf, fho nvoIdnnco of nIfornnfIvo vIows
nnd uIfImnfoIy ImfInoss. A cnso cnn nIso bo mndo for nssorfIng
fhnf Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons Vigrolot,0tor/oni Is nIso
InrgoIy dIrocfod ngnInsf nonIuddhIsf. In fho cnso of fhnf foxf, fho
oononf Is usunIIy fhoughf fo bo n nIyyIkn bocnuso of fho
froquonf nonrnnco of fho yyn cnfogorIos of IogIc. Howovor, If
shouId bo rocnIIod fhnf Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons nIso confnIns
roforoncos fo whoIosomo nnd unwhoIosomo fncfors whIch wouId
soom fo ImIIcnfo fho IuddhIsf ronIIsf sysfom of soforIoIogy.
Iorhns fho mosf Imorfnnf mossngo of fho foxf Is fo bo found
In Ifs InsIsfonco uon fho cycIIcnI nnfuro of fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. ThIs, If sooms fo us, Is n sIgnIfIcnnf
Imrovomonf uon fho IInonr schomo whIch Is found In mosf
AbhIdhnrmn or Vigrolot,0tor/oni fronfmonfs of fho subjocf. Thoro,
49
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, If hns boon Inforrofod
chnrncforIsfIcnIIy by fho vnrIous schooIs. Tho !"#$%$&" IuddhIsf
nccofs fho InforrofnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon ns If wns
oxoundod by '$($)*+&" nnd Asn,gn, fho foundors of fho MIddIo
Wny mndhynmnkn- nnd fho MInd OnIy !"##$%&#'$- schooIs
rosocfIvoIy. Iofh ndof fho fhroofoId cycIIcnI cInssIfIcnfIon of fho
fwoIvo consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon from Tho
Iscourso of fho Ton Sfngos ($)$*+,%"-$.,#'$.
2
In Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, '$($)*+&" oxInIns fhnf fho fwo
nIfornnfIvos of ormnnonco nnd nnnIhIInfIon or fho donInI of
confInuIfy nro nvoIdod fhrough fho fonchIng of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon. '$($)*+&", moroovor, docInros fhnf Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is oquIvnIonf fo ImfInoss. Thoroforo Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is fho vory foundnfIon of '$($)*+&"'s concofIon of fho
uIfImnfo frufh.
Tho foxf, nrfIcuInrIy If rond nIong wIfh fho nufocommonfnry
ns fho sfnnzns nIono nro oxfromoIy schomnfIc, rovonIs nn orIonfnfIon
rnfhor dIfforonf from fhnf of !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns nnd
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. If Is nIso mnrkodIy dIfforonf In Ifs
objocf nnd uroso from ofhor woII known works of '$($)*+&" IIko
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny. IIrsfIy, If Is cIonr fhnf
Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is nn oIomonfnry foxf
monnf fo Infroduco fho rnnk novIco fo fho confrnI docfrIno of
IuddhIsm socInIIy ns If Is undorsfood by fho !"#$%$&" frndIfIon.
In so fnr ns If Is oIomonfnry In nnfuro, If Is nof rImnrIIy dIrocfod
ngnInsf fho vIows of fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs. On fho ofhor hnnd fho
ofhor foxfs IncIudod In fhIs book ns woII ns Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns
of fho MIddIo Wny nro cIonrIy nImod nf osfnbIIshIng fho
Mndhynmnkn hIIosohy In fho mInds of fho roMndhynmnkn
IuddhIsfs.
Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is dIrocfod nf n
gonornI nudIonco hnrdIy, If nf nII, fnmIIInr wIfh IuddhIsf fonofs.
ThIs much Is obvIous from n numbor of Imorfnnf cIuos. In fho fIrsf
Inco, fhoro nonrs n Iongfhy IIsf of orronoous cnusos of fho worId
of oxorIonco whIch IncIudos fho fnvorIfo docfrInos of sovornI non
IuddhIsf schooIs. Tho .$/0#%" docfrIno of orIgInnfIon of fho worId
50
fhrough fho InforncfIon of rImordInI mnffor nnd sIrIf Is nIIudod fo
ns Is fho docfrIno of fho MnforInIIsfs who mnInfnInod fhnf chnnco
wns fho rImo movor In fho cronfIvo rocoss. Tho docfrIno of fho
'"1%$%10"2 who woro nIso known ns ndvocnfos of fImo, /&0$1&2"3.
Is nIso monfIonod. A sImIInr IIsf of orronoous cnusos of fho
orIgInnfIon of fho worId nIso nonrs In '$($)*+&"'s Tho Cood
Honrfod !offor buf fhoro foo fho foxf Is ndmIffodIy nn oIomonfnry
nnd Infroducfory ono.
!nfor, wo fInd n rhoforIcnI quosfIon osod rognrdIng fho
IdonfIfy of fho soIf nnd fho osfonsIbIo cronfIvo funcfIon of n suromo
soIf or god. Thoroby wIfh n sIngIo doff sfroko, '$($)*+&" mnnngos fo
roIy bofh fo fho docfrIno of nn IdonfIcnI soIf nnd fo fhnf of n cronfor
god. Iofh docfrInos woro undoubfodIy ouInr, buf noIfhor cnn In
nny wny bo IdonfIfIod wIfh nny IuddhIsf schooI. Ivon fho much
mnIIgnod IorsonnIIsfs 4526$0$1&2"3. of fho mIddIo orIod of fho
dovoIomonf of fho fInnI IuddhIsf concofIon of orsonnIIfy cnnnof
bo suosod fo bo fho objocf of fhIs crIfIquo, nrfIcuInrIy ns noIfhor
fhoy nor nny ofhor IuddhIsf schooI ovor wonf so fnr ns fo ndvocnfo
fho cronfIvo funcfIon of n suromo soIf. In fho IIghf of fhoso
consIdornfIons, If sooms nnronf fhnf fho foxf Is chIofIy monnf fo
osfnbIIsh fho IuddhIsf docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
ImIyIng ns If doos from fho Mndhynmnkn sfnndoInf, fho
confInuIfy of cnuso nnd offocf, fho nvoIdnnco of nIfornnfIvo vIows
nnd uIfImnfoIy ImfInoss. A cnso cnn nIso bo mndo for nssorfIng
fhnf Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons 7"6'$+$18&1$'#$39 Is nIso
InrgoIy dIrocfod ngnInsf nonIuddhIsf. In fho cnso of fhnf foxf, fho
oononf Is usunIIy fhoughf fo bo n '"1%$%10" bocnuso of fho
froquonf nonrnnco of fho y$yn cnfogorIos of IogIc. Howovor, If
shouId bo rocnIIod fhnf Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons nIso confnIns
roforoncos fo whoIosomo nnd unwhoIosomo fncfors whIch wouId
soom fo ImIIcnfo fho IuddhIsf ronIIsf sysfom of soforIoIogy.
Iorhns fho mosf Imorfnnf mossngo of fho foxf Is fo bo found
In Ifs InsIsfonco uon fho cycIIcnI nnfuro of fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. ThIs, If sooms fo us, Is n sIgnIfIcnnf
Imrovomonf uon fho IInonr schomo whIch Is found In mosf
AbhIdhnrmn or 7"6'$+$18&1$'#$39 fronfmonfs of fho subjocf. Thoro,
51
ns Is woII known, fho fwoIvo nro nIso dIvIdod Info fhroo cnfogorIos,
howovor fho dIvIsIon Is much Ioss sohIsfIcnfod nnd nIso Ioss
snfIsfncfory for n numbor of ronsons whIch wo wIII nffomf fo dofnII.
Tho rnfhor sImIIsfIc schomnfIznfIon of fho fwoIvo
consfIfuonfs ossnyod by fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs moroIy nssIgns fho
fIrsf fwo consfIfuonfs, Ignornnco nnd voIIfIons, fo fho nsf IIfo. Tho
noxf oIghf from conscIousnoss fo bocomIng fo fho rosonf IIfo nnd
fho fInnI fwo, bIrfh nnd oId ngo nnd donfh, fo fho fufuro IIfo. ThIs
IInonr nnd sorInI nrrnngomonf Ionvos sovornI quosfIons unnnsworod.
IIrsfIy, whnf hnons noxf Aro wo fo nssumo fhnf nffor bIrfh nnd
oId ngo nnd donfh whIch ns wo hnvo soon boIong fo fho fufuro IIfo,
Ignornnco nnd voIIfIons sImIy fnko ovor ngnIn nnd so roonf fho
fhroo IIvos rocoduro Thon whnf nbouf fho rosonf IIfo Is If
ronsonnbIo fo suoso fhnf Ignornnco nnd voIIfIons whIch nro snId fo
boIong fo fho nsf IIfo sImIy dIsnonr AIfhough schoInsfIc
soIufIons mny hnvo boon roosod In nn nffomf fo soIvo nny or nII
of fhoso robIoms, on fho whoIo, wo cnnnof hoI buf concIudo fhnf
fho fhroo IIvos schomo Is nf bosf rnfhor nrfIfIcInI.
On fho ofhor hnnd, fho dIvIsIon of fho fwoIvo Info fho fhroo
cnfogorIos of nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd sufforIngs whIch romovos fhom
from n sorInI rogrossIon nnd fhoroby dofomornIIzos fhom
nIfogofhor hns dofInIfo IogIcnI nnd sychoIogIcnI ndvnnfngos. wo
wouId nrguo fhnf fho docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
ossonfInIIy synonymous wIfh fhnf of fho Iour obIo Trufhs, nnd
mosf nfonfIy wIfh fho fIrsf fwo, fho frufhs of sufforIng nnd Ifs
orIgIn. Tho Inffor fwo frufhs, cossnfIon nnd fho nfh cnn bo onsIIy
oxfrnoInfod from fho consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
moroIy by doconsfrucfIng fhom. In ns much ns fho movomonf fownrd
IIbornfIon Is ngrood fo bo n nognfIvo rocoss, fhnf Is fo sny, nn
undoIng of fho knof of Snmsrn rnfhor fhnn fho nchIovomonf of
nnyfhIng concrofo, fhIs Is orfocfIy InusIbIo. If our nssumfIon Is
corrocf, fhon fho frufh of fho cnuso of sufforIng Is oxrossIy sfnfod fo
consIsf of nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons, nnd so grjunn's schomo Is In
comIofo hnrmony wIfh fhIs concofIon. IosIdos, Iof us fnko n Iook
for n momonf nf how nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons funcfIon fo roduco
sufforIng. Tho nffIIcfIons Ignornnco, crnvIng nnd cIIngIng, In fho
52
cnso of fho fwoIvo, nro sfnfos of InfoIIocfunI nnd omofIonnI
obscurnfIon nnd orfurbnfIon. Tho nbsonco of nvorsIon or III wIII
whIch offon occurs IIsfod nIong sIdo Ignornnco nnd crnvIng or
nffnchmonf nood nof bofhor us, bocnuso crnvIng nnd cIIngIng whIch
nro sfnfos of omofIonnI nffnchmonf nro obvIousIy comIImonfod by
fhoIr oosIfo, fhnf Is nvorsIon, III wIII or nngor. Thoso sfnfos of
InfoIIocfunI nnd omofIonnI confusIon nnfurnIIy ImoI ono fo ncfIons,
for fho sImIo ronson fhnf nn InfoIIocfunI nnd omofIonnI ImbnInnco
ns n mnffor of courso Ionds fo voIIfIonnI or InfonfIonnI ncfIons monnf
fo socuro fho mIsnrohondod objocfs of dosIro, or nIfornnfIvoIy,
romovo fho oqunIIy mIsnrohondod objocfs of nvorsIon. Tho fIrsf of
fho comononfs of ncfIons nccordIng fo fho schomo of fho fwoIvo
rosonfod In Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nro voIIfIons.
Ivon fnkon by fhomsoIvos, voIIfIons hnvo n sfnfIc ns woII ns n
dynnmIc fncof. Tho sfnfIc nnd dynnmIc nsocfs nro rofIocfod In fho
nIfornnfIvo frnnsInfIons of fho orIgInnI form eone/0ro monfnI
formnfIons, rodIsosIfIons, voIIfIons ofc. Tnkon fogofhor wIfh
bocomIng whIch horo rorosonfs fho crIfIcnI forco whIch ImoIs ono
fo confInuod robIrfh, fho ncfIons cnfogory cIonrIy consfIfufos fho
socIfIc cnuso of nrfIcuInr forms of oxorIonco, nII of whIch fnkon
fogofhor mny bo cInssIfIod ns sufforIngs. ow If wo oxnmIno for n
momonf fho sovon consfIfuonfs whIch comrIso fho cnfogory of
sufforIngs In grjunn's schomo wo wIII soo fhnf If IncIudos
conscIousnoss, nnmo nnd form, fho sIx sonso shoros, confncf,
fooIIng, bIrfh nnd oId ngo nnd donfh. AII of fho forogoIng cIonrIy
mnko u fho sfuff of ordInnry oxorIonco, fho conscIous ns oosod
fo fho unconscIous, or somI conscIous cnfogorIos of nffIIcfIons nnd
ncfIons. Tho offocf, In gonornI, of such oxorIonco Is fo roInforco, nof
fo dIssoIvo fho cnusos of fho oxorIonco of sufforIng. Thoroforo, If Is
onfIroIy ronsonnbIo fo suoso fhnf from fhoso sovon, In furn, fhroo
orIgInnfo,
3
fhnf Is fo sny, fho oxorIonco of ordInnry sonfIonf boIngs,
If Ioff unchockod by nrorInfo fochnIquos, nnfurnIIy confrIbufos fo
fho orofunfIon of fho whooI of oxIsfonco, fho cIrcIo of Snmsrn.
In Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, grjunn
fIrmIy osfnbIIshos cnusnIIfy ns fho bnsIs of fho honomonnI worId,
buf fhIs nffIrmnfIon Is omhnfIcnIIy IInkod wIfh fho docInrnfIon of
51
ns Is woII known, fho fwoIvo nro nIso dIvIdod Info fhroo cnfogorIos,
howovor fho dIvIsIon Is much Ioss sohIsfIcnfod nnd nIso Ioss
snfIsfncfory for n numbor of ronsons whIch wo wIII nffomf fo dofnII.
Tho rnfhor sImIIsfIc schomnfIznfIon of fho fwoIvo
consfIfuonfs ossnyod by fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs moroIy nssIgns fho
fIrsf fwo consfIfuonfs, Ignornnco nnd voIIfIons, fo fho nsf IIfo. Tho
noxf oIghf from conscIousnoss fo bocomIng fo fho rosonf IIfo nnd
fho fInnI fwo, bIrfh nnd oId ngo nnd donfh, fo fho fufuro IIfo. ThIs
IInonr nnd sorInI nrrnngomonf Ionvos sovornI quosfIons unnnsworod.
IIrsfIy, whnf hnons noxf Aro wo fo nssumo fhnf nffor bIrfh nnd
oId ngo nnd donfh whIch ns wo hnvo soon boIong fo fho fufuro IIfo,
Ignornnco nnd voIIfIons sImIy fnko ovor ngnIn nnd so roonf fho
fhroo IIvos rocoduro Thon whnf nbouf fho rosonf IIfo Is If
ronsonnbIo fo suoso fhnf Ignornnco nnd voIIfIons whIch nro snId fo
boIong fo fho nsf IIfo sImIy dIsnonr AIfhough schoInsfIc
soIufIons mny hnvo boon roosod In nn nffomf fo soIvo nny or nII
of fhoso robIoms, on fho whoIo, wo cnnnof hoI buf concIudo fhnf
fho fhroo IIvos schomo Is nf bosf rnfhor nrfIfIcInI.
On fho ofhor hnnd, fho dIvIsIon of fho fwoIvo Info fho fhroo
cnfogorIos of nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd sufforIngs whIch romovos fhom
from n sorInI rogrossIon nnd fhoroby dofomornIIzos fhom
nIfogofhor hns dofInIfo IogIcnI nnd sychoIogIcnI ndvnnfngos. wo
wouId nrguo fhnf fho docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
ossonfInIIy synonymous wIfh fhnf of fho Iour obIo Trufhs, nnd
mosf nfonfIy wIfh fho fIrsf fwo, fho frufhs of sufforIng nnd Ifs
orIgIn. Tho Inffor fwo frufhs, cossnfIon nnd fho nfh cnn bo onsIIy
oxfrnoInfod from fho consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
moroIy by doconsfrucfIng fhom. In ns much ns fho movomonf fownrd
IIbornfIon Is ngrood fo bo n nognfIvo rocoss, fhnf Is fo sny, nn
undoIng of fho knof of !"#$%&" rnfhor fhnn fho nchIovomonf of
nnyfhIng concrofo, fhIs Is orfocfIy InusIbIo. If our nssumfIon Is
corrocf, fhon fho frufh of fho cnuso of sufforIng Is oxrossIy sfnfod fo
consIsf of nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons, nnd so '%(%&)*+"'s schomo Is In
comIofo hnrmony wIfh fhIs concofIon. IosIdos, Iof us fnko n Iook
for n momonf nf how nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons funcfIon fo roduco
sufforIng. Tho nffIIcfIons Ignornnco, crnvIng nnd cIIngIng, In fho
52
cnso of fho fwoIvo, nro sfnfos of InfoIIocfunI nnd omofIonnI
obscurnfIon nnd orfurbnfIon. Tho nbsonco of nvorsIon or III wIII
whIch offon occurs IIsfod nIong sIdo Ignornnco nnd crnvIng or
nffnchmonf nood nof bofhor us, bocnuso crnvIng nnd cIIngIng whIch
nro sfnfos of omofIonnI nffnchmonf nro obvIousIy comIImonfod by
fhoIr oosIfo, fhnf Is nvorsIon, III wIII or nngor. Thoso sfnfos of
InfoIIocfunI nnd omofIonnI confusIon nnfurnIIy ImoI ono fo ncfIons,
for fho sImIo ronson fhnf nn InfoIIocfunI nnd omofIonnI ImbnInnco
ns n mnffor of courso Ionds fo voIIfIonnI or InfonfIonnI ncfIons monnf
fo socuro fho mIsnrohondod objocfs of dosIro, or nIfornnfIvoIy,
romovo fho oqunIIy mIsnrohondod objocfs of nvorsIon. Tho fIrsf of
fho comononfs of ncfIons nccordIng fo fho schomo of fho fwoIvo
rosonfod In Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nro voIIfIons.
Ivon fnkon by fhomsoIvos, voIIfIons hnvo n sfnfIc ns woII ns n
dynnmIc fncof. Tho sfnfIc nnd dynnmIc nsocfs nro rofIocfod In fho
nIfornnfIvo frnnsInfIons of fho orIgInnI form !"#!$%&" monfnI
formnfIons, rodIsosIfIons, voIIfIons ofc. Tnkon fogofhor wIfh
bocomIng whIch horo rorosonfs fho crIfIcnI forco whIch ImoIs ono
fo confInuod robIrfh, fho ncfIons cnfogory cIonrIy consfIfufos fho
socIfIc cnuso of nrfIcuInr forms of oxorIonco, nII of whIch fnkon
fogofhor mny bo cInssIfIod ns sufforIngs. ow If wo oxnmIno for n
momonf fho sovon consfIfuonfs whIch comrIso fho cnfogory of
sufforIngs In '%(%&)*+"'s schomo wo wIII soo fhnf If IncIudos
conscIousnoss, nnmo nnd form, fho sIx sonso shoros, confncf,
fooIIng, bIrfh nnd oId ngo nnd donfh. AII of fho forogoIng cIonrIy
mnko u fho sfuff of ordInnry oxorIonco, fho conscIous ns oosod
fo fho unconscIous, or somI conscIous cnfogorIos of nffIIcfIons nnd
ncfIons. Tho offocf, In gonornI, of such oxorIonco Is fo roInforco, nof
fo dIssoIvo fho cnusos of fho oxorIonco of sufforIng. Thoroforo, If Is
onfIroIy ronsonnbIo fo suoso fhnf from fhoso sovon, In furn, fhroo
orIgInnfo,
3
fhnf Is fo sny, fho oxorIonco of ordInnry sonfIonf boIngs,
If Ioff unchockod by nrorInfo fochnIquos, nnfurnIIy confrIbufos fo
fho orofunfIon of fho whooI of oxIsfonco, fho cIrcIo of !"#$%&".
In Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, '%(%&)*+"
fIrmIy osfnbIIshos cnusnIIfy ns fho bnsIs of fho honomonnI worId,
buf fhIs nffIrmnfIon Is omhnfIcnIIy IInkod wIfh fho docInrnfIon of
53
fho oquIvnIonco of cnusnIIfy nnd ImfInoss. Irom fncfors whIch
nro onIy omfy, omfy fncfors orIgInnfo.
4
ThIs brIof nnd
unoInbornfod docInrnfIon rovonIs fho confrnI fhomo of grjunn's
hIIosohy.
Tho commonfnry dIscussos fho ImfInoss of fncfors In forms
of fho nbsonco In fhom of soIf nnd fhnf whIch orfnIns fo n soIf
0fmn0fmiyn. Tho fIrsf form Is gonornIIy undorsfood by nII who
hnvo hnd somo oxorIonco wIfh IuddhIsf fhoughf, buf fho Inffor Is
somofImos n sourco of uzzIomonf. In fncf, fho form ronIIy rofors fo
fho nggrognfos or gonornI consfIfuonfs whIch nro boIIovod fo
comoso fho orsonnIIfy. If wo Iook ovon cIosor nf fho monnIng of fho
hrnso, "fhnf whIch orfnIns fo n soIf", wo wIII soo fhnf If nIso
ImIIos fho mnnIfoId of fncfors dhnrmns. Tho oIghfoonfh chnfor of
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, for Insfnnco, bonrs fho
fIfIo fmndhnrmnnrik,0 In fho TIbofnn nnd ChInoso rondorIngs of
fho nnmo of fho chnfor. Tho fncf Is fhnf fho nggrognfos nro jusf
whnf fho nnmo ImIIos, fhnf Is nggrognfos of fncfors, nnd so fho
fncfors nro jusf frngmonfs of oxorIonco whIch coIIocfIvoIy rocoIvo
fho nnmo nggrognfos. Thoroforo, fho InsubsfnnfInIIfy of fho soIf In
fho confoxf of fhIs foxf Is nof rosfrIcfod fo fho nofsoIf of onrIy
IuddhIsm, buf Is nIso oxfondod fo IncIudo fho InsubsfnnfInIIfy of
fncfors Jlornonoir0/n,o) or ImfInoss IfsoIf.
AIfhough grjunn doos nof nIIow nny mIsnrohonsIon fo
onfor fho mInd of hIs InforIocufor rognrdIng fho omfInoss of
fncfors, hIs concorn In Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
fo omhnsIzo fho oquIoIso bofwoon cnusnIIfy nnd ImfInoss on fho
honomonnI IovoI nnd nrfIcuInrIy, In fho shoro of sychoIogIcnI
nnd ovon mornI ronIIfy. WhIIo fho fncfors nro omfy, fhoy
nonofhoIoss do orIgInnfo nffor n fnshIon. If fhoy dId nof, nnd fho
roInfIonshI bofwoon cnuso nnd offocf woro whoIIy dIscnrdod, If
wouId rosuIf In fho oxfromo nIfornnfIvo of nIhIIIsm whIch Is mornIIy
nnd oxIsfonfInIIy nbhorronf, bocnuso If Ionds fo nggrnvnfod sfnfos of
sufforIng. Thoroforo, In fho worId, fncfors orIgInnfo from cnusos. Tho
ndvocnfos of nn IdonfIcnI soIf whIch mny bo nssumod fo boIong by
nnd Inrgo fo fho IrnhmnnIcnI or rIosfIy frndIfIon In IndInn
hIIosohy wouId nrguo for fho oxIsfonco of nn IdonfIcnI soIf whIch
54
couId, In fhoIr vIow, snfogunrd fho sychoIogIcnI nnd mornI
confInuIfy of n sorIos of oxIsfoncos, buf fhIs Is oqunIIy unfonnbIo. An
IdonfIcnI soIf couId novor rosond fo fho conforfIons Imosod uon
fho orsonnIIfy by fho offocfs of InfonfIonnI ncfIons. As CnndrnkrfI
wns fo uf If Infor, "Such nn IdonfIcnI soIf wouId nocossnrIIy bo n
nononfIfy, n fIowor growIng In fho sky" wIfh no roIovnnco fo ncfIon
nnd consoquonco.
Iuf whnf fhon oxncfIy Is fho roInfIonshI bofwoon fho omfy
fncfors whIch funcfIon ns cnusos nnd fho oqunIIy omfy fncfors
whIch nonr ns offocfs grjunn suIIos n IIsf of oxnmIos by
monns of whIch fho unfnfhomnbIo buf nII foo fnmIIInr honomonon
Is fo bo undorsfood. Tho IIsf IncIudos such woII known fnvorIfos ns
fho Insfnnco of fho kIndIIng of n Inm from n fInmo, buf If nIso
Infroducos somo rnfhor novoI oxnmIos such ns fho fIrsf, fhnf of ornI
InsfrucfIons whIch Is oInbornfod In fho commonfnry. Tho oxnmIo
hns n ocuIInr roIovnnco If wo rocnII fhnf fho whoIo foxf Is sof In fho
confoxf of n mnsfor's InsfrucfIon of n dIscIIo. Tho concIusIon Is fhnf
from n cnuso, nn offocf orIgInnfos, buf whofhor cnuso nnd offocf nro
IdonfIcnI or dIfforonf Is InoxrossIbIo.
Tho nofIon of InoxrossIbIIIfy Is confrnI fo fho concIudIng
orfIons of fho foxf, nIfhough If Is orhns nof ns obvIous In
grjunn's ofhor works. So much so fhnf nn oufsfnndIng schoInr of
Mndhynmnkn hIIosohy somo yonrs ngo wns Iond fo sfnfo In rInf
fhnf "unIIko fho Vodnfn, fho Mndhynmnkn novor sofs u
InoxrossIbIIIfy ns n frufh vnIuo." AccordIng fo hIm, grjunn ofs
for nbsoIufo nognfIon Insfond. Tho sfnfomonf wouId of courso nof
hnvo boon mndo If fho nufhor hnd boon fnmIIInr wIfh nnd hnd
nccofod fho vory cIonr docInrnfIon In Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon. AcfunIIy, fho ndvocncy of InoxrossIbIIIfy In so fnr ns
fho funcfIonIng of cnuso nnd offocf In fho honomonnI worId Is
concornod Isn'f nII fhnf sfrnngo fo fho Mndhynmnkn. CnndrnkrfI, In
oIucIdnfIng honomonnI cnusnIIfy, nnd cnusnIIfy cnn of courso onIy
bo honomonnI, doscrIbos fho Mndhynmnkn oInf of vIow by
IIkonIng If fo fhnf of fho mnn In fho sfroof or fho fnrmor In fho fIoId.
Such n orson sImIy fnkos cognIznnco of fho fncf fhnf hnvIng
formorIy Innfod n sood, n son Is born, or nIfornnfIvoIy, n froo hns
53
fho oquIvnIonco of cnusnIIfy nnd ImfInoss. Irom fncfors whIch
nro onIy omfy, omfy fncfors orIgInnfo.
4
ThIs brIof nnd
unoInbornfod docInrnfIon rovonIs fho confrnI fhomo of !"#"$%&'('s
hIIosohy.
Tho commonfnry dIscussos fho ImfInoss of fncfors In forms
of fho nbsonco In fhom of soIf nnd fhnf whIch orfnIns fo n soIf
!fmn!fm"yn. Tho fIrsf form Is gonornIIy undorsfood by nII who
hnvo hnd somo oxorIonco wIfh IuddhIsf fhoughf, buf fho Inffor Is
somofImos n sourco of uzzIomonf. In fncf, fho form ronIIy rofors fo
fho nggrognfos or gonornI consfIfuonfs whIch nro boIIovod fo
comoso fho orsonnIIfy. If wo Iook ovon cIosor nf fho monnIng of fho
hrnso, "fhnf whIch orfnIns fo n soIf", wo wIII soo fhnf If nIso
ImIIos fho mnnIfoId of fncfors dhnrmns. Tho oIghfoonfh chnfor of
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, for Insfnnco, bonrs fho
fIfIo #fmndhnrmnnr"k$! In fho TIbofnn nnd ChInoso rondorIngs of
fho nnmo of fho chnfor. Tho fncf Is fhnf fho nggrognfos nro jusf
whnf fho nnmo ImIIos, fhnf Is nggrognfos of fncfors, nnd so fho
fncfors nro jusf frngmonfs of oxorIonco whIch coIIocfIvoIy rocoIvo
fho nnmo nggrognfos. Thoroforo, fho InsubsfnnfInIIfy of fho soIf In
fho confoxf of fhIs foxf Is nof rosfrIcfod fo fho nofsoIf of onrIy
IuddhIsm, buf Is nIso oxfondod fo IncIudo fho InsubsfnnfInIIfy of
fncfors %&'()'*'+(!,)-') or ImfInoss IfsoIf.
AIfhough !"#"$%&'( doos nof nIIow nny mIsnrohonsIon fo
onfor fho mInd of hIs InforIocufor rognrdIng fho omfInoss of
fncfors, hIs concorn In Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
fo omhnsIzo fho oquIoIso bofwoon cnusnIIfy nnd ImfInoss on fho
honomonnI IovoI nnd nrfIcuInrIy, In fho shoro of sychoIogIcnI
nnd ovon mornI ronIIfy. WhIIo fho fncfors nro omfy, fhoy
nonofhoIoss do orIgInnfo nffor n fnshIon. If fhoy dId nof, nnd fho
roInfIonshI bofwoon cnuso nnd offocf woro whoIIy dIscnrdod, If
wouId rosuIf In fho oxfromo nIfornnfIvo of nIhIIIsm whIch Is mornIIy
nnd oxIsfonfInIIy nbhorronf, bocnuso If Ionds fo nggrnvnfod sfnfos of
sufforIng. Thoroforo, In fho worId, fncfors orIgInnfo from cnusos. Tho
ndvocnfos of nn IdonfIcnI soIf whIch mny bo nssumod fo boIong by
nnd Inrgo fo fho *$(+,(nIcnI or rIosfIy frndIfIon In IndInn
hIIosohy wouId nrguo for fho oxIsfonco of nn IdonfIcnI soIf whIch
54
couId, In fhoIr vIow, snfogunrd fho sychoIogIcnI nnd mornI
confInuIfy of n sorIos of oxIsfoncos, buf fhIs Is oqunIIy unfonnbIo. An
IdonfIcnI soIf couId novor rosond fo fho conforfIons Imosod uon
fho orsonnIIfy by fho offocfs of InfonfIonnI ncfIons. As -('.$(/0$123
wns fo uf If Infor, "Such nn IdonfIcnI soIf wouId nocossnrIIy bo n
nononfIfy, n fIowor growIng In fho sky" wIfh no roIovnnco fo ncfIon
nnd consoquonco.
Iuf whnf fhon oxncfIy Is fho roInfIonshI bofwoon fho omfy
fncfors whIch funcfIon ns cnusos nnd fho oqunIIy omfy fncfors
whIch nonr ns offocfs !"#"$%&'( suIIos n IIsf of oxnmIos by
monns of whIch fho unfnfhomnbIo buf nII foo fnmIIInr honomonon
Is fo bo undorsfood. Tho IIsf IncIudos such woII known fnvorIfos ns
fho Insfnnco of fho kIndIIng of n Inm from n fInmo, buf If nIso
Infroducos somo rnfhor novoI oxnmIos such ns fho fIrsf, fhnf of ornI
InsfrucfIons whIch Is oInbornfod In fho commonfnry. Tho oxnmIo
hns n ocuIInr roIovnnco If wo rocnII fhnf fho whoIo foxf Is sof In fho
confoxf of n mnsfor's InsfrucfIon of n dIscIIo. Tho concIusIon Is fhnf
from n cnuso, nn offocf orIgInnfos, buf whofhor cnuso nnd offocf nro
IdonfIcnI or dIfforonf Is InoxrossIbIo.
Tho nofIon of InoxrossIbIIIfy Is confrnI fo fho concIudIng
orfIons of fho foxf, nIfhough If Is orhns nof ns obvIous In
!"#"$%&'('s ofhor works. So much so fhnf nn oufsfnndIng schoInr of
Mndhynmnkn hIIosohy somo yonrs ngo wns Iond fo sfnfo In rInf
fhnf "unIIko fho 45."'1(, fho Mndhynmnkn novor sofs u
InoxrossIbIIIfy ns n frufh vnIuo." AccordIng fo hIm, !"#"$%&'( ofs
for nbsoIufo nognfIon Insfond. Tho sfnfomonf wouId of courso nof
hnvo boon mndo If fho nufhor hnd boon fnmIIInr wIfh nnd hnd
nccofod fho vory cIonr docInrnfIon In Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon. AcfunIIy, fho ndvocncy of InoxrossIbIIIfy In so fnr ns
fho funcfIonIng of cnuso nnd offocf In fho honomonnI worId Is
concornod Isn'f nII fhnf sfrnngo fo fho Mndhynmnkn. -('.$(/0$126 In
oIucIdnfIng honomonnI cnusnIIfy, nnd cnusnIIfy cnn of courso onIy
bo honomonnI, doscrIbos fho Mndhynmnkn oInf of vIow by
IIkonIng If fo fhnf of fho mnn In fho sfroof or fho fnrmor In fho fIoId.
Such n orson sImIy fnkos cognIznnco of fho fncf fhnf hnvIng
formorIy Innfod n sood, n son Is born, or nIfornnfIvoIy, n froo hns
55
srung u. Ho by no monns goos Info fho nbsfrncf nnd quIfo usoIoss
busInoss of socuInfIng nbouf whofhor fho sood nnd fho son or froo
nro IdonfIcnI or dIfforonf. Tho robIom howovor dId nof go nwny
nIfogofhor nnd fonchors of IuddhIsm hnvo nIwnys hnd fo rosorf fo
oxnmIos of n sImIInr kInd fo IIIusfrnfo fho confInuIfy of cnusnIIfy In
fho nbsonco of IdonfIfy. An Imross of ChInn, for Insfnnco, Is snId fo
hnvo boon convIncod of fho docfrIno onIy whon shown fho
rogrossIon of fInmos nonrIng In IndIvIdunI Inms IIf succossIvoIy
nnd fhon boIng nskod whofhor fho fIrsf nnd Insf fInmo woro IdonfIcnI
or dIfforonf. Whnf nnswor couId fhoro bo ofhor fhnn
InoxrossIbIIIfy
Tho nufo commonfnry fo Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon nIso confnIns, onrIy on, fwo moro nnnIogIos whIch wo
fhInk If worfh cnIIIng fo fho nffonfIon of fho rondor. of bocnuso
fhoy nro nIfogofhor unknown, nIfhough fho fIrsf Is boffor known
fhnn fho socond, buf rnfhor bocnuso fhoy IIIusfrnfo fwo
comIImonfnry curronfs In fho dovoIomonf of IuddhIsf fhoughf.
Tho fIrsf boIongs fo fho nnnIyfIcnI curronf chnrncforIsfIc of much of
fho IuddhIsf !onIIsf frndIfIon nnd orhns bosf rorosonfod In fho
fIrsf book of fho InII AbhIdhnmmn IIfnkn, Tho CoIIocfIon of Incfors
Dlonnoeongoni. If Is fho oxnmIo of n chnrIof, or boffor, fho
consfIfuonfs of n chnrIof. If Is bosf known ns n sfock nnnIogy for
oxInInIng fho docfrIno of nofsoIf In fho confoxf of fho fhoory of fho
nggrognfos or fncfors. If nonrs In Tho QuosfIons of KIng MIIIndn
for fhIs vory uroso nnd If rorosonfs fhoso nnnIyfIcnI, or fo uso n
modorn oxrossIon, roducfIonIsf fondoncIos In IuddhIsf hIIosohy.
Tho socond nnd Ioss woII known nnnIogy Is fhnf of fho roof
bonms of n houso whIch doond ono uon nnofhor. ThIs nnnIogy
rofIocfs fho roInfIonnI or synfhofIc curronf In IuddhIsf hIIosohy.
!Iko fho nnnIyfIcnI curronf, If hns Ifs CnnonIcnI orIgIns, In fhIs cnso,
In Tho Iook of !oInfIons Po//l0no fho Insf of fho sovon books of
fho InII AbhIdhnmmn IIfnkn. In modorn forms, If rorosonfs n
roncfIon fo n fofnIIy nnnIyfIcnI or roducfIonIsf nronch fo ronIIfy
nnd Infroducos nn hoIIsfIc vIsIon whIch comos moro nnd moro fo fho
foro In Mnhynn nnd Mndhynmnkn hIIosohy. Tho nonrnnco of
fhoso fwo nnnIogIos In fho nufo commonfnry, nImosf cnsunIIy ns If
56
wouId soom, Is nonofhoIoss sIgnIfIcnnf, bocnuso If sIgnnIs fho
Imorfnnco of fhoso fwo curronfs In IuddhIsf fhoughf, curronfs
whIch nof fo uf foo fIno n oInf on If, woro hnrdIy duIIcnfod In fho
Wosf unfII fho TwonfIofh confury.
In concIusIon, orhns n word or fwo nbouf fho sfyIo of fho
comosIfIon of fho foxf mIghf bo In ordor. In kooIng wIfh fho
oIomonfnry nnfuro of fho work, fho sfyIo Is hnrdIy ns comIox or
fochnIcnI ns fhnf of foxfs IIko ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns nof
fo monfIon Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny. Tho gronfor
nrf of fho foxf Is sfrIcfIy dIdncfIc, nnd If Is In fhIs mnnnor fhnf fho
fhroofoId dIvIsIon suorfod by grjunn Is rosonfod.
onofhoIoss, fho Inffor orfIons of fho work do confnIn n couIo of
nrgumonfs nd nbsurdum nnd fho uso of sImIIo or oxnmIo nIso
fonfuros ns If doos so romInonfIy In !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns.
If mIghf nImosf bo snId fhnf fho foxf fnkon ns n whoIo
fogofhor wIfh Ifs nufo commonfnry Is !nnIshndIc In fono. Howovor
If wouId bo n mIsfnko fo rond foo much Info fhIs rosombInnco.
AIfhough fho sfyIo nnd confonf of fho foxf mny nonr nf fIrsf gInnco
sImIInr fo fho fnmous !nnIshndIc dInIoguo whoroIn fho nofIon of
ncfIons nnd fhoIr offocfs In fufuro IIvos, In ofhor words, Knrmn, Is
fIrsf Infroducod Info fho IrnhmnnIcnI frndIfIon, fho rIgorousIy
IogIcnI nnd nnnIyfIcnI nronch of fho IuddhIsf fhInkor romnIns
unmIsfnknbIo. ofwIfhsfnndIng Ifs oIomonfnry chnrncfor, Tho Honrf
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is sfIII n work of sysfomnfIc
hIIosohy, or If fho rondor rofors, sychoIogy boIongIng fo fho
AbhIdhnrmIc frndIfIon.
Tho foxf wns fIrsf frnnsInfod by mo fogofhor wIfh nn oId nnd
vnIuod coIIonguo mnny mnny yonrs ngo, nnd wo musf ndmIf fhnf In
gonornI wo hnvo nof mndo nny sIgnIfIcnnf chnngos fo fho orIgInnI
frnnsInfIon. Tho foxf Is sImIy foo rocIso nnd concIso fo In Ifs form
fo nIIow for nny cronfIvo frnnsformnfIon ns fho ouhomIsm goos.
osIfo fho consIsfoncy of fho vorsIon rosonfod horo wIfh onrIIor
frnnsInfIons of fho foxf dono by us, wo wouId IIko fo undorIIno fho
fncf fhnf onch fImo wo Iook nf Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon ngnIn, wo fInd now IovoIs of monnIng, now ossIbIo
ImIIcnfIons nnd now rognnnf suggosfIons. AII of fhIs Is nn
55
srung u. Ho by no monns goos Info fho nbsfrncf nnd quIfo usoIoss
busInoss of socuInfIng nbouf whofhor fho sood nnd fho son or froo
nro IdonfIcnI or dIfforonf. Tho robIom howovor dId nof go nwny
nIfogofhor nnd fonchors of IuddhIsm hnvo nIwnys hnd fo rosorf fo
oxnmIos of n sImIInr kInd fo IIIusfrnfo fho confInuIfy of cnusnIIfy In
fho nbsonco of IdonfIfy. An Imross of ChInn, for Insfnnco, Is snId fo
hnvo boon convIncod of fho docfrIno onIy whon shown fho
rogrossIon of fInmos nonrIng In IndIvIdunI Inms IIf succossIvoIy
nnd fhon boIng nskod whofhor fho fIrsf nnd Insf fInmo woro IdonfIcnI
or dIfforonf. Whnf nnswor couId fhoro bo ofhor fhnn
InoxrossIbIIIfy
Tho nufo commonfnry fo Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon nIso confnIns, onrIy on, fwo moro nnnIogIos whIch wo
fhInk If worfh cnIIIng fo fho nffonfIon of fho rondor. of bocnuso
fhoy nro nIfogofhor unknown, nIfhough fho fIrsf Is boffor known
fhnn fho socond, buf rnfhor bocnuso fhoy IIIusfrnfo fwo
comIImonfnry curronfs In fho dovoIomonf of IuddhIsf fhoughf.
Tho fIrsf boIongs fo fho nnnIyfIcnI curronf chnrncforIsfIc of much of
fho IuddhIsf !onIIsf frndIfIon nnd orhns bosf rorosonfod In fho
fIrsf book of fho InII AbhIdhnmmn IIfnkn, Tho CoIIocfIon of Incfors
!"#$$#%#&'#&(. If Is fho oxnmIo of n chnrIof, or boffor, fho
consfIfuonfs of n chnrIof. If Is bosf known ns n sfock nnnIogy for
oxInInIng fho docfrIno of nofsoIf In fho confoxf of fho fhoory of fho
nggrognfos or fncfors. If nonrs In Tho QuosfIons of KIng MIIIndn
for fhIs vory uroso nnd If rorosonfs fhoso nnnIyfIcnI, or fo uso n
modorn oxrossIon, roducfIonIsf fondoncIos In IuddhIsf hIIosohy.
Tho socond nnd Ioss woII known nnnIogy Is fhnf of fho roof
bonms of n houso whIch doond ono uon nnofhor. ThIs nnnIogy
rofIocfs fho roInfIonnI or synfhofIc curronf In IuddhIsf hIIosohy.
!Iko fho nnnIyfIcnI curronf, If hns Ifs CnnonIcnI orIgIns, In fhIs cnso,
In Tho Iook of !oInfIons )#**"+&# fho Insf of fho sovon books of
fho InII AbhIdhnmmn IIfnkn. In modorn forms, If rorosonfs n
roncfIon fo n fofnIIy nnnIyfIcnI or roducfIonIsf nronch fo ronIIfy
nnd Infroducos nn hoIIsfIc vIsIon whIch comos moro nnd moro fo fho
foro In !"#$%$&" nnd Mndhynmnkn hIIosohy. Tho nonrnnco of
fhoso fwo nnnIogIos In fho nufo commonfnry, nImosf cnsunIIy ns If
56
wouId soom, Is nonofhoIoss sIgnIfIcnnf, bocnuso If sIgnnIs fho
Imorfnnco of fhoso fwo curronfs In IuddhIsf fhoughf, curronfs
whIch nof fo uf foo fIno n oInf on If, woro hnrdIy duIIcnfod In fho
Wosf unfII fho TwonfIofh confury.
In concIusIon, orhns n word or fwo nbouf fho sfyIo of fho
comosIfIon of fho foxf mIghf bo In ordor. In kooIng wIfh fho
oIomonfnry nnfuro of fho work, fho sfyIo Is hnrdIy ns comIox or
fochnIcnI ns fhnf of foxfs IIko ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns nof
fo monfIon Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny. Tho gronfor
nrf of fho foxf Is sfrIcfIy dIdncfIc, nnd If Is In fhIs mnnnor fhnf fho
fhroofoId dIvIsIon suorfod by '$($)*+&" Is rosonfod.
onofhoIoss, fho Inffor orfIons of fho work do confnIn n couIo of
nrgumonfs nd nbsurdum nnd fho uso of sImIIo or oxnmIo nIso
fonfuros ns If doos so romInonfIy In !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns.
If mIghf nImosf bo snId fhnf fho foxf fnkon ns n whoIo
fogofhor wIfh Ifs nufo commonfnry Is ,-"&./#"0.1 In fono. Howovor
If wouId bo n mIsfnko fo rond foo much Info fhIs rosombInnco.
AIfhough fho sfyIo nnd confonf of fho foxf mny nonr nf fIrsf gInnco
sImIInr fo fho fnmous ,-"&./#"0.1 dInIoguo whoroIn fho nofIon of
ncfIons nnd fhoIr offocfs In fufuro IIvos, In ofhor words, Knrmn, Is
fIrsf Infroducod Info fho 2)"#3"nIcnI frndIfIon, fho rIgorousIy
IogIcnI nnd nnnIyfIcnI nronch of fho IuddhIsf fhInkor romnIns
unmIsfnknbIo. ofwIfhsfnndIng Ifs oIomonfnry chnrncfor, Tho Honrf
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is sfIII n work of sysfomnfIc
hIIosohy, or If fho rondor rofors, sychoIogy boIongIng fo fho
AbhIdh"rmIc frndIfIon.
Tho foxf wns fIrsf frnnsInfod by mo fogofhor wIfh nn oId nnd
vnIuod coIIonguo mnny mnny yonrs ngo, nnd wo musf ndmIf fhnf In
gonornI wo hnvo nof mndo nny sIgnIfIcnnf chnngos fo fho orIgInnI
frnnsInfIon. Tho foxf Is sImIy foo rocIso nnd concIso fo In Ifs form
fo nIIow for nny cronfIvo frnnsformnfIon ns fho ouhomIsm goos.
osIfo fho consIsfoncy of fho vorsIon rosonfod horo wIfh onrIIor
frnnsInfIons of fho foxf dono by us, wo wouId IIko fo undorIIno fho
fncf fhnf onch fImo wo Iook nf Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon ngnIn, wo fInd now IovoIs of monnIng, now ossIbIo
ImIIcnfIons nnd now rognnnf suggosfIons. AII of fhIs Is nn
57
oIoquonf fosfImony fo fho dofh of grjunn's fhoughf nnd fo hIs
skIII In oxrossIng rofound nnd fnr ronchIng InfuIfIons In n vory
fow words.
58

Section Two

The Stanzas of

SnIufnfIons fo Mnnjusr Tho YoufhfuIIy Trnnsformod.

I. Tho fwoIvo IndIvIdunI consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
whIch woro fnughf by fho Sngo nro whoIIy IncIudod In fhroo
nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd sufforIng.

II. Tho fIrsf, oIghfh nnd nInfh nro nffIIcfIons, fho socond nnd fonfh
nro ncfIons, nnd fho romnInIng sovon nro sufforIngs. Thus fho
fwoIvo fncfors nro IncIudod In fhroo.

III. Irom fho fhroo, fwo orIgInnfo from fho fwo, sovon orIgInnfo
nnd from fhoso sovon, In furn, fho fhroo orIgInnfo. Thus fho whooI of
oxIsfonco rovoIvos ngnIn nnd ngnIn.

IV. Tho whoIo worId Is cnuso nnd offocf oxcIudIng fhIs, fhoro Is no
sonfIonf boIng. Irom fncfors whIch nro onIy omfy, omfy fncfors
orIgInnfo.

V. Through fho oxnmIos of ornI InsfrucfIon, n Inm, n mIrror, n
sonI, n suncrysfnI, n sood, sournoss nnd sound, fho wIso shouId
undorsfnnd fho nonfrnnsmIgrnfIon ns woII ns fho roomorgonco of
fho nggrognfos.

VI. Thoso who Imufo orIgInnfIon ovon In rognrd fo vory subfIo
onfIfIos, boIng unwIso, hnvo nof soon fho monnIng of condIfIonod
orIgInnfIon.

57
oIoquonf fosfImony fo fho dofh of !"#"$%&'('s fhoughf nnd fo hIs
skIII In oxrossIng rofound nnd fnr ronchIng InfuIfIons In n vory
fow words.
58

Section Two

The Stanzas of

SnIufnfIons fo )(*%&+$, Tho YoufhfuIIy Trnnsformod.

I. Tho fwoIvo IndIvIdunI consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
whIch woro fnughf by fho Sngo nro whoIIy IncIudod In fhroo
nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd sufforIng.

II. Tho fIrsf, oIghfh nnd nInfh nro nffIIcfIons, fho socond nnd fonfh
nro ncfIons, nnd fho romnInIng sovon nro sufforIngs. Thus fho
fwoIvo fncfors nro IncIudod In fhroo.

III. Irom fho fhroo, fwo orIgInnfo from fho fwo, sovon orIgInnfo
nnd from fhoso sovon, In furn, fho fhroo orIgInnfo. Thus fho whooI of
oxIsfonco rovoIvos ngnIn nnd ngnIn.

IV. Tho whoIo worId Is cnuso nnd offocf oxcIudIng fhIs, fhoro Is no
sonfIonf boIng. Irom fncfors whIch nro onIy omfy, omfy fncfors
orIgInnfo.

V. Through fho oxnmIos of ornI InsfrucfIon, n Inm, n mIrror, n
sonI, n suncrysfnI, n sood, sournoss nnd sound, fho wIso shouId
fho nggrognfos.

VI. Thoso who Imufo orIgInnfIon ovon In rognrd fo vory subfIo
onfIfIos, boIng unwIso, hnvo nof soon fho monnIng of condIfIonod
orIgInnfIon.

59
VII. Honco, fhoro Is nofhIng fo bo donIod nnd nofhIng fo bo nffIrmod.
Soo fho ronI rIghfIy, for ono who soos fho ronI Is roIonsod.

Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon of cryn grjunn Is
comIofo horoIn.
60

Section Three

Nagarjuna's Commentary to The Heart of

Tho dIscIIo who ossossos ronuncInfIon nnd Is dosIrous of
honrIng, nffonfIvo, rofonfIvo, nrocInfIvo nnd nbIo fo dIsoI
ImufnfIon, hnvIng drnwn nonr fo fho mnsfor, nskod fhus nbouf fho
docfrIno of fho Tnfhgnfn. In whnf nro Tho fwoIvo IndIvIdunI
consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon whIch woro fnughf by
fho Sngo IncIudod, for I bog fo soo nnd sfudy fhom. Tho mnsfor,
hnvIng undorsfood hIm fo nsk nbouf fho ossonco of fhoso fwoIvo
fncfors, fhus soko fhoso IucId words from fho sfnnzn, fhoso fwoIvo
nro whoIIy IncIudod In fhroo nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd sufforIngs.
Thus, fwoIvo Is fon Ius fwo. ConsfIfuonfs nIono nro
IndIvIdunI ns fho consfIfuonfs of n chnrIof hnvo boon shown fo bo,
fhoroforo, IndIvIdunI consfIfuonfs. Tho Sngo, bocnuso mIghfy of
body, voIco nnd mInd, whIIo fnughf by fho Sngo Is synonymous
wIfh domonsfrnfod nnd oIucIdnfod by hIm.
Tho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs do nof orIgInnfo from cnusos IIko
snco, rImordInI mnffor, nnfurnI ordor, sIrIf, nor fhrough
doondonco uon ofhors, god, fImo, InfrInsIc boIng,
5
chnnco,
cIrcumsfnnco, froo wIII nnd so on. Thoy nro InfordoondonfIy
orIgInnfod. As fho roof bonms of n houso doond uon ono nnofhor,
so fhoso fwoIvo IndIvIdunI consfIfuonfs nro whoIIy IncIudod In fhroo
nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd sufforIngs. WhoIIy, monns nII wIfhouf
romnIndor.
WhIch nro nffIIcfIons, whIch ncfIons nnd whIch sufforIngs
How nnd In whnf cnfogorIos nro fhoso consfIfuonfs of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon IncIudod
II. Tho fIrsf, oIghfh nnd nInfh nro nffIIcfIons. Of fho fwoIvo
consfIfuonfs, fho fIrsf Is Ignornnco, fho oIghfh crnvIng nnd fho nInfh
59
VII. Honco, fhoro Is nofhIng fo bo donIod nnd nofhIng fo bo nffIrmod.
Soo fho ronI rIghfIy, for ono who soos fho ronI Is roIonsod.

Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon of !"#$%& '#(#$)*+& Is
comIofo horoIn.
60

Section Three

Nagarjuna's Commentary to The Heart of

Tho dIscIIo who ossossos ronuncInfIon nnd Is dosIrous of
honrIng, nffonfIvo, rofonfIvo, nrocInfIvo nnd nbIo fo dIsoI
ImufnfIon, hnvIng drnwn nonr fo fho mnsfor, nskod fhus nbouf fho
docfrIno of fho ,&-.#(&-&. In whnf nro Tho fwoIvo IndIvIdunI
consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon whIch woro fnughf by
fho Sngo IncIudod, for I bog fo soo nnd sfudy fhom. Tho mnsfor,
hnvIng undorsfood hIm fo nsk nbouf fho ossonco of fhoso fwoIvo
fncfors, fhus soko fhoso IucId words from fho sfnnzn, fhoso fwoIvo
nro whoIIy IncIudod In fhroo nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd sufforIngs.
Thus, fwoIvo Is fon Ius fwo. ConsfIfuonfs nIono nro
IndIvIdunI ns fho consfIfuonfs of n chnrIof hnvo boon shown fo bo,
fhoroforo, IndIvIdunI consfIfuonfs. Tho Sngo, bocnuso mIghfy of
body, voIco nnd mInd, whIIo fnughf by fho Sngo Is synonymous
wIfh domonsfrnfod nnd oIucIdnfod by hIm.
Tho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs do nof orIgInnfo from cnusos IIko
snco, rImordInI mnffor, nnfurnI ordor, sIrIf, nor fhrough
doondonco uon ofhors, god, fImo, InfrInsIc boIng,
5
chnnco,
cIrcumsfnnco, froo wIII nnd so on. Thoy nro InfordoondonfIy
orIgInnfod. As fho roof bonms of n houso doond uon ono nnofhor,
so fhoso fwoIvo IndIvIdunI consfIfuonfs nro whoIIy IncIudod In fhroo
nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd sufforIngs. WhoIIy, monns nII wIfhouf
romnIndor.
WhIch nro nffIIcfIons, whIch ncfIons nnd whIch sufforIngs
How nnd In whnf cnfogorIos nro fhoso consfIfuonfs of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon IncIudod
II. Tho fIrsf, oIghfh nnd nInfh nro nffIIcfIons. Of fho fwoIvo
consfIfuonfs, fho fIrsf Is Ignornnco, fho oIghfh crnvIng nnd fho nInfh
61
cIIngIng. Know fhoso fhroo fo bo nffIIcfIons. If If Is nskod, whIch nro
ncfIons Thon fho socond nnd fonfh nro ncfIons. fho socond Is
voIIfIons nnd fho fonfh bocomIng. Know fhoso fwo fncfors fo bo
IncIudod In ncfIons. And fho romnInIng sovon nro sufforIngs. IIvo
consfIfuonfs nro IncIudod In nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons. Know fho sovon
whIch romnIn fo bo IncIudod In sufforIngs. Thus, conscIousnoss,
nnmo nnd form, fho sIx sonso shoros, confncf, fooIIng, bIrfh nnd oId
ngo nnd donfh. Tho word, nnd, sorvos fo IncIudo sufforIngs whIch
nro nof IIsfod nmong fho sovon consfIfuonfs, fhnf Is, fho sufforIngs
of sonrnfIon from fho Iovod, moofIng wIfh fho dosIsod nnd of
frusfrnfod dosIros. Thus, fho fwoIvo fncfors nro IncIudod In fhroo.
Thoroforo know fhoso fwoIvo fncfors ns nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd
sufforIngs. Tho TIbofnn nrfIcIo nI whIch occurs bofwoon fho
word fncfors nnd fho hrnso nro IncIudod In fhroo fhus IndIcnfos
fhnf fhoro romnIns nrf of fho sonfonco whIch Is wnnfIng, fhnf Is,
fho consfIfuonfs domonsfrnfod In fho dIscourso nro comIofo horoIn.
Thus, If hns boon doformInod fhnf fhoro nro nono nnrf from fhoso.
Jusf so, buf Ionso domonsfrnfo whnf fhoso nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd
sufforIngs orIgInnfo from.
III. Irom fho fhroo, fwo orIgInnfo. Irom fho fhroo whIch nro
nffIIcfIons Ignornnco, crnvIng nnd cIIngIng, fwo whIch nro ncfIons,
voIIfIons nnd bocomIng, orIgInnfo. Irom fho fwo whIch nro ncfIons
sovon orIgInnfo. Thus fhoso sovon sufforIngs domonsfrnfod nbovo,
fhnf Is conscIousnoss, nnmo nnd form, fho sIx sonso shoros,
confncf, fooIIng, bIrfh nnd oId ngo nnd donfh. Irom fhoso sovon, In
furn, fho fhroo orIgInnfo whIch nro nffIIcfIons. Thus ngnIn, from fho
fhroo whIch nro nffIIcfIons orIgInnfo fwo whIch nro ncfIons. Thus
fho whooI of oxIsfonco rovoIvos ngnIn nnd ngnIn.
In fho worId of bocomIng fhoro nro fhroo shoros fhoso of
dosIro, form nnd fho formIoss shoro. OrdInnry ooIo hnvo bocomo
IIko n whooI whIch rovoIvos wIfhouf rosf. Tho TIbofnn nrfIcIo, nI,
whIch occurs bofwoon fho hrnso fho whooI of oxIsfonco nnd fho
hrnso rovoIvos ngnIn nnd ngnIn fhus IndIcnfos n sonso of
uncorfnInfy. Thnf Is, whIIo n whooI rovoIvos sorInIIy onch oInf on
fho cIrcumforonco foIIowIng uon fho rocodIng ono, In fho fhroo
shoros, If doos nof hnon fhus. Thoroforo uncorfnInfy Is
62
IndIcnfod. Who Is cnIIod fho sonfIonf boIng,
6
fho god of nII IndIvIdunI
boIngs How Is hIs cronfIon
IV. Tho whoIo worId Is cnuso nnd offocf, oxcIudIng
suorImosIfIon, fhoro Is no sonfIonf boIng. Thnf whIch Is
suorImosod doos nof oxIsf whon oxnmInod, so If Is nof fIffIng fhnf
whnf Is jusf nomInnIIy oxIsfonf shouId oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy.
If so, fhon who frnnsmIgrnfos from fhIs worId fo fho noxf
Irom fhIs fo fho noxf worId, nof so much ns nn nfom frnnsmIgrnfos,
howovor, from fncfors whIch nro onIy omfy, omfy fncfors
orIgInnfo. InfIfIos nro wIfhouf soIf nnd fhnf orfnInIng fo n soIf,
?

fhus, nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons hnvo bocomo fho cnusos. Irom fhoso
fIvo fncfors Ignornnco, crnvIng, cIIngIng, voIIfIons nnd bocomIng
whIch nro omfy, orIgInnfo sufforIngs wIfhouf soIf nnd fhnf
orfnInIng fo n soIf. Tho sovon omfy fncfors conscIousnoss, nnmo
nnd form, fho sIx sonso shoros, confncf, fooIIng, bIrfh nnd oId ngo
nnd donfh nro nIIogod
8
fo bo offocfs. Such Is fho urorf.
Thus, whnf Is wIfhouf soIf nnd fhnf orfnInIng fo n soIf Is
noIfhor soIf nor fhnf orfnInIng fo n soIf. Howovor, from fncfors
wIfhouf soIf orIgInnfo fncfors In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng wIfhouf soIf.
Thus, undorsfnnd If ns If hns boon domonsfrnfod.
Irom fncfors In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng wIfhouf soIf orIgInnfo
onIy fncfors In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng wIfhouf soIf. Whnf nro oxnmIos
of fhoso
V. Through fho oxnmIos of ornI InsfrucfIons, n Inm, n
mIrror, n sonI, n suncrysfnI
9
n sood, sournoss nnd sound, know nIso
whnf Is In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng wIfhouf soIf, ns woII ns fho
subsoquonf oxIsfonco. Ior Insfnnco, If fhoro woro frnnsforonco of fho
InsfrucfIons from fho mnsfor's moufh fo fho dIscIIo, fhon fho
mnsfor wouId bocomo dorIvod of fho InsfrucfIons. Thoroforo, fhoro
Is no frnnsforonco. or nro fho InsfrucfIons of fho dIscIIo from nny
ofhor sourco,bocnuso If so fhoy wouId bo wIfhouf cnuso. As wIfh fho
InsfrucfIons from fho mnsfors moufh, so In n IIko mnnnor, nf fho
oInf of donfh, fho mInd doos nof frnnsmIgrnfo fo fho subsoquonf
oxIsfonco, bocnuso fho orror of ormnnonco wouId foIIow. or doos
fho subsoquonf oxIsfonco orIgInnfo from nny ofhor sourco, bocnuso
fho orror of boIng wIfhouf n cnuso wouId foIIow. As fho mnsfor's
61
cIIngIng. Know fhoso fhroo fo bo nffIIcfIons. If If Is nskod, whIch nro
ncfIons Thon fho socond nnd fonfh nro ncfIons. fho socond Is
voIIfIons nnd fho fonfh bocomIng. Know fhoso fwo fncfors fo bo
IncIudod In ncfIons. And fho romnInIng sovon nro sufforIngs. IIvo
consfIfuonfs nro IncIudod In nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons. Know fho sovon
whIch romnIn fo bo IncIudod In sufforIngs. Thus, conscIousnoss,
nnmo nnd form, fho sIx sonso shoros, confncf, fooIIng, bIrfh nnd oId
ngo nnd donfh. Tho word, nnd, sorvos fo IncIudo sufforIngs whIch
nro nof IIsfod nmong fho sovon consfIfuonfs, fhnf Is, fho sufforIngs
of sonrnfIon from fho Iovod, moofIng wIfh fho dosIsod nnd of
frusfrnfod dosIros. Thus, fho fwoIvo fncfors nro IncIudod In fhroo.
Thoroforo know fhoso fwoIvo fncfors ns nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd
sufforIngs. Tho TIbofnn nrfIcIo nI whIch occurs bofwoon fho
word fncfors nnd fho hrnso nro IncIudod In fhroo fhus IndIcnfos
fhnf fhoro romnIns nrf of fho sonfonco whIch Is wnnfIng, fhnf Is,
fho consfIfuonfs domonsfrnfod In fho dIscourso nro comIofo horoIn.
Thus, If hns boon doformInod fhnf fhoro nro nono nnrf from fhoso.
Jusf so, buf Ionso domonsfrnfo whnf fhoso nffIIcfIons, ncfIons nnd
sufforIngs orIgInnfo from.
III. Irom fho fhroo, fwo orIgInnfo. Irom fho fhroo whIch nro
nffIIcfIons Ignornnco, crnvIng nnd cIIngIng, fwo whIch nro ncfIons,
voIIfIons nnd bocomIng, orIgInnfo. Irom fho fwo whIch nro ncfIons
sovon orIgInnfo. Thus fhoso sovon sufforIngs domonsfrnfod nbovo,
fhnf Is conscIousnoss, nnmo nnd form, fho sIx sonso shoros,
confncf, fooIIng, bIrfh nnd oId ngo nnd donfh. Irom fhoso sovon, In
furn, fho fhroo orIgInnfo whIch nro nffIIcfIons. Thus ngnIn, from fho
fhroo whIch nro nffIIcfIons orIgInnfo fwo whIch nro ncfIons. Thus
fho whooI of oxIsfonco rovoIvos ngnIn nnd ngnIn.
In fho worId of bocomIng fhoro nro fhroo shoros fhoso of
dosIro, form nnd fho formIoss shoro. OrdInnry ooIo hnvo bocomo
IIko n whooI whIch rovoIvos wIfhouf rosf. Tho TIbofnn nrfIcIo, nI,
whIch occurs bofwoon fho hrnso fho whooI of oxIsfonco nnd fho
hrnso rovoIvos ngnIn nnd ngnIn fhus IndIcnfos n sonso of
uncorfnInfy. Thnf Is, whIIo n whooI rovoIvos sorInIIy onch oInf on
fho cIrcumforonco foIIowIng uon fho rocodIng ono, In fho fhroo
shoros, If doos nof hnon fhus. Thoroforo uncorfnInfy Is
62
IndIcnfod. Who Is cnIIod fho sonfIonf boIng,
6
fho god of nII IndIvIdunI
boIngs How Is hIs cronfIon
IV. Tho whoIo worId Is cnuso nnd offocf, oxcIudIng
suorImosIfIon, fhoro Is no sonfIonf boIng. Thnf whIch Is
suorImosod doos nof oxIsf whon oxnmInod, so If Is nof fIffIng fhnf
whnf Is jusf nomInnIIy oxIsfonf shouId oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy.
If so, fhon who frnnsmIgrnfos from fhIs worId fo fho noxf
Irom fhIs fo fho noxf worId, nof so much ns nn nfom frnnsmIgrnfos,
howovor, from fncfors whIch nro onIy omfy, omfy fncfors
orIgInnfo. InfIfIos nro wIfhouf soIf nnd fhnf orfnInIng fo n soIf,
?

fhus, nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons hnvo bocomo fho cnusos. Irom fhoso
fIvo fncfors Ignornnco, crnvIng, cIIngIng, voIIfIons nnd bocomIng
whIch nro omfy, orIgInnfo sufforIngs wIfhouf soIf nnd fhnf
orfnInIng fo n soIf. Tho sovon omfy fncfors conscIousnoss, nnmo
nnd form, fho sIx sonso shoros, confncf, fooIIng, bIrfh nnd oId ngo
nnd donfh nro nIIogod
8
fo bo offocfs. Such Is fho urorf.
Thus, whnf Is wIfhouf soIf nnd fhnf orfnInIng fo n soIf Is
noIfhor soIf nor fhnf orfnInIng fo n soIf. Howovor, from fncfors
wIfhouf soIf orIgInnfo fncfors In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng wIfhouf soIf.
Thus, undorsfnnd If ns If hns boon domonsfrnfod.
Irom fncfors In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng wIfhouf soIf orIgInnfo
onIy fncfors In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng wIfhouf soIf. Whnf nro oxnmIos
of fhoso
V. Through fho oxnmIos of ornI InsfrucfIons, n Inm, n
mIrror, n sonI, n suncrysfnI
9
n sood, sournoss nnd sound, know nIso
whnf Is In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng wIfhouf soIf, ns woII ns fho
subsoquonf oxIsfonco. Ior Insfnnco, If fhoro woro frnnsforonco of fho
InsfrucfIons from fho mnsfor's moufh fo fho dIscIIo, fhon fho
mnsfor wouId bocomo dorIvod of fho InsfrucfIons. Thoroforo, fhoro
Is no frnnsforonco. or nro fho InsfrucfIons of fho dIscIIo from nny
ofhor sourco,bocnuso If so fhoy wouId bo wIfhouf cnuso. As wIfh fho
InsfrucfIons from fho mnsfors moufh, so In n IIko mnnnor, nf fho
oInf of donfh, fho mInd doos nof frnnsmIgrnfo fo fho subsoquonf
oxIsfonco, bocnuso fho orror of ormnnonco wouId foIIow. or doos
fho subsoquonf oxIsfonco orIgInnfo from nny ofhor sourco, bocnuso
fho orror of boIng wIfhouf n cnuso wouId foIIow. As fho mnsfor's
63
InsfrucfIons nro fho cnuso of fhoso of fho dIscIIo, buf whofhor
fhoso of fho dIscIIo nro IdonfIcnI wIfh fhoso of fho mnsfor or
dIfforonf, Is InoxrossIbIo. So In n IIko mnnnor, whofhor fho mInd
nf fho oInf of donfh nnd fho mInd whIch boIongs fo fho
subsoquonf bIrfh nro IdonfIcnI or dIfforonf Is InoxrossIbIo.
SImIInrIy, from n fInmo, nn oII Inm Is kIndIod from n form, nn
Imngo Is roducod In n mIrror from n sonI, nn ImrossIon, from n
suncrysfnI, fIro, from n sood, n srouf, from fho juIco of n sour fruIf,
snIIvn Is ongondorod ovon In fho moufhs of ofhors' or yof ngnIn
from n sound, nn ocho Is roducod. Thus, fho wIso shouId
fho nggrognfos.
Thoro nro nggrognfos of form, fooIIng, orcofIon, voIIfIons
nnd conscIousnoss. ThoIr roomorgonco monns fhnf from nn
oxfInguIshod cnuso nnofhor offocf orIgInnfos, buf from fhIs worId fo
fho noxf, nof so much ns nn nfom frnnsmIgrnfos. Thoroforo fho
whooI of bocomIng Is roducod by fho roonsIfy for orronoous
ImngInnfIon. Tho hrnso "ns woII ns" IndIcnfos oosIfIon. Thnf Is,
fho oosIfo of fho roomorgonco of fho nggrognfos shouId nIso bo
undorsfood. Ono who undorsfnnds onfIfIos fo bo Imormnnonf, fuII
of sufforIng, omfy nnd InsubsfnnfInI wIII nof bo doIudod In rognrd
fo onfIfIos. Iroo from doIusIon, nffnchmonf wIII nof orIgInnfo froo
from nffnchmonf, nvorsIon wIII nof orIgInnfo froo from nvorsIon,
ncfIons wIII nof bo orformod froo from ncfIons, cIIngIng fo onfIfIos
wIII nof orIgInnfo froo from cIIngIng fo onfIfIos, bocomIng wIII nof bo
ongondorod froo from bocomIng, robIrfh wIII nof occur nnd froo
from robIrfh sufforIng of fho body nnd mInd wIII nof orIgInnfo. Thus
fho orronoous vIows, fho nIfornnfIvos of ormnnonco nnd
nnnIhIInfIon ofc., nro dIsoIIod. In fhIs rognrd fhoro nro fwo
sfnnzns.
VI. Thoso who Imufo orIgInnfIon ovon In rognrd fo vory
subfIo onfIfIos, boIng unwIso, hnvo nof soon fho monnIng of
condIfIonod orIgInnfIon.
VII. Honco, fhoro Is nofhIng fo bo donIod nnd nofhIng fo bo
nffIrmod. Soo fho ronI rIghfIy, for ono who soos fho ronI Is roIonsod.

64
Tho commonfnry fo Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
comIofo horoIn.

TrnnsInfod nnd corrocfod by fho IndInn mnsfor JInnmIfrn,
D0noilo, SilenJroIoJli nnd fho TIbofnn frnnsInfor Inndo Yo
shossdo ofc.
63
InsfrucfIons nro fho cnuso of fhoso of fho dIscIIo, buf whofhor
fhoso of fho dIscIIo nro IdonfIcnI wIfh fhoso of fho mnsfor or
dIfforonf, Is InoxrossIbIo. So In n IIko mnnnor, whofhor fho mInd
nf fho oInf of donfh nnd fho mInd whIch boIongs fo fho
subsoquonf bIrfh nro IdonfIcnI or dIfforonf Is InoxrossIbIo.
SImIInrIy, from n fInmo, nn oII Inm Is kIndIod from n form, nn
Imngo Is roducod In n mIrror from n sonI, nn ImrossIon, from n
suncrysfnI, fIro, from n sood, n srouf, from fho juIco of n sour fruIf,
snIIvn Is ongondorod ovon In fho moufhs of ofhors' or yof ngnIn
from n sound, nn ocho Is roducod. Thus, fho wIso shouId
fho nggrognfos.
Thoro nro nggrognfos of form, fooIIng, orcofIon, voIIfIons
nnd conscIousnoss. ThoIr roomorgonco monns fhnf from nn
oxfInguIshod cnuso nnofhor offocf orIgInnfos, buf from fhIs worId fo
fho noxf, nof so much ns nn nfom frnnsmIgrnfos. Thoroforo fho
whooI of bocomIng Is roducod by fho roonsIfy for orronoous
ImngInnfIon. Tho hrnso "ns woII ns" IndIcnfos oosIfIon. Thnf Is,
fho oosIfo of fho roomorgonco of fho nggrognfos shouId nIso bo
undorsfood. Ono who undorsfnnds onfIfIos fo bo Imormnnonf, fuII
of sufforIng, omfy nnd InsubsfnnfInI wIII nof bo doIudod In rognrd
fo onfIfIos. Iroo from doIusIon, nffnchmonf wIII nof orIgInnfo froo
from nffnchmonf, nvorsIon wIII nof orIgInnfo froo from nvorsIon,
ncfIons wIII nof bo orformod froo from ncfIons, cIIngIng fo onfIfIos
wIII nof orIgInnfo froo from cIIngIng fo onfIfIos, bocomIng wIII nof bo
ongondorod froo from bocomIng, robIrfh wIII nof occur nnd froo
from robIrfh sufforIng of fho body nnd mInd wIII nof orIgInnfo. Thus
fho orronoous vIows, fho nIfornnfIvos of ormnnonco nnd
nnnIhIInfIon ofc., nro dIsoIIod. In fhIs rognrd fhoro nro fwo
sfnnzns.
VI. Thoso who Imufo orIgInnfIon ovon In rognrd fo vory
subfIo onfIfIos, boIng unwIso, hnvo nof soon fho monnIng of
VII. Honco, fhoro Is nofhIng fo bo donIod nnd nofhIng fo bo
nffIrmod. Soo fho ronI rIghfIy, for ono who soos fho ronI Is roIonsod.

64
Tho commonfnry fo Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
comIofo horoIn.

TrnnsInfod nnd corrocfod by fho IndInn mnsfor JInnmIfrn,
!"#$%&'$, (&')#*+$,-*./ nnd fho TIbofnn frnnsInfor Inndo Yo
shossdo ofc.

ohrn un, IndIn.

nnd frIonds.

Part Three
Reasoning: The Sixty Stanzas
67

Section One

An Introduction to
Nagarjuna's Reasoning: The Sixty Stanzas

!onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns Is unIquo nmong fho shorfor
foxfs of grjunn. If occuIos n confrnI Inco In fho hIIosohIcnI
ous of fho nufhor nnd Is socond In Imorfnnco fo Tho IoundnfIon
Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny. Tho sfyIo of fho comosIfIon of fho foxf
Is nofIconbIy dIfforonf from fhnf In oIfhor Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon or ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. If
dIffors mnrkodIy nIso from fho sfyIo of fho gronf work, Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny whIch ImfInoss Tho
Sovonfy Sfnnzns somowhnf rosombIos. !onsonIng Tho SIxfy
Sfnnzns Is Ioss dry, oIomIcnI nnd rhoforIcnI fhnn nny of fho foxfs of
grjunn so fnr monfIonod.
If mnkos vory oxfonsIvo uso of sImIIo fhroughouf fho courso of
fho work. of fhnf sImIIo doos nof nonr In fho ofhor foxfs nnmod,
buf In fhom, If Is n suIomonf fo mnnIfoId nrgumonfs, or rofo
syIIogIsms mosfIy of fho roducfIo nd nbsurdum vnrIofy. In
!onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns, fho roIos of sImIIo nnd nrgumonf
soom fo hnvo boon Invorfod, nnd mnny woII known sImIIos common
fo Mnhynn IIfornfuro nonr offon. Tho mngIcnI mnn, fho cIrcIo of
fho whIrIIng fIro brnnd, fho fnIry cIfy, dronm nnd fho mIrngo occur
ns woII ns fho comoIIIng sImIIo of fho moon's rofIocfIon In fho
wnfor.
Tho rosonco of so mnny sImIIos mnkos fho foxf nrfIcuInrIy
nccossIbIo fo fho ordInnry rondor. Affor nII, fho sImIIo Is n nrf of fho
Inngungo nnd oxorIonco of fho mnn In fho sfroof. Tho onrIy
M0Jl,oni/oe nnd Proeongi/on0Jl,oni/oe nIwnys nccofod fho
oInIon of fho mnn In fho sfroof In rognrd fo fho ronIIfy of fho
68
ovorydny worId. IosIdos, ns fho snyIng of dubIous orIgIns buf nof so
dubIous monnIng goos, "A Icfuro Is worfh n fhousnnd words."
Of courso grjunn's oxfonsIvo uso of sImIIo In fhIs nnd ovon
In ofhor foxfs Is nof fho rosuIf of n ocuIInr sfyIIsfIc bonf on hIs nrf.
Tho uso of sImIIo formod n rocognIzod nrf of fho IndInn roIIgIous
schoInr's nrsonnI of dIdncfIc nnd oIomIcnI wonons. If rofIocfs fho
IogIfImnfo uso of comnrIson upon0no), whIch wns nn nccofod
monns of knowIodgo pron0;o) In IndIn. !nfor, fho IuddhIsf
IogIcInns, Igngn nnd hnrmnkrfI rojocfod If, buf If wns nIwnys
nccofod by fho onrIy nnd Infor M0Jl,oni/oe. Wosforn schoInrs of
hIIosohy hnvo somofImos dIsnrngod comnrIson, or sImIIo ns n
vnIId monns of knowIodgo. Howovor, fho nffIfudo of fho
Mndhynmnkn fo fho robIomnfIc of communIcnfIon nnd orsunsIon
wns nIwnys chIofIy InfIuoncod by fho crIforIon of offocfIvonoss. Tho
M0Jl,oni/oe IIko grjunn nnd CnndrnkrfI novor froubIod
fhomsoIvos ovorIy much nbouf sfrIcf nnd InrgoIy nrbIfrnry
concofunI ruIos rognrdIng fho rocoss of cognIfIon nnd
comrohonsIon.
o doubf, fhoro mny bo n ronI quosfIon nbouf fho worfh of
comnrIson If ono fnkos fho cnso of fho cInssIcnI yyn oxnmIo of
If. Thoro, nn InforIocufor Is foId fhnf nn unknown nnImnI novor soon
by hIm rosombIos n cow, nnd by monns of fhIs suggosfIon, ho Is
suosod fo roduco nn IndIrocf cognIfIon of fho unsoon nnImnI. Tho
sImIIos nonrIng In IuddhIsf foxfs whIch sonk of Irvnn ns
sImIInr fo hnInoss or onco mIghf fnII Info fhIs cnfogory Innsmuch
ns fho unrncfIcod novIco cnn hnrdIy bo oxocfod fo roduco nn
ndoqunfo cognIfIon of Irvnn on fho bnsIs of such comnrIsons.
Howovor, mosf of fho oxnmIos of sImIIos whIch occur In
Mndhynmnkn IIfornfuro nro nof of fhIs kInd. !nfhor fhnn comnrIng
somofhIng unknown, IIko nn unsoon nnImnI or nn unnffnInod
Irvnn wIfh somofhIng known, IIko n cow or hnInoss whIch nro
or mny bo roInfIvoIy fnmIIInr fo fho InforIocufor, fhoy comnro
somofhIng quIfo woII known fo hIm wIfh somofhIng oIso oqunIIy
woII known fo hIm. Thoy moroIy oInf ouf fho sImIInrIfy bofwoon
fho fwo honomonn whIch mny woII hnvo hIfhor fo romnInod
unnofIcod by fho unnwnro IndIvIdunI. Ior oxnmIo, fho ovorydny
67

Section One

An Introduction to
Nagarjuna's Reasoning: The Sixty Stanzas

!onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns Is unIquo nmong fho shorfor
foxfs of !"#"$%&'(. If occuIos n confrnI Inco In fho hIIosohIcnI
ous of fho nufhor nnd Is socond In Imorfnnco fo Tho IoundnfIon
Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny. Tho sfyIo of fho comosIfIon of fho foxf
Is nofIconbIy dIfforonf from fhnf In oIfhor Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon or ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. If
dIffors mnrkodIy nIso from fho sfyIo of fho gronf work, Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny whIch ImfInoss Tho
Sovonfy Sfnnzns somowhnf rosombIos. !onsonIng Tho SIxfy
Sfnnzns Is Ioss dry, oIomIcnI nnd rhoforIcnI fhnn nny of fho foxfs of
!"#"$%&'( so fnr monfIonod.
If mnkos vory oxfonsIvo uso of sImIIo fhroughouf fho courso of
fho work. of fhnf sImIIo doos nof nonr In fho ofhor foxfs nnmod,
buf In fhom, If Is n suIomonf fo mnnIfoId nrgumonfs, or rofo
syIIogIsms mosfIy of fho roducfIo nd nbsurdum vnrIofy. In
!onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns, fho roIos of sImIIo nnd nrgumonf
soom fo hnvo boon Invorfod, nnd mnny woII known sImIIos common
fo )(*"+"'( IIfornfuro nonr offon. Tho mngIcnI mnn, fho cIrcIo of
fho whIrIIng fIro brnnd, fho fnIry cIfy, dronm nnd fho mIrngo occur
ns woII ns fho comoIIIng sImIIo of fho moon's rofIocfIon In fho
wnfor.
Tho rosonco of so mnny sImIIos mnkos fho foxf nrfIcuInrIy
nccossIbIo fo fho ordInnry rondor. Affor nII, fho sImIIo Is n nrf of fho
Inngungo nnd oxorIonco of fho mnn In fho sfroof. Tho onrIy
!"#$%&'()&* nnd +,&*&-.()&'"#$%&'()&* nIwnys nccofod fho
oInIon of fho mnn In fho sfroof In rognrd fo fho ronIIfy of fho
68
ovorydny worId. IosIdos, ns fho snyIng of dubIous orIgIns buf nof so
dubIous monnIng goos, "A Icfuro Is worfh n fhousnnd words."
Of courso !"#"$%&'('s oxfonsIvo uso of sImIIo In fhIs nnd ovon
In ofhor foxfs Is nof fho rosuIf of n ocuIInr sfyIIsfIc bonf on hIs nrf.
Tho uso of sImIIo formod n rocognIzod nrf of fho IndInn roIIgIous
schoInr's nrsonnI of dIdncfIc nnd oIomIcnI wonons. If rofIocfs fho
IogIfImnfo uso of comnrIson /0&'"1&,- whIch wns nn nccofod
monns of knowIodgo 0,&'"2&, In IndIn. !nfor, fho IuddhIsf
IogIcInns, Ig'"#( nnd .*($/(01$23 rojocfod If, buf If wns nIwnys
nccofod by fho onrIy nnd Infor !"#$%&'()&*. Wosforn schoInrs of
hIIosohy hnvo somofImos dIsnrngod comnrIson, or sImIIo ns n
vnIId monns of knowIodgo. Howovor, fho nffIfudo of fho
Mndhynmnkn fo fho robIomnfIc of communIcnfIon nnd orsunsIon
wns nIwnys chIofIy InfIuoncod by fho crIforIon of offocfIvonoss. Tho
!"#$%&'()&* IIko !"#"$%&'( nnd 4('5$(01$236 novor froubIod
fhomsoIvos ovorIy much nbouf sfrIcf nnd InrgoIy nrbIfrnry
concofunI ruIos rognrdIng fho rocoss of cognIfIon nnd
comrohonsIon.
o doubf, fhoro mny bo n ronI quosfIon nbouf fho worfh of
comnrIson If ono fnkos fho cnso of fho cInssIcnI !+"+( oxnmIo of
If. Thoro, nn InforIocufor Is foId fhnf nn unknown nnImnI novor soon
by hIm rosombIos n cow, nnd by monns of fhIs suggosfIon, ho Is
suosod fo roduco nn IndIrocf cognIfIon of fho unsoon nnImnI. Tho
sImIIos nonrIng In IuddhIsf foxfs whIch sonk of !3$7"8( ns
sImIInr fo hnInoss or onco mIghf fnII Info fhIs cnfogory Innsmuch
ns fho unrncfIcod novIco cnn hnrdIy bo oxocfod fo roduco nn
ndoqunfo cognIfIon of !3$7"8(6 9'6 2*:6 ;(<3<6 9=6 <&>*6 >9/?($3<9'<.
Howovor, mosf of fho oxnmIos of sImIIos whIch occur In
Mndhynmnkn IIfornfuro nro nof of fhIs kInd. !nfhor fhnn comnrIng
somofhIng unknown, IIko nn unsoon nnImnI or nn unnffnInod
!3$7"8( wIfh somofhIng known, IIko n cow or hnInoss whIch nro
or mny bo roInfIvoIy fnmIIInr fo fho InforIocufor, fhoy comnro
somofhIng quIfo woII known fo hIm wIfh somofhIng oIso oqunIIy
woII known fo hIm. Thoy moroIy oInf ouf fho sImIInrIfy bofwoon
fho fwo honomonn whIch mny woII hnvo hIfhor fo romnInod
unnofIcod by fho unnwnro IndIvIdunI. Ior oxnmIo, fho ovorydny
69
worId of oxorIonco whIch Is woII known fo fho unrncfIsod orson
mny bo comnrod fo fho sfnfo of dronm, nnofhor honomonon nIso
woII known fo hIm. Tho sImIInrIfy bofwoon fho fwo whIch ho hns
hIfhor fo Ignorod mny bo broughf homo fo hIm by monns of fho uso
of comnrIson. AdmIffodIy, fho oxnmIo of dronm Is nn oId fnvorIfo
of hIIosohors who fnko n MonfnIIsf IIno, buf If romnIns vory
comoIIIng, nnd roconf dovoIomonfs In scIonco nnd sychoIogy
wouId nonr fo suorf Ifs roIovnnco.
Tho fncf romnIns fhnf nofwIfhsfnndIng fho fochnIcnIIfy of
nrf of fho forogoIng consIdornfIons nnd fho dIffIcuIfy of somo of fho
subjocfs fronfod In fho foxf, !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns romnIns
n hIghIy rondnbIo nn ovon onforfnInIng foxf. ThIs qunIIfy Is
nccounfod for nof onIy by fho oxfonsIvo uso of sImIIo fo whIch I hnvo
nIrondy nIIudod, buf nIso fo n corfnIn coIorfuI chnrncfor of fho
Inngungo of fho work In gonornI. Thoroforo, wo wouId nrfIcuInrIy
rocommond If fo rondors who mny nof hnvo n fnsfo for fho moro
cryfIc nnd oIomIcnI works.
Tho rIncInI subjocf fronfod by grjunn In !onsonIng Tho
SIxfy Sfnnzns Is Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is of courso nIso fho subjocf fronfod In Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, nnd Ifs IdonfIfIcnfIon ns fho subjocf of
fhIs work gIvos us somo IndIcnfIon of fho Imorfnnco of fho foxf.
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is fho ronI honrf of IuddhIsm In gonornI
nnd IuddhIsf soforIoIogIcnI hIIosohy In nrfIcuInr. WhIIo Tho
Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon rosonfs nn IngonIous schomo
for undorsfnndIng fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs, nnd osfnbIIshos fho
ImossIbIIIfy of fho nIfornnfIvo vIows of ofornnIIsm nnd nIhIIIsm, If
onIy fouchos brIofIy on fho ImfInoss of fho oIomonfs of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns, on fho
ofhor hnnd, Is mnInIy concornod wIfh fho domonsfrnfIon of fho fncf
fhnf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon doos nof ronIIy orIgInnfo. Tho
confrnIIfy of fho fhomo of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon fo !onsonIng
Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns Is ovIdonf In fho bonodIcfory sfnnzn whoro
grjunn ncknowIodgos fho Iuddhn's socInI nchIovomonf In
fonchIng Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. IncIdonfnIIy, fho sfnnzn
cIosoIy rosombIos fhnf whIch rocodos Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of
70
fho MIddIo Wny. CnndrnkrfI, In hIs commonfnry, Is nIso koon fo
oInf ouf fho sIgnIfIcnnco of fho monfIon of fho Iuddhn In fho
confoxf of fho fonchIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, nnd ho nIso
unoquIvocnIIy docInros Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon fo bo fho
rImnry subjocf of fho foxf.
!onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns mny bo soon fo occuy n sorf of
mIddIo ground bofwoon Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon on
fho ono hnnd nnd ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns on fho ofhor.
Thnf Is rocIsoIy why I docIdod fo Inco If socond In fhIs sorIos of
frnnsInfIons of fhroo of grjunn's shorfor works. WhIIo Tho Honrf
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon gIvos n rnfhor oIomonfnry nIfhough
oxfromoIy vnIunbIo nccounf of fho Mnhynn vorsIon of fho docfrIno
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns
omhnsIzos fho unorIgInnfod ronIIfy of fho convonfIonnI cnusnI
condIfIon. ThIs Ionvos fho wny cIonr for n rIgorous domonsfrnfIon of
ImfInoss, fho ronI sfnfo of fhIngs.
In nddIfIon fo fho rImnry fhomo of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon, fho foxf nIso confnIns somo vory frnnk nnd somowhnf
novoI dIscussIon of n numbor of Idons whIch nIfhough fhoy mny hnvo
boon fronfod oIsowhoro In fho body of grjunn's work omorgo
vory cIonrIy In !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns. Ono Is fho quosfIon of
fho sfnfus of Irvnn. ThIs subjocf hns n chnfor dodIcnfod fo If In
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny
l
nnd grjunn nIso
fronfs If brIofIy In ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, buf horo fho
fronfmonf Is nrfIcuInrIy cIonr bocnuso fho nufhor nnd hIs
IIIusfrIous commonfnfor oxross fhomsoIvos wIfhouf rosorvnfIon on
fho subjocf.
Tho fnmIIInr nIfornnfIvos of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nnd
bofh oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nro rosonfod nnd rojocfod
nccordIng fo rocognIznbIo nfforns, buf fho cnso for fho roInfIvIfy
nnd IIIusory nnfuro of Irvnn Is sfnfod wIfhouf cnufIon or
oquIvocnfIon. IoIIowIng fho sIrIf of fho nnnIogy found In Tho !ofus
Sa/ro, SoJJlornopu;ori/oea/ro) fho foxf oxInIns fhnf Irvnn
Is jusf nn nnfIdofo fnughf by fho Iuddhns In ordor fo Iuro ordInnry
ooIo nwny from fhoIr nffnchmonf fo fho worId of oxIsfonco. If hns
no Indoondonf sfnfus nf nII oIfhor ns nn onfIfy or n nononfIfy.
69
worId of oxorIonco whIch Is woII known fo fho unrncfIsod orson
mny bo comnrod fo fho sfnfo of dronm, nnofhor honomonon nIso
woII known fo hIm. Tho sImIInrIfy bofwoon fho fwo whIch ho hns
hIfhor fo Ignorod mny bo broughf homo fo hIm by monns of fho uso
of comnrIson. AdmIffodIy, fho oxnmIo of dronm Is nn oId fnvorIfo
of hIIosohors who fnko n MonfnIIsf IIno, buf If romnIns vory
comoIIIng, nnd roconf dovoIomonfs In scIonco nnd sychoIogy
wouId nonr fo suorf Ifs roIovnnco.
Tho fncf romnIns fhnf nofwIfhsfnndIng fho fochnIcnIIfy of
nrf of fho forogoIng consIdornfIons nnd fho dIffIcuIfy of somo of fho
subjocfs fronfod In fho foxf, !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns romnIns
n hIghIy rondnbIo nn ovon onforfnInIng foxf. ThIs qunIIfy Is
nccounfod for nof onIy by fho oxfonsIvo uso of sImIIo fo whIch I hnvo
nIrondy nIIudod, buf nIso fo n corfnIn coIorfuI chnrncfor of fho
Inngungo of fho work In gonornI. Thoroforo, wo wouId nrfIcuInrIy
rocommond If fo rondors who mny nof hnvo n fnsfo for fho moro
cryfIc nnd oIomIcnI works.
Tho rIncInI subjocf fronfod by !"#"$%&'( In !onsonIng Tho
SIxfy Sfnnzns Is Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is of courso nIso fho subjocf fronfod In Tho Honrf of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, nnd Ifs IdonfIfIcnfIon ns fho subjocf of
fhIs work gIvos us somo IndIcnfIon of fho Imorfnnco of fho foxf.
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is fho ronI honrf of IuddhIsm In gonornI
nnd IuddhIsf soforIoIogIcnI hIIosohy In nrfIcuInr. WhIIo Tho
Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon rosonfs nn IngonIous schomo
for undorsfnndIng fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs, nnd osfnbIIshos fho
ImossIbIIIfy of fho nIfornnfIvo vIows of ofornnIIsm nnd nIhIIIsm, If
onIy fouchos brIofIy on fho ImfInoss of fho oIomonfs of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns, on fho
ofhor hnnd, Is mnInIy concornod wIfh fho domonsfrnfIon of fho fncf
fhnf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon doos nof ronIIy orIgInnfo. Tho
confrnIIfy of fho fhomo of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon fo !onsonIng
Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns Is ovIdonf In fho bonodIcfory sfnnzn whoro
!"#"$%&'( ncknowIodgos fho Iuddhn's socInI nchIovomonf In
fonchIng Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. IncIdonfnIIy, fho sfnnzn
cIosoIy rosombIos fhnf whIch rocodos Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of
70
fho MIddIo Wny. )('*$(+,$-./ In hIs commonfnry, Is nIso koon fo
oInf ouf fho sIgnIfIcnnco of fho monfIon of fho Iuddhn In fho
confoxf of fho fonchIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, nnd ho nIso
unoquIvocnIIy docInros Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon fo bo fho
rImnry subjocf of fho foxf.
!onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns mny bo soon fo occuy n sorf of
mIddIo ground bofwoon Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon on
fho ono hnnd nnd ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns on fho ofhor.
Thnf Is rocIsoIy why I docIdod fo Inco If socond In fhIs sorIos of
frnnsInfIons of fhroo of !"#"$%&'('s shorfor works. WhIIo Tho Honrf
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon gIvos n rnfhor oIomonfnry nIfhough
oxfromoIy vnIunbIo nccounf of fho 0(1"2"'( vorsIon of fho docfrIno
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns
omhnsIzos fho unorIgInnfod ronIIfy of fho convonfIonnI cnusnI
condIfIon. ThIs Ionvos fho wny cIonr for n rIgorous domonsfrnfIon of
ImfInoss, fho ronI sfnfo of fhIngs.
In nddIfIon fo fho rImnry fhomo of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon, fho foxf nIso confnIns somo vory frnnk nnd somowhnf
novoI dIscussIon of n numbor of Idons whIch nIfhough fhoy mny hnvo
boon fronfod oIsowhoro In fho body of !"#"$%&'('s work omorgo
vory cIonrIy In !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns. Ono Is fho quosfIon of
fho sfnfus of !.$3"4(. ThIs subjocf hns n chnfor dodIcnfod fo If In
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny
l
nnd !"#"$%&'( nIso
fronfs If brIofIy In ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, buf horo fho
fronfmonf Is nrfIcuInrIy cIonr bocnuso fho nufhor nnd hIs
IIIusfrIous commonfnfor oxross fhomsoIvos wIfhouf rosorvnfIon on
fho subjocf.
Tho fnmIIInr nIfornnfIvos of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nnd
bofh oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nro rosonfod nnd rojocfod
nccordIng fo rocognIznbIo nfforns, buf fho cnso for fho roInfIvIfy
nnd IIIusory nnfuro of !.$3"4( Is sfnfod wIfhouf cnufIon or
oquIvocnfIon. IoIIowIng fho sIrIf of fho nnnIogy found In Tho !ofus
!"#$%, !%&&'%$(%)*+,%$-.%/"#$%0 fho foxf oxInIns fhnf !.$3"4(
Is jusf nn nnfIdofo fnughf by fho Iuddhns In ordor fo Iuro ordInnry
ooIo nwny from fhoIr nffnchmonf fo fho worId of oxIsfonco. If hns
no Indoondonf sfnfus nf nII oIfhor ns nn onfIfy or n nononfIfy.
71
Irvnn Is fhoroforo uIfImnfoIy nn IIIusIon. Tho romnrk confnInod
In CnndrnkrfI's commonfnry fo fho offocf fhnf "If fhoro woro
nnyfhIng moro oxcoIIonf fhnn Irvnn, If foo wouId bo nn IIIusIon" Is
nrfIcuInrIy rovonIIng. If sums u fho rndIcnI nnd nbsoIufo InfogrIfy
of fho MdhynmIkn hIIosohor who cnn fhrow nwny fho mosf
sncrod frufhs of hIs convonfIonnI fnIfh In fho Inforosf of IIbornfIon
from nII oInfs of vIow.
Anofhor vory romnrknbIo oIomonf fo bo found In fho foxf Is n
socInIIy forfhrIghf docInrnfIon In fnvour of fho rImncy of
conscIousnoss. I hnvo nrguod In Mndhynmnkn SchooIs In IndIn nnd
oIsowhoro In vnrIous nrfIcIos
2
fhnf fho hIIosohy of fho
Vij0not0Jo or Yog0c0ro Is vory InrgoIy nnfIcInfod In Ifs
ossonfInIs In grjunn's nnd ovon In CnndrnkrfI's works. Thoro
nro onough suggosfIons In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo
Wny nnd In Tho JowoIod CnrInnd Io/n0toli ns woII ns In Tho
CIonrIy Wordod ProeonnopoJ0 of CnndrnkrfI fo drnw fho
nrorInfo concIusIons. Howovor, In Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns, fhoro Is n
sfrnIghfforwnrd rocInmnfIon fhnf fho suosod mnforInI oIomonfs
of fho worId nro fo bo IncIudod In conscIousnoss, nIfhough fho
sfnfomonf Is qunIIfIod In fho vory snmo sfnnzn by n roforonco fo fho
soforIoIogIcnI bonofIf of fhIs nssumfIon of n rovIsIonnI orsocfIvo
nffIrmIng fho rImncy of conscIousnoss. Tho rovIsIonnI nnfuro of
fho nffIrmnfIon of MInd OnIy ci//on0/ro, I boIIovo, Is boyond doubf
ovon nccordIng fo fho works of fho onrIy foundors of fho schooI,
Asnngn nnd Vnsubnndhu.
AgnIn, fhoro Is n InforosfIng dIscussIon of fho rocoss of
dobnfo nnd orsunsIon In fho foxf. grjunn Is n nssod mnsfor nf
fho nrf of dobnfo ns ho hns shown nof onIy In Tho !ofufnfIon of
ObjocfIons
3
, buf nIso In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny
nnd In ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. In Tho !ofufnfIon of
ObjocfIons, ho dIsnvows fho commIfmonfs of convonfIonnI IogIcInns
who nro nof onIIghfonod by fho vIsIon of nondunIIfy whIch InsIros
fho MdhynmIkn
4
. onofhoIoss, ho hnndIos IogIcnI dovIcos wIfh
consummnfo skIII nnd If wouId soom roIIsh. In fho rosonf foxf,
grjunn sooms nImosf wIIIIng fo roIognfo dobnfo nnd dIsufnfIon
fo fho sfnfus of n socondnry offocf of fho nffIIcfIons. Ho sfrossos fho
72
nbsonco of nny objocfIvo osIfIon nnd ndmonIshos IuddhIsfs nof fo
fnII Info fho frn of nffIrmIng onfIfIos In dIsufnfIon. If Is nImosf ns
If fho sIIonco of fho nnonymous TnoIsf sngo or TnnfrIc ndof hns
bogun fo fomf fho gronf dInIocfIcInn. Of courso, fhoro nro mnny
nssngos In fho foxf whoro fho Imorfnnco of fho fnsk of
consfrucfIvo ongngomonf In concofunI ncfIvIfy nnd convonfIonnI
usngo for fho bonofIf of ofhors Is omhnsIzod.
Tho concIudIng orfIons of fho foxf IncronsIngIy undorIIno fho
fhomo, nIrondy oncounforod onrIIor In fho work, of fho onsnnrIng
chnrncfor of fho nrohonsIon In fho sonso of nrorInfIon of nn
onfIfy, objocfIvo osIfIon or suorf. AIfhough fho orIgInnI forms nro
dIfforonf, nnd fho dIfforonco hns boon rofIocfod In fho IngIIsh
frnnsInfIons of onch, fhoy hnvo n common qunIIfy. Thoy sonk of fho
concofunI commIfmonf mndo unconscIousIy by mosf fo n nrfIcuInr
schomo of fho worId or ovon fo n sof of frngmonfod oInIons, or
ngnIn fo fho oIomonfs or objocfs of oxorIonco. AffIrmnfIon nnd
nrorInfIon of such schomos, oInIons nnd objocfs condomns ono
fo IIvIng ouf onos oxIsfonco In n worId of dronms whoro ono cnn
novor nchIovo froodom. Tho oInf Is rnfhor fo IIbornfo onosoIf from
fho onfnngIomonfs of such monfnI commIfmonfs fo fho IIIusIons of
fho worId, bo fhoy ovor so oIovnfod, nnd nchIovo n sfnfo of fofnI
vncuIfy. TofnI vncuIfy mIghf sound omfy nnd hoIIow, buf If Is nof
fho cnso. Onco moro, concofIons nnd oxrossIons obscuro fho ncfunI
nnfuro of fho ronI.
CnndrnkrfI's commonfnry Is nIso fuII of novoI Idons nnd IIvoIy
dIscussIon. Thoro Is fnr foo much mnforInI In fncf, gIvon my
IImIfnfIons of fImo nnd snco, fo bo donIf wIfh oxhnusfIvoIy. Tho
oxInnnfory nofos consoquonfIy rosonf nroxImnfo rondorIngs In
IngIIsh of Imorfnnf nssngos nnd nrfIcuInrIy cInrIfyIng
oInbornfIons.
CnndrnkrfI's commonfnry Is sIrIfod nnd IucId nnd onco
ngnIn, fho sfyIo of fho orIgInnI sooms moro roInxod fhnn, for
Insfnnco, fhnf of CnndrnkrfI's commonfnry fo Tho IoundnfIon
Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, Tho CIonrIy Wordod. ThIs howovor doos
nof monn fhnf CnndrnkrfI's commonfnry fo Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns wns
nof hoId In fho hIghosf osfoom by romInonf schoInrs who foIIowod
71
!"#$%&' Is fhoroforo uIfImnfoIy nn IIIusIon. Tho romnrk confnInod
In (')*#'+,#-"'s commonfnry fo fho offocf fhnf "If fhoro woro
nnyfhIng moro oxcoIIonf fhnn !"#$%&', If foo wouId bo nn IIIusIon" Is
nrfIcuInrIy rovonIIng. If sums u fho rndIcnI nnd nbsoIufo InfogrIfy
of fho .%*/0'1"+' hIIosohor who cnn fhrow nwny fho mosf
sncrod frufhs of hIs convonfIonnI fnIfh In fho Inforosf of IIbornfIon
from nII oInfs of vIow.
Anofhor vory romnrknbIo oIomonf fo bo found In fho foxf Is n
socInIIy forfhrIghf docInrnfIon In fnvour of fho rImncy of
conscIousnoss. I hnvo nrguod In Mndhynmnkn SchooIs In IndIn nnd
oIsowhoro In vnrIous nrfIcIos
2
fhnf fho hIIosohy of fho
!"#$%&'(%)' or *+,%-%.' Is vory InrgoIy nnfIcInfod In Ifs
ossonfInIs In !%2%#34)''s nnd ovon In Cnndrnk,rfI's works. Thoro
nro onough suggosfIons In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo
Wny nnd In Tho JowoIod CnrInnd /'0&%('12 ns woII ns In Tho
CIonrIy Wordod 3.'4'&&'5')% of (')*#'+,#-"5 fo drnw fho
nrorInfo concIusIons. Howovor, In Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns, fhoro Is n
sfrnIghfforwnrd rocInmnfIon fhnf fho suosod mnforInI oIomonfs
of fho worId nro fo bo IncIudod In conscIousnoss, nIfhough fho
sfnfomonf Is qunIIfIod In fho vory snmo sfnnzn by n roforonco fo fho
soforIoIogIcnI bonofIf of fhIs nssumfIon of n rovIsIonnI orsocfIvo
nffIrmIng fho rImncy of conscIousnoss. Tho rovIsIonnI nnfuro of
fho nffIrmnfIon of MInd OnIy -"00'6%0.', I boIIovo, Is boyond doubf
ovon nccordIng fo fho works of fho onrIy foundors of fho schooI,
Asn6gn nnd Vnsubnndhu.
AgnIn, fhoro Is n InforosfIng dIscussIon of fho rocoss of
dobnfo nnd orsunsIon In fho foxf. !%2%#34)' Is n nssod mnsfor nf
fho nrf of dobnfo ns ho hns shown nof onIy In Tho !ofufnfIon of
ObjocfIons
3
, buf nIso In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny
nnd In ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. In Tho !ofufnfIon of
ObjocfIons, ho dIsnvows fho commIfmonfs of convonfIonnI IogIcInns
who nro nof onIIghfonod by fho vIsIon of nondunIIfy whIch InsIros
fho .%*/0'1"+'
4
. onofhoIoss, ho hnndIos IogIcnI dovIcos wIfh
consummnfo skIII nnd If wouId soom roIIsh. In fho rosonf foxf,
!%2%#34)' sooms nImosf wIIIIng fo roIognfo dobnfo nnd dIsufnfIon
fo fho sfnfus of n socondnry offocf of fho nffIIcfIons. Ho sfrossos fho
72
nbsonco of nny objocfIvo osIfIon nnd ndmonIshos IuddhIsfs nof fo
fnII Info fho frn of nffIrmIng onfIfIos In dIsufnfIon. If Is nImosf ns
If fho sIIonco of fho nnonymous TnoIsf sngo or TnnfrIc ndof hns
bogun fo fomf fho gronf dInIocfIcInn. Of courso, fhoro nro mnny
nssngos In fho foxf whoro fho Imorfnnco of fho fnsk of
consfrucfIvo ongngomonf In concofunI ncfIvIfy nnd convonfIonnI
usngo for fho bonofIf of ofhors Is omhnsIzod.
Tho concIudIng orfIons of fho foxf IncronsIngIy undorIIno fho
fhomo, nIrondy oncounforod onrIIor In fho work, of fho onsnnrIng
chnrncfor of fho nrohonsIon In fho sonso of nrorInfIon of nn
onfIfy, objocfIvo osIfIon or suorf. AIfhough fho orIgInnI forms nro
dIfforonf, nnd fho dIfforonco hns boon rofIocfod In fho IngIIsh
frnnsInfIons of onch, fhoy hnvo n common qunIIfy. Thoy sonk of fho
concofunI commIfmonf mndo unconscIousIy by mosf fo n nrfIcuInr
schomo of fho worId or ovon fo n sof of frngmonfod oInIons, or
ngnIn fo fho oIomonfs or objocfs of oxorIonco. AffIrmnfIon nnd
nrorInfIon of such schomos, oInIons nnd objocfs condomns ono
fo IIvIng ouf onos oxIsfonco In n worId of dronms whoro ono cnn
novor nchIovo froodom. Tho oInf Is rnfhor fo IIbornfo onosoIf from
fho onfnngIomonfs of such monfnI commIfmonfs fo fho IIIusIons of
fho worId, bo fhoy ovor so oIovnfod, nnd nchIovo n sfnfo of fofnI
vncuIfy. TofnI vncuIfy mIghf sound omfy nnd hoIIow, buf If Is nof
fho cnso. Onco moro, concofIons nnd oxrossIons obscuro fho ncfunI
nnfuro of fho ronI.
(')*#'+,#-"7s commonfnry Is nIso fuII of novoI Idons nnd IIvoIy
dIscussIon. Thoro Is fnr foo much mnforInI In fncf, gIvon my
IImIfnfIons of fImo nnd snco, fo bo donIf wIfh oxhnusfIvoIy. Tho
oxInnnfory nofos consoquonfIy rosonf nroxImnfo rondorIngs In
IngIIsh of Imorfnnf nssngos nnd nrfIcuInrIy cInrIfyIng
oInbornfIons.
(')*#'+,#-"7s commonfnry Is sIrIfod nnd IucId nnd onco
ngnIn, fho sfyIo of fho orIgInnI sooms moro roInxod fhnn, for
Insfnnco, fhnf of (')*#'+,#-"7s commonfnry fo Tho IoundnfIon
Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, Tho CIonrIy Wordod. ThIs howovor doos
nof monn fhnf (')*#'+,#-"7s commonfnry fo Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns wns
nof hoId In fho hIghosf osfoom by romInonf schoInrs who foIIowod
73
In fho frndIfIon of fho M0Jl,oni/oe. Indood, Sonnm Songo, n nofo
worfhy TIbofnn schoInr of fho fIffoonfh confury who wrofo
numorous works on Mndhynmnkn hIIosohy consIdorod If ono of
fho foromosf works of fho nufhor. Ho nnmos If ns ono of fho fhroo so
cnIIod "gronf commonfnrIos" comosod by CnndrnkrfI nIong wIfh
Tho CIonrIy Wordod nnd fho nufocommonfnry fo Tho Infry Info
Tho MIddIo Wny MoJl,ono/0to/0rotj//i).
If Is nof surrIsIng fhnf fho commonfnry shouId hnvo boon
hoId In such hIgh rognrd. Tho foxf confnIns n rIch vnrIofy of
oIucIdnfIons of fho fhomos rosonfod In fho sfnnzns. ConsoquonfIy,
CnndrnkrfI's commonfnry succoods romnrknbIy woII In fho fnsk of
gIvIng ovon gronfor form nnd coIor fo nn nIrondy rIch nnd vIvId foxf.
74

Section Two


OboIsnnco fo Mnnjusr, fho YoufhfuIIy Trnnsformod.
I offor oboIsnnco fo fho !ord of fho Sngos Tho Iuddhn who
rocInImod Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, nnd who fhoroby nvoIdod
orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon.

I. Thoso whoso InfoIIocfs hnvo gono woII boyond oxIsfonco nnd non
oxIsfonco nnd do nof dwoII nnywhoro, orfocfIy modIfnfo uon fho
monnIng of fho condIfIonod whIch Is rofound nnd wIfhouf n
suorf.

II. Tho nIfornnfIvo of nonoxIsfonco, fho sourco of nII dofocfs hns
boon ufforIy rojocfod. o IIsfon ns fho ronsonIng by whIch
oxIsfonco foo Is fo bo rojocfod Is oxInInod.

III. As nccordIng fo fho fIrsf fhoughf of ordInnry ooIo, onfIfIos
fruIy oxIsf, why Is nof fhoIr nonoxIsfonco nccofod fo bo fho cnuso
of IIbornfIon

IV. Tho vIow of oxIsfonco doos nof nchIovo IIbornfIon from
bocomIng, nor doos fho vIow of nonoxIsfonco. Tho Cronf Iorson Is
frood fhrough fho comIofo undorsfnndIng of fho Infordoondonco
ofG oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco.

V. Thoso who do nof soo suchnoss nro nffnchod fo fho worId nnd
5/"7#'&, buf fhoso who soo suchnoss nro nof nffnchod fo fho worId
nnd 5/"7#'&.

73
In fho frndIfIon of fho !"#$%&'()&*. Indood, Sonnm Songo, n nofo
worfhy TIbofnn schoInr of fho fIffoonfh confury who wrofo
numorous works on Mndhynmnkn hIIosohy consIdorod If ono of
fho foromosf works of fho nufhor. Ho nnmos If ns ono of fho fhroo so
cnIIod "gronf commonfnrIos" comosod by !"#$%"&'%() nIong wIfh
Tho CIonrIy Wordod nnd fho nufocommonfnry fo Tho Infry Info
Tho MIddIo Wny !&#$%&'&)"+&,"-&+.,,(/0
If Is nof surrIsIng fhnf fho commonfnry shouId hnvo boon
hoId In such hIgh rognrd. Tho foxf confnIns n rIch vnrIofy of
oIucIdnfIons of fho fhomos rosonfod In fho sfnnzns. ConsoquonfIy,
!"#$%"&'%()*s commonfnry succoods romnrknbIy woII In fho fnsk of
gIvIng ovon gronfor form nnd coIor fo nn nIrondy rIch nnd vIvId foxf.
74

Section Two


OboIsnnco fo +",-./%'0 fho YoufhfuIIy Trnnsformod.
I offor oboIsnnco fo fho !ord of fho Sngos Tho Iuddhn who

I. Thoso whoso InfoIIocfs hnvo gono woII boyond oxIsfonco nnd non
oxIsfonco nnd do nof dwoII nnywhoro, orfocfIy modIfnfo uon fho
monnIng of fho condIfIonod whIch Is rofound nnd wIfhouf n
suorf.

II. Tho nIfornnfIvo of nonoxIsfonco, fho sourco of nII dofocfs hns
boon ufforIy rojocfod. o IIsfon ns fho ronsonIng by whIch
oxIsfonco foo Is fo bo rojocfod Is oxInInod.

III. As nccordIng fo fho fIrsf fhoughf of ordInnry ooIo, onfIfIos
fruIy oxIsf, why Is nof fhoIr nonoxIsfonco nccofod fo bo fho cnuso
of IIbornfIon

IV. Tho vIow of oxIsfonco doos nof nchIovo IIbornfIon from
bocomIng, nor doos fho vIow of nonoxIsfonco. Tho Cronf Iorson Is
frood fhrough fho comIofo undorsfnndIng of fho Infordoondonco
of! oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco.

V. Thoso who do nof soo suchnoss nro nffnchod fo fho worId nnd
"#$%&'(, buf fhoso who soo suchnoss nro nof nffnchod fo fho worId
nnd "#$%&'(.

75
VI. IocomIng nnd 5/"7#'& noIfhor of fhoso Is oxIsfonf fho
comIofo undorsfnndIng of bocomIng mny bo cnIIod 5/"7#'&.

VII. As wIfh rognrd fo fho oxfIncfIon of n formorIy orIgInnfod onfIfy,
cossnfIon Is Imufod, so foo, fho HoIy Onos consIdor cossnfIon fo bo
IIko n mngIcnI cronfIon.

VIII. Iy monns of comIofo dosfrucfIon of fho nffIIcfIons nnd
ncfIons cossnfIon wIII nrIso, nof by monns of comIofo
undorsfnndIng of comoundod fncfors, buf by whom wIII If bo
dIrocfIy oxorIoncod nnd whnf wIII fho knowIodgo of fhnf
dosfrucfIon bo IIko

IX. If fho nggrognfos nro nof cuf off, ovon fhough fho nffIIcfIons bo
oxhnusfod, goIng boyond wIII nof occur. Whon fhoy nro cuf off, fhon
IIbornfIon occurs.

X. Whon whnf Is orIgInnfod from fho condIfIon of Ignornnco Is
nnnIyzod fhrough orfocf knowIodgo, no orcofIon nf nII of oIfhor
orIgInnfIon or cossnfIon occurs.

XI. & XII. Whon, In fhIs IIfo, ono Is boyond sorrow nnd hns dono
whnf hnd fo bo dono, If nffor fho nnfuro of fncfors Is ronIIzod n
dIsfIncfIon oxIsfs, fhoso who Imufo orIgInnfIon ovon In rognrd fo
vory subfIo onfIfIos, boIng unwIso, hnvo nof soon fho monnIng of

XIII. If 3&4(#"& Is furnod bnck by fho monk who hns oxhnusfod
fho nffIIcfIons, why wns nof Ifs bogInnIng domonsfrnfod by fho
Iorfocf Iuddhn

XIV. If fhoro woro n bogInnIng, fhon dofInIfoIy n vIow wouId nIso bo
ndofod, buf how Is If fhnf whnf Is InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod
hns n bogInnIng nnd nn ond

XV. How cnn whnf wns onrIIor orIgInnfod ngnIn bo furnod bnck
76
Iroo from fho nIfornnfIvos of nnfocodonco nnd subsoquonco, cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco nonrs IIko n mngIcnI IIIusIon.

XVI. Whon n mngIcnI IIIusIon Is suosod fo orIgInnfo, or whon If Is
suosod fo bo dosfroyod, ono who knows nbouf If Is nof doIudod,
buf ono who Is Ignornnf nbouf If wIII bo gronfIy nffocfod
omofIonnIIy.

XVII. Thoso who soo fho worId of oxIsfonco wIfh InfoIIIgonco ns IIko
n mIrngo nnd n mngIcnI IIIusIon nro nof onfIroIy corrufod by fho
vIow of fho nIfornnfIvo of nnfocodonco nnd fho nIfornnfIvo of
subsoquonco.

XVIII. Whosoovor Imufos orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon fo
comoundod fncfors doos nof nf nII know fho movomonf of fho whooI
of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon.

XIX. Whnfsoovor orIgInnfos doondonf uon fhIs nnd fhnf doos nof
orIgInnfo In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. How cnn whnf Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs
InfrInsIc boIng bo cnIIod orIgInnfod

XX. Iocnuso of fho oxfIncfIon of fho cnuso of bocomIng, onco Is
Imufod fo bo "oxfIncfIon" buf ns fhoro Is nofhIng whIch Is
oxfInguIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, how cnn If bo cnIIod "oxfIncfIon"

XXI. Thoroforo, nofhIng nf nII orIgInnfos nnd nofhIng nf nII consos.
Tho nfh of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon wns domonsfrnfod
InfonfIonnIIy.

XXII. Through knowIng orIgInnfIon, dosfrucfIon Is known fhrough
knowIng dosfrucfIon, Imormnnonco Is known fhrough knowIng fho
wny fo onofrnfo Imormnnonco, fho HoIy hnrmn Is nIso
undorsfood.

XXIII. Thoso who know fhnf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is woII
cIonr of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon cross fho oconn of worIdIy
75
VI. IocomIng nnd !"#$%&' noIfhor of fhoso Is oxIsfonf fho
comIofo undorsfnndIng of bocomIng mny bo cnIIod !"#$%&'.

VII. As wIfh rognrd fo fho oxfIncfIon of n formorIy orIgInnfod onfIfy,
cossnfIon Is Imufod, so foo, fho HoIy Onos consIdor cossnfIon fo bo
IIko n mngIcnI cronfIon.

dosfrucfIon bo IIko

IX. If fho nggrognfos nro nof cuf off, ovon fhough fho nffIIcfIons bo
oxhnusfod, goIng boyond wIII nof occur. Whon fhoy nro cuf off, fhon
IIbornfIon occurs.


XI. & XII. Whon, In fhIs IIfo, ono Is boyond sorrow nnd hns dono
whnf hnd fo bo dono, If nffor fho nnfuro of fncfors Is ronIIzod n

XIII. If (')*%#' Is furnod bnck by fho monk who hns oxhnusfod
fho nffIIcfIons, why wns nof Ifs bogInnIng domonsfrnfod by fho
Iorfocf Iuddhn

XIV. If fhoro woro n bogInnIng, fhon dofInIfoIy n vIow wouId nIso bo
ndofod, buf how Is If fhnf whnf Is InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod
hns n bogInnIng nnd nn ond

XV. How cnn whnf wns onrIIor orIgInnfod ngnIn bo furnod bnck
76
Iroo from fho nIfornnfIvos of nnfocodonco nnd subsoquonco, cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco nonrs IIko n mngIcnI IIIusIon.

XVI. Whon n mngIcnI IIIusIon Is suosod fo orIgInnfo, or whon If Is
suosod fo bo dosfroyod, ono who knows nbouf If Is nof doIudod,
buf ono who Is Ignornnf nbouf If wIII bo gronfIy nffocfod
omofIonnIIy.

XVII. Thoso who soo fho worId of oxIsfonco wIfh InfoIIIgonco ns IIko
n mIrngo nnd n mngIcnI IIIusIon nro nof onfIroIy corrufod by fho
vIow of fho nIfornnfIvo of nnfocodonco nnd fho nIfornnfIvo of
subsoquonco.


XIX. Whnfsoovor orIgInnfos doondonf uon fhIs nnd fhnf doos nof
orIgInnfo In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. How cnn whnf Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs
InfrInsIc boIng bo cnIIod orIgInnfod

XX. Iocnuso of fho oxfIncfIon of fho cnuso of bocomIng, onco Is
Imufod fo bo "oxfIncfIon" buf ns fhoro Is nofhIng whIch Is

XXI. Thoroforo, nofhIng nf nII orIgInnfos nnd nofhIng nf nII consos.
Tho nfh of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon wns domonsfrnfod
InfonfIonnIIy.

XXII. Through knowIng orIgInnfIon, dosfrucfIon Is known fhrough
knowIng dosfrucfIon, Imormnnonco Is known fhrough knowIng fho
wny fo onofrnfo Imormnnonco, fho HoIy hnrmn Is nIso
undorsfood.

XXIII. Thoso who know fhnf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is woII
cIonr of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon cross fho oconn of worIdIy
77
oxIsfonco fhnf Is born of vIows.

XIV. OrdInnry ooIo who hnvo fho nofIon of fho subsfnnfInIIfy of
onfIfIos ns fhoy nro fInwod by fho orronoous vIows of oxIsfonco nnd
nonoxIsfonco nnd confroIIod by fho nffIIcfIons nro docoIvod by fhoIr
own mInds.

XXV. Thoso who nro wIso In rognrd fo onfIfIos soo fhnf onfIfIos nro
Imormnnonf, docofIvo fncfors, IfhIoss, omfy, InsubsfnnfInI nnd
whoIIy vncuous.

XXVI. WIfhouf nn objocfIvo osIfIon, wIfhouf n suorf, wIfhouf
foundnfIon nnd wIfhouf nbIdIng, onfIfIos onIy orIgInnfod from fho
cnuso of Ignornnco nro onfIroIy wIfhouf bogInnIng, mIddIo or ond.

XXVII. WIfhouf ossonco, IIko n bnnnnn froo nnd n fnIry cIfy, fho
unbonrnbIo cIfy of doIusIon fhnf Is cycIIcnI oxIsfonco nonrs IIko n
mngIcnI IIIusIon.

XXVIII. Whnfsoovor nonrs fo fho worIdIy commoncIng from
)"&$%# nnd fho IIko ns ronI Is fnIso for fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos.
Thoroforo, whnf romnIns nnrf from fhIs

XXIX. Tho worIdIy who nro Infnfunfod by Ignornnco foIIow fho
curronf of fhoIr dosIro, whIIo fho wIso nro froo from dosIro. How
cnn fhoIr vIrfuo bo sImIInr

XXX. IIrsf, fho sookor for ronIIfy shouId bo foId fhnf ovoryfhIng
oxIsfs. !nfor, whon ho hns undorsfood fhIngs nnd Is froo from
dosIro, ho shouId bo foId fhnf ovoryfhIng Is vncuous.

XXXI. Thoso InforIor ooIo who do nof undorsfnnd fho monnIng of
vncuIfy nnd nccof moroIy fho vorbnI sonso do nof nccomIIsh morIf
nnd nro Iosf.

XXXII. If hns boon oxInInod fhnf fho offocfs of ncfIons nro suroIy
78
nof Iosf nnd fhnf fhoro nro sIx ronIms of sonfIonf boIngs. HnvIng
fhoroughIy undorsfood fhoIr nnfuro, nonorIgInnfIon hns nIso boon
domonsfrnfod.

XXXIII. InfonfIonnIIy, fho Conquorors oxInInod "I" nnd "MIno".
SImIInrIy, fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd sonso shoros woro nIso
rocInImod InfonfIonnIIy.

XXXIV. Tho rImnry oIomonfs ofc. nro IncIudod In conscIousnoss. If
froodom nrIsos fhrough fhIs undorsfnndIng, why nro fhoy nof
orronoousIy ImngInod

XXXV. Tho Conquorors rocInImod fhnf 5/"7#'& Is fho onIy frufh,
so who nmong fho wIso couId undorsfnnd fho rosf nof fo bo fnIso

XXXVI. As Iong ns fhoro Is movomonf of fho mInd, so Iong ono wIII
bo In fho domnIn of <#"&. If If Is ofhorwIso, fhon In fhnf cnso, how
wIII fnuIfIossnoss nof bo jusfIfIod

XXXVII. Tho worId hns Ignornnco ns n condIfIon, bocnuso fho
Iuddhns rocInImod If fo bo so. Thoroforo, why Is If nof jusfIfIod
fhnf fhIs worId bo fho offocf of concofunIIznfIon

XXXVIII. How wIII whnf Is oxfInguIshod whon Ignornnco Is
oxfInguIshod nof bo soon fo bo fho consfrucfIon of Ignornnco

XXXIX. Whnfsoovor orIgInnfos from n cnuso doos nof onduro
wIfhouf condIfIons. If Is dosfroyod fhrough fho nbsonco of
condIfIons, fhoroforo, how cnn If bo nrohondod fo oxIsf

X!. If fho oxononfs of oxIsfonco romnIn nffnchod fo fhoIr rocIous
onfIfIos nnd confInuo In fhIs wny, fhoro Is nofhIng nmnzIng In If.

X!I. Howovor If Is nmnzIng fhnf fho oxononfs of fho
Imormnnonco of ovoryfhIng who roIy uon fho Iuddhn's wny
confInuo fo cIIng fo such rocIous onfIfIos In dIsufnfIon.
77

XIV. OrdInnry ooIo who hnvo fho nofIon of fho subsfnnfInIIfy of
onfIfIos ns fhoy nro fInwod by fho orronoous vIows of oxIsfonco nnd
nonoxIsfonco nnd confroIIod by fho nffIIcfIons nro docoIvod by fhoIr
own mInds.

XXV. Thoso who nro wIso In rognrd fo onfIfIos soo fhnf onfIfIos nro
Imormnnonf, docofIvo fncfors, IfhIoss, omfy, InsubsfnnfInI nnd
whoIIy vncuous.

XXVI. WIfhouf nn objocfIvo osIfIon, wIfhouf n suorf, wIfhouf
foundnfIon nnd wIfhouf nbIdIng, onfIfIos onIy orIgInnfod from fho
cnuso of Ignornnco nro onfIroIy wIfhouf bogInnIng, mIddIo or ond.

XXVII. WIfhouf ossonco, IIko n bnnnnn froo nnd n fnIry cIfy, fho
unbonrnbIo cIfy of doIusIon fhnf Is cycIIcnI oxIsfonco nonrs IIko n
mngIcnI IIIusIon.

XXVIII. Whnfsoovor nonrs fo fho worIdIy commoncIng from
!"#$%& nnd fho IIko ns ronI Is fnIso for fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos.
Thoroforo, whnf romnIns nnrf from fhIs


XXX. IIrsf, fho sookor for ronIIfy shouId bo foId fhnf ovoryfhIng
oxIsfs. !nfor, whon ho hns undorsfood fhIngs nnd Is froo from
dosIro, ho shouId bo foId fhnf ovoryfhIng Is vncuous.

XXXI. Thoso InforIor ooIo who do nof undorsfnnd fho monnIng of
vncuIfy nnd nccof moroIy fho vorbnI sonso do nof nccomIIsh morIf
nnd nro Iosf.

XXXII. If hns boon oxInInod fhnf fho offocfs of ncfIons nro suroIy
78
nof Iosf nnd fhnf fhoro nro sIx ronIms of sonfIonf boIngs. HnvIng
fhoroughIy undorsfood fhoIr nnfuro, nonorIgInnfIon hns nIso boon
domonsfrnfod.

XXXIII. InfonfIonnIIy, fho Conquorors oxInInod "I" nnd "MIno".
SImIInrIy, fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd sonso shoros woro nIso
rocInImod InfonfIonnIIy.

XXXIV. Tho rImnry oIomonfs ofc. nro IncIudod In conscIousnoss. If
froodom nrIsos fhrough fhIs undorsfnndIng, why nro fhoy nof
orronoousIy ImngInod

XXXV. Tho Conquorors rocInImod fhnf '(")&*# Is fho onIy frufh,
so who nmong fho wIso couId undorsfnnd fho rosf nof fo bo fnIso

XXXVI. As Iong ns fhoro Is movomonf of fho mInd, so Iong ono wIII
bo In fho domnIn of +&"#. If If Is ofhorwIso, fhon In fhnf cnso, how
wIII fnuIfIossnoss nof bo jusfIfIod




X!. If fho oxononfs of oxIsfonco romnIn nffnchod fo fhoIr rocIous
onfIfIos nnd confInuo In fhIs wny, fhoro Is nofhIng nmnzIng In If.

79

X!II. If whon nnnIyzod whnf nro cnIIod fhIs nnd fhnf nro nof fo bo
orcoIvod, fhon whnf wIso mnn wIII nrguo fhnf fhIs nnd fhnf nro
ronI

X!III. Thoso who nro nffnchod fo fho soIf nnd fho worId ns nof
doondonf, nIns, nro nffrncfod fo fho vIows of ormnnonco,
Imormnnonco nnd fho IIko.

X!IV. Ior whosoovor hoIds fhnf doondonf onfIfIos nro osfnbIIshod
In ronIIfy how wIII fho fnuIfs of ormnnonco nnd fho IIko nof nIso
occur

X!V. Thoso who hoId fhnf doondonf onfIfIos nro IIko fho moon's
rofIocfIon In wnfor, noIfhor fruo nor fnIso, nro nof nffrncfod fo n
vIow.

X!VI. If fho nccofnnco of onfIfIos Is rosonf, fho forrIbIo orronoous
vIows wIII nrIso from whIch nffnchmonf nnd III wIII orIgInnfo. Irom
fho Inffor, dIsufnfIon wIII nrIso.

X!VII. Thnf fho nccofnnco of onfIfIos Is fho cnuso of nII vIows.
WIfhouf If, fho nffIIcfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo, fhoroforo, If fhIs Is
known, vIows nnd nffIIcfIons wIII bo fhoroughIy urIfIod.

X!VIII. How wIII fhIs bo known Iy sooIng Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon. Tho Knowor of Suchnoss Tho Iuddhn snId fhnf fho
doondonfIy orIgInnfod doos nof orIgInnfo.

X!IX. Tho rocoss of cIIngIng nnd dIsufnfIon ofc. wIII orIgInnfo
from nffnchmonf for fhoso who nro domInnfod by fho fnIso cognIfIon
fhnf Is grnsIng nf fho unronI ns ronI.

!. Thoso who nro of oxcoIIonf qunIIfIos hnvo no osIfIon nnd no
dIsufnfIon. How couId fhoso who hnvo no osIfIon hnvo nnofhor's
osIfIon
80

!I. Whosoovor hns nrohondod nny objocfIvo osIfIon whnfsoovor
wIII bo cnughf by fho docoIvor fho soronf of fho nffIIcfIons. Thoso
whoso mInds hnvo nof nrohondod nn objocfIvo osIfIon wIII nof bo
cnughf.

!II. Why wIII fhoso whoso mInds hnvo nrohondod nn objocfIvo
osIfIon nof bo cnughf by fho gronf oIson of fho nffIIcfIons, whon
ovon fhoso who dwoII In IndIfforonco wIII bo cnughf by fho soronf of
fho nffIIcfIons.

!III. As chIIdron nro nffnchod fo n rofIocfIon, orcoIvIng If fo bo
fruo, so fho worIdIy nro frnod In fho rIson of objocfs.

!IV. Tho Cronf Iorsons who soo onfIfIos fhrough fho oyo of
knowIodgo fo bo IIko n rofIocfIon nro nof onfnngIod In fho mIro of
objocfs.

!V. OrdInnry ooIo dosIro form mIddIIng onos nro froo from dosIro
for form fhoso wIfh fho oxcoIIonf InfoIIIgonco of knowIng fho
nnfuro of form nro onfIroIy frood.

!VI. osIro nrIsos from fho fhoughf of fho IonsurnbIo from Ifs
oosIfo, dosIro Is Ioff bohInd. SooIng onfIfIos ns vncuous IIko n
mngIcnI mnn, 5/"7#'& Is nchIovod.

!VII. Thoso who nro nffocfod by orronoous cognIfIon ncquIro
whnfsoovor fnuIfs of fho nffIIcfIons oxIsf. Thoso who know fho
monnIng of fho concofIons of onfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos wIII nof
ncquIro fhom.

!VIII. If nn objocfIvo osIfIon oxIsfod, nffnchmonf nnd froodom from
nffnchmonf mIghf nrIso. Iuf fho Cronf Iorsons who nro wIfhouf nn
objocfIvo osIfIon hnvo noIfhor nffnchmonf nor froodom from
nffnchmonf.

79

X!II. If whon nnnIyzod whnf nro cnIIod fhIs nnd fhnf nro nof fo bo
orcoIvod, fhon whnf wIso mnn wIII nrguo fhnf fhIs nnd fhnf nro
ronI

X!III. Thoso who nro nffnchod fo fho soIf nnd fho worId ns nof
doondonf, nIns, nro nffrncfod fo fho vIows of ormnnonco,

X!IV. Ior whosoovor hoIds fhnf doondonf onfIfIos nro osfnbIIshod
In ronIIfy how wIII fho fnuIfs of ormnnonco nnd fho IIko nof nIso
occur

X!V. Thoso who hoId fhnf doondonf onfIfIos nro IIko fho moon's
rofIocfIon In wnfor, noIfhor fruo nor fnIso, nro nof nffrncfod fo n
vIow.

X!VI. If fho nccofnnco of onfIfIos Is rosonf, fho forrIbIo orronoous
vIows wIII nrIso from whIch nffnchmonf nnd III wIII orIgInnfo. Irom
fho Inffor, dIsufnfIon wIII nrIso.

X!VII. Thnf fho nccofnnco of onfIfIos Is fho cnuso of nII vIows.
WIfhouf If, fho nffIIcfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo, fhoroforo, If fhIs Is
known, vIows nnd nffIIcfIons wIII bo fhoroughIy urIfIod.


X!IX. Tho rocoss of cIIngIng nnd dIsufnfIon ofc. wIII orIgInnfo
from nffnchmonf for fhoso who nro domInnfod by fho fnIso cognIfIon
fhnf Is grnsIng nf fho unronI ns ronI.

!. Thoso who nro of oxcoIIonf qunIIfIos hnvo no osIfIon nnd no
dIsufnfIon. How couId fhoso who hnvo no osIfIon hnvo nnofhor's
osIfIon
80

!I. Whosoovor hns nrohondod nny objocfIvo osIfIon whnfsoovor
wIII bo cnughf by fho docoIvor fho soronf of fho nffIIcfIons. Thoso
whoso mInds hnvo nof nrohondod nn objocfIvo osIfIon wIII nof bo
cnughf.

!II. Why wIII fhoso whoso mInds hnvo nrohondod nn objocfIvo
osIfIon nof bo cnughf by fho gronf oIson of fho nffIIcfIons, whon
ovon fhoso who dwoII In IndIfforonco wIII bo cnughf by fho soronf of
fho nffIIcfIons.

!III. As chIIdron nro nffnchod fo n rofIocfIon, orcoIvIng If fo bo
fruo, so fho worIdIy nro frnod In fho rIson of objocfs.

objocfs.

!V. OrdInnry ooIo dosIro form mIddIIng onos nro froo from dosIro
for form fhoso wIfh fho oxcoIIonf InfoIIIgonco of knowIng fho
nnfuro of form nro onfIroIy frood.

!VI. osIro nrIsos from fho fhoughf of fho IonsurnbIo from Ifs
oosIfo, dosIro Is Ioff bohInd. SooIng onfIfIos ns vncuous IIko n
mngIcnI mnn, !"#$%&' Is nchIovod.

ncquIro fhom.

!VIII. If nn objocfIvo osIfIon oxIsfod, nffnchmonf nnd froodom from
nffnchmonf mIghf nrIso. Iuf fho Cronf Iorsons who nro wIfhouf nn
objocfIvo osIfIon hnvo noIfhor nffnchmonf nor froodom from
nffnchmonf.

81
!IX. Thoso who fhInk of comIofo vncuIfy nro nof movod ovon by
fho fIckIo mInd. Thoy wIII cross fho forrIbIo oconn of oxIsfonco
churnod by fho soronf of fho nffIIcfIons.

!X. Iy fhIs morIf, mny nII sonfIonf boIngs, hnvIng nccumuInfod fho
hons of morIf nnd knowIodgo, nffnIn fho fwo hIghosf goods fho fwo
dImonsIons of Iuddhnhood fhnf nrIso from morIf nnd knowIodgo.

TrnnsInfod by fho IndInn nbbof MuJi/ori nnd fho TIbofnn
frnnsInfor InIsn yImn Crngs.
82

Section Three

An Explanation of Reasoning:
The Sixty Stanzas Based on CandrakirtiHs Commentary

In hIs Infroducfory romnrks, CnndrnkrfI offors oboIsnnco fo
fho nufhor of fho Yu//i,o,/i/0, fhnf Is grjunn. Tho foxf, ho snys,
dIsoIs fho fwo nIfornnfIvos of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nnd
foIIows fho nfh of ronsonod nrgumonf of fho Conquorors.
CnndrnkrfI undorfnkos fo oIucIdnfo fho sfnnzns of fho foxf In
nccord wIfh fho Mndhynmnkn sysfom of IuddhIsf hIIosohy.
Tho nufhor of fho foxf, grjunn, hnvIng soon ronIIfy,
nccurnfoIy In ngroomonf wIfh fho sfnfo of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon hns nchIovod oxfrnordInnry hnInoss. Tho
comrohonsIon of fhIs frufh nchIovod by fho knowIodgo of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Ionds fo fho nccumuInfIon of nII
mundnno nnd surnmundnno morIf wIfhouf oxcofIon. If nIso Is fho
sourco of fho omorgonco of fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos.
Thoso who ossoss fho unobsfrucfod knowIodgo of fho
Iuddhns who hnvo soon comIofo InIIghfonmonf nnd known ronIIfy
In nII Ifs nsocfs nro nof nffocfod by fho nIfornnfIvos of orIgInnfIon,
dosfrucfIon, oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco, sInco Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Tho nufhor of fho
sfnnzns fhoroforo roosos fo oIucIdnfo Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
whIch Is In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng omfy. Ioforo rocoodIng wIfh fhIs
rojocf, grjunn offors oboIsnnco fo fho Iuddhn who Is no
dIfforonf from Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon.
"I offor oboIsnnco fo fho !ord of fho Sngos Tho Iuddhn who
orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon."
Why hns fho Mnsfor comosod n bonodIcfory sfnnzn fo fhIs
81
!IX. Thoso who fhInk of comIofo vncuIfy nro nof movod ovon by
fho fIckIo mInd. Thoy wIII cross fho forrIbIo oconn of oxIsfonco

!X. Iy fhIs morIf, mny nII sonfIonf boIngs, hnvIng nccumuInfod fho
hons of morIf nnd knowIodgo, nffnIn fho fwo hIghosf goods fho fwo
dImonsIons of Iuddhnhood fhnf nrIso from morIf nnd knowIodgo.

TrnnsInfod by fho IndInn nbbof !"#$%&'()* nnd fho TIbofnn
frnnsInfor InIsn yImn Crngs.
82

Section Three

An Explanation of Reasoning:
The Sixty Stanzas Based on Candrakirti!s Commentary

In hIs Infroducfory romnrks, !"#$%"&'%()* offors oboIsnnco fo
fho nufhor of fho +",%$-&-%$,., fhnf Is +,-,%./#". Tho foxf, ho snys,
dIsoIs fho fwo nIfornnfIvos of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nnd
foIIows fho nfh of ronsonod nrgumonf of fho Conquorors.
!"#$%"&'%()* undorfnkos fo oIucIdnfo fho sfnnzns of fho foxf In
nccord wIfh fho Mndhynmnkn sysfom of IuddhIsf hIIosohy.
Tho nufhor of fho foxf, +,-,%./#", hnvIng soon ronIIfy,
nccurnfoIy In ngroomonf wIfh fho sfnfo of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon hns nchIovod oxfrnordInnry hnInoss. Tho
comrohonsIon of fhIs frufh nchIovod by fho knowIodgo of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Ionds fo fho nccumuInfIon of nII
mundnno nnd surnmundnno morIf wIfhouf oxcofIon. If nIso Is fho
sourco of fho omorgonco of fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos.
Thoso who ossoss fho unobsfrucfod knowIodgo of fho
Iuddhns who hnvo soon comIofo InIIghfonmonf nnd known ronIIfy
In nII Ifs nsocfs nro nof nffocfod by fho nIfornnfIvos of orIgInnfIon,
dosfrucfIon, oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco, sInco Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Tho nufhor of fho
sfnnzns fhoroforo roosos fo oIucIdnfo Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
whIch Is In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng omfy. Ioforo rocoodIng wIfh fhIs
rojocf, +,-,%./#" offors oboIsnnco fo fho Iuddhn who Is no
dIfforonf from Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon.
"I offor oboIsnnco fo fho !ord of fho Sngos Tho Iuddhn who
orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon."
Why hns fho Mnsfor comosod n bonodIcfory sfnnzn fo fhIs
83
foxf, whIIo ho dId nof do so In fho cnso of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns nnd Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons Tho nnswor Is fhnf
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns nnd Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons
nro oInbornfIons of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny.
Thoy nro subsIdInry works nnd nof Indoondonf fronfIsos.
Thoroforo, fho Mnsfor dId nof comoso sonrnfo bonodIcfory sfnnzns
for fhoso foxfs.
5

In fhIs wny, wIfh roforonco fo fho foIIowIng sfnnzn confnInod
In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, "Tho InfrInsIc boIng
of onfIfIos Is nof In fho condIfIons ofc ns InfrInsIc boIng doos nof
oxIsf, how cnn ofhor boIng oxIsf."
6
Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons
oInbornfos fho osfonsIbIo objocfIons fo fhIs sfnfomonf nnd fhoIr
nrorInfo rofufnfIons.
SImIInrIy, In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, If
snys, "OrIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro domonsfrnfod fo bo
IIko nn IIIusIon, n dronm nnd n fnIry cIfy."
?
Innsmuch ns ImfInoss
Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns fronfs of fho osfonsIbIo objocfIons fo fhIs
sfnfomonf nnd fhoIr nrorInfo rofufnfIons, If Is nn oInbornfIon.
!onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns, on fho ofhor hnnd, IIko Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny Is rIncInIIy concornod
wIfh nn oxnmInnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Thoroforo, If Is
nof nn oInbornfIon of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny
buf nn Indoondonf work.
Thoso who rofoss subsfnnco, Cod, rImordInI mnffor, sIrIf,
fImo nnd fho rosf nnd nccof fho orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon of
boIngs mny nonofhoIoss wIsh fo nchIovo fho cIfy of Irvnn fhrough
nbnndonIng nII fho forogoIng. SfIII bocnuso of fnIIIng fo soo rocIsoIy
fho fwo frufhs nnronf nnd uIfImnfo fhoy wIII for n vory Iong
fImo nof bo nbIo fo ronch fho gonI of Irvnn whIch Is fho
nnnIhIInfIon of Snmsrn. Tho domonsfrnfIon of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is fho onIy cnuso of sooIng rIghfIy fho fwo frufhs,
fhoroforo, nII fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos hnvo frnvoIod fhIs nfh.
Tho Iuddhn, fho unsurnssod fonchor who rocInImod
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is foromosf nmong fho IscIIos nnd fho
IrIvnfo Iuddhns nnd consoquonfIy Ho Is rognrdod ns fho !ord of
fho Sngos. Iuf ovon moro Ho Is rognrdod ns fho !ord of fho Sngos,
84
bocnuso Ho hns rocInImod Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Tho !ord of
fho Sngos who rocInIms Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is fhoroforo
nono ofhor fhnn fho Iuddhn.
Tho domonsfrnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
consoquonfIy fho cnuso of boIng donofod fho !ord of fho Sngos nnd
convorsoIy, boIng fho !ord of fho Sngos Is fho cnuso of rocInImIng
WhIIo If Is fruo fhnf IscIIos, IrIvnfo Iuddhns nnd
IodhIsnffvns nIso cnn sonk nbouf Infordoondonf orIgInnfIon, fhIs
Is onIy bocnuso fho Iuddhn hns shown fho wny.
ow If ono snys fhnf whon fwo fhIngs nro doondonf, ono
uon fho ofhor, noIfhor of fhom Is osfnbIIshod, nnd furfhor
rocognIzos fhnf fhoy hnvo no orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng, fhon fhIs Is n doscrIfIon of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon. Moroovor, fhIs Is nIso nccofod by fho Ixononfs of
ImfInoss San,ot0Jins).
Tho Iuddhn Is nof cnIIod fho !ord of fho Sngos moroIy
bocnuso Ho rocInImod Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, buf nIso
bocnuso In fhIs wny, Ho uf nn ond fo fho suosod orIgInnfIon nnd
dosfrucfIon of onfIfIos. Ho nccomIIshod fhIs fhrough fho
domonsfrnfIon of nondunIIfy nnd so Ho Is soon ns fho
unsurnssnbIo ono, fho !ord of fho Sngos.
Somoono mIghf objocf fhnf fho domonsfrnfIon of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon doos nof In fncf ImIy fho nognfIon of
orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon. If If Is snId fhnf ono's son hns boon
born, fhon If Is nof corrocf fo sny fhnf ono's son hns nof boon born.
ThIs Is Incorrocf.
I. Thoso whoso InfoIIocfs hnvo gono woII boyond oxIsfonco nnd
nonoxIsfonco nnd do nof dwoII nnywhoro, orfocfIy modIfnfo uon
fho monnIng of fho condIfIonod whIch Is rofound nnd wIfhouf n
suorf.
Thoso who In fhoIr nsf oxIsfoncos woro fnmIIInr wIfh
ImfInoss comrohond Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, bocnuso fhoy
hnvo fho ofonfInI fo soo ImfInoss, ovon If In fhIs rosonf IIfo, fhoy
hnvo nof hnd occnsIon fo fnmIIInrIzo fhomsoIvos wIfh ImfInoss.
ImfInoss Is nof fho rovInco of fho chIIdIsh. ImfInoss Is froo from
83
foxf, whIIo ho dId nof do so In fho cnso of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns nnd Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons Tho nnswor Is fhnf
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns nnd Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons
nro oInbornfIons of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny.
Thoy nro subsIdInry works nnd nof Indoondonf fronfIsos.
Thoroforo, fho Mnsfor dId nof comoso sonrnfo bonodIcfory sfnnzns
for fhoso foxfs.
5

In fhIs wny, wIfh roforonco fo fho foIIowIng sfnnzn confnInod
In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny! "Tho InfrInsIc boIng
of onfIfIos Is nof In fho condIfIons ofc ns InfrInsIc boIng doos nof
oxIsf, how cnn ofhor boIng oxIsf."
6
Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons
oInbornfos fho osfonsIbIo objocfIons fo fhIs sfnfomonf nnd fhoIr
nrorInfo rofufnfIons.
SImIInrIy, In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny! If
snys, "OrIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro domonsfrnfod fo bo
IIko nn IIIusIon, n dronm nnd n fnIry cIfy."
?
Innsmuch ns ImfInoss
Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns fronfs of fho osfonsIbIo objocfIons fo fhIs
sfnfomonf nnd fhoIr nrorInfo rofufnfIons, If Is nn oInbornfIon.
!onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns! on fho ofhor hnnd, IIko Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny Is rIncInIIy concornod
wIfh nn oxnmInnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Thoroforo, If Is
nof nn oInbornfIon of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny
buf nn Indoondonf work.
Thoso who rofoss subsfnnco, Cod, rImordInI mnffor, sIrIf,
fImo nnd fho rosf nnd nccof fho orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon of
boIngs mny nonofhoIoss wIsh fo nchIovo fho cIfy of "#$%&'( fhrough
nbnndonIng nII fho forogoIng. SfIII bocnuso of fnIIIng fo soo rocIsoIy
fho fwo frufhs nnronf nnd uIfImnfo fhoy wIII for n vory Iong
fImo nof bo nbIo fo ronch fho gonI of "#$%&'( whIch Is fho
nnnIhIInfIon of )(*+&$(. Tho domonsfrnfIon of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon Is fho onIy cnuso of sooIng rIghfIy fho fwo frufhs,
fhoroforo, nII fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos hnvo frnvoIod fhIs nfh.
Tho Iuddhn, fho unsurnssod fonchor who rocInImod
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is foromosf nmong fho IscIIos nnd fho
IrIvnfo Iuddhns nnd consoquonfIy Ho Is rognrdod ns fho !ord of
fho Sngos. Iuf ovon moro Ho Is rognrdod ns fho !ord of fho Sngos,
84
bocnuso Ho hns rocInImod Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Tho !ord of
fho Sngos who rocInIms Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is fhoroforo
nono ofhor fhnn fho Iuddhn.
Tho domonsfrnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
consoquonfIy fho cnuso of boIng donofod fho !ord of fho Sngos nnd
convorsoIy, boIng fho !ord of fho Sngos Is fho cnuso of rocInImIng
WhIIo If Is fruo fhnf IscIIos, IrIvnfo Iuddhns nnd
IodhIsnffvns nIso cnn sonk nbouf Infordoondonf orIgInnfIon, fhIs
Is onIy bocnuso fho Iuddhn hns shown fho wny.
ow If ono snys fhnf whon fwo fhIngs nro doondonf, ono
uon fho ofhor, noIfhor of fhom Is osfnbIIshod, nnd furfhor
rocognIzos fhnf fhoy hnvo no orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng, fhon fhIs Is n doscrIfIon of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon. Moroovor, fhIs Is nIso nccofod by fho Ixononfs of
ImfInoss "#$%&'()*$s+.
Tho Iuddhn Is nof cnIIod fho !ord of fho Sngos moroIy
bocnuso Ho rocInImod Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, buf nIso
bocnuso In fhIs wny, Ho uf nn ond fo fho suosod orIgInnfIon nnd
dosfrucfIon of onfIfIos. Ho nccomIIshod fhIs fhrough fho
domonsfrnfIon of nondunIIfy nnd so Ho Is soon ns fho
unsurnssnbIo ono, fho !ord of fho Sngos.
Somoono mIghf objocf fhnf fho domonsfrnfIon of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon doos nof In fncf ImIy fho nognfIon of
orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon. If If Is snId fhnf ono's son hns boon
born, fhon If Is nof corrocf fo sny fhnf ono's son hns nof boon born.
ThIs Is Incorrocf.
I. Thoso whoso InfoIIocfs hnvo gono woII boyond oxIsfonco nnd
nonoxIsfonco nnd do nof dwoII nnywhoro, orfocfIy modIfnfo uon
fho monnIng of fho condIfIonod whIch Is rofound nnd wIfhouf n
suorf.
Thoso who In fhoIr nsf oxIsfoncos woro fnmIIInr wIfh
ImfInoss comrohond Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, bocnuso fhoy
hnvo fho ofonfInI fo soo ImfInoss, ovon If In fhIs rosonf IIfo, fhoy
hnvo nof hnd occnsIon fo fnmIIInrIzo fhomsoIvos wIfh ImfInoss.
ImfInoss Is nof fho rovInco of fho chIIdIsh. ImfInoss Is froo from
85
fho obscurnfIons of fho concofIons of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco.
Thoso who comrohond fho rofound nnfuro of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon nro hoIy. Ior oxnmIo, moroIy by honrIng n sfnnzn
rocInImod by fho Iuddhn, BrIufrn ronIIzod fho frufh. In fhIs
wny, by fho owor of rncfIso In nsf IIvos, fho mInds of somo hnvo
gono boyond fho orcofIon of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco. Anrf
from fho nIfornnfIvos of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco, fhoro Is nIso no
mIddIo whoroIn ono mny wIsoIy dwoII.
Iocnuso ImfInoss nrousos fonr In fho chIIdIsh, fhoy fInd
fhoy nro unnbIo fo onofrnfo If. Ior fhIs ronson, ImfInoss Is cnIIod
rofound. Ihonomonn do nof orIgInnfo In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng,
fhoroforo, fhoro Is no objocf or suorf whIch couId bo concoIvod In
forms of fho nIfornnfIvos of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco or ovon n
form of boIng mId wny bofwoon fho fwo. o objocf or suorf of fho
kInd Is nrohondod. Thoso who modIfnfo on fho monnIng of
condIfIonod oxIsfonco nchIovo dIrocf surnknowIodgo. Thoso ofhor
fhnn fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos who hnvo mIsfnkon vIows nnd dogmns
nro unnbIo fo comrohond fho monnIng of Infordoondonf
orIgInnfIon. Thoso who hnvo nffnchmonf nrIsIng from fho concofIon
of InfrInsIc boIng whon fhoy honr Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
fnughf, nro IInbIo fo dIsufo wIfh fho oxononfs of ImfInoss.
Thoroforo, In ordor fo dIscovor fho ronsonIng whIch mny osfnbIIsh
ImfInoss, fho foIIowIng IInos nro comosod. Tho undorsfnndIng of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon ruIos ouf fho nrohonsIon of oxIsfonco
nnd nonoxIsfonco.
Tho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos whoso mInds nro boyond fho
fnbrIcnfIons of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco, ns Iong ns fhoy modIfnfo
uon fho rofound fonchIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon cnnnof
nognfo jusfIfInbIy fho nrohonsIon of onfIfIos. If onfIfIos woro
nIfogofhor nonoxIsfonf, fhoy wouId bo unnrohondod IIko fho horn
of n rnbbIf. If hns boon domonsfrnfod fhnf sonfIonf boIngs hnvo
como from n formor oxIsfonco fo fho rosonf oxIsfonco nnd ngnIn
fhnf fhoy wIII go from fhIs oxIsfonco fo nnofhor oxIsfonco. Tho
domonsfrnfIon of robIrfh vIndIcnfos fho roInfIonshI bofwoon
ncfIons nnd fhoIr fruIfs nnd sImIInrIy domonsfrnfos fho non
InforrufIon of fho confInuIfy of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco. OfhorwIso fho
86
domonsfrnfIon of fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon dIsfrIbufod ovor fho courso of fhroo IIvos wIII nIso nof
bo nrorInfo. Tho sfIuInfIon of fho nggrognfos, fho sonso shoros
nnd oIomonfs ns woII ns fho soffIng down of nrfIcuInr nnd gonornI
chnrncforIsfIcs In fho AbhIdhnrmn nIso In fhnf cnso wIII nof bo
nrorInfo. ow If nII fhoso oxIsf In fho wny In whIch fhoy hnvo
boon oxInInod nnd nro nrorInfo, fhon fhoro oxIsfs
II. n. Tho nIfornnfIvo of nonoxIsfonco, fho sourco of nII
dofocfs hns boon ufforIy rojocfod.
IhIIIsfs who nccof fho nIfornnfIvo of nonoxIsfonco rofuso fo
rocognIzo fho roInfIonshI bofwoon ncfIons nnd fhoIr fruIfs. Tho
consoquonco of fhIs vIow Is fho dosfrucfIon of fho bnsIs of nII
mundnno nnd surnmundnno whoIosomo ofonfInI. Moroovor, If Is
fho cnuso of fho nccumuInfIon of unwhoIosomo ncfIons. AgnIn, fho
roudInfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon ns If Is fnughf fo occur
ovor fho courso of fhroo IIvos ns woII ns fho roudInfIon of fho
sfIuInfIon of fho rocofncIo
8
of fho unIvorso ns If Is roducod by fho
coIIocfIvo ncfIons of nII sonfIonf boIngs hns boon rojocfod In fho
AbhIdhnrmn.
II. b. o IIsfon ns fho ronsonIng by whIch oxIsfonco foo Is fo
bo rojocfod Is oxInInod.
onofhoIoss, fho nIfornnfIvo of oxIsfonco Is nIso rojocfod. Tho
Iuddhn rocInImod fhnf onIy Irvnn Is nof n docofIon. If Is fho
sIngIo mosf oxcoIIonf frufh. AII fho comoundod fncfors of fho
rocofncIo of fho unIvorso nro onIy docofIons nnd fIcfIons. "AIns,
comoundod fncfors nro Imormnnonf." AIfhough fho frufh Is nono
ofhor fhnn fhIs, If Is soIdom undorsfood fhrough n sIngIo sonfonco.
Thoroforo, fho mnny docInrnfIons of fho !ord of fho Sngos, fho
Iuddhn, fhrough whIch Ho rojocfod fho nIfornnfIvo of oxIsfonco
hnvo boon condonsod, ns If woro, In fhIs foxf, nnd fho ronsonIng by
whIch fho vIow of oxIsfonco Is romovod hns boon IndIcnfod. Whnf Is
fhIs ronsonIng
III. As nccordIng fo fho fIrsf fhoughf of ordInnry ooIo,
onfIfIos fruIy oxIsf, why Is nof fhoIr nonoxIsfonco nccofod fo bo fho
cnuso of IIbornfIon
85
fho obscurnfIons of fho concofIons of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco.
Thoso who comrohond fho rofound nnfuro of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon nro hoIy. Ior oxnmIo, moroIy by honrIng n sfnnzn
rocInImod by fho Iuddhn, !"#$%&'#( ronIIzod fho frufh. In fhIs
wny, by fho owor of rncfIso In nsf IIvos, fho mInds of somo hnvo
gono boyond fho orcofIon of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco. Anrf
from fho nIfornnfIvos of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco, fhoro Is nIso no
mIddIo whoroIn ono mny wIsoIy dwoII.
Iocnuso ImfInoss nrousos fonr In fho chIIdIsh, fhoy fInd
fhoy nro unnbIo fo onofrnfo If. Ior fhIs ronson, ImfInoss Is cnIIod
rofound. Ihonomonn do nof orIgInnfo In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng,
fhoroforo, fhoro Is no objocf or suorf whIch couId bo concoIvod In
forms of fho nIfornnfIvos of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco or ovon n
form of boIng mId wny bofwoon fho fwo. o objocf or suorf of fho
kInd Is nrohondod. Thoso who modIfnfo on fho monnIng of
condIfIonod oxIsfonco nchIovo dIrocf surnknowIodgo. Thoso ofhor
fhnn fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos who hnvo mIsfnkon vIows nnd dogmns
nro unnbIo fo comrohond fho monnIng of Infordoondonf
orIgInnfIon. Thoso who hnvo nffnchmonf nrIsIng from fho concofIon
of InfrInsIc boIng whon fhoy honr Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
fnughf, nro IInbIo fo dIsufo wIfh fho oxononfs of ImfInoss.
Thoroforo, In ordor fo dIscovor fho ronsonIng whIch mny osfnbIIsh
ImfInoss, fho foIIowIng IInos nro comosod. Tho undorsfnndIng of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon ruIos ouf fho nrohonsIon of oxIsfonco
nnd nonoxIsfonco.
Tho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos whoso mInds nro boyond fho
fnbrIcnfIons of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco, ns Iong ns fhoy modIfnfo
uon fho rofound fonchIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon cnnnof
nognfo jusfIfInbIy fho nrohonsIon of onfIfIos. If onfIfIos woro
nIfogofhor nonoxIsfonf, fhoy wouId bo unnrohondod IIko fho horn
of n rnbbIf. If hns boon domonsfrnfod fhnf sonfIonf boIngs hnvo
como from n formor oxIsfonco fo fho rosonf oxIsfonco nnd ngnIn
fhnf fhoy wIII go from fhIs oxIsfonco fo nnofhor oxIsfonco. Tho
domonsfrnfIon of robIrfh vIndIcnfos fho roInfIonshI bofwoon
ncfIons nnd fhoIr fruIfs nnd sImIInrIy domonsfrnfos fho non
InforrufIon of fho confInuIfy of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco. OfhorwIso fho
86
domonsfrnfIon of fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon dIsfrIbufod ovor fho courso of fhroo IIvos wIII nIso nof
bo nrorInfo. Tho sfIuInfIon of fho nggrognfos, fho sonso shoros
nnd oIomonfs ns woII ns fho soffIng down of nrfIcuInr nnd gonornI
chnrncforIsfIcs In fho AbhIdhnrmn nIso In fhnf cnso wIII nof bo
nrorInfo. ow If nII fhoso oxIsf In fho wny In whIch fhoy hnvo
boon oxInInod nnd nro nrorInfo, fhon fhoro oxIsfs
II. n. Tho nIfornnfIvo of nonoxIsfonco, fho sourco of nII
dofocfs hns boon ufforIy rojocfod.
IhIIIsfs who nccof fho nIfornnfIvo of nonoxIsfonco rofuso fo
rocognIzo fho roInfIonshI bofwoon ncfIons nnd fhoIr fruIfs. Tho
consoquonco of fhIs vIow Is fho dosfrucfIon of fho bnsIs of nII
mundnno nnd surnmundnno whoIosomo ofonfInI. Moroovor, If Is
fho cnuso of fho nccumuInfIon of unwhoIosomo ncfIons. AgnIn, fho
roudInfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon ns If Is fnughf fo occur
ovor fho courso of fhroo IIvos ns woII ns fho roudInfIon of fho
sfIuInfIon of fho rocofncIo
8
of fho unIvorso ns If Is roducod by fho
coIIocfIvo ncfIons of nII sonfIonf boIngs hns boon rojocfod In fho
AbhIdhnrmn.
II. b. o IIsfon ns fho ronsonIng by whIch oxIsfonco foo Is fo
bo rojocfod Is oxInInod.
onofhoIoss, fho nIfornnfIvo of oxIsfonco Is nIso rojocfod. Tho
Iuddhn rocInImod fhnf onIy )$#*"+( Is nof n docofIon. If Is fho
sIngIo mosf oxcoIIonf frufh. AII fho comoundod fncfors of fho
rocofncIo of fho unIvorso nro onIy docofIons nnd fIcfIons. "AIns,
comoundod fncfors nro Imormnnonf." AIfhough fho frufh Is nono
ofhor fhnn fhIs, If Is soIdom undorsfood fhrough n sIngIo sonfonco.
Thoroforo, fho mnny docInrnfIons of fho !ord of fho Sngos, fho
Iuddhn, fhrough whIch Ho rojocfod fho nIfornnfIvo of oxIsfonco
hnvo boon condonsod, ns If woro, In fhIs foxf, nnd fho ronsonIng by
whIch fho vIow of oxIsfonco Is romovod hns boon IndIcnfod. Whnf Is
fhIs ronsonIng
III. As nccordIng fo fho fIrsf fhoughf of ordInnry ooIo,
onfIfIos fruIy oxIsf, why Is nof fhoIr nonoxIsfonco nccofod fo bo fho
cnuso of IIbornfIon
87
Through onooInfodnoss of mInd, ronIIfy Is comrohondod
oxncfIy. If ronIIfy Is comrohondod oxncfIy, fhon boIng wIfhouf
nffnchmonf, ono consoquonfIy nchIovos IIbornfIon.
OrdInnry ooIo nIso bocnuso of n orcofIon of ronIIfy IIko
fhnf of fho Arhnf, fhrough fho ronuncInfIon of mnnIfoId fhIngs
nchIovo Irvnn. On fho ofhor hnnd, ono mny nof hoId fhnf ns In fho
cnso of fho Arhnf, IIbornfIon Is nchIovod fhrough fho orcofIon of
fho nonoxIsfonco of nII honomonn. onofhoIoss, IIbornfIon wIII nof
bo nchIovod fhrough foIIowIng fho wny of fho Ignornnf nnd wrong
mIndod ooIo. Thus, fhoso who cIIng fo fho vIow of oxIsfonco nro
unnbIo fo orcoIvo ronIIfy. In fhIs confoxf, fho Tho KIng of
AbsorfIon Iscourso Son0Jlir0joea/ro) docInros fhnf, fho oyo,
onr nnd noso nro nof IogIcnIIy susfnInnbIo, nor nro fho fonguo, body
or mInd IogIcnIIy susfnInnbIo. If fhoso fncuIfIos woro IogIcnIIy
susfnInnbIo, whnf wouId bo fho uso of fho HoIy Infh Thus nII fhoso
fncuIfIos nro nof IogIcnIIy susfnInnbIo. Thoroforo, ono who wIshos fo
bo IIbornfod shouId foIIow fho HoIy Infh. AII fhoso fncfors nro
fnbrIcnfod by orronoous orcofIon or IdonfIon. Thoy do nof oxIsf
uIfImnfoIy. Tho concofIon fhnf fhoso unorIgInnfod fncfors oxIsf
ronIIy Is orronoousIy consfrucfod.
Why Is fho orcofIon of fhoso fncfors nof fho orcofIon of
ronIIfy In fho snmo foxf, If snys fhnf nII comoundod nnd
uncomoundod fncfors nro noIfhor fruo nor fnIso. Tho oxcoIIonf,
modIocro nnd InforIor fncfors nood nof bo rncfIsod. AII fhoso fncfors
nro nof orIgInnfod. Though ono sonrchos for fhom, fhoy nro nof
orcoIvod,. Thoy nro nII nonoxIsfonf nnd forovor omfy. ThIs Is fho
rovInco of fho wIso.
Tho vIow of nonoxIsfonco Is fho cnuso of robIrfh In InforIor
sfnfos nnd Is fho sourco of nII dofocfs. Tho vIow of oxIsfonco foo
howovor Is fho rovInco of ordInnry ooIo. If Is fho cnuso of
nchIovIng robIrfh In suorIor sfnfos nnd fho cnuso of oxorIoncIng
hnInoss fhroughouf onos robIrfhs. Thoroforo, bofh fho vIows of
oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nro fho cnuso of oxorIoncIng robIrfh In
Snmsrn bo If In sfnfos of woo or In sfnfos of hnInoss.
IV. n. Tho vIow of oxIsfonco doos nof nchIovo IIbornfIon from
bocomIng, nor doos fho vIow of nonoxIsfonco.
88
ImurIfy Is nof cIonnsod fhrough ImurIfy. Thoroforo, fhoso
fwo vIows of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nro fho cnuso of Snmsrn,
nnd fhrough fhom IIbornfIon from cycIIcnI oxIsfonco cnnnof bo
gnInod.
Thus by monns of fho vIows of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco,
ono cnnnof nchIovo IIbornfIon from fho fncfors nnd fho sonso
shoros. Thon, If mny bo nskod, by monns of whnf sorf of vIow cnn
yogIns bo IIbornfod
IV. b. Tho Cronf Iorson Is frood fhrough fho comIofo
undorsfnndIng of fho Infordoondonco ofG oxIsfonco nnd non
oxIsfonco.
WIfhouf doondIng uon oxIsfonco, nonoxIsfonco cnnnof bo
osfnbIIshod. Iofh oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco In fncf nro nof
osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Thoroforo, knowIng oxIsfonco
nnd nonoxIsfonco monns knowIng fhnf fhoy bofh do nof oxIsf nnd
nro nof osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Thoso who undorsfnnd
fhIs nro dIsfInguIshod from fho ordInnry run of mon, fhoroforo fhoy
nro cnIIod Cronf Iorsons. Thoy nbIdo In fho surnknowIodgo whIch
Is unsuorfod or wIfhouf nn objocf of mInd. AIfornnfIvoIy, fhoy
mny nIso bo roforrod fo ns HoIy IorsonnIIfIos. Tho nffnchmonf ofc.
whIch nrIsos from fho concofIon of fho mnrks of oxIsfonco nnd non
oxIsfonco Is fho cnuso of nof goIng boyond fho fhroo shoros of fho
honomonnI unIvorso. OrdInnry ooIo nro bound In jusf fhIs wny.
Thoy nro rondorod oworIoss by fho concofIons of oxIsfonco nnd
nonoxIsfonco nnd consoquonfIy, fhoy cIrcIo fhroughouf fho fIvo
ronIms
9
of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco. Tho hnbIf of nffnchmonf ofc. Is brokon
whon fho concofIon of fho mnrks of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco
doos nof nrIso, I.o., whon oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nro nof
nrohondod. Whon fho hnbIf of nffnchmonf Is brokon ono nchIovos
IIbornfIon.
ow suoso somoono snys fhnf oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco
nro fncfs, bocnuso If fhoy dId nof oxIsf, fhon Snmsrn nnd Irvnn
nIso wouId bo fIcfIons. Snmsrn Is of fho nnfuro of fho subsfnnco of
fho fIvo nrorInfIng nggrognfos, so If hns fho nnfuro of oxIsfonco.
Iocnuso of fho nffIIcfIons, sonfIonf boIngs wnndor fhrough fho
vnrIous ronIms. ThIs wnndorIng Is cnIIod Snmsrn, fho cycIo or
87
Through onooInfodnoss of mInd, ronIIfy Is comrohondod
oxncfIy. If ronIIfy Is comrohondod oxncfIy, fhon boIng wIfhouf
nffnchmonf, ono consoquonfIy nchIovos IIbornfIon.
OrdInnry ooIo nIso bocnuso of n orcofIon of ronIIfy IIko
fhnf of fho Arhnf, fhrough fho ronuncInfIon of mnnIfoId fhIngs
nchIovo !"#$%&'. On fho ofhor hnnd, ono mny nof hoId fhnf ns In fho
cnso of fho Arhnf, IIbornfIon Is nchIovod fhrough fho orcofIon of
fho nonoxIsfonco of nII honomonn. onofhoIoss, IIbornfIon wIII nof
bo nchIovod fhrough foIIowIng fho wny of fho Ignornnf nnd wrong
mIndod ooIo. Thus, fhoso who cIIng fo fho vIow of oxIsfonco nro
unnbIo fo orcoIvo ronIIfy. In fhIs confoxf, fho Tho KIng of
AbsorfIon Iscourso !"#$%&'($)"*+,("() docInros fhnf, fho oyo,
onr nnd noso nro nof IogIcnIIy susfnInnbIo, nor nro fho fonguo, body
or mInd IogIcnIIy susfnInnbIo. If fhoso fncuIfIos woro IogIcnIIy
susfnInnbIo, whnf wouId bo fho uso of fho HoIy Infh Thus nII fhoso
fncuIfIos nro nof IogIcnIIy susfnInnbIo. Thoroforo, ono who wIshos fo
bo IIbornfod shouId foIIow fho HoIy Infh. AII fhoso fncfors nro
fnbrIcnfod by orronoous orcofIon or IdonfIon. Thoy do nof oxIsf
uIfImnfoIy. Tho concofIon fhnf fhoso unorIgInnfod fncfors oxIsf
ronIIy Is orronoousIy consfrucfod.
Why Is fho orcofIon of fhoso fncfors nof fho orcofIon of
ronIIfy In fho snmo foxf, If snys fhnf nII comoundod nnd
uncomoundod fncfors nro noIfhor fruo nor fnIso. Tho oxcoIIonf,
modIocro nnd InforIor fncfors nood nof bo rncfIsod. AII fhoso fncfors
nro nof orIgInnfod. Though ono sonrchos for fhom, fhoy nro nof
orcoIvod,. Thoy nro nII nonoxIsfonf nnd forovor omfy. ThIs Is fho
rovInco of fho wIso.
Tho vIow of nonoxIsfonco Is fho cnuso of robIrfh In InforIor
sfnfos nnd Is fho sourco of nII dofocfs. Tho vIow of oxIsfonco foo
howovor Is fho rovInco of ordInnry ooIo. If Is fho cnuso of
nchIovIng robIrfh In suorIor sfnfos nnd fho cnuso of oxorIoncIng
hnInoss fhroughouf onos robIrfhs. Thoroforo, bofh fho vIows of
oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nro fho cnuso of oxorIoncIng robIrfh In
*'+,%#' bo If In sfnfos of woo or In sfnfos of hnInoss.
IV. n. Tho vIow of oxIsfonco doos nof nchIovo IIbornfIon from
bocomIng, nor doos fho vIow of nonoxIsfonco.
88
ImurIfy Is nof cIonnsod fhrough ImurIfy. Thoroforo, fhoso
fwo vIows of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nro fho cnuso of *'+,%#',
nnd fhrough fhom IIbornfIon from cycIIcnI oxIsfonco cnnnof bo
gnInod.
Thus by monns of fho vIows of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco,
ono cnnnof nchIovo IIbornfIon from fho fncfors nnd fho sonso
shoros. Thon, If mny bo nskod, by monns of whnf sorf of vIow cnn
yogIns bo IIbornfod
IV. b. Tho Cronf Iorson Is frood fhrough fho comIofo
undorsfnndIng of fho Infordoondonco of! oxIsfonco nnd non
oxIsfonco.
WIfhouf doondIng uon oxIsfonco, nonoxIsfonco cnnnof bo
osfnbIIshod. Iofh oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco In fncf nro nof
osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Thoroforo, knowIng oxIsfonco
nnd nonoxIsfonco monns knowIng fhnf fhoy bofh do nof oxIsf nnd
nro nof osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Thoso who undorsfnnd
fhIs nro dIsfInguIshod from fho ordInnry run of mon, fhoroforo fhoy
nro cnIIod Cronf Iorsons. Thoy nbIdo In fho surnknowIodgo whIch
Is unsuorfod or wIfhouf nn objocf of mInd. AIfornnfIvoIy, fhoy
mny nIso bo roforrod fo ns HoIy IorsonnIIfIos. Tho nffnchmonf ofc.
whIch nrIsos from fho concofIon of fho mnrks of oxIsfonco nnd non
oxIsfonco Is fho cnuso of nof goIng boyond fho fhroo shoros of fho
honomonnI unIvorso. OrdInnry ooIo nro bound In jusf fhIs wny.
Thoy nro rondorod oworIoss by fho concofIons of oxIsfonco nnd
nonoxIsfonco nnd consoquonfIy, fhoy cIrcIo fhroughouf fho fIvo
ronIms
9
of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco. Tho hnbIf of nffnchmonf ofc. Is brokon
whon fho concofIon of fho mnrks of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco
doos nof nrIso, I.o., whon oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nro nof
nrohondod. Whon fho hnbIf of nffnchmonf Is brokon ono nchIovos
IIbornfIon.
ow suoso somoono snys fhnf oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco
nro fncfs, bocnuso If fhoy dId nof oxIsf, fhon *'+,%#' nnd !"#$%&'
nIso wouId bo fIcfIons. *'+,%#' Is of fho nnfuro of fho subsfnnco of
fho fIvo nrorInfIng nggrognfos, so If hns fho nnfuro of oxIsfonco.
Iocnuso of fho nffIIcfIons, sonfIonf boIngs wnndor fhrough fho
vnrIous ronIms. ThIs wnndorIng Is cnIIod *'+,%#', fho cycIo or
89
whooI of oxIsfonco. If oxIsfs nnd fhoroforo oxIsfonco Is nIso n fncf.
!IbornfIon, on fho ofhor hnnd, Is boyond fhIs. Ifs nnfuro Is fho
dIsconfInunfIon of Snmsrn. !IbornfIon ImIIos fho non
rooccurronco of sufforIng, nnd If Is of fho nnfuro of nonoxIsfonco.
Thoroforo, fhnf boIng or onfIfy whIch Is nof Snmsrn, fhnf Is
Irvnn nIso Is n ossIbIo fncf. If Snmsrn nnd Irvnn nro fncfs,
nnd fhoy oxIsf, fhon oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco wIII nIso bo
osfnbIIshod. Howovor, fhoso fwo nro nof fncfs nnd do nof oxIsf.
Thon, do you fhInk fho IIossod Ono dId nof rocInIm fhoso
fwo Indood, Ho fnughf fho hnrmn In ordor fo oIImInnfo Snmsrn
nnd nchIovo Irvnn. If Snmsrn nnd Irvnn dId nof oxIsf, fho
fonchIng of fho IIossod Ono wouId bo usoIoss, buf If Is nof usoIoss.
Thus Snmsrn nnd Irvnn bofh oxIsf nnd fhoroforo, oxIsfonco nnd
nonoxIsfonco nro nIso osfnbIIshod.
Thon, fo whom dId fho IIossod Ono fonch Snmsrn nnd
Irvnn Ho dId so fo fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos of courso. WoII, If fho
IIossod Ono fnughf Snmsrn nnd Irvnn fo fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos,
fhon Innsmuch ns fhoy hnd nIrondy nchIovod fho sfnfus of HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos, fhoy cnn hnrdIy bo snId fo hnvo noodod fo nchIovo
fhnf sfnfus fhrough fhnf fonchIng. ow If you sny fhnf fhoy woro
fnughf Snmsrn nnd Irvnn, bocnuso fhoy woro on fho wny fo
bocomIng HoIy IorsonnIIfIos, fhon In fhnf cnso, fhoy wouId hnvo fo
bocomo HoIy IorsonnIIfIos fhrough fho rocoss of honrIng,
consIdorIng nnd so forfh. In fhnf cnso, fho fonchIng Is for fhoso who
nro nof yof HoIy IorsonnIIfIos. Thoso who hnvo nof yof nchIovod fho
sfnfus of HoIy IorsonnIIfIos nro vory fnmIIInr wIfh fho vIow of
oxIsfonco fhrough fhoIr oxorIonco of Snmsrn from bogInnIngIoss
fImo. Thoroforo, If ns n corrocfIvo fo fhIs hnbIf, fho mosf oxcoIIonf
sfnfo, Irvnn, whIch Is chnrncforIzod by oosIfIon fo Snmsrn Is
nof domonsfrnfod, nffnchmonf fo oxIsfonco cnnnof bo romovod.
Thoroforo, Snmsrn nnd Irvnn woro domonsfrnfod nof for fho
snko of fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos, buf for ordInnry ooIo.
V. n. Thoso who do nof soo suchnoss nro nffnchod fo fho worId
nnd 5/"7#'&, .
Whon ono doos nof soo suchnoss, fhnf Is Snmsrn. 5/"7#'& Is
cnIIod fho oosIfo of fho worId or of worIdIy oxIsfonco. Tho fwo of
90
fhom, Snmsrn nnd 5/"7#'&, nro mufunIIy oosod nnfIdofos fo
onch ofhor. Ono of fhom Is monnf fo bo romovod nnd fho ofhor Is fo
bo ncquIrod.
V. b. .buf fhoso who soo suchnoss nro nof nffnchod fo fho
worId nnd 5/"7#'&.
Thoso who nro cnIIod HoIy IorsonnIIfIos nro dIsfInguIshod by
fho ronIIznfIon of fho unsuorfod hnrmn. Thoy noIfhor orcoIvo
oxIsfonco nor nonoxIsfonco. Thoroforo, Snmsrn nnd 5/"7#'& hnvo
boon domonsfrnfod for fho snko of ordInnry ooIo. ConsoquonfIy,
fho confonfIon fhnf bofh oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nro fncfs Is nof
susfnInnbIo from fho uIfImnfo oInf of vIow.
Iuf If Snmsrn nnd 5/"7#'& woro nof domonsfrnfod fo fho
HoIy IorsonnIIfIos, how cnn fho fonchIng of fho Iour obIo Trufhs
bo nrorInfo If fho frufhs nro ronI for fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos,
fhon fhoy cnn bo cnIIod HoIy or obIo Trufhs. Thon fho nnmo HoIy
Trufhs wIII bo nrorInfo. If, howovor, fho Iour HoIy Trufhs nro
nssocInfod by you wIfh fhoso who nro nof HoIy IorsonnIIfIos, fhon
fhoIr boIng cnIIod HoIy Trufhs Is nof nrorInfo. Thon fho nnmo,
fho HoIy IIghffoId Infh, nIso wIII nof bo nrorInfo, bocnuso If Is
nof for fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos.
Thoso forms, or convonfIonnI usngos nro mnrrod by
ImurIfIos nnd boIong fo fho worId, you mny sny. Iuf In fhnf cnso,
whnfovor worIdIy onfIfIos nro fo bo found mny nIso bo cnIIod HoIy
ovon If fhoy do nof nIfor fhoIr worIdIy nnfuro. OfhorwIso, fho frufhs
whIch mnko ono HoIy nro cnIIod fho HoIy Trufhs.
Thoro nro In fncf fwo kInds of objocfs or suorfs orronoous
nnd nonorronoous. In fho cnso of nn orronoous objocf or suorf,
ono rognrds honomonn ns n sourco of hnInoss. Ivon nnronfIy,
fhnf Is nccordIng fo fho nnronf frufh, fncfors do nof hnvo fhnf
nnfuro. On fho ofhor hnnd, sufforIng ofc. nro oxnmIos of non
orronoous objocfs or suorfs. Ivon nccordIng fo fho nnronf frufh,
nII honomonn hnvo fho nnfuro of sufforIng. If Is In fhIs sonso fhnf
fho form HoIy Is nIIod fo fho Iour HoIy Trufhs.
So fhon, do you ronIIy monn fo sny fhnf you fhInk 5/"7#'&
boIongs fo fho ronIm of convonfIonnI or nnronf frufh Yos, of
courso, If ono onforfnIns fho concofIon of Snmsrn, so ono nIso
89
!"##$% &'% #()*+#,-#.% /+% #()*+*% 0,1% +"#2#'&2#% #()*+#,-#% )*% 0$*&% 0% '0-+.%
3)4#20+)&,5% &,% +"#% &+"#2% "0,15% )*% 4#6&,1% +")*.% /+*% ,0+72#% )*% +"#%
1)*-&,+),70+)&,% &'% !"#$%&".% 3)4#20+)&,% )89$)#*% +"#% ,&,:
2#&--722#,-#% &'% *7''#2),;5% 0,1% )+% )*% &'% +"#% ,0+72#% &'% ,&,:#()*+#,-#.%
<"#2#'&2#5% +"0+% 4#),;% &2% #,+)+6% !")-"% )*% ,&+% !"#$%&"5% +"0+% )*%
'(&)%*"% 0$*&% )*% 0% 9&**)4$#% '0-+.% /'% !"#$%&"% 0,1% '(&)%*"% 02#% '0-+*5%
0,1% +"#6% #()*+5% +"#,% #()*+#,-#% 0,1% ,&,:#()*+#,-#% !)$$% 0$*&% 4#%
#*+04$)*"#1.%=&!#>#25%+"#*#%+!&%02#%,&+%'0-+*%0,1%1&%,&+%#()*+.%
%%<"#,5% 1&% 6&7% +"),?% +"#% @$#**#1% A,#% 1)1% ,&+% 92&-$0)8% +"#*#%
+!&B%%/,1##15%=#%+07;"+%+"#%C"0280%),%&21#2%+&%#$)8),0+#%!"#$%&"%
0,1% 0-")#>#% '(&)%*".% /'% !"#$%&"% 0,1% '(&)%*"% 1)1% ,&+% #()*+5% +"#%
+#0-"),;%&'% +"#%@$#**#1%A,#% !&7$1%4#% 7*#$#**5% 47+% )+% )*% ,&+% 7*#$#**.%
<"7*%!"#$%&"%0,1%'(&)%*"%4&+"%#()*+%0,1%+"#2#'&2#5%#()*+#,-#%0,1%
,&,:#()*+#,-#%02#%0$*&%#*+04$)*"#1.%
%%<"#,5% +&% !"&8% 1)1% +"#% @$#**#1% A,#% +#0-"% !"#$%&"% 0,1%
'(&)%*"B%%=#%1)1%*&%+&%+"#%=&$6%D#2*&,0$)+)#*%&'%-&72*#.%E#$$5%)'%+"#%
@$#**#1%A,#%+07;"+%!"#$%&"%0,1%'(&)%*"%+&%+"#%=&$6%D#2*&,0$)+)#*5%
+"#,% ),0*87-"% 0*% +"#6% "01% 0$2#016% 0-")#>#1% +"#% *+0+7*% &'% =&$6%
D#2*&,0$)+)#*5% +"#6% -0,% "021$6% 4#% *0)1% +&% "0>#% ,##1#1% +&% 0-")#>#%
+"0+% *+0+7*% +"2&7;"% +"0+% +#0-"),;.% F&!% )'% 6&7% *06% +"0+% +"#6% !#2#%
+07;"+% !"#$%&"% 0,1% '(&)%*"5% 4#-07*#% +"#6% !#2#% &,% +"#% !06% +&%
4#-&8),;% =&$6% D#2*&,0$)+)#*5% +"#,%),% +"0+% -0*#5% +"#6% !&7$1% "0>#% +&%
4#-&8#% =&$6% D#2*&,0$)+)#*% +"2&7;"% +"#% 92&-#**% &'% "#02),;5%
-&,*)1#2),;%0,1%*&%'&2+".%/,%+"0+%-0*#5%+"#%+#0-"),;%)*%'&2%+"&*#%!"&%
02#%,&+%6#+%=&$6%D#2*&,0$)+)#*.%<"&*#%!"&%"0>#%,&+%6#+%0-")#>#1%+"#%
*+0+7*% &'% =&$6% D#2*&,0$)+)#*% 02#% >#26% '08)$)02% !)+"% +"#% >)#!% &'%
#()*+#,-#% +"2&7;"% +"#)2% #(9#2)#,-#% &'% !"#$%&"% '2&8% 4#;),,),;$#**%
+)8#.% <"#2#'&2#5% )'% 0*% 0% -&22#-+)>#% +&% +")*% "04)+5% +"#% 8&*+% #(-#$$#,+%
*+0+#5% '(&)%*"5% !")-"% )*% -"020-+#2)G#1% 46% &99&*)+)&,% +&% !"#$%&"% )*%
,&+% 1#8&,*+20+#15% 0++0-"8#,+% +&% #()*+#,-#% -0,,&+% 4#% 2#8&>#1.%
<"#2#'&2#5% !"#$%&"% 0,1% '(&)%*"% !#2#% 1#8&,*+20+#1% ,&+% '&2% +"#%
*0?#%&'%+"#%=&$6%D#2*&,0$)+)#*5%47+%'&2%&21),026%9#&9$#.%
%%H.%0.%<"&*#%!"&%1&%,&+%*##%*7-",#**%02#%0++0-"#1%+&%+"#%!&2$1%
0,1%!"#$%&'5%I%
%%E"#,%&,#%1&#*%,&+%*##%*7-",#**5%+"0+%)*%!"#$%&".%!"#$%&'%)*%
-0$$#1% +"#% &99&*)+#% &'% +"#% !&2$1% &2% &'% !&2$1$6% #()*+#,-#.% <"#% +!&% &'%
90
+"#85% !"#$%&"% 0,1% !"#$%&'5% 02#% 87+70$$6% &99&*#1% 0,+)1&+#*% +&%
#0-"%&+"#2.%A,#%&'%+"#8%)*%8#0,+%+&%4#%2#8&>#1%0,1%+"#%&+"#2%)*%+&%
4#%0-J7)2#1.%%
%%H.% 4.% I47+% +"&*#% !"&% *##% *7-",#**% 02#% ,&+% 0++0-"#1% +&% +"#%
!&2$1%0,1%!"#$%&'.%
%%<"&*#%!"&%02#%-0$$#1%%=&$6%D#2*&,0$)+)#*%02#%1)*+),;7)*"#1%46%
+"#% 2#0$)G0+)&,% &'% +"#% 7,*799&2+#1% C"0280.% <"#6% ,#)+"#2% 9#2-#)>#%
#()*+#,-#%,&2%,&,:#()*+#,-#.%<"#2#'&2#5%!"#$%&"%0,1%!"#$%&'%"0>#%
4##,% 1#8&,*+20+#1% '&2% +"#% *0?#% &'% &21),026% 9#&9$#.% K&,*#J7#,+$65%
+"#%-&,+#,+)&,%+"0+%4&+"%#()*+#,-#%0,1%,&,:#()*+#,-#%02#%'0-+*%)*%,&+%
*7*+0),04$#%'2&8%+"#%7$+)80+#%9&),+%&'%>)#!.%
%%@7+% )'% !"#$%&"% 0,1% !"#$%&'% !#2#% ,&+% 1#8&,*+20+#1% +&% +"#%
=&$6% D#2*&,0$)+)#*5% "&!% -0,% +"#% +#0-"),;% &'% +"#% L&72% F&4$#% <27+"*%
4#% 0992&92)0+#B% % /'% +"#% +27+"*% 02#% 2#0$% '&2% +"#% =&$6% D#2*&,0$)+)#*5%
+"#,%+"#6%-0,%4#%-0$$#1%=&$6%&2%F&4$#%<27+"*.%<"#,%+"#%,08#%=&$6%
<27+"*% !)$$% 4#% 0992&92)0+#.% /'5% "&!#>#25% +"#% L&72% =&$6% <27+"*% 02#%
0**&-)0+#1% 46% 6&7% !)+"% +"&*#% !"&% 02#% ,&+% =&$6% D#2*&,0$)+)#*5% +"#,%
+"#)2% 4#),;% -0$$#1% =&$6% <27+"*% )*% ,&+% 0992&92)0+#.% <"#,% +"#% ,08#5%
+"#% =&$6% M);"+'&$1% D0+"5% 0$*&% !)$$% ,&+% 4#% 0992&92)0+#5% 4#-07*#% )+% )*%
,&+%'&2%+"#%=&$6%D#2*&,0$)+)#*.%%
%%<"#*#% +#28*5% &2% -&,>#,+)&,0$% 7*0;#*% 02#% 8022#1% 46%
)8972)+)#*%0,1%4#$&,;%+&%+"#%!&2$15%6&7%806%*06.%%@7+%),%+"0+%-0*#5%
!"0+#>#2% !&2$1$6% #,+)+)#*% 02#% +&% 4#% '&7,1% 806% 0$*&% 4#% -0$$#1% =&$6%
#>#,%)'%+"#6%1&%,&+%0$+#2%+"#)2%!&2$1$6%%,0+72#.%A+"#2!)*#5%+"#%+27+"*%
!")-"%80?#%&,#%=&$6%02#%-0$$#1%+"#%=&$6%<27+"*.%%
%%<"#2#%02#%),%'0-+%+!&%?),1*%&'%&4N#-+*%&2%*799&2+*O%%#22&,#&7*%
0,1% ,&,:#22&,#&7*.% /,% +"#% -0*#% &'% 0,% #22&,#&7*% &4N#-+% &2% *799&2+5%
&,#%2#;021*%9"#,&8#,0%0*%0%*&72-#%&'%"099),#**.%M>#,%09902#,+$65%
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#22&,#&7*%&4N#-+*%&2%*799&2+*.%M>#,%0--&21),;%+&%+"#%09902#,+%+27+"5%
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-&72*#5% )'% &,#% #,+#2+0),*% +"#% -&,-#9+)&,% &'% !"#$%&"5% *&% &,#% 0$*&%
91
onforfnIns fho concofIon of 5/"7#'&, bocnuso bofh of fhom nro
worIdIy convonfIons. Thoroforo, In fho IorfocfIon of WIsdom
Iscoursos, If Is snId fhnf 5/"7#'& Is IIko nn IIIusIon nnd n dronm.
Moroovor, If fhoro oxIsfod nnyfhIng suorIor fo 5/"7#'&, fhnf foo
wouId bo IIko nn IIIusIon nnd n dronm. If 5/"7#'& dId nof doond
uon fho concofIon of Snmsrn, fhon If wouId nof bo of fho nnfuro
of IIIusIon. Howovor, Innsmuch ns If Is doondonf uon fho
concofIon of Snmsrn, 5/"7#'& nIso boIongs fo fho ronIm of
nnronf frufh.
Thon, If whnf you sny Is fruo, how Is If fhnf 5/"7#'& Is cnIIod
uIfImnfo frufh ThIs noIInfIon Is monnf nof fo docoIvo ordInnry
ooIo. AccordIng fo convonfIonnI usngo, If Is cnIIod uIfImnfo frufh.
Whnfovor Is docofIvo, comoundod or condIfIonod Is nof uIfImnfo
frufh. Vory woII, grnnf If fhnf fhroo of fho Iour HoIy Trufhs rofor fo
fho condIfIonod unIvorso nnd nro docofIvo by nnfuro, buf dId nof
fho IIossod Ono docInro fo fho monks fhnf onIy 5/"7#'& hns fho
nnfuro of nof boIng docofIvo CondIfIonod honomonn nonr
docofIvoIy nnd Iond ordInnry ooIo nsfrny, 5/"7#'&, howovor, Is
nof fhus. 5/"7#'&, forovor, romnIns In fho form of nonorIgInnfIon.
Thoroforo, 5/"7#'& whIch nIwnys romnIns jusf whnf If Is, Is cnIIod
In fho convonfIons of fho worId, uIfImnfo frufh. onofhoIoss, fho
HoIy IorsonnIIfIos who orcoIvo fho uIfImnfo, noIfhor orcoIvo
Snmsrn nor 5/"7#'&. ConsoquonfIy, for ono who hns soon
suchnoss, fhoro Is no nssumfIon of oIfhor Snmsrn or 5/"7#'&.
Why fhon Is If snId fhnf fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos who hnvo soon
fho uIfImnfo frufh noIfhor orcoIvo Snmsrn nor 5/"7#'&
VI. n. IocomIng nnd 5/"7#'& noIfhor of fhoso Is oxIsfonf .
IocomIng Is cooxfonsIvo wIfh fho fIvo nrorInfIng
nggrognfos. Innsmuch ns fhoy nro InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod, fhoy
do nof oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, IIko n rofIocfIon. If fho worId of
bocomIng, fhnf Is fho fIvo nrorInfIng nggrognfos doos nof oxIsf,
fhon suroIy fho nonoxIsfonco of nononfIfIos Is ImossIbIo.
Thoroforo, bofh bocomIng nnd 5/"7#'& nro ImossIbIo. Tho
orcofIon of nonoxIsfonco Is nof fho orcofIon of suchnoss. If you
fhInk fhnf, fhon ovon fhoso nffIIcfod by cnfnrncfs wIII consoquonfIy
92
orcoIvo fho frufh, If Is nof so. Tho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos hnvo
orcoIvod ronIIfy. Thoy hnvo nof orcoIvod nonoxIsfonco. If, Indood,
5/"7#'& woro nofhIng nf nII, fhon how cnn If bo sfIuInfod fhnf fho
HoIy IorsonnIIfIos nchIovo 5/"7#'&
VI. b. .fho comIofo undorsfnndIng of bocomIng mny bo
cnIIod 5/"7#'&.
Through fho comIofo undorsfnndIng of fho fncf fhnf non
orIgInnfIon Is fho chnrncforIsfIc of bocomIng, nII sIgns nro
nbnndonod or rovonfod. Whon fhIs sfnfo of boIng Is nssocInfod wIfh
convonfIonnI frufh, If Is cnIIod 5/"7#'&. 5/"7#'& Is nono ofhor
fhnn fho nonosfnbIIshmonf of nnyfhIng In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Ior
oxnmIo, ovon Imormnnonco cnnnof bo osfnbIIshod soIoIy wIfh
roforonco fo nonoxIsfonco. WIfhouf doondIng uon oxIsfonco foo,
Imormnnonco Is nof vnIId. SImIInrIy, wIfhouf doondIng uon nn
IIIusory onfIfy, fho concofIon of 5/"7#'& cnnnof bo ncquIrod.
VII. As wIfh rognrd fo fho oxfIncfIon of n formorIy orIgInnfod
onfIfy, cossnfIon Is Imufod, so foo, fho HoIy Onos consIdor
cossnfIon fo bo IIko n mngIcnI cronfIon.
Whon fho Imormnnonco of nn orIgInnfod onfIfy Is non
oxIsfonf, fhon fhrough fhIs fhoro Is no osfnbIIshmonf of InfrInsIc
boIng. If nn onfIfy woro oxIsfonf wIfhouf doondIng uon nnofhor
onfIfy, If couId bo soon fo oxIsf In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Tho HoIy Onos
do nof orcoIvo nnyfhIng fhnf Is osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
Whon such onfIfIos nro nnnIyzod wIfh wIsdom, fhoy nro found fo bo
IIko nn IIIusory oIohnnf In n mngIcnI show, nonoxIsfonf In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng. Whnfovor Is nonoxIsfonf In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng nnd
whnfovor Is unorIgInnfod Is cnIIod Irvnn. Irvnn Is osfnbIIshod
doondIng uon nn IIIusIon, jusf ns In fho convonfIons of fho worId
fhoro Is fho sfIuInfIon of Imormnnonco. In fhIs wny, If Is rovod
fhnf Snmsrn nnd Irvnn do nof oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Thus
whon ono hns undorsfood fho nnfuro of onfIfIos fo bo
unnrohondod or wIfhouf suorf, fhIs Is Irvnn.
91
onforfnIns fho concofIon of !"#$%&', bocnuso bofh of fhom nro
worIdIy convonfIons. Thoroforo, In fho IorfocfIon of WIsdom
Iscoursos, If Is snId fhnf !"#$%&' Is IIko nn IIIusIon nnd n dronm.
Moroovor, If fhoro oxIsfod nnyfhIng suorIor fo !"#$%&', fhnf foo
wouId bo IIko nn IIIusIon nnd n dronm. If !"#$%&' dId nof doond
uon fho concofIon of !"#$%&", fhon If wouId nof bo of fho nnfuro
of IIIusIon. Howovor, Innsmuch ns If Is doondonf uon fho
concofIon of !"#$%&", !"#$%&' nIso boIongs fo fho ronIm of
nnronf frufh.
Thon, If whnf you sny Is fruo, how Is If fhnf !"#$%&' Is cnIIod
uIfImnfo frufh ThIs noIInfIon Is monnf nof fo docoIvo ordInnry
ooIo. AccordIng fo convonfIonnI usngo, If Is cnIIod uIfImnfo frufh.
Whnfovor Is docofIvo, comoundod or condIfIonod Is nof uIfImnfo
frufh. Vory woII, grnnf If fhnf fhroo of fho Iour HoIy Trufhs rofor fo
fho condIfIonod unIvorso nnd nro docofIvo by nnfuro, buf dId nof
fho IIossod Ono docInro fo fho monks fhnf onIy !"#$%&' hns fho
nnfuro of nof boIng docofIvo CondIfIonod honomonn nonr
docofIvoIy nnd Iond ordInnry ooIo nsfrny, !"#$%&', howovor, Is
nof fhus. !"#$%&', forovor, romnIns In fho form of nonorIgInnfIon.
Thoroforo, !"#$%&' whIch nIwnys romnIns jusf whnf If Is, Is cnIIod
In fho convonfIons of fho worId, uIfImnfo frufh. onofhoIoss, fho
HoIy IorsonnIIfIos who orcoIvo fho uIfImnfo, noIfhor orcoIvo
!"#$%&" nor !"#$%&'. ConsoquonfIy, for ono who hns soon
suchnoss, fhoro Is no nssumfIon of oIfhor !"#$%&" or !"#$%&'.
Why fhon Is If snId fhnf fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos who hnvo soon
fho uIfImnfo frufh noIfhor orcoIvo !"#$%&" nor !"#$%&'
VI. n. IocomIng nnd !"#$%&' noIfhor of fhoso Is oxIsfonf .
IocomIng Is cooxfonsIvo wIfh fho fIvo nrorInfIng
nggrognfos. Innsmuch ns fhoy nro InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod, fhoy
do nof oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, IIko n rofIocfIon. If fho worId of
bocomIng, fhnf Is fho fIvo nrorInfIng nggrognfos doos nof oxIsf,
fhon suroIy fho nonoxIsfonco of nononfIfIos Is ImossIbIo.
Thoroforo, bofh bocomIng nnd !"#$%&' nro ImossIbIo. Tho
orcofIon of nonoxIsfonco Is nof fho orcofIon of suchnoss. If you
fhInk fhnf, fhon ovon fhoso nffIIcfod by cnfnrncfs wIII consoquonfIy
92
orcoIvo fho frufh, If Is nof so. Tho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos hnvo
orcoIvod ronIIfy. Thoy hnvo nof orcoIvod nonoxIsfonco. If, Indood,
!"#$%&' woro nofhIng nf nII, fhon how cnn If bo sfIuInfod fhnf fho
HoIy IorsonnIIfIos nchIovo !"#$%&'
VI. b. .fho comIofo undorsfnndIng of bocomIng mny bo
cnIIod !"#$%&'.
Through fho comIofo undorsfnndIng of fho fncf fhnf non
orIgInnfIon Is fho chnrncforIsfIc of bocomIng, nII sIgns nro
nbnndonod or rovonfod. Whon fhIs sfnfo of boIng Is nssocInfod wIfh
convonfIonnI frufh, If Is cnIIod !"#$%&'. !"#$%&' Is nono ofhor
fhnn fho nonosfnbIIshmonf of nnyfhIng In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Ior
oxnmIo, ovon Imormnnonco cnnnof bo osfnbIIshod soIoIy wIfh
roforonco fo nonoxIsfonco. WIfhouf doondIng uon oxIsfonco foo,
Imormnnonco Is nof vnIId. SImIInrIy, wIfhouf doondIng uon nn
IIIusory onfIfy, fho concofIon of !"#$%&' cnnnof bo ncquIrod.
VII. As wIfh rognrd fo fho oxfIncfIon of n formorIy orIgInnfod
onfIfy, cossnfIon Is Imufod, so foo, fho HoIy Onos consIdor
cossnfIon fo bo IIko n mngIcnI cronfIon.
Whon fho Imormnnonco of nn orIgInnfod onfIfy Is non
oxIsfonf, fhon fhrough fhIs fhoro Is no osfnbIIshmonf of InfrInsIc
boIng. If nn onfIfy woro oxIsfonf wIfhouf doondIng uon nnofhor
onfIfy, If couId bo soon fo oxIsf In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Tho HoIy Onos
do nof orcoIvo nnyfhIng fhnf Is osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
Whon such onfIfIos nro nnnIyzod wIfh wIsdom, fhoy nro found fo bo
IIko nn IIIusory oIohnnf In n mngIcnI show, nonoxIsfonf In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng. Whnfovor Is nonoxIsfonf In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng nnd
whnfovor Is unorIgInnfod Is cnIIod '(&)%*". '(&)%*" Is osfnbIIshod
doondIng uon nn IIIusIon, jusf ns In fho convonfIons of fho worId
fhoro Is fho sfIuInfIon of Imormnnonco. In fhIs wny, If Is rovod
fhnf !"#$%&" nnd '(&)%*" do nof oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Thus
whon ono hns undorsfood fho nnfuro of onfIfIos fo bo
unnrohondod or wIfhouf suorf, fhIs Is '(&)%*".
93
dosfrucfIon bo IIko
Whnf Is monnf horo by dosfrucfIon If nII fncfors of
oxorIonco whIch nro sImIInr fo n mngIcnI IIIusIon nro nof
nrohondod nnd nof orIgInnfod, fhnf Is nof Irvnn. On fho
confrnry, fho subsoquonf nonorIgInnfIon of form nnd fho IIko
consoquonf uon fho dosfrucfIon of fho nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons Is
Irvnn. In fhIs cnso, by InforrufIng fho confInuIfy of fho nnfuro of
onfIfIos, Irvnn Is nchIovod. Thoroforo, Irvnn Is nof nchIovod
fhrough fho undorsfnndIng of comoundod fncfors.
Tho vIow sfnfod nbovo, howovor, Is nof corrocf. Through
sooIng suchnoss, cossnfIon Is cIonrIy orcoIvod. If cossnfIon or
Irvnn nf n fImo whon fho nggrognfos nro nof cuf off doos nof
oxIsf, on fho ofhor hnnd, whon fho nggrognfos nro cuf off, fhon by
whom wIII cossnfIon or Irvnn bo dIrocfIy oxorIoncod So Iong ns
fho confInuIfy of fho nggrognfos oxIsfs, fhoro cnn bo HoIy
orsonnIIfIos who orcoIvo suchnoss ns In fho cnso of fho HoIy
BrIufrn. Thon, If wIII bo corrocf fo sny fhnf cossnfIon or Irvnn Is
dIrocfIy oxorIoncod by somo ono. ow, If somo ono shouId nsk whnf
Is If fhnf Is dIrocfIy oxorIoncod by such n HoIy IorsonnIIfy uon
sooIng suchnoss Ivon fhough If mny nof yof bo dIrocfIy
oxorIoncod, sfIII fhrough knowIng fho ronsonIng woII, If Is
ovonfunIIy dIrocfIy oxorIoncod.
Tho dIrocf oxorIonco of Irvnn foIIows from fho fonchIng of
fho Mnsfor of YogIns nnd Is nof nduIfornfod by ImngInnfIon or
socuInfIvo consfrucfIon. Moroovor, If Is nIfogofhor wIfhouf fho
suorImosIfIon of objocfs. MoroIy sooIng nn objocf Is nof
nrorInfo In fho sfnfo of cossnfIon. Tho oxIsfonco of nn onfIfy
whIch hns n nrfIcuInr chnrncforIsfIc mnrk bocomos fnmIIInr
fhrough fho gonornI chnrncforIsfIcs. Thon grndunIIy, fhrough
modIfnfIon, surnknowIodgo nrIsos. Whnfovor onfIfy Is nrohondod
by fho surnknowIodgo whIch Is wIfhouf socuInfIvo consfrucfIon
hns fho nnfuro of boIng froo from suorImosIfIon. If hns jusf Ifs
own nrfIcuInr chnrncforIsfIc. In fhIs wny, If ono Is nbIo fo
undorsfnnd Imormnnonco whIch Is omfy of fho nIfornnfIvos of
nnfocodonco nnd subsoquonco, ono cnn onofrnfo moro boIng. Thus,
fhoro oxIsfs nn objocf whIch Is nn unIquo nrfIcuInr or whIch hns n
94
nrfIcuInr chnrncforIsfIc, IIko fho conscIousnoss whIch orcoIvos
onIy bIuo nnd fho IIko. Thoroforo, If mny bo snId fhnf dIrocf
oxorIonco Is IIko fho conscIousnoss whIch orcoIvos jusf n nfch of
bIuo nnd fho IIko.
ow horo fho dIsfIncfIon bofwoon gonornI nnd nrfIcuInr
chnrncforIsfIcs hns boon nccofod. Tho objocf whoso nnfuro Is of fho
form of n gonornI chnrncforIsfIc, whon If Is modIfnfod uon, Is nof
rIghfIy nn objocf wIfh n nrfIcuInr chnrncforIsfIc. Tho nbsurd
consoquonco of fhIs Is fhnf fho nnmo Is unroInfod fo fho objocf.
In fho sfnfo of cossnfIon, fhoro doos nof oxIsf ovon fho
mInufosf nrfIcIo of nn onfIfy whIch Is fho cossnfIon of sufforIng.
osIfo fhIs, how cnn fhoro bo nn objocf of dIrocf orcofIon
Thoroforo, If Is snId fhnf fho knowIodgo of fho nonorIgInnfIon of
sufforIng Is dIrocf oxorIonco. If Is nof ossIbIo for cognIfIon fo cnuso
fho sfnfo of nonorIgInnfIon fo nrIso. If IIko fho cognIfIon, fho objocf
hns fho nnfuro of nonorIgInnfIon, fhon ns fho fwo nro sImIInr, If
mny bo nrorInfo. In fho worId foo, fhIs kInd of rorosonfnfIon Is
known ns dIrocf oxorIonco.
Tho foIIowIng nrnbIo mny bo usod fo oxInIn fho cnso.
Suoso n frnvoIor soos In fho dIsfnnco n rIvor. Ho wnnfs fo cross
fho rIvor, buf ho doos nof know how fo do so, nnd ho Is moroovor
nfrnId of boIng unnbIo fo do so. Thoroforo, ho nsks n fnrmor who
boIongs fo fhnf counfry, how doo fho wnfor Is Tho fnrmor
nnswors fhnf fhoro Is no wnfor nf nII. AIfhough If mny nonr fo bo
n rIvor, If Is In fncf n mIrngo. If you do nof boIIovo whnf I sny, snys
fho fnrmor, go nnd soo for your soIf. Thon my words wIII furn Info
dIrocf oxorIonco. In fhIs wny, fho fnrmor domonsfrnfos fho non
oxIsfonco of fho wnfor fo fho frnvoIor. SImIInrIy, my words nIso furn
Info dIrocf oxorIonco. !IkowIso, nonoxIsfonco nnd nonorcofIon
In fho convonfIons of fho worId furn Info dIrocf oxorIonco.
Thoroforo, In fho nnronf frufh of fho worId, fho cognIfIon of non
nrohonsIon or nonorcofIon mny bo cnIIod dIrocf oxorIonco
wIfhouf fonr of confrndIcfIon. Whon fho monnIng of fho onfIfy whIch
roducos cognIfIon hns boon onofrnfod, If Is cnIIod dIrocf
oxorIonco. ThIs nrnbIo from fho Iscoursos of fho Iuddhn Is fo fho
oInf.
93
dosfrucfIon bo IIko
Whnf Is monnf horo by dosfrucfIon If nII fncfors of
oxorIonco whIch nro sImIInr fo n mngIcnI IIIusIon nro nof
nrohondod nnd nof orIgInnfod, fhnf Is nof !"#$%&'. On fho
confrnry, fho subsoquonf nonorIgInnfIon of form nnd fho IIko
consoquonf uon fho dosfrucfIon of fho nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons Is
!"#$%&'. In fhIs cnso, by InforrufIng fho confInuIfy of fho nnfuro of
onfIfIos, !"#$%&' Is nchIovod. Thoroforo, !"#$%&' Is nof nchIovod
fhrough fho undorsfnndIng of comoundod fncfors.
Tho vIow sfnfod nbovo, howovor, Is nof corrocf. Through
sooIng suchnoss, cossnfIon Is cIonrIy orcoIvod. If cossnfIon or
!"#$%&' nf n fImo whon fho nggrognfos nro nof cuf off doos nof
oxIsf, on fho ofhor hnnd, whon fho nggrognfos nro cuf off, fhon by
whom wIII cossnfIon or !"#$%&' bo dIrocfIy oxorIoncod So Iong ns
fho confInuIfy of fho nggrognfos oxIsfs, fhoro cnn bo HoIy
orsonnIIfIos who orcoIvo suchnoss ns In fho cnso of fho HoIy
(%#")*+#'. Thon, If wIII bo corrocf fo sny fhnf cossnfIon or !"#$%&' Is
dIrocfIy oxorIoncod by somo ono. ow, If somo ono shouId nsk whnf
Is If fhnf Is dIrocfIy oxorIoncod by such n HoIy IorsonnIIfy uon
sooIng suchnoss Ivon fhough If mny nof yof bo dIrocfIy
oxorIoncod, sfIII fhrough knowIng fho ronsonIng woII, If Is
ovonfunIIy dIrocfIy oxorIoncod.
Tho dIrocf oxorIonco of !"#$%&' foIIows from fho fonchIng of
fho Mnsfor of YogIns nnd Is nof nduIfornfod by ImngInnfIon or
socuInfIvo consfrucfIon. Moroovor, If Is nIfogofhor wIfhouf fho
suorImosIfIon of objocfs. MoroIy sooIng nn objocf Is nof
nrorInfo In fho sfnfo of cossnfIon. Tho oxIsfonco of nn onfIfy
whIch hns n nrfIcuInr chnrncforIsfIc mnrk bocomos fnmIIInr
fhrough fho gonornI chnrncforIsfIcs. Thon grndunIIy, fhrough
modIfnfIon, surnknowIodgo nrIsos. Whnfovor onfIfy Is nrohondod
by fho surnknowIodgo whIch Is wIfhouf socuInfIvo consfrucfIon
hns fho nnfuro of boIng froo from suorImosIfIon. If hns jusf Ifs
own nrfIcuInr chnrncforIsfIc. In fhIs wny, If ono Is nbIo fo
undorsfnnd Imormnnonco whIch Is omfy of fho nIfornnfIvos of
nnfocodonco nnd subsoquonco, ono cnn onofrnfo moro boIng. Thus,
fhoro oxIsfs nn objocf whIch Is nn unIquo nrfIcuInr or whIch hns n
94
nrfIcuInr chnrncforIsfIc, IIko fho conscIousnoss whIch orcoIvos
onIy bIuo nnd fho IIko. Thoroforo, If mny bo snId fhnf dIrocf
oxorIonco Is IIko fho conscIousnoss whIch orcoIvos jusf n nfch of
bIuo nnd fho IIko.
ow horo fho dIsfIncfIon bofwoon gonornI nnd nrfIcuInr
chnrncforIsfIcs hns boon nccofod. Tho objocf whoso nnfuro Is of fho
form of n gonornI chnrncforIsfIc, whon If Is modIfnfod uon, Is nof
rIghfIy nn objocf wIfh n nrfIcuInr chnrncforIsfIc. Tho nbsurd
consoquonco of fhIs Is fhnf fho nnmo Is unroInfod fo fho objocf.
In fho sfnfo of cossnfIon, fhoro doos nof oxIsf ovon fho
mInufosf nrfIcIo of nn onfIfy whIch Is fho cossnfIon of sufforIng.
osIfo fhIs, how cnn fhoro bo nn objocf of dIrocf orcofIon
Thoroforo, If Is snId fhnf fho knowIodgo of fho nonorIgInnfIon of
sufforIng Is dIrocf oxorIonco. If Is nof ossIbIo for cognIfIon fo cnuso
fho sfnfo of nonorIgInnfIon fo nrIso. If IIko fho cognIfIon, fho objocf
hns fho nnfuro of nonorIgInnfIon, fhon ns fho fwo nro sImIInr, If
mny bo nrorInfo. In fho worId foo, fhIs kInd of rorosonfnfIon Is
known ns dIrocf oxorIonco.
Tho foIIowIng nrnbIo mny bo usod fo oxInIn fho cnso.
Suoso n frnvoIor soos In fho dIsfnnco n rIvor. Ho wnnfs fo cross
fho rIvor, buf ho doos nof know how fo do so, nnd ho Is moroovor
nfrnId of boIng unnbIo fo do so. Thoroforo, ho nsks n fnrmor who
boIongs fo fhnf counfry, how doo fho wnfor Is Tho fnrmor
nnswors fhnf fhoro Is no wnfor nf nII. AIfhough If mny nonr fo bo
n rIvor, If Is In fncf n mIrngo. If you do nof boIIovo whnf I sny, snys
fho fnrmor, go nnd soo for your soIf. Thon my words wIII furn Info
dIrocf oxorIonco. In fhIs wny, fho fnrmor domonsfrnfos fho non
oxIsfonco of fho wnfor fo fho frnvoIor. SImIInrIy, my words nIso furn
Info dIrocf oxorIonco. !IkowIso, nonoxIsfonco nnd nonorcofIon
In fho convonfIons of fho worId furn Info dIrocf oxorIonco.
Thoroforo, In fho nnronf frufh of fho worId, fho cognIfIon of non
nrohonsIon or nonorcofIon mny bo cnIIod dIrocf oxorIonco
wIfhouf fonr of confrndIcfIon. Whon fho monnIng of fho onfIfy whIch
roducos cognIfIon hns boon onofrnfod, If Is cnIIod dIrocf
oxorIonco. ThIs nrnbIo from fho Iscoursos of fho Iuddhn Is fo fho
oInf.
95
On fho ofhor hnnd, fho condIfIon whoroIn fho confInuIfy of
fho nggrognfos Is cuf off Is nofhIng nf nII. Iy whom wIII fhIs
cossnfIon bo dIrocfIy oxorIoncod If Is snId fhnf bIrfh Is nf nn ond,
fho roIIgIous IIfo Iod, fhnf whnf hnd fo bo dono hns boon dono nnd
fhnf fhoro Is no furfhor robIrfh buf fho cognIfIon fhnf ufs nn ond
fo bIrfh nIso Is nof nrorInfo. Whon nn onfIfy Is nonoxIsfonf, If Is
snId fhnf fho onfIfy Is dosfroyod nnd fhnf fhoro Is no furfhor bIrfh.
As Iong ns fhoro orsIsfs fho confInuIfy of fho nggrognfos roducod
by cnusos nnd condIfIons, so Iong fhoro oxIsfs bIrfh. Ono cnnnof
comrohond fho dosfrucfIon of fhIs condIfIon.
In rognrd fo fho roforonco fo fho dIscoursos, "boyond fhIs,
fhoro Is no furfhor bIrfh", If If rofors fo fho nonorcofIon of n
fufuro bIrfh, In fhnf cnso foo,
IX. If fho nggrognfos nro nof cuf off, ovon fhough fho
nffIIcfIons bo oxhnusfod, goIng boyond wIII nof occur. Whon fhoy nro
cuf off, fhon IIbornfIon occurs.
In fho dIscoursos, If Is snId fhnf whon fho cossnfIon of fho
nggrognfos occurs, Irvnn Is gnInod. Irvnn Is doscrIbod In
vnrIous wnys. If Is snId fhnf fhoroIn, nII sufforIng hns boon Ioff
bohInd, fhnf If Is urIfIod, dosfroyod or oxhnusfod, froo from
nffnchmonf, oxfInguIshod, ncIfIod, nof nssocInfod wIfh nnofhor
nrIsIng of sufforIng nnd nof born ngnIn. Iurfhor, Irvnn Is cnIIod
onco, fho mosf oxcoIIonf nnd fho nbnndonmonf of nII nggrognfos.
Somo sny, ovon nf fho rosonf momonf, If fho nggrognfos nro
nof cuf off, ono cnnnof soo Irvnn. Iuf If ono soos fho non
orIgInnfIon of fho condIfIonod or fho sfnfo of sufforIng, fhon nf fhnf
fImo, ono doos nof orcoIvo orIgInnfIon. SufforIng wIII bo dosfroyod.
Ofhors do nof nccof fhIs. Thoy confond fhnf nf fhnf fImo Irvnn Is
nof gnInod. Iuf fho IIossod Ono hns rocInImod fwo kInds of
Irvnn Irvnn nIong wIfh fho nggrognfos nnd Irvnn wIfhouf
fho nggrognfos. If fho Irvnn nIong wIfh fho nggrognfos Is
nonofhoIoss froo from fho bondngo of fho nffIIcfIons, fhon fho
Irvnn nIong wIfh fho nggrognfos Is froo from fho bondngo of
nffnchmonf nnd so forfh.
SufforIng, fho orIgInnfIon of sufforIng nnd fho worId nro
gonornIIy rocognIzod fo bo synonymous wIfh fho fIvo nrorInfIng
96
nggrognfos. Ivon If fhIs mny bo gonornIIy nccofnbIo, somofImos n
gonornI dofInIfIon mny bo usod In n nrfIcuInr wny.
If ono rofusos fo nccof fhnf fho nonorIgInnfIon of sufforIng Is
Irvnn, fhon consoquonfIy fho nffIIcfIons wIII nof bo nognfod by
cuffIng fhrough fho bondngo of nffnchmonf nnd fho IIko. Thon ono
wIII hnvo fho condIfIon of fho orcofIon of fho vIow of ronI
IndIvIdunIIfy, bocnuso fhrough fho orcofIon of fhIs vIow,
nffnchmonf nnd fho IIko nrIso nnd IIbornfIon cnnnof bo nchIovod.
Tho cnuso of fho nrIsIng of fho nffIIcfIons Is fho orcofIon of
fho nggrognfos. So Iong ns If oxIsfs, fho nffIIcfIons wIII confInuo fo bo
rosonf. ConsoquonfIy, fhoro wIII bo no ossIbIIIfy of uffIng nn ond
fo fho nggrognfos. Tho nffIIcfIons nIso ncf ns n cnuso whIch hns Ifs
offocf. AcfIons orIgInnfo from fho cnuso of fho nffIIcfIons. SInco fho
confInuIfy whIch nrIsos from ncfIons whIch hnvo fho nffIIcfIons ns
fhoIr cnuso foo Is nof ondod, fhoroforo IIbornfIon whIch Is
chnrncforIzod by fho cuffIng off of fho nggrognfos wIII nof bo
ossIbIo. SImIInrIy, fho Idon of fho ond of robIrfh whIch Is nssocInfod
wIfh fho nggrognfos In n fufuro orIod Is nIso ImossIbIo. Thoroforo,
bIrfh Is snId fo bo dosfroyod.
ow, If hns boon shown fhnf for fhoso who mnInfnIn fho
oxIsfonco of boIng, IIbornfIon Is nIfogofhor ImossIbIo. Moroovor, If
wIII bo shown how on fho confrnry If Is ossIbIo for fhoso who
mnInfnIn ImfInoss.
Whon If Is snId, orIgInnfod from fho condIfIon of Ignornnco, If
rofors fo fho condIfIonIng of voIIfIons, conscIousnoss nnd fho IIko.
WhIIo fho dIrocf cnuso or condIfIon Is snId fo bo Ignornnco, IndIrocfIy
nnd ImIIcIfIy, fho nggrognfos of voIIfIon nnd conscIousnoss nro nIso
condIfIons.
WhIIo Ignornnco Is fho dIrocf condIfIon of voIIfIons, If Is fho
IndIrocf condIfIon of conscIousnoss. If voIIfIons ofc., fho objocfs
orIgInnfod from fho condIfIon of Ignornnco nro osfnbIIshod In fhoIr
own rIghf, fhon sInco fhoy nro osfnbIIshod In fhoIr own rIghf, fhoy
wIII nof nood fo doond uon Ignornnco.
95
On fho ofhor hnnd, fho condIfIon whoroIn fho confInuIfy of
fho nggrognfos Is cuf off Is nofhIng nf nII. Iy whom wIII fhIs
cossnfIon bo dIrocfIy oxorIoncod If Is snId fhnf bIrfh Is nf nn ond,
fho roIIgIous IIfo Iod, fhnf whnf hnd fo bo dono hns boon dono nnd
fhnf fhoro Is no furfhor robIrfh buf fho cognIfIon fhnf ufs nn ond
fo bIrfh nIso Is nof nrorInfo. Whon nn onfIfy Is nonoxIsfonf, If Is
snId fhnf fho onfIfy Is dosfroyod nnd fhnf fhoro Is no furfhor bIrfh.
As Iong ns fhoro orsIsfs fho confInuIfy of fho nggrognfos roducod
by cnusos nnd condIfIons, so Iong fhoro oxIsfs bIrfh. Ono cnnnof
comrohond fho dosfrucfIon of fhIs condIfIon.
In rognrd fo fho roforonco fo fho dIscoursos, "boyond fhIs,
fhoro Is no furfhor bIrfh", If If rofors fo fho nonorcofIon of n
fufuro bIrfh, In fhnf cnso foo,
IX. If fho nggrognfos nro nof cuf off, ovon fhough fho
nffIIcfIons bo oxhnusfod, goIng boyond wIII nof occur. Whon fhoy nro
cuf off, fhon IIbornfIon occurs.
In fho dIscoursos, If Is snId fhnf whon fho cossnfIon of fho
nggrognfos occurs, !"#$%&' Is gnInod. !"#$%&' Is doscrIbod In
vnrIous wnys. If Is snId fhnf fhoroIn, nII sufforIng hns boon Ioff
bohInd, fhnf If Is urIfIod, dosfroyod or oxhnusfod, froo from
nffnchmonf, oxfInguIshod, ncIfIod, nof nssocInfod wIfh nnofhor
nrIsIng of sufforIng nnd nof born ngnIn. Iurfhor, !"#$%&' Is cnIIod
onco, fho mosf oxcoIIonf nnd fho nbnndonmonf of nII nggrognfos.
Somo sny, ovon nf fho rosonf momonf, If fho nggrognfos nro
nof cuf off, ono cnnnof soo !"#$%&'. Iuf If ono soos fho non
orIgInnfIon of fho condIfIonod or fho sfnfo of sufforIng, fhon nf fhnf
fImo, ono doos nof orcoIvo orIgInnfIon. SufforIng wIII bo dosfroyod.
Ofhors do nof nccof fhIs. Thoy confond fhnf nf fhnf fImo !"#$%&' Is
nof gnInod. Iuf fho IIossod Ono hns rocInImod fwo kInds of
!"#$%&' !"#$%&' nIong wIfh fho nggrognfos nnd !"#$%&' wIfhouf
fho nggrognfos. If fho !"#$%&' nIong wIfh fho nggrognfos Is
nonofhoIoss froo from fho bondngo of fho nffIIcfIons, fhon fho
!"#$%&' nIong wIfh fho nggrognfos Is froo from fho bondngo of
nffnchmonf nnd so forfh.
SufforIng, fho orIgInnfIon of sufforIng nnd fho worId nro
gonornIIy rocognIzod fo bo synonymous wIfh fho fIvo nrorInfIng
96
nggrognfos. Ivon If fhIs mny bo gonornIIy nccofnbIo, somofImos n
gonornI dofInIfIon mny bo usod In n nrfIcuInr wny.
If ono rofusos fo nccof fhnf fho nonorIgInnfIon of sufforIng Is
!"#$%&', fhon consoquonfIy fho nffIIcfIons wIII nof bo nognfod by
cuffIng fhrough fho bondngo of nffnchmonf nnd fho IIko. Thon ono
wIII hnvo fho condIfIon of fho orcofIon of fho vIow of ronI
IndIvIdunIIfy, bocnuso fhrough fho orcofIon of fhIs vIow,
nffnchmonf nnd fho IIko nrIso nnd IIbornfIon cnnnof bo nchIovod.
Tho cnuso of fho nrIsIng of fho nffIIcfIons Is fho orcofIon of
fho nggrognfos. So Iong ns If oxIsfs, fho nffIIcfIons wIII confInuo fo bo
rosonf. ConsoquonfIy, fhoro wIII bo no ossIbIIIfy of uffIng nn ond
fo fho nggrognfos. Tho nffIIcfIons nIso ncf ns n cnuso whIch hns Ifs
offocf. AcfIons orIgInnfo from fho cnuso of fho nffIIcfIons. SInco fho
confInuIfy whIch nrIsos from ncfIons whIch hnvo fho nffIIcfIons ns
fhoIr cnuso foo Is nof ondod, fhoroforo IIbornfIon whIch Is
chnrncforIzod by fho cuffIng off of fho nggrognfos wIII nof bo
ossIbIo. SImIInrIy, fho Idon of fho ond of robIrfh whIch Is nssocInfod
wIfh fho nggrognfos In n fufuro orIod Is nIso ImossIbIo. Thoroforo,
bIrfh Is snId fo bo dosfroyod.
ow, If hns boon shown fhnf for fhoso who mnInfnIn fho
oxIsfonco of boIng, IIbornfIon Is nIfogofhor ImossIbIo. Moroovor, If
wIII bo shown how on fho confrnry If Is ossIbIo for fhoso who
mnInfnIn ImfInoss.
Whon If Is snId, orIgInnfod from fho condIfIon of Ignornnco, If
rofors fo fho condIfIonIng of voIIfIons, conscIousnoss nnd fho IIko.
WhIIo fho dIrocf cnuso or condIfIon Is snId fo bo Ignornnco, IndIrocfIy
nnd ImIIcIfIy, fho nggrognfos of voIIfIon nnd conscIousnoss nro nIso
condIfIons.
WhIIo Ignornnco Is fho dIrocf condIfIon of voIIfIons, If Is fho
IndIrocf condIfIon of conscIousnoss. If voIIfIons ofc., fho objocfs
orIgInnfod from fho condIfIon of Ignornnco nro osfnbIIshod In fhoIr
own rIghf, fhon sInco fhoy nro osfnbIIshod In fhoIr own rIghf, fhoy
wIII nof nood fo doond uon Ignornnco.
97
Whon If Is soon fhnf fho nonrnnco of fhoso fncfors Is IIko
fho nonrnnco of hnIrs boforo fho oyos of ono who suffors from n
fnuIf of vIsIon, fhon fho orcofIon of oxIsfonco In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng
wIII conso. Thoso whoso vIsIon Is uro, who so fo sonk do nof suffor
from n fnuIf of vIsIon, do nof orcoIvo hnIr ofc. nor do fhoy orcoIvo
orIgInnfIon. Whon somofhIng oxIsfs fhrough ImngInnfIon, IIko hnIr
ofc., nnd Is subsoquonfIy romovod, fhon foIIowIng Ifs romovnI, If cnn
no Iongor bo found. SImIInrIy, If voIIfIons nnd fho rosf woro
osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhon whon fho surnknowIodgo
of nnnIysIs nrIsos wIfhIn fho orson of uro vIsIon, fhoy couId nof bo
dosfroyod or dIsoIIod.
Moroovor, In fhnf cnso, fho cossnfIon of Ignornnco wouId nof
nffocf fho oxIsfonco of voIIfIons nnd fho rosf. In fhnf cnso, fho
cossnfIon of Ignornnco wouId nIso nof nocossnrIIy ImIy fho
cossnfIon of voIIfIons. Whon orfocf surnknowIodgo hns nrIson, fho
hnIr ofc. whIch Is orcoIvod bocnuso of n fnuIf of vIsIon consos fo bo
vIsIbIo.
ow nIfhough voIIfIons nnd fho rosf orIgInnfo IIko fho hnIr
ofc. whIch Is orcoIvod ns fho consoquonco of n fnuIf of vIsIon nnd
fhon consos fo bo orcoIvod, so foo whon orfocf surnknowIodgo
nrIsos, fhoro Is no orcofIon whnfsoovor of fho orIgInnfIon or
cossnfIon of voIIfIons nnd fho rosf. Whon noIfhor fho orIgInnfIon nor
fho cossnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is orcoIvod, fhon
Irvnn Is nchIovod In fhIs vory IIfo.
XI.n. Whon, In fhIs IIfo, ono Is boyond sorrow nnd hns dono
whnf hnd fo bo dono,
Tho yogIn who dovoIos fho surnknowIodgo of fho non
orcofIon of nII fncfors nchIovos Irvnn In fhIs IIfo. Tho occnsIon
whon fho surnknowIodgo Is rosonf whIch orcoIvos noIfhor
orIgInnfIon nor cossnfIon Is cnIIod IIbornfIon In fhIs IIfo.
Tho ofhor scrIfurnI roforoncos fo fho ondIng of bIrfh, fho
rosorvnfIon of fho roIIgIous IIfo, fho nccomIIshmonf of whnf hnd fo
bo dono nnd fho nvoIdnnco of bIrfh In fho fufuro shouId bo
undorsfood In fhIs wny. Thoy rofor fo fho nonorIgInnfIon of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. OfhorwIso, If ono sfrnys from fho
ronIIfy chnrncforIzod by fho nonorcofIon of fho orIgInnfIon nnd
98
cossnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd ImngInos fhnf fho
orcoIvod onfIfIos oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhon onfIfIos wIII
hnvo mufunIIy dIsfIncf Indoondonf boIng. In fhnf cnso, howovor,
ono wouId hnvo fo nscorfnIn fho nnfuro of fho dIsfIncfIon.
WoII, If mny bo snId fhnf by knowIng fho nnfuro of ono
onfIfy, fho nnfuro of nnofhor onfIfy cnnnof bo onofrnfod. Ior
Insfnnco, by knowIng fho nnfuro of bIuo, ono Is nof nbIo fo onofrnfo
fho nnfuro of yoIIow.
XI.b & XII. If nffor fho nnfuro of fncfors Is ronIIzod n
Tho nnfuro of fncfors whIch occurs In fho sfnnzn monns
Irvnn. Tho ncfunIIfy or ossonco of Irvnn Is nof dIfforonf from
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Affor nII, If Is nIso snId In fho
dIscoursos fhnf ono who soos Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, soos fho
hnrmn. Tho wIsdom of fho nondIfforonfInfIon of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon nnd IIbornfIon Is cnIIod ronIIzIng or undorsfnndIng fho
nnfuro of fncfors, fhnf Is oquIvnIonf fo gnInIng Irvnn. Thoroforo,
If Is nIso snId In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny fhnf
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is of fho nnfuro of ncIfIcnfIon.
l0

Af fhIs oInf, fho monnIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
oxInInod In fho foIIowIng wny. Tho orIgInnfIon of onfIfIos Is nof nn
ncfunI orIgInnfIon. Innsmuch ns sufforIng nIso nrfIcInfos In
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, If Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc
boIng. Iocnuso If Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, If Is known
ns Irvnn. Thoroforo, bofh, fhnf Is Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd
Irvnn nro unorIgInnfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. ConsoquonfIy, If
Is snId In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny fhnf fhoro Is
nofhIng whIch dIsfInguIshos Snmsrn from Irvnn, nor Is fhoro
nnyfhIng fhnf dIsfInguIshos Irvnn from Snmsrn. Tho IImIf of
Irvnn Is nIso fho IImIf of Snmsrn. Thoro Is nof ovon fho subfIosf
dIfforonco bofwoon fhoso fwo.
ll
Tho form "IImIf" or orhns boffor,
summIf monns oxcoIIonco nnd fhIs In furn sIgnIfIos mosf suorIor.
Snmsrn nnd Irvnn nro ono. Thoroforo, bocnuso Irvnn doos nof
ossoss nny dIsfIncfIon, Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is cnIIod fho
97
Whon If Is soon fhnf fho nonrnnco of fhoso fncfors Is IIko
fho nonrnnco of hnIrs boforo fho oyos of ono who suffors from n
fnuIf of vIsIon, fhon fho orcofIon of oxIsfonco In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng
wIII conso. Thoso whoso vIsIon Is uro, who so fo sonk do nof suffor
from n fnuIf of vIsIon, do nof orcoIvo hnIr ofc. nor do fhoy orcoIvo
orIgInnfIon. Whon somofhIng oxIsfs fhrough ImngInnfIon, IIko hnIr
ofc., nnd Is subsoquonfIy romovod, fhon foIIowIng Ifs romovnI, If cnn
no Iongor bo found. SImIInrIy, If voIIfIons nnd fho rosf woro
osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhon whon fho surnknowIodgo
of nnnIysIs nrIsos wIfhIn fho orson of uro vIsIon, fhoy couId nof bo
dosfroyod or dIsoIIod.
Moroovor, In fhnf cnso, fho cossnfIon of Ignornnco wouId nof
nffocf fho oxIsfonco of voIIfIons nnd fho rosf. In fhnf cnso, fho
cossnfIon of Ignornnco wouId nIso nof nocossnrIIy ImIy fho
cossnfIon of voIIfIons. Whon orfocf surnknowIodgo hns nrIson, fho
hnIr ofc. whIch Is orcoIvod bocnuso of n fnuIf of vIsIon consos fo bo
vIsIbIo.
ow nIfhough voIIfIons nnd fho rosf orIgInnfo IIko fho hnIr
ofc. whIch Is orcoIvod ns fho consoquonco of n fnuIf of vIsIon nnd
fhon consos fo bo orcoIvod, so foo whon orfocf surnknowIodgo
nrIsos, fhoro Is no orcofIon whnfsoovor of fho orIgInnfIon or
cossnfIon of voIIfIons nnd fho rosf. Whon noIfhor fho orIgInnfIon nor
fho cossnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is orcoIvod, fhon
!"#$%&' Is nchIovod In fhIs vory IIfo.
XI.n. Whon, In fhIs IIfo, ono Is boyond sorrow nnd hns dono
whnf hnd fo bo dono,
Tho yogIn who dovoIos fho surnknowIodgo of fho non
orcofIon of nII fncfors nchIovos !"#$%&' In fhIs IIfo. Tho occnsIon
whon fho surnknowIodgo Is rosonf whIch orcoIvos noIfhor
orIgInnfIon nor cossnfIon Is cnIIod IIbornfIon In fhIs IIfo.
Tho ofhor scrIfurnI roforoncos fo fho ondIng of bIrfh, fho
rosorvnfIon of fho roIIgIous IIfo, fho nccomIIshmonf of whnf hnd fo
bo dono nnd fho nvoIdnnco of bIrfh In fho fufuro shouId bo
undorsfood In fhIs wny. Thoy rofor fo fho nonorIgInnfIon of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. OfhorwIso, If ono sfrnys from fho
ronIIfy chnrncforIzod by fho nonorcofIon of fho orIgInnfIon nnd
98
cossnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd ImngInos fhnf fho
orcoIvod onfIfIos oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhon onfIfIos wIII
hnvo mufunIIy dIsfIncf Indoondonf boIng. In fhnf cnso, howovor,
ono wouId hnvo fo nscorfnIn fho nnfuro of fho dIsfIncfIon.
WoII, If mny bo snId fhnf by knowIng fho nnfuro of ono
onfIfy, fho nnfuro of nnofhor onfIfy cnnnof bo onofrnfod. Ior
Insfnnco, by knowIng fho nnfuro of bIuo, ono Is nof nbIo fo onofrnfo
fho nnfuro of yoIIow.
XI.b & XII. If nffor fho nnfuro of fncfors Is ronIIzod n
Tho nnfuro of fncfors whIch occurs In fho sfnnzn monns
!"#$%&'. Tho ncfunIIfy or ossonco of !"#$%&' Is nof dIfforonf from
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Affor nII, If Is nIso snId In fho
dIscoursos fhnf ono who soos Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, soos fho
hnrmn. Tho wIsdom of fho nondIfforonfInfIon of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon nnd IIbornfIon Is cnIIod ronIIzIng or undorsfnndIng fho
nnfuro of fncfors, fhnf Is oquIvnIonf fo gnInIng !"#$%&'. Thoroforo,
If Is nIso snId In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny fhnf
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is of fho nnfuro of ncIfIcnfIon.
l0

Af fhIs oInf, fho monnIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
oxInInod In fho foIIowIng wny. Tho orIgInnfIon of onfIfIos Is nof nn
ncfunI orIgInnfIon. Innsmuch ns sufforIng nIso nrfIcInfos In
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, If Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc
boIng. Iocnuso If Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, If Is known
ns !"#$%&'. Thoroforo, bofh, fhnf Is Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd
!"#$%&' nro unorIgInnfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. ConsoquonfIy, If
Is snId In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny fhnf fhoro Is
nofhIng whIch dIsfInguIshos (')*%#' from !"#$%&', nor Is fhoro
nnyfhIng fhnf dIsfInguIshos !"#$%&' from (')*%#'. Tho IImIf of
!"#$%&' Is nIso fho IImIf of (')*%#'. Thoro Is nof ovon fho subfIosf
dIfforonco bofwoon fhoso fwo.
ll
Tho form "IImIf" or orhns boffor,
summIf monns oxcoIIonco nnd fhIs In furn sIgnIfIos mosf suorIor.
(')*%#' nnd !"#$%&' nro ono. Thoroforo, bocnuso !"#$%&' doos nof
ossoss nny dIsfIncfIon, Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is cnIIod fho
99
hnrmn. Through orcoIvIng Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, ono cnn
orcoIvo Irvnn, fhoroforo, ono who hns soon Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon hns soon fho hnrmn. Moroovor, Innsmuch ns fho
ncfunIIfy or nnfuro of fncfors nnd fho IIossod Iuddhn nro nof
dIsfInguIshnbIo, fhnf Is fo sny, fhoy nro nof dIfforonf, fho orcofIon
of fho nnfuro of fncfors nmounfs fo fho orcofIon of fho Iuddhn. In
fhIs wny foo, fhrough fho cognIfIon whIch orcoIvos fncfors In forms
of fho nonorIgInnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fho bnsIs of
fho fhroo frufhs fho frufhs of sufforIng, Ifs cnuso nnd fho nfh ns
woII ns fho ncfunI nonorIgInnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
nnd fho ronIIfy of Irvnn nro found fo bo onIy ono sIngIo
ronIIznfIon. Tho subsfnnco of fho comrohonsIon of fho frufh of
sufforIng Is fho comrohonsIon of fho nonorIgInnfIon nnd non
cossnfIon of sufforIng whIch nrfIcInfos In fho fncfors of oxorIonco
fhnf nro orcoIvod or nonr bocnuso of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon.
Tho undorsfnndIng of fho frufh of fho cnuso Is nono ofhor fhnn fho
undorsfnndIng of fho nonorIgInnfIon nnd noncossnfIon of fho
nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons. Tho undorsfnndIng of fho frufh of cossnfIon
Is nono ofhor fhnn fho undorsfnndIng of fho nonorIgInnfIon nnd
noncossnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. IInnIIy, fho
undorsfnndIng of fho frufh of fho nfh Is nIso jusf fho
undorsfnndIng of fho ncfunIIfy of nonorIgInnfIon nnd noncossnfIon,
bocnuso fho nfh nIso Is jusf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. In fhIs
wny, In nn Insfnnf of undorsfnndIng fho nnfuro of fncfors, ono hns
soon Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd fhoroforo fhoro Is no
ossIbIIIfy of sooIng nnofhor unrocodonfod frufh.
WoII, In fhnf cnso, how do you go nbouf nrrnngIng fho fIffoon
momonfs of fho nfh of sooIng
l2
Anywny, somo grous do nof
nccof fho fIffoon momonfs of fho nfh of sooIng. Thoy hoId fhnf
fhoro Is onIy n sIngIo ronIIznfIon. ThIs InforrofnfIon doos nof
confrndIcf fho fhoory of fhoso who hoId fhIs oInIon. As for fhoso
who nssorf fho oxIsfonco of fIffoon momonfs, ovon In fhoIr cnso, fho
dIvIsIon of n cognIfIon whIch Is ossonfInIIy ono Is undorfnkon wIfh n
vIow fo cuIfIvnfIng nnd bonofIfIng ooIo. Thoroforo, n cognIfIon
whoso nnfuro Is ossonfInIIy ono Is dIvIdod Info fIffoon nrfs. If fhnf
Is so, fhon fho snmo fhIng mny bo snId wIfh rognrd fo ofhor
100
sfIuInfIons IIko fho sIxfoon nsocfs of modIfnfIon uon fho nfh.
Thoy nro nII sfIuInfod moroIy fhrough fho ncfIvIfy of monfnI
fnbrIcnfIon. In ronIIfy, fho ronIIznfIon Is ossonfInIIy ono.
If foIIowIng uon fho ronIIznfIon of fho nnfuro of fncfors, fhoro
oxIsfs n dIsfIncfIon fo bo mndo, fho objocf or suorf of fhnf
dIsfIncfIon Is Imufod or ImngInod In nnofhor form. As fho unwIso
Imufo orIgInnfIon In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng ovon wIfh rognrd fo vory
subfIo onfIfIos, fhoy do nof know fho monnIng of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon whIch doos nof orIgInnfo In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng nnd whIch
Is nn objocf whIch Is of ono fnsfo. If hns boon soon fhnf fho monnIng
of Infordoondonf orIgInnfIon Is chnrncforIzod by unIfy or ononoss.
woIIIng uon fho cognIfIon of fho orcofIon of fho ncfunIIfy of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, onco Ignornnco hns boon comIofoIy
romovod. Through sfo by sfo modIfnfIon, ono hns dono whnf hnd
fo bo dono nnd ono hns nchIovod Irvnn In fhIs IIfo.
Thon nccordIng fo your sysfom,
XIII. If 3&4(#"& Is furnod bnck by fho monk who hns
oxhnusfod fho nffIIcfIons, why wns nof Ifs bogInnIng domonsfrnfod
by fho Iorfocf Iuddhn
If surnknowIodgo cnn romovo nffIIcfIons, fhon If cnn nIso
romovo ncfIons, bocnuso fhoy wIII nof ossoss cnusos nnd condIfIons.
CIrcIIng In 3&4(#"& from bogInnIngIoss fImo, ono hns oxorIoncod
bIrfh nnd donfh confInuousIy ngnIn nnd ngnIn. If fho confInuIfy of
form nnd fho rosf, In ofhor words, fho nggrognfos whIch nro
osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng Is furnod bnck or romovod, why
dId nof fho Iuddhns oxInIn fho bogInnIng of fhIs confInuIfy
Iorhns fho Iuddhn dId nof rocInIm If for fho foIIowIng
ronsons. Ho shouId hnvo oxInInod fho bogInnIng nnd fho ond of fho
confInuIfy of fho nggrognfos. If mIghf bo fhoughf fhnf Ho dId nof do
so, bocnuso Ho dId nof know, or orhns for nnofhor ronson. Iuf fho
Iuddhn Is nccofod fo bo fho OmnIscIonf Ono, so If Is ImossIbIo
fhnf Ho dId nof know.
If If Is snId fhnf IIko fho rungs of n wnfor whooI, fhoro Is no
bogInnIng, fhoroforo, fho Iuddhn dId nof rocInIm n bogInnIng, fhon
In fhnf cnso, ns fhoro Is no bogInnIng, fhoro Is nIso no ond. Tho cnso
mny bo IIIusfrnfod wIfh fho hoI of fho oxnmIos of n whooI nnd fho
99
hnrmn. Through orcoIvIng Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, ono cnn
orcoIvo !"#$%&', fhoroforo, ono who hns soon Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon hns soon fho hnrmn. Moroovor, Innsmuch ns fho
ncfunIIfy or nnfuro of fncfors nnd fho IIossod Iuddhn nro nof
dIsfInguIshnbIo, fhnf Is fo sny, fhoy nro nof dIfforonf, fho orcofIon
of fho nnfuro of fncfors nmounfs fo fho orcofIon of fho Iuddhn. In
fhIs wny foo, fhrough fho cognIfIon whIch orcoIvos fncfors In forms
of fho nonorIgInnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fho bnsIs of
fho fhroo frufhs fho frufhs of sufforIng, Ifs cnuso nnd fho nfh ns
woII ns fho ncfunI nonorIgInnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
nnd fho ronIIfy of !"#$%&' nro found fo bo onIy ono sIngIo
ronIIznfIon. Tho subsfnnco of fho comrohonsIon of fho frufh of
sufforIng Is fho comrohonsIon of fho nonorIgInnfIon nnd non
cossnfIon of sufforIng whIch nrfIcInfos In fho fncfors of oxorIonco
fhnf nro orcoIvod or nonr bocnuso of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon.
Tho undorsfnndIng of fho frufh of fho cnuso Is nono ofhor fhnn fho
undorsfnndIng of fho nonorIgInnfIon nnd noncossnfIon of fho
nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons. Tho undorsfnndIng of fho frufh of cossnfIon
Is nono ofhor fhnn fho undorsfnndIng of fho nonorIgInnfIon nnd
noncossnfIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. IInnIIy, fho
undorsfnndIng of fho frufh of fho nfh Is nIso jusf fho
undorsfnndIng of fho ncfunIIfy of nonorIgInnfIon nnd noncossnfIon,
bocnuso fho nfh nIso Is jusf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. In fhIs
wny, In nn Insfnnf of undorsfnndIng fho nnfuro of fncfors, ono hns
soon Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd fhoroforo fhoro Is no
ossIbIIIfy of sooIng nnofhor unrocodonfod frufh.
WoII, In fhnf cnso, how do you go nbouf nrrnngIng fho fIffoon
momonfs of fho nfh of sooIng
l2
Anywny, somo grous do nof
nccof fho fIffoon momonfs of fho nfh of sooIng. Thoy hoId fhnf
fhoro Is onIy n sIngIo ronIIznfIon. ThIs InforrofnfIon doos nof
confrndIcf fho fhoory of fhoso who hoId fhIs oInIon. As for fhoso
who nssorf fho oxIsfonco of fIffoon momonfs, ovon In fhoIr cnso, fho
dIvIsIon of n cognIfIon whIch Is ossonfInIIy ono Is undorfnkon wIfh n
vIow fo cuIfIvnfIng nnd bonofIfIng ooIo. Thoroforo, n cognIfIon
whoso nnfuro Is ossonfInIIy ono Is dIvIdod Info fIffoon nrfs. If fhnf
Is so, fhon fho snmo fhIng mny bo snId wIfh rognrd fo ofhor
100
sfIuInfIons IIko fho sIxfoon nsocfs of modIfnfIon uon fho nfh.
Thoy nro nII sfIuInfod moroIy fhrough fho ncfIvIfy of monfnI
fnbrIcnfIon. In ronIIfy, fho ronIIznfIon Is ossonfInIIy ono.
If foIIowIng uon fho ronIIznfIon of fho nnfuro of fncfors, fhoro
oxIsfs n dIsfIncfIon fo bo mndo, fho objocf or suorf of fhnf
dIsfIncfIon Is Imufod or ImngInod In nnofhor form. As fho unwIso
Imufo orIgInnfIon In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng ovon wIfh rognrd fo vory
subfIo onfIfIos, fhoy do nof know fho monnIng of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon whIch doos nof orIgInnfo In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng nnd whIch
Is nn objocf whIch Is of ono fnsfo. If hns boon soon fhnf fho monnIng
of Infordoondonf orIgInnfIon Is chnrncforIzod by unIfy or ononoss.
woIIIng uon fho cognIfIon of fho orcofIon of fho ncfunIIfy of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, onco Ignornnco hns boon comIofoIy
romovod. Through sfo by sfo modIfnfIon, ono hns dono whnf hnd
fo bo dono nnd ono hns nchIovod !"#$%&' In fhIs IIfo.
Thon nccordIng fo your sysfom,
XIII. If !"#$%&" Is furnod bnck by fho monk who hns
oxhnusfod fho nffIIcfIons, why wns nof Ifs bogInnIng domonsfrnfod
by fho Iorfocf Iuddhn
If surnknowIodgo cnn romovo nffIIcfIons, fhon If cnn nIso
romovo ncfIons, bocnuso fhoy wIII nof ossoss cnusos nnd condIfIons.
CIrcIIng In !"#$%&" from bogInnIngIoss fImo, ono hns oxorIoncod
bIrfh nnd donfh confInuousIy ngnIn nnd ngnIn. If fho confInuIfy of
form nnd fho rosf( In ofhor words, fho nggrognfos whIch nro
osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng Is furnod bnck or romovod, why
dId nof fho Iuddhns oxInIn fho bogInnIng of fhIs confInuIfy
Iorhns fho Iuddhn dId nof rocInIm If for fho foIIowIng
ronsons. Ho shouId hnvo oxInInod fho bogInnIng nnd fho ond of fho
confInuIfy of fho nggrognfos. If mIghf bo fhoughf fhnf Ho dId nof do
so, bocnuso Ho dId nof know, or orhns for nnofhor ronson. Iuf fho
Iuddhn Is nccofod fo bo fho OmnIscIonf Ono, so If Is ImossIbIo
fhnf Ho dId nof know.
If If Is snId fhnf IIko fho rungs of n wnfor whooI, fhoro Is no
bogInnIng, fhoroforo, fho Iuddhn dId nof rocInIm n bogInnIng, fhon
In fhnf cnso, ns fhoro Is no bogInnIng, fhoro Is nIso no ond. Tho cnso
mny bo IIIusfrnfod wIfh fho hoI of fho oxnmIos of n whooI nnd fho
101
IIko.
XIV. n. If fhoro woro n bogInnIng, fhon dofInIfoIy n vIow
wouId nIso bo ndofod, .
If ono suorImosos fho nofIon of n bogInnIng, fhon Snmsrn
wouId hnvo n bogInnIng. Iuf If fho bogInnIng of Snmsrn Is
nccofod, fhon you wIII hnvo fo nccof fhnf Snmsrn Is wIfhouf n
cnuso nnd consoquonfIy, nn orronoous vIow wIII nrIso. Thoso of us
who rofoss fho docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon do nof mnko
fhIs mIsfnko. Whoovor nccofs Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nIso
hoIds fhnf onfIfIos nro nof orIgInnfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. In
ordor fo domonsfrnfo fhnf fhoIr bogInnIng nnd ond cnnnof bo
suorImosod or consfrucfod, If Is snId,
XIV. b. .buf how Is If fhnf whnf Is InfordoondonfIy
orIgInnfod hns n bogInnIng nnd nn ond
Moroovor, If Snmsrn hnd n bogInnIng, fhon If wouId nof hnvo
nn ond. If Snmsrn woro orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhon If
couId nof chnngo Info somofhIng oIso, In ofhor words, If couId nof
bocomo nonoxIsfonf. In fhnf cnso, Snmsrn wouId bo ofornnI. In
ordor fo domonsfrnfo fhIs, fho foIIowIng couIof Is ndvnncod.
XV.n. How cnn whnf wns onrIIor orIgInnfod ngnIn bo furnod
bnck
In ofhor words, If somofhIng dId nof chnngo Ifs InfrInsIc
boIng, fhon If wouId bo ofornnI. If, howovor, If Is nccofod fhnf
onfIfIos orIgInnfo from fho nbsonco of InfrInsIc boIng, fhon If fhoro
woro n bogInnIng, fhon dofInIfoIy n vIow wouId bo ndofod. If, on fho
ofhor hnnd, onfIfIos orIgInnfod from nonoxIsfonco, rnfhor fhnn
from fho nbsonco of InfrInsIc boIng, fhoy wouId consoquonfIy bo
wIfhouf cnuso nnd condIfIons. In ofhor words, fhoIr orIgInnfIon If
fhoy woro orIgInnfod from nonoxIsfonco wouId bo wIfhouf cnuso.
Iuf fhon fhoro Is nIso n vIow nccordIng fo whIch fncfors nro
uncnusod. If ono Is nssocInfod wIfh fhIs oInf of vIow, fhon ono
ncquIros fho dofocf of nIhIIIsm.
So Iong ns Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon obfnIns, whoro Is fhoro
nn nnfocodonf sfnfo, nnd whoro Is fhoro n subsoquonf sfnfo,
Innsmuch ns fncfors nro nof orIgInnfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. In
fhIs wny, InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod onfIfIos nro nof orIgInnfod In
102
fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Thoroforo, wIfhouf doubf,
XV. b. Iroo from fho nIfornnfIvos of nnfocodonco nnd
subsoquonco, cycIIcnI oxIsfonco nonrs IIko n mngIcnI IIIusIon.
Ior oxnmIo, n mngIcInn who rncfIsos hIs mngIcnI nrfs
fhrough mngIcnI syIInbIos roducos nn oIohnnf, horso or mnn, buf
fhoy do nof oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Thoy nro moroIy
nonrnncos of nn oIohnnf ofc. In rognrd fo fho mngIcnIIy cronfod
oIohnnf, fhoro Is no ronson fo socuInfo nbouf Ifs nnfocodonf sfnfo
nnd Ifs subsoquonf sfnfo In fho wny fhnf ono mIghf In rognrd fo n
ronI oIohnnf or In fho wny In whIch fhoso who boIIovo If fo bo n
ronI oIohnnf mIghf socuInfo nbouf Ifs nnfocodonf nnd subsoquonf
sfnfo. In rognrd fo fho nonrnnco of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
nIso, ono oughf nof fo socuInfo or consfrucf fho nIfornnfIvos of
nnfocodonco nnd subsoquonco.
Thoroforo, nof hoIdIng sfIII ovon for nn Insfnnf, fho whooI of
cycIIcnI oxIsfonco hns fo roII on. Iocnuso Ifs nonrnnco Is docofIvo,
fhIs Is cnIIod mngIcnI IIIusIon. Thoso who nro docoIvod wIfh rognrd
fo fho nnfuro of nonrnnco nro fnkon In by Ifs fnscInnfIon.
XVI. Whon n mngIcnI IIIusIon Is suosod fo orIgInnfo, or
whon If Is suosod fo bo dosfroyod, ono who knows nbouf If Is nof
doIudod, buf ono who Is Ignornnf nbouf If wIII bo gronfIy nffocfod
omofIonnIIy.
Ior oxnmIo, whon fhrough fho owor of fho mngIcnI
syIInbIos of n mngIcInn, n IovoIy young womnn Is cronfod, orfocfod
In nII fho nccomIIshmonfs of fho courfosnn's nrf, sho Is found fo bo
mosf nffrncfIvo. Ono who Is nof wIso wIfh rognrd fo fho nnfuro of
fhIs nonrnnco suosos fho IovoIy young womnn fo oxIsf In ronIIfy
nnd Is doIIghfod by hor. Tho unwIso fnnfnsIzo rognrdIng such n
mngIcnI IIIusIon. SImIInrIy, fhoso who nro Ignornnf rognrdIng fho
nnfuro of InsubsfnnfInIIfy fnnfnsIzo rognrdIng onfIfIos whIch fhoy
mIsfnkonIy boIIovo fo oxIsf In ronIIfy. Tho mngIcInn, howovor, fhoso
who know fhnf fho mngIcnI IIIusIon doos nof oxIsf In ronIIfy nro nof
doIudod or docoIvod. Tho fhIngs of fho worId nIso, for fho rncfIsod
yogIn, nro sImIInr fo n mngIcnI IIIusIon.
XVII. Thoso who soo fho worId of oxIsfonco wIfh InfoIIIgonco
ns IIko n mIrngo nnd n mngIcnI IIIusIon nro nof onfIroIy corrufod by
101
IIko.
XIV. n. If fhoro woro n bogInnIng, fhon dofInIfoIy n vIow
wouId nIso bo ndofod, .
If ono suorImosos fho nofIon of n bogInnIng, fhon !"#$%&"
wouId hnvo n bogInnIng. Iuf If fho bogInnIng of !"#$%&" Is
nccofod, fhon you wIII hnvo fo nccof fhnf !"#$%&" Is wIfhouf n
cnuso nnd consoquonfIy, nn orronoous vIow wIII nrIso. Thoso of us
who rofoss fho docfrIno of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon do nof mnko
fhIs mIsfnko. Whoovor nccofs Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nIso
hoIds fhnf onfIfIos nro nof orIgInnfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. In
ordor fo domonsfrnfo fhnf fhoIr bogInnIng nnd ond cnnnof bo
suorImosod or consfrucfod, If Is snId,
XIV. b. .buf how Is If fhnf whnf Is InfordoondonfIy
orIgInnfod hns n bogInnIng nnd nn ond
Moroovor, If !"#$%&" hnd n bogInnIng, fhon If wouId nof hnvo
nn ond. If !"#$%&" woro orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhon If
couId nof chnngo Info somofhIng oIso, In ofhor words, If couId nof
bocomo nonoxIsfonf. In fhnf cnso, !"#$%&" wouId bo ofornnI. In
ordor fo domonsfrnfo fhIs, fho foIIowIng couIof Is ndvnncod.
XV.n. How cnn whnf wns onrIIor orIgInnfod ngnIn bo furnod
bnck
In ofhor words, If somofhIng dId nof chnngo Ifs InfrInsIc
boIng, fhon If wouId bo ofornnI. If, howovor, If Is nccofod fhnf
onfIfIos orIgInnfo from fho nbsonco of InfrInsIc boIng, fhon If fhoro
woro n bogInnIng, fhon dofInIfoIy n vIow wouId bo ndofod. If, on fho
ofhor hnnd, onfIfIos orIgInnfod from nonoxIsfonco, rnfhor fhnn
from fho nbsonco of InfrInsIc boIng, fhoy wouId consoquonfIy bo
wIfhouf cnuso nnd condIfIons. In ofhor words, fhoIr orIgInnfIon If
fhoy woro orIgInnfod from nonoxIsfonco wouId bo wIfhouf cnuso.
Iuf fhon fhoro Is nIso n vIow nccordIng fo whIch fncfors nro
uncnusod. If ono Is nssocInfod wIfh fhIs oInf of vIow, fhon ono
ncquIros fho dofocf of nIhIIIsm.
So Iong ns Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon obfnIns, whoro Is fhoro
nn nnfocodonf sfnfo, nnd whoro Is fhoro n subsoquonf sfnfo,
Innsmuch ns fncfors nro nof orIgInnfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. In
fhIs wny, InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod onfIfIos nro nof orIgInnfod In
102
fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Thoroforo, wIfhouf doubf,
XV. b. Iroo from fho nIfornnfIvos of nnfocodonco nnd
subsoquonco, cycIIcnI oxIsfonco nonrs IIko n mngIcnI IIIusIon.
Ior oxnmIo, n mngIcInn who rncfIsos hIs mngIcnI nrfs
fhrough mngIcnI syIInbIos roducos nn oIohnnf, horso or mnn, buf
fhoy do nof oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Thoy nro moroIy
nonrnncos of nn oIohnnf ofc. In rognrd fo fho mngIcnIIy cronfod
oIohnnf, fhoro Is no ronson fo socuInfo nbouf Ifs nnfocodonf sfnfo
nnd Ifs subsoquonf sfnfo In fho wny fhnf ono mIghf In rognrd fo n
ronI oIohnnf or In fho wny In whIch fhoso who boIIovo If fo bo n
ronI oIohnnf mIghf socuInfo nbouf Ifs nnfocodonf nnd subsoquonf
sfnfo. In rognrd fo fho nonrnnco of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
nIso, ono oughf nof fo socuInfo or consfrucf fho nIfornnfIvos of
nnfocodonco nnd subsoquonco.
Thoroforo, nof hoIdIng sfIII ovon for nn Insfnnf, fho whooI of
cycIIcnI oxIsfonco hns fo roII on. Iocnuso Ifs nonrnnco Is docofIvo,
fhIs Is cnIIod mngIcnI IIIusIon. Thoso who nro docoIvod wIfh rognrd
fo fho nnfuro of nonrnnco nro fnkon In by Ifs fnscInnfIon.
XVI. Whon n mngIcnI IIIusIon Is suosod fo orIgInnfo, or
whon If Is suosod fo bo dosfroyod, ono who knows nbouf If Is nof
doIudod, buf ono who Is Ignornnf nbouf If wIII bo gronfIy nffocfod
omofIonnIIy.
Ior oxnmIo, whon fhrough fho owor of fho mngIcnI
syIInbIos of n mngIcInn, n IovoIy young womnn Is cronfod, orfocfod
In nII fho nccomIIshmonfs of fho courfosnn's nrf, sho Is found fo bo
mosf nffrncfIvo. Ono who Is nof wIso wIfh rognrd fo fho nnfuro of
fhIs nonrnnco suosos fho IovoIy young womnn fo oxIsf In ronIIfy
nnd Is doIIghfod by hor. Tho unwIso fnnfnsIzo rognrdIng such n
mngIcnI IIIusIon. SImIInrIy, fhoso who nro Ignornnf rognrdIng fho
nnfuro of InsubsfnnfInIIfy fnnfnsIzo rognrdIng onfIfIos whIch fhoy
mIsfnkonIy boIIovo fo oxIsf In ronIIfy. Tho mngIcInn, howovor, fhoso
who know fhnf fho mngIcnI IIIusIon doos nof oxIsf In ronIIfy nro nof
doIudod or docoIvod. Tho fhIngs of fho worId nIso, for fho rncfIsod
yogIn, nro sImIInr fo n mngIcnI IIIusIon.
XVII. Thoso who soo fho worId of oxIsfonco wIfh InfoIIIgonco
ns IIko n mIrngo nnd n mngIcnI IIIusIon nro nof onfIroIy corrufod by
103
fho vIow of fho nIfornnfIvo of nnfocodonco nnd fho nIfornnfIvo of
subsoquonco.
Tho yogIn soos fho whoIo worId of condIfIonod cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco ns sImIInr fo n mIrngo nnd n mngIcnI IIIusIon by monns of
hIs own wIsdom nnd rIghf knowIodgo. !IfImnfoIy, ho nrohonds
nofhIng nf nII. Whnfovor bo fho nnfuro of onfIfIos, ho Is nof doIudod
by fho nIfornnfIvos of nnfocodonco nnd subsoquonco. Such n yogIn
Is nof subjocf fo orronoous vIows.
Ofhors, IIko fho unwIso, who nro nffnchod fo nn IIIusory
young womnn gIvo u fho nfh of fho knowIodgo of InsubsfnnfInIIfy
nIong whIch nII fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos hnvo frod.
Thoso who Imufo fho orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon of
comoundod fncfors fnII comIofoIy fo undorsfnnd Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon In whIch fhoro Is noIfhor bogInnIng, mIddIo or ond, ns In
fho cnso of fho cIrcIo of fho whIrIIng fIro brnnd. If Is ImossIbIo for
comoundod fncfors fo orIgInnfo nnd fo conso In fhoIr InfrInsIc
boIng. onofhoIoss, somo nssumo fhoIr orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon.
Thoroforo, If Is snId fhnf fhoy do nof undorsfnnd nnd hnvo nof
onofrnfod fho monnIng or movomonf of fho whooI of
ow, suoso somoono nsks why fho nccofnnco of
orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon In ronIIfy nocossnrIIy monns ono hns nof
undorsfood fho monnIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
XIX. Whnfsoovor orIgInnfos doondonf uon fhIs nnd fhnf
doos nof orIgInnfo In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. How cnn whnf Is nof
orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng bo cnIIod orIgInnfod
Tho roforonco In fho sfnnzn fo boIng doondonf uon fhIs nnd
fhnf Is Infondod fo suggosf nII ossIbIo condIfIons In gonornI, from
subjocfIvo Ignornnco fo fho shoro of nIr whIch Is usunIIy fhoughf fo
bo oxfornnI or objocfIvo. In ofhor words, fhIs nnd fhnf rofor fo nny
onfIfy whIch nbIdIng ns n cnuso forms fho bnsIs for fho orIgInnfIon of
nnofhor onfIfy. If whnfovor nrIsos doondonf uon fhIs nnd fhnf
cnuso orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhon If shouId oxIsf
104
nbsoIufoIy. Iuf, nn onfIfy whoso nnfuro Is osfnbIIshod ovon nf fho
fImo of orIgInnfIon wouId nof doond uon fho onfIfy whIch Is fho
suosod cnuso of Ifs orIgInnfIon. If fho onfIfIos whIch nro suosod
fo orIgInnfo do nof oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng rIor fo fhoIr
orIgInnfIon, fhon fhoIr orIgInnfIon Is IIko fho nonrnnco of n
rofIocfIon. If wouId nonr fhnf fhoy do nof oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc
boIng, fhnf Is fo sny, fhoy do nof oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy.
Vory woII, If mny bo rIghf fo InsIsf fhnf fhoy do nof orIgInnfo In
fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, buf fhoy nro orIgInnfod convonfIonnIIy.
ConvonfIonnIIy, form orIgInnfos, fooIIng orIgInnfos nnd so forfh.
ConsoquonfIy, If mny bo suosod by somoono fhnf orIgInnfIon
oxIsfs. Thon, nIns, such n ono hns onforod fho wrong nfh. Tho wIso
mnn whoso InfoIIIgonco conforms fo fho fncfs fhrough nnnIyfIcnI
ronsonIng knows fhnf whnf Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng
cnnnof bo cnIIod orIgInnfod nf nII.
!ook horo, fho dofInIng chnrncforIsfIc roor fo onrfh Is
ImonofrnbIIIfy. If onrfh Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhnf
Is nIong wIfh Ifs own dofInIng chnrncforIsfIc, fhon Is If orIgInnfod
nIong wIfh fho dofInIng chnrncforIsfIc of IIquIdIfy SuroIy fhnf
wouId bo InnrorInfo.
Indood, fho orIgInnfIon of fncfors from soIf nnd ofhor Is
oqunIIy ImossIbIo. ThIngs nro nof orIgInnfod nIong wIfh fhoIr own
dofInIng chnrncforIsfIc, nor nro fhoy orIgInnfod nIong wIfh nnofhor's
dofInIng chnrncforIsfIc. Thoroforo, fho nonorIgInnfIon of onfIfIos Is
rovon.
Thus, hnvIng domonsfrnfod fho ImossIbIIIfy of subsfnnfInI
orIgInnfIon wIfh roforonco fo Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, now fho
ImossIbIIIfy of ncfunI cossnfIon wIII bo domonsfrnfod.
XX. Iocnuso of fho oxfIncfIon of fho cnuso of bocomIng,
onco Is Imufod fo bo "oxfIncfIon" buf ns fhoro Is nofhIng whIch Is
Whon nn orIgInnfod onfIfy oxIsfs, fho durnfIon of fhnf onfIfy
Is fho consoquonco of condIfIons. If fho condIfIons for Ifs
confInunfIon do nof oxIsf, If wIII bo dosfroyod. Thoroforo, whon fho
cnuso of fho oxIsfonco of fho worId Is oxfInguIshod, fhoro obfnIns
onco nnd Irvnn. Thnf Is orcoIvod ns oxfIncfIon or cossnfIon. If
103
fho vIow of fho nIfornnfIvo of nnfocodonco nnd fho nIfornnfIvo of
subsoquonco.
Tho yogIn soos fho whoIo worId of condIfIonod cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco ns sImIInr fo n mIrngo nnd n mngIcnI IIIusIon by monns of
hIs own wIsdom nnd rIghf knowIodgo. !IfImnfoIy, ho nrohonds
nofhIng nf nII. Whnfovor bo fho nnfuro of onfIfIos, ho Is nof doIudod
by fho nIfornnfIvos of nnfocodonco nnd subsoquonco. Such n yogIn
Is nof subjocf fo orronoous vIows.
Ofhors, IIko fho unwIso, who nro nffnchod fo nn IIIusory
young womnn gIvo u fho nfh of fho knowIodgo of InsubsfnnfInIIfy
nIong whIch nII fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos hnvo frod.
Thoso who Imufo fho orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon of
comoundod fncfors fnII comIofoIy fo undorsfnnd Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon In whIch fhoro Is noIfhor bogInnIng, mIddIo or ond, ns In
fho cnso of fho cIrcIo of fho whIrIIng fIro brnnd. If Is ImossIbIo for
comoundod fncfors fo orIgInnfo nnd fo conso In fhoIr InfrInsIc
boIng. onofhoIoss, somo nssumo fhoIr orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon.
Thoroforo, If Is snId fhnf fhoy do nof undorsfnnd nnd hnvo nof
onofrnfod fho monnIng or movomonf of fho whooI of
ow, suoso somoono nsks why fho nccofnnco of
orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon In ronIIfy nocossnrIIy monns ono hns nof
undorsfood fho monnIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon
XIX. Whnfsoovor orIgInnfos doondonf uon fhIs nnd fhnf
doos nof orIgInnfo In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. How cnn whnf Is nof
orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng bo cnIIod orIgInnfod
Tho roforonco In fho sfnnzn fo boIng doondonf uon fhIs nnd
fhnf Is Infondod fo suggosf nII ossIbIo condIfIons In gonornI, from
subjocfIvo Ignornnco fo fho shoro of nIr whIch Is usunIIy fhoughf fo
bo oxfornnI or objocfIvo. In ofhor words, fhIs nnd fhnf rofor fo nny
onfIfy whIch nbIdIng ns n cnuso forms fho bnsIs for fho orIgInnfIon of
nnofhor onfIfy. If whnfovor nrIsos doondonf uon fhIs nnd fhnf
cnuso orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhon If shouId oxIsf
104
nbsoIufoIy. Iuf, nn onfIfy whoso nnfuro Is osfnbIIshod ovon nf fho
fImo of orIgInnfIon wouId nof doond uon fho onfIfy whIch Is fho
suosod cnuso of Ifs orIgInnfIon. If fho onfIfIos whIch nro suosod
fo orIgInnfo do nof oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng rIor fo fhoIr
orIgInnfIon, fhon fhoIr orIgInnfIon Is IIko fho nonrnnco of n
rofIocfIon. If wouId nonr fhnf fhoy do nof oxIsf In fhoIr InfrInsIc
boIng, fhnf Is fo sny, fhoy do nof oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy.
Vory woII, If mny bo rIghf fo InsIsf fhnf fhoy do nof orIgInnfo In
fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, buf fhoy nro orIgInnfod convonfIonnIIy.
ConvonfIonnIIy, form orIgInnfos, fooIIng orIgInnfos nnd so forfh.
ConsoquonfIy, If mny bo suosod by somoono fhnf orIgInnfIon
oxIsfs. Thon, nIns, such n ono hns onforod fho wrong nfh. Tho wIso
mnn whoso InfoIIIgonco conforms fo fho fncfs fhrough nnnIyfIcnI
ronsonIng knows fhnf whnf Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng
cnnnof bo cnIIod orIgInnfod nf nII.
!ook horo, fho dofInIng chnrncforIsfIc roor fo onrfh Is
ImonofrnbIIIfy. If onrfh Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhnf
Is nIong wIfh Ifs own dofInIng chnrncforIsfIc, fhon Is If orIgInnfod
nIong wIfh fho dofInIng chnrncforIsfIc of IIquIdIfy SuroIy fhnf
wouId bo InnrorInfo.
Indood, fho orIgInnfIon of fncfors from soIf nnd ofhor Is
oqunIIy ImossIbIo. ThIngs nro nof orIgInnfod nIong wIfh fhoIr own
dofInIng chnrncforIsfIc, nor nro fhoy orIgInnfod nIong wIfh nnofhor's
dofInIng chnrncforIsfIc. Thoroforo, fho nonorIgInnfIon of onfIfIos Is
rovon.
Thus, hnvIng domonsfrnfod fho ImossIbIIIfy of subsfnnfInI
orIgInnfIon wIfh roforonco fo Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, now fho
ImossIbIIIfy of ncfunI cossnfIon wIII bo domonsfrnfod.
XX. Iocnuso of fho oxfIncfIon of fho cnuso of bocomIng,
onco Is Imufod fo bo "oxfIncfIon" buf ns fhoro Is nofhIng whIch Is
Whon nn orIgInnfod onfIfy oxIsfs, fho durnfIon of fhnf onfIfy
Is fho consoquonco of condIfIons. If fho condIfIons for Ifs
confInunfIon do nof oxIsf, If wIII bo dosfroyod. Thoroforo, whon fho
cnuso of fho oxIsfonco of fho worId Is oxfInguIshod, fhoro obfnIns
onco nnd !"#$%&'. Thnf Is orcoIvod ns oxfIncfIon or cossnfIon. If
105
fho condIfIons whIch susfnIn oxIsfonco In fho worId do nof oxIsf,
cycIIcnI oxIsfonco wIII bo oxfInguIshod. Thoroforo fho oxfIncfIon of
cycIIcnI oxIsfonco doonds uon fho nonoxIsfonco of fho condIfIons
whIch susfnIn If. Thoroforo, fho oxfIncfIon of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is nof
osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
If nnyfhIng woro oxfInguIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhon fhnf
oxfIncfIon wouId nof doond uon condIfIons. In fhnf cnso, fhnf
oxfIncfIon wouId nof bo rognrdod ns condIfIonod. In ofhor words,
such n cossnfIon wouId nof bo oxorIoncod consoquonf uon fho
oxfIncfIon of fho cnusos of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco. Thoroforo, In fhnf cnso,
ovon wIfhouf fho nbsonco of fho nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons whIch nro fho
cnusos of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco, Irvnn wouId nrIso. ConsoquonfIy, fhIs
wouId monn fhnf ono cnn nchIovo IIbornfIon wIfhouf nny offorf. As If
Is nof corrocf fo boIIovo fhnf nn oII Inm cnn bo fInnIIy oxfInguIshod
ovon wIfhouf fho oxhnusfIon of fho oII nnd fho wIck, so fhoro Is no
oxfIncfIon whIch Is osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
In fhIs wny, nonorIgInnfIon nIso wIII bo nccofnbIo ns n
cnuso. Tho oxfIncfIon whIch foIIows uon fho nonoxIsfonco of fho
cnuso wouId hnvo fo bo nccofod ns fho oxfIncfIon of cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco. Thoso who hoId fhnf fho cossnfIon of nn onfIfy Is
doondonf uon fho oxfIncfIon of fho cnuso consoquonfIy hoId fhnf
cossnfIon doos nof doond uon nn onfIfy, sInco fho osfonsIbIo cnuso
Is n nononfIfy IIko n sky fIowor. If, bocnuso of fho nonoxIsfonco of
nn onfIfy, nn onrfhon of nnd fho IIko doos nof nrfIcInfo In
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fho nonoxIsfonco of nn onfIfy nIso
doonds uon fho oxIsfonco of nn onfIfy.
ow, If If Is nskod how ono cnn cnII nonoxIsfonco n cnuso If
Is roIIod, how cnn oxIsfonco nIso bo cnIIod n cnuso So Iong ns fho
sood oxIsfs, fho onfIfy whIch Is fho srouf Is nof cognIzod. OnIy
whon fho sood bocomos nonoxIsfonf Is If consIdorod fho cnuso of fho
srouf. Ior Insfnnco, fho nssngo Info nonoxIsfonco of fho
rocodIng conscIousnoss Is nccofod fo bo fho ImmodInfoIy rocodIng
condIfIon snmnnnnfnrnrnfynyn) of fho subsoquonf conscIousnoss.
So Iong ns fho rocodIng conscIousnoss oxIsfs, If cnnnof bo cnIIod fho
cnuso of fho subsoquonf conscIousnoss, bocnuso fwo momonfs of
conscIousnoss cnnnof oxIsf sImuIfnnoousIy. Moroovor, fho nofIon of
106
somo kInd of InformodInfo condIfIon of conscIousnoss hnIf wny
bofwoon oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco Is unnccofnbIo.
ow, somo ooIo hoId fhnf fho cossnfIon of fho rocodIng
cnuso funcfIons ns fho condIfIon of fho orIgInnfIon of fho offocf. In
fhIs wny foo, If Is ossIbIo for nonoxIsfonco In fho form of fho
cossnfIon of fho rocodIng cnuso fo funcfIon ns n cnuso. Thoroforo, If
Is nof susfnInnbIo fo cInIm fhnf nonoxIsfonco cnnnof funcfIon ns n
cnuso. Ivon If If Is snId fhnf whon nnnIyzod IogIcnIIy, If cnnnof
ossIbIy bo n cnuso, If Is nof so. Tho fhIngs of fho worId whIch
nrfIcInfo In fho convonfIons of fho worId shouId nof bo nccofod
foIIowIng nnnIysIs, buf rnfhor fhoy shouId bo nccofod foIIowIng fho
common usngos found nmong mon. In fho worId nIso, If Is soon fhnf
nonoxIsfonco Is cnIIod n cnuso. Ior oxnmIo, If Is woII known fhnf
bocnuso of fho nbsonco, fhnf Is fho nonoxIsfonco of wnfor, fho grnIn
Is dnmngod or ruInod. AgnIn, If Is snId fhnf bocnuso of fho nbsonco
or nonoxIsfonco of food, onos son hns dIod. AII worIdIy convonfIons
nro fo bo rocognIzod wIfhouf dIffIcuIfy nccordIng fo fhoIr nccofnnco
nnd ouInrIfy In fho worId. Thoy nood nof bo rocognIzod rnfIonnIIy.
Tho nbsonco of wnfor ofc. Is commonIy cnIIod fho cnuso of
dosfrucfIon nnd donfh. Thoroforo, fho oxfIncfIon of fho cnuso Is
sfIuInfod fo bo oxfIncfIon. IxfIncfIon fhon cnnnof ossIbIy oxIsf
boforo fho oxfIncfIon of fho cnuso. Thoroforo, If hns no ronI ossonco
osfnbIIshod by IfsoIf, fhnf Is fo sny, In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Whnfovor
Is nof oxfInguIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, Is nIso nof doondonf uon
n cnuso, for whnfovor Is nof oxfInguIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng cnn
hnrdIy bo oxfInguIshod In nnofhor's InfrInsIc boIng. IxfIncfIon nnd
nonoxfIncfIon hnvo dIsnrnfo nnfuros. Thoroforo, jusf ns
orIgInnfIon Is nof ossIbIo In fho InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos nnd In
fho oxfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos, so oxfIncfIon Is sImIInrIy ImossIbIo
In fho InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos nnd In fho oxfrInsIc boIng of
onfIfIos. Tho yogIn who hns known rocIsoIy fho monnIng of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon soos noIfhor fho orIgInnfIon nor fho
cossnfIon of nnyfhIng.
XXI. Thoroforo, nofhIng nf nII orIgInnfos nnd nofhIng nf nII
consos. Tho nfh of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon wns domonsfrnfod
InfonfIonnIIy.
105
fho condIfIons whIch susfnIn oxIsfonco In fho worId do nof oxIsf,
cycIIcnI oxIsfonco wIII bo oxfInguIshod. Thoroforo fho oxfIncfIon of
cycIIcnI oxIsfonco doonds uon fho nonoxIsfonco of fho condIfIons
whIch susfnIn If. Thoroforo, fho oxfIncfIon of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is nof
osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
If nnyfhIng woro oxfInguIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhon fhnf
oxfIncfIon wouId nof doond uon condIfIons. In fhnf cnso, fhnf
oxfIncfIon wouId nof bo rognrdod ns condIfIonod. In ofhor words,
such n cossnfIon wouId nof bo oxorIoncod consoquonf uon fho
oxfIncfIon of fho cnusos of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco. Thoroforo, In fhnf cnso,
ovon wIfhouf fho nbsonco of fho nffIIcfIons nnd ncfIons whIch nro fho
cnusos of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco, !"#$%&' wouId nrIso. ConsoquonfIy, fhIs
wouId monn fhnf ono cnn nchIovo IIbornfIon wIfhouf nny offorf. As If
Is nof corrocf fo boIIovo fhnf nn oII Inm cnn bo fInnIIy oxfInguIshod
ovon wIfhouf fho oxhnusfIon of fho oII nnd fho wIck, so fhoro Is no
oxfIncfIon whIch Is osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
In fhIs wny, nonorIgInnfIon nIso wIII bo nccofnbIo ns n
cnuso. Tho oxfIncfIon whIch foIIows uon fho nonoxIsfonco of fho
cnuso wouId hnvo fo bo nccofod ns fho oxfIncfIon of cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco. Thoso who hoId fhnf fho cossnfIon of nn onfIfy Is
doondonf uon fho oxfIncfIon of fho cnuso consoquonfIy hoId fhnf
cossnfIon doos nof doond uon nn onfIfy, sInco fho osfonsIbIo cnuso
Is n nononfIfy IIko n sky fIowor. If, bocnuso of fho nonoxIsfonco of
nn onfIfy, nn onrfhon of nnd fho IIko doos nof nrfIcInfo In
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fho nonoxIsfonco of nn onfIfy nIso
doonds uon fho oxIsfonco of nn onfIfy.
ow, If If Is nskod how ono cnn cnII nonoxIsfonco n cnuso If
Is roIIod, how cnn oxIsfonco nIso bo cnIIod n cnuso So Iong ns fho
sood oxIsfs, fho onfIfy whIch Is fho srouf Is nof cognIzod. OnIy
whon fho sood bocomos nonoxIsfonf Is If consIdorod fho cnuso of fho
srouf. Ior Insfnnco, fho nssngo Info nonoxIsfonco of fho
rocodIng conscIousnoss Is nccofod fo bo fho ImmodInfoIy rocodIng
condIfIon snmnnnnfnrnrnfynyn() of fho subsoquonf conscIousnoss.
So Iong ns fho rocodIng conscIousnoss oxIsfs, If cnnnof bo cnIIod fho
cnuso of fho subsoquonf conscIousnoss, bocnuso fwo momonfs of
conscIousnoss cnnnof oxIsf sImuIfnnoousIy. Moroovor, fho nofIon of
106
somo kInd of InformodInfo condIfIon of conscIousnoss hnIf wny
bofwoon oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco Is unnccofnbIo.
ow, somo ooIo hoId fhnf fho cossnfIon of fho rocodIng
cnuso funcfIons ns fho condIfIon of fho orIgInnfIon of fho offocf. In
fhIs wny foo, If Is ossIbIo for nonoxIsfonco In fho form of fho
cossnfIon of fho rocodIng cnuso fo funcfIon ns n cnuso. Thoroforo, If
Is nof susfnInnbIo fo cInIm fhnf nonoxIsfonco cnnnof funcfIon ns n
cnuso. Ivon If If Is snId fhnf whon nnnIyzod IogIcnIIy, If cnnnof
ossIbIy bo n cnuso, If Is nof so. Tho fhIngs of fho worId whIch
nrfIcInfo In fho convonfIons of fho worId shouId nof bo nccofod
foIIowIng nnnIysIs, buf rnfhor fhoy shouId bo nccofod foIIowIng fho
common usngos found nmong mon. In fho worId nIso, If Is soon fhnf
nonoxIsfonco Is cnIIod n cnuso. Ior oxnmIo, If Is woII known fhnf
bocnuso of fho nbsonco* fhnf Is fho nonoxIsfonco of wnfor, fho grnIn
Is dnmngod or ruInod. AgnIn, If Is snId fhnf bocnuso of fho nbsonco
or nonoxIsfonco of food, onos son hns dIod. AII worIdIy convonfIons
nro fo bo rocognIzod wIfhouf dIffIcuIfy nccordIng fo fhoIr nccofnnco
nnd ouInrIfy In fho worId. Thoy nood nof bo rocognIzod rnfIonnIIy.
Tho nbsonco of wnfor ofc. Is commonIy cnIIod fho cnuso of
dosfrucfIon nnd donfh. Thoroforo, fho oxfIncfIon of fho cnuso Is
sfIuInfod fo bo oxfIncfIon. IxfIncfIon fhon cnnnof ossIbIy oxIsf
boforo fho oxfIncfIon of fho cnuso. Thoroforo, If hns no ronI ossonco
osfnbIIshod by IfsoIf, fhnf Is fo sny, In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Whnfovor
Is nof oxfInguIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, Is nIso nof doondonf uon
n cnuso, for whnfovor Is nof oxfInguIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng cnn
hnrdIy bo oxfInguIshod In nnofhor's InfrInsIc boIng. IxfIncfIon nnd
nonoxfIncfIon hnvo dIsnrnfo nnfuros. Thoroforo, jusf ns
orIgInnfIon Is nof ossIbIo In fho InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos nnd In
fho oxfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos, so oxfIncfIon Is sImIInrIy ImossIbIo
In fho InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos nnd In fho oxfrInsIc boIng of
onfIfIos. Tho yogIn who hns known rocIsoIy fho monnIng of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon soos noIfhor fho orIgInnfIon nor fho
cossnfIon of nnyfhIng.
XXI. Thoroforo, nofhIng nf nII orIgInnfos nnd nofhIng nf nII
consos. Tho nfh of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon wns domonsfrnfod
InfonfIonnIIy.
107
Thon why wns fho nfh of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon IondIng
fo Irvnn domonsfrnfod AIfhough fho IIossod Iuddhn hns
ufforod such words, Ho dId nof rocInIm fhoso In forms of fhoIr
boIng osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. osIfo orIgInnfIon nnd
dosfrucfIon nof oxIsfIng In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fho Iuddhn fnughf
fho worId Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. OrIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon
woro fnughf by HIm InfonfIonnIIy, fhnf Is fo sny, wIfh n uroso In
mInd. Tho IIossod Ono domonsfrnfod fho nfh of orIgInnfIon nnd
dosfrucfIon In ordor fo fuIfIII fho noods of corfnIn dIscIIos.
ow, If mny bo nskod whnf Is fho uroso of domonsfrnfIng
fho nfh of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon
XXII. Through knowIng orIgInnfIon, dosfrucfIon Is known
fhrough knowIng dosfrucfIon, Imormnnonco Is known fhrough
knowIng fho wny fo onofrnfo Imormnnonco, fho HoIy hnrmn Is
nIso undorsfood.
Affnchmonf fo comoundod fncfors obsfrucfs fho nfh fhnf
Ionds fo fho cIfy of Irvnn. As n corrocfIvo for fhIs nffnchmonf, fho
IIossod Iuddhn hns rovIsIonnIIy domonsfrnfod fho nfh of
If Is snId fhnf fhrough knowIng orIgInnfIon, dosfrucfIon Is
nIso known, bocnuso orIgInnfIon Is fho foundnfIon or bnsIs of
dosfrucfIon. Iurfhor, fhrough knowIng dosfrucfIon, ono cnn
onofrnfo fho sIgnIfIcnnco of dosfrucfIon, fhnf Is fo sny,
Imormnnonco. Whoovor fInds hImsoIf wIfhIn fho burnIng fInmos of
fho frnnsIfory fhroo shoros of oxIsfonco IIko ono frnod InsIdo n
burnIng houso, buf wIshos fo oscno from fhIs sIfunfIon wIII suroIy
bo frood by fho knowIodgo of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. If such n
orson onofrnfos fho frufh of nonorIgInnfIon nnd nondosfrucfIon,
ho cnn ronIIzo fho rofound frufh of Irvnn by monns of fhIs
undorsfnndIng. Thoroforo, by monns of dovoIoIng onos nwnronoss
fhrough fho sfngos of orIgInnfIon, dosfrucfIon nnd so forfh ono cnn
ronIIzo fho HoIy hnrmn.
XXIII. Thoso who know fhnf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
woII cIonr of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon cross fho oconn of worIdIy
As fhoro Is no orIgInnfIon, so fhoro nro no vIows or dogmns of
108
boIng ofc. Iurfhor, If fhoro Is noIfhor orIgInnfIon nor dosfrucfIon,
fhon fhoro Is no InfrInsIc chnrncforIsfIc or mnrk, fhnf Is fo sny, no
soIf nnfuro.
If ono orcoIvos noIfhor fho orIgInnfIon nor fho dosfrucfIon of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, ono wIII cross fho oconn of cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco fhnf Is born of vIows nnd dogmns.
Ono who sfrIvos fo undorsfnnd ImfInoss wIII suroIy cross
fho oconn of oxIsfonco by monns of fho gronf vossoI of ImfInoss.
Thoso who fonr ImfInoss nro nof nbIo fo nvoId fnIIIng Info fho fwo
nIfornnfIvos of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon wIfh rosocf fo
XXIV. OrdInnry ooIo who hnvo fho nofIon of fho
subsfnnfInIIfy of onfIfIos ns fhoy nro fInwod by fho orronoous vIows
of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nnd confroIIod by fho nffIIcfIons nro
docoIvod by fhoIr own mInds.
OrdInnry ooIo pj/logjono IIfornIIy IndIvIdunI ooIo, nro
so cnIIod bocnuso fhoy nro born IndIvIdunIIy In nccordnnco wIfh
fhoIr nffIIcfIons nnd fhoIr ncfIons. Thoso who grns nf fho vIow fhnf
n subsfnnco or ossonco nbIdos In onfIfIos ossoss fho nofIon of fho
subsfnnfInIIfy of onfIfIos, bocnuso fhoy cIIng fo fho Idon of n soIf or
subsfnnco In fhIngs. OfhorwIso, fhoy nro nffnchod fo onfIfIos. Thoy
nro confroIIod by nnd nro subjocf fo fho nffIIcfIons fhnf nro
gonornfod by fho suorImosIfIon of fho orronoous vIows of
oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco. Thoy bocomo nffnchod fo onfIfIos
whIch fhoy consIdor Ionsnnf, whIIo In rognrd fo onfIfIos whIch fhoy
consIdor unIonsnnf, fhoy roduco nvorsIon or hnfrod. ThoIr conducf
Is fhoroforo doformInod by fho nffIIcfIons. AccumuInfIng whoIosomo
nnd unwhoIosomo ncfIons, fhoy cIrcIo In Snmsrn. In fhIs wny,
ordInnry ooIo who nro nffnchod fo onfIfIos nro docoIvod by fhoIr
own mInds. ThoIr nffnchmonf fo onfIfIos Is suorImosod by fhoIr
own mInds, sInco fho InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos Is nof osfnbIIshod,
fhnf Is, If Is nof IndoondonfIy vnIId. Thoroforo, fho vIsIon of fho
ronIIfy of onfIfIos Is obscurod from such ordInnry ooIo. As fhoy
suorImoso orronoous vIows uon fho ronI sfnfo of fhIngs, fhoy nro
docoIvod by fhoIr own mInds. Thoso who do nof fonr fho fonchIng of
n frIond of vIrfuo (/ol,0noni/ro) buf rognrd If ns domonsfrnfIng fho
107
Thon why wns fho nfh of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon IondIng
fo !"#$%&' domonsfrnfod AIfhough fho IIossod Iuddhn hns
ufforod such words, Ho dId nof rocInIm fhoso In forms of fhoIr
boIng osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. osIfo orIgInnfIon nnd
dosfrucfIon nof oxIsfIng In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fho Iuddhn fnughf
fho worId Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. OrIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon
woro fnughf by HIm InfonfIonnIIy, fhnf Is fo sny, wIfh n uroso In
mInd. Tho IIossod Ono domonsfrnfod fho nfh of orIgInnfIon nnd
dosfrucfIon In ordor fo fuIfIII fho noods of corfnIn dIscIIos.
ow, If mny bo nskod whnf Is fho uroso of domonsfrnfIng
fho nfh of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon
XXII. Through knowIng orIgInnfIon, dosfrucfIon Is known
fhrough knowIng dosfrucfIon, Imormnnonco Is known fhrough
knowIng fho wny fo onofrnfo Imormnnonco, fho HoIy hnrmn Is
nIso undorsfood.
Affnchmonf fo comoundod fncfors obsfrucfs fho nfh fhnf
Ionds fo fho cIfy of !"#$%&'. As n corrocfIvo for fhIs nffnchmonf, fho
IIossod Iuddhn hns rovIsIonnIIy domonsfrnfod fho nfh of
If Is snId fhnf fhrough knowIng orIgInnfIon, dosfrucfIon Is
nIso known, bocnuso orIgInnfIon Is fho foundnfIon or bnsIs of
dosfrucfIon. Iurfhor, fhrough knowIng dosfrucfIon, ono cnn
onofrnfo fho sIgnIfIcnnco of dosfrucfIon, fhnf Is fo sny,
Imormnnonco. Whoovor fInds hImsoIf wIfhIn fho burnIng fInmos of
fho frnnsIfory fhroo shoros of oxIsfonco IIko ono frnod InsIdo n
burnIng houso, buf wIshos fo oscno from fhIs sIfunfIon wIII suroIy
bo frood by fho knowIodgo of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. If such n
orson onofrnfos fho frufh of nonorIgInnfIon nnd nondosfrucfIon,
ho cnn ronIIzo fho rofound frufh of !"#$%&' by monns of fhIs
undorsfnndIng. Thoroforo, by monns of dovoIoIng onos nwnronoss
fhrough fho sfngos of orIgInnfIon, dosfrucfIon nnd so forfh ono cnn
ronIIzo fho HoIy hnrmn.
XXIII. Thoso who know fhnf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is
woII cIonr of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon cross fho oconn of worIdIy
As fhoro Is no orIgInnfIon, so fhoro nro no vIows or dogmns of
108
boIng ofc. Iurfhor, If fhoro Is noIfhor orIgInnfIon nor dosfrucfIon,
fhon fhoro Is no InfrInsIc chnrncforIsfIc or mnrk, fhnf Is fo sny, no
soIf nnfuro.
If ono orcoIvos noIfhor fho orIgInnfIon nor fho dosfrucfIon of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, ono wIII cross fho oconn of cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco fhnf Is born of vIows nnd dogmns.
Ono who sfrIvos fo undorsfnnd ImfInoss wIII suroIy cross
fho oconn of oxIsfonco by monns of fho gronf vossoI of ImfInoss.
Thoso who fonr ImfInoss nro nof nbIo fo nvoId fnIIIng Info fho fwo
nIfornnfIvos of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon wIfh rosocf fo
XXIV. OrdInnry ooIo who hnvo fho nofIon of fho
subsfnnfInIIfy of onfIfIos ns fhoy nro fInwod by fho orronoous vIows
of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nnd confroIIod by fho nffIIcfIons nro
docoIvod by fhoIr own mInds.
OrdInnry ooIo !"#$%&'%(% IIfornIIy IndIvIdunI ooIo, nro
so cnIIod bocnuso fhoy nro born IndIvIdunIIy In nccordnnco wIfh
fhoIr nffIIcfIons nnd fhoIr ncfIons. Thoso who grns nf fho vIow fhnf
n subsfnnco or ossonco nbIdos In onfIfIos ossoss fho nofIon of fho
subsfnnfInIIfy of onfIfIos, bocnuso fhoy cIIng fo fho Idon of n soIf or
subsfnnco In fhIngs. OfhorwIso, fhoy nro nffnchod fo onfIfIos. Thoy
nro confroIIod by nnd nro subjocf fo fho nffIIcfIons fhnf nro
gonornfod by fho suorImosIfIon of fho orronoous vIows of
oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco. Thoy bocomo nffnchod fo onfIfIos
whIch fhoy consIdor Ionsnnf, whIIo In rognrd fo onfIfIos whIch fhoy
consIdor unIonsnnf, fhoy roduco nvorsIon or hnfrod. ThoIr conducf
Is fhoroforo doformInod by fho nffIIcfIons. AccumuInfIng whoIosomo
nnd unwhoIosomo ncfIons, fhoy cIrcIo In (')*%#'. In fhIs wny,
ordInnry ooIo who nro nffnchod fo onfIfIos nro docoIvod by fhoIr
own mInds. ThoIr nffnchmonf fo onfIfIos Is suorImosod by fhoIr
own mInds, sInco fho InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos Is nof osfnbIIshod,
fhnf Is, If Is nof IndoondonfIy vnIId. Thoroforo, fho vIsIon of fho
ronIIfy of onfIfIos Is obscurod from such ordInnry ooIo. As fhoy
suorImoso orronoous vIows uon fho ronI sfnfo of fhIngs, fhoy nro
docoIvod by fhoIr own mInds. Thoso who do nof fonr fho fonchIng of
n frIond of vIrfuo +)%*+,(%-.#/%0 buf rognrd If ns domonsfrnfIng fho
109
uIfImnfo nnfuro of fncfors of oxorIonco nnd IondIng fo fho cIfy of
Irvnn ronIIzIng orfocfIy fho docofIvo nnfuro of fho mInd nnd
frooIng fhomsoIvos from Ifs swny shouId suroIy bo consIdorod HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos.
XXV. Thoso who nro wIso In rognrd fo onfIfIos soo fhnf
onfIfIos nro Imormnnonf, docofIvo fncfors, IfhIoss, omfy,
InsubsfnnfInI nnd whoIIy vncuous.
Horo, fho form onfIfIos rofors fo comoundod fncfors.
Iocnuso such fncfors hnvo fho nnfuro of momonfnry dosfrucfIon,
fhnf Is of boIng dosfroyod ovory momonf, fhoy nro Imormnnonf.
Tho InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos Is fho nbsonco of subsfnnco or ossonco.
onofhoIoss, for ordInnry ooIo, fho ncfunIIfy of fhoIr InfrInsIc
boIng nonrs fo oxIsf. Thoroforo, IIko IIIusIon, onfIfIos nro docofIvo
fncfors. Such fncfors cnnnof onduro for Iong. Thoy nro frngIIo, nnd
fhoroforo, fhoy nro snId fo bo IfhIoss. As fhoy nro wIfhouf ossonco,
fhoy nro cnIIod omfy, nnd ns fhoy nro wIfhouf subsfnnco, fhoy nro
InsubsfnnfInI. Imormnnonco, fhoroforo, Is fho vory nnfuro of
onfIfIos. Thus, fhrough sooIng onfIfIos In fhIs wny, fho wIso mnn
soos fhom ns vncuous vIvIkfn). Tho form vncuIfy or vncuous monns
omfInoss or omfy. Moroovor, vncuIfy ImIIos nonorIgInnfIon nnd
IsoInfIon whIch Is Ifs IIfornI monnIng. Thoroforo, whon If Is snId fhnf
fho yogIn hns soon fho vncuIfy of onfIfIos, If monns fhnf ho hns soon
fhoIr ImfInoss. Iuf fho vncuous nnfuro of oxIsfonco Is nof soon
fhrough nbnndonIng onfIfIos. !nfhor ImfInoss Is soon Innsmuch ns
onfIfIos nro omfy. Thoroforo, In ordor fo domonsfrnfo ImfInoss,
Imormnnonco wns socInIIy fnughf by fho Iuddhn.
AgnIn, vncuous monns wIfhouf sfnIn. OrdInnry ooIo who
nro In orror mIsfnkonIy concoIvo ovon onfIfIos whIch nro uro In
fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng fo bo Imuro fhrough fho ncfIon of soIIIng such
onfIfIos by monfnI fnbrIcnfIon, howovor, fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos do
nof do so. Thoy soo fho vncuous ns moroIy uro nnd wIfhouf sfnIn.
AIfornnfIvoIy, ono cnn sny fhnf fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos who hnvo
nrIson from fho surnknowIodgo of suchnoss soo onfIfIos ns vncuous.
Tho Mnsfor grjunn who hns onofrnfod fho frufh nnd
ronIIzod suchnoss hns mndo fhIs ronIIznfIon nvnIInbIo fo ofhors
fhrough fho nIIcnfIon of IogIcnIIy consfrucfod ronsonIng.
110
XXVI. WIfhouf nn objocfIvo osIfIon, wIfhouf n suorf,
wIfhouf foundnfIon nnd wIfhouf nbIdIng, onfIfIos onIy orIgInnfod
from fho cnuso of Ignornnco nro onfIroIy wIfhouf bogInnIng, mIddIo
or ond.
XXVII. WIfhouf ossonco, IIko n bnnnnn froo nnd n fnIry cIfy,
fho unbonrnbIo cIfy of doIusIon fhnf Is cycIIcnI oxIsfonco nonrs
IIko n mngIcnI IIIusIon.
!oIy uon fhIs sfnfomonf ns ono mIghf roIy uon fho onrfh
whIch Is fho bnsIs of fho hnrvosf. ThIs sfnfomonf Is fho bnsIs of fho
hnrvosf of frufh. Tho mnnIfoId objocfs of oxorIonco nro wIfhouf nny
Inco of nbIdIng, so fhoy nro snId fo bo wIfhouf nn objocfIvo osIfIon.
Tho orcofIon of fncfors occurs doondonf uon condIfIons ns If
rood u by condIfIons, whIIo In ronIIfy, fhoro Is no suorf. Tho
form foundnfIon rofors fo fho gonornI cnuso of fncfors, fhoIr
orIgInnfIon, oxfonsIon nnd growfh ns In fho cnso of fho roof of n froo.
Iocnuso of nII fhIs, If Is snId fhnf fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is
nof osfnbIIshod. Thoroforo, fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is nn
orror.
If oxnmInod moro cIosoIy, fho form objocfIvo osIfIon rofors fo
fho sIx sonso shoros. Tho form suorf rofors fo nII fncfors of
oxorIonco wIfhouf oxcofIon. Tho form foundnfIon rofors fo fho
sood ns woII ns fo fho condIfIons whIch roduco nnd susfnIn fncfors,
fhoroforo nII fncfors nrfIcInfo In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Thoy
do nof ossoss subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco, consoquonfIy, If Is nof
nrorInfo fo consIdor fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco ns oxIsfIng In
frufh, bocnuso If Is dovoId of nbIdIng nnd fho IIko.
ow, If mny bo nskod, If Indood fhoro Is no cycIIcnI oxIsfonco,
fhon how Is If fhnf Ifs ronIIfy nonrs In vnrIous forms Tho HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos do nof orcoIvo If In vnrIous forms. Ior fhom, cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco hns onIy n sIngIo chnrncfor, I.o., ImfInoss. In ImfInoss,
fhoro nro no vnrIous forms. OrdInnry ooIo doIudod by fho sIoo of
Ignornnco orcoIvo vnrIous forms ns If In n dronm.
XXVIII. Whnfsoovor nonrs fo fho worIdIy commoncIng
from )"&$%# nnd fho IIko ns ronI Is fnIso for fho HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos. Thoroforo, whnf romnIns nnrf from fhIs
Tho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is nof osfnbIIshod
109
uIfImnfo nnfuro of fncfors of oxorIonco nnd IondIng fo fho cIfy of
!"#$%&' ronIIzIng orfocfIy fho docofIvo nnfuro of fho mInd nnd
frooIng fhomsoIvos from Ifs swny shouId suroIy bo consIdorod HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos.
XXV. Thoso who nro wIso In rognrd fo onfIfIos soo fhnf
onfIfIos nro Imormnnonf, docofIvo fncfors, IfhIoss, omfy,
InsubsfnnfInI nnd whoIIy vncuous.
Horo, fho form onfIfIos rofors fo comoundod fncfors.
Iocnuso such fncfors hnvo fho nnfuro of momonfnry dosfrucfIon,
fhnf Is of boIng dosfroyod ovory momonf, fhoy nro Imormnnonf.
Tho InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos Is fho nbsonco of subsfnnco or ossonco.
onofhoIoss, for ordInnry ooIo, fho ncfunIIfy of fhoIr InfrInsIc
boIng nonrs fo oxIsf. Thoroforo, IIko IIIusIon, onfIfIos nro docofIvo
fncfors. Such fncfors cnnnof onduro for Iong. Thoy nro frngIIo, nnd
fhoroforo, fhoy nro snId fo bo IfhIoss. As fhoy nro wIfhouf ossonco,
fhoy nro cnIIod omfy, nnd ns fhoy nro wIfhouf subsfnnco, fhoy nro
InsubsfnnfInI. Imormnnonco, fhoroforo, Is fho vory nnfuro of
onfIfIos. Thus, fhrough sooIng onfIfIos In fhIs wny, fho wIso mnn
soos fhom ns vncuous vIvIkfn!. Tho form vncuIfy or vncuous monns
omfInoss or omfy. Moroovor, vncuIfy ImIIos nonorIgInnfIon nnd
IsoInfIon whIch Is Ifs IIfornI monnIng. Thoroforo, whon If Is snId fhnf
fho yogIn hns soon fho vncuIfy of onfIfIos, If monns fhnf ho hns soon
fhoIr ImfInoss. Iuf fho vncuous nnfuro of oxIsfonco Is nof soon
fhrough nbnndonIng onfIfIos. !nfhor ImfInoss Is soon Innsmuch ns
onfIfIos nro omfy. Thoroforo, In ordor fo domonsfrnfo ImfInoss,
Imormnnonco wns socInIIy fnughf by fho Iuddhn.
AgnIn, vncuous monns wIfhouf sfnIn. OrdInnry ooIo who
nro In orror mIsfnkonIy concoIvo ovon onfIfIos whIch nro uro In
fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng fo bo Imuro fhrough fho ncfIon of soIIIng such
onfIfIos by monfnI fnbrIcnfIon, howovor, fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos do
nof do so. Thoy soo fho vncuous ns moroIy uro nnd wIfhouf sfnIn.
AIfornnfIvoIy, ono cnn sny fhnf fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos who hnvo
nrIson from fho surnknowIodgo of suchnoss soo onfIfIos ns vncuous.
Tho Mnsfor !%(%#)*+' who hns onofrnfod fho frufh nnd
ronIIzod suchnoss hns mndo fhIs ronIIznfIon nvnIInbIo fo ofhors
fhrough fho nIIcnfIon of IogIcnIIy consfrucfod ronsonIng.
110
XXVI. WIfhouf nn objocfIvo osIfIon, wIfhouf n suorf,
wIfhouf foundnfIon nnd wIfhouf nbIdIng, onfIfIos onIy orIgInnfod
from fho cnuso of Ignornnco nro onfIroIy wIfhouf bogInnIng, mIddIo
or ond.
XXVII. WIfhouf ossonco, IIko n bnnnnn froo nnd n fnIry cIfy,
fho unbonrnbIo cIfy of doIusIon fhnf Is cycIIcnI oxIsfonco nonrs
IIko n mngIcnI IIIusIon.
!oIy uon fhIs sfnfomonf ns ono mIghf roIy uon fho onrfh
whIch Is fho bnsIs of fho hnrvosf. ThIs sfnfomonf Is fho bnsIs of fho
hnrvosf of frufh. Tho mnnIfoId objocfs of oxorIonco nro wIfhouf nny
Inco of nbIdIng, so fhoy nro snId fo bo wIfhouf nn objocfIvo osIfIon.
Tho orcofIon of fncfors occurs doondonf uon condIfIons ns If
rood u by condIfIons, whIIo In ronIIfy, fhoro Is no suorf. Tho
form foundnfIon rofors fo fho gonornI cnuso of fncfors, fhoIr
orIgInnfIon, oxfonsIon nnd growfh ns In fho cnso of fho roof of n froo.
Iocnuso of nII fhIs, If Is snId fhnf fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is
nof osfnbIIshod. Thoroforo, fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is nn
orror.
If oxnmInod moro cIosoIy, fho form objocfIvo osIfIon rofors fo
fho sIx sonso shoros. Tho form suorf rofors fo nII fncfors of
oxorIonco wIfhouf oxcofIon. Tho form foundnfIon rofors fo fho
sood ns woII ns fo fho condIfIons whIch roduco nnd susfnIn fncfors,
fhoroforo nII fncfors nrfIcInfo In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Thoy
do nof ossoss subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco, consoquonfIy, If Is nof
nrorInfo fo consIdor fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco ns oxIsfIng In
frufh, bocnuso If Is dovoId of nbIdIng nnd fho IIko.
ow, If mny bo nskod, If Indood fhoro Is no cycIIcnI oxIsfonco,
fhon how Is If fhnf Ifs ronIIfy nonrs In vnrIous forms Tho HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos do nof orcoIvo If In vnrIous forms. Ior fhom, cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco hns onIy n sIngIo chnrncfor, I.o., ImfInoss. In ImfInoss,
fhoro nro no vnrIous forms. OrdInnry ooIo doIudod by fho sIoo of
Ignornnco orcoIvo vnrIous forms ns If In n dronm.
XXVIII. Whnfsoovor nonrs fo fho worIdIy commoncIng
from !"#$%& nnd fho IIko ns ronI Is fnIso for fho HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos. Thoroforo, whnf romnIns nnrf from fhIs
Tho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is nof osfnbIIshod
111
subsfnnfInIIy, buf rnfhor by Ignornnco. If corfnInIy srIngs u from
fho cnuso of fho sood of Ignornnco. Thoroforo, If Is snId fhnf
bogInnIng, mIddIo nnd ond nro fo bo rojocfod nnd fhnf orIgInnfIon,
durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro nbsonf.
As fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco orIgInnfos from fho sood of
Ignornnco, If Is IIkonod fo n bnnnnn froo whIch Is wIfhouf ossonco. If
If woro nof orIgInnfod from fho sood of Ignornnco, fhon whon
subjocfod fo oxnmInnfIon, nn ossonco wouId bo found. Howovor,
whon comoundod fncfors nro oxnmInod, fhoy nro found fo bo IIko
fho nggrognfIon of fho bnnnnn froo, wIfhouf ossonco. Whnfovor hns
no ossonco, buf confrnry fo fncf nonrs ns If If hnd nn ossonco, doos
so by fho owor of Ignornnco.
AgnIn, bocnuso fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is IIko n fnIry
cIfy, If Is snId fo orIgInnfo from fho sood of Ignornnco. o mnffor
how bonufIfuI n fnIry cIfy mny nonr, whon If Is oxnmInod, If Is nof
ns If nonrs, fhoroforo, If Is nof ronI or gonuIno. Thoroforo, whon If
Is oxnmInod In fhIs wny, fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco whIch
orIgInnfos from fho cnuso of Ignornnco Is nof osfnbIIshod ncfunIIy.
Thon, fho unbonrnbIo cIfy of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is suroIy n roducf of
doIusIon.
Iocnuso fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco whIch nonrs IIko nn
IIIusIon Is dIffIcuIf fo rovorso nIfhough If Is fho sourco of mnny woos
nnd bocnuso If Is dIffIcuIf fo rocognIzo Ifs fruo nnfuro Innsmuch ns If
Is obscurod by Ignornnco, If Is cnIIod unbonrnbIo or forrIbIo. Tho
worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is unbonrnbIo or suffocnfIng, fhoroforo, If
Is n cnuso of fonr. Iuf fhoso who nro froo from orror soo If fo bo IIko
IIIusIon. Tho cIfy of doIusIon oxorIoncod by ordInnry ooIo Is soon
fo bo moro IIIusIon by fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos. Moroovor, bocnuso
Ignornnco Is IIko doIusIon, fhoroforo, fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco
Is nof subsfnnfInI.
Tho onofrnfIon of nn objocf whIch Is boyond fho objocfs of
fho sonso orgnns Is undorsfood fo bo fho sfnfo of )"&$%#, nnd fhIs
Is vnIId. Howovor, ovon whnf nonrs fo bo fho ronI subsfnnfInI
nnfuro of onfIfIos Is fnIso for fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos. Tho ono frufh
fnughf by fho IIossod Ono Is Irvnn. Comoundod fncfors of
oxorIonco nro fnIso nnd hnvo fho nnfuro of boIng docofIvo. SInco
112
wIfhouf doubf, nII fhoso nonrnncos nro fnIso, whnf onduros nmong
nII fhoso Thoroforo, fhoro oxIsfs nofhIng whIch Is nof IIko IIIusIon.
OfhorwIso, If )"&$%# nnd fho rosf who nro worIdIy nnd fho
HoIy IorsonnIIfIos hnd fho snmo vIsIon, fhon, In fhnf cnso, fho
worIdIy nnd fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos wouId bocomo oqunI. Howovor,
fho worIdIy nnd fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos nro nof comnrnbIo.
ThoIr oyos of knowIodgo nro bIIndod by fho cnfnrncf of
Ignornnco. Thoroforo, fho whoIo worId of sonfIonf boIngs from
Irnhm downwnrd wIfhouf oxcofIon fnII fo soo fho frufh.
ConsoquonfIy, fhoy nro whIrIod oworIossIy In fho gronf whIrIooI of
cycIIcnI oxIsfonco ngIfnfod by fho wInd of orror. Tho vossoI of fhoIr
vIrfuous ncfIons Is shnfforod. WIfh fho vossoI of fhoIr vIrfuous
ncfIons shnfforod, fho worIdIy cnrrIod nwny by fho curronf of fhoIr
dosIro ron fho consoquoncos of fhoIr rIonIng unwhoIosomo ncfIons.
On fho confrnry, fho vIrfuo of fho wIso urIfIod by wIsdom
who ossoss fho oxcoIIonf oyo of knowIodgo nnd nro snfIsfIod
fhrough drInkIng from fho rIvor of fho ossonco of fho nocfnr of fho
HoIy hnrmn Is suorIor. Thoy consfnnfIy ndhoro fo fho wny of
vIrfuous ncfIons nnd fo fho wny of fho hnrmn. How cnn such
vIrfuous onos bo ImngInod fo bo oqunI fo fho worIdIy monfIonod
nbovo If Is nof corrocf fo suoso fhnf IIghf nnd dnrknoss, Snmsrn
nnd Irvnn nro oqunI. Thoroforo, wIfhouf doubf, whnfovor Is ronI
for worIdIy, IIko Irnhm nnd so forfh, who foIIow fho wny of cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco Is fnIso for fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos.
ow, If Snmsrn Is omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhon, how Is If
fhnf fho IIossod Iuddhn dId nof domonsfrnfo fho ronI sfnfo of
fhIngs, buf fnughf nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd sonso shoros whIch
nro unronI Horo ns n monns of onforIng Info fho uIfImnfo frufh,
fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd sonso shoros whIch nro unronI nro
domonsfrnfod In fho bogInnIng. In fho bogInnIng, fho ronI sfnfo of
fhIngs, suchnoss or ImfInoss Is nof domonsfrnfod, bocnuso If If
woro domonsfrnfod In fho bogInnIng, If wouId bo monnIngIoss. Tho
hnrmn whIch Is froo from fho rocIIcos of fho fwo oxfromos
111
subsfnnfInIIy, buf rnfhor by Ignornnco. If corfnInIy srIngs u from
fho cnuso of fho sood of Ignornnco. Thoroforo, If Is snId fhnf
bogInnIng, mIddIo nnd ond nro fo bo rojocfod nnd fhnf orIgInnfIon,
durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro nbsonf.
As fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco orIgInnfos from fho sood of
Ignornnco, If Is IIkonod fo n bnnnnn froo whIch Is wIfhouf ossonco. If
If woro nof orIgInnfod from fho sood of Ignornnco, fhon whon
subjocfod fo oxnmInnfIon, nn ossonco wouId bo found. Howovor,
whon comoundod fncfors nro oxnmInod, fhoy nro found fo bo IIko
fho nggrognfIon of fho bnnnnn froo, wIfhouf ossonco. Whnfovor hns
no ossonco, buf confrnry fo fncf nonrs ns If If hnd nn ossonco, doos
so by fho owor of Ignornnco.
AgnIn, bocnuso fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is IIko n fnIry
cIfy, If Is snId fo orIgInnfo from fho sood of Ignornnco. o mnffor
how bonufIfuI n fnIry cIfy mny nonr, whon If Is oxnmInod, If Is nof
ns If nonrs, fhoroforo, If Is nof ronI or gonuIno. Thoroforo, whon If
Is oxnmInod In fhIs wny, fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco whIch
orIgInnfos from fho cnuso of Ignornnco Is nof osfnbIIshod ncfunIIy.
Thon, fho unbonrnbIo cIfy of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is suroIy n roducf of
doIusIon.
Iocnuso fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco whIch nonrs IIko nn
IIIusIon Is dIffIcuIf fo rovorso nIfhough If Is fho sourco of mnny woos
nnd bocnuso If Is dIffIcuIf fo rocognIzo Ifs fruo nnfuro Innsmuch ns If
Is obscurod by Ignornnco, If Is cnIIod unbonrnbIo or forrIbIo. Tho
worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is unbonrnbIo or suffocnfIng, fhoroforo, If
Is n cnuso of fonr. Iuf fhoso who nro froo from orror soo If fo bo IIko
IIIusIon. Tho cIfy of doIusIon oxorIoncod by ordInnry ooIo Is soon
fo bo moro IIIusIon by fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos. Moroovor, bocnuso
Ignornnco Is IIko doIusIon, fhoroforo, fho worId of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco
Is nof subsfnnfInI.
Tho onofrnfIon of nn objocf whIch Is boyond fho objocfs of
fho sonso orgnns Is undorsfood fo bo fho sfnfo of !"#$%&, nnd fhIs
Is vnIId. Howovor, ovon whnf nonrs fo bo fho ronI subsfnnfInI
nnfuro of onfIfIos Is fnIso for fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos. Tho ono frufh
fnughf by fho IIossod Ono Is !"#$%&'. Comoundod fncfors of
oxorIonco nro fnIso nnd hnvo fho nnfuro of boIng docofIvo. SInco
112
wIfhouf doubf, nII fhoso nonrnncos nro fnIso, whnf onduros nmong
nII fhoso Thoroforo, fhoro oxIsfs nofhIng whIch Is nof IIko IIIusIon.
OfhorwIso, If !"#$%& nnd fho rosf who nro worIdIy nnd fho
HoIy IorsonnIIfIos hnd fho snmo vIsIon, fhon, In fhnf cnso, fho
worIdIy nnd fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos wouId bocomo oqunI. Howovor,
fho worIdIy nnd fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos nro nof comnrnbIo.
ThoIr oyos of knowIodgo nro bIIndod by fho cnfnrncf of
Ignornnco. Thoroforo, fho whoIo worId of sonfIonf boIngs from
(#')*% downwnrd wIfhouf oxcofIon fnII fo soo fho frufh.
ConsoquonfIy, fhoy nro whIrIod oworIossIy In fho gronf whIrIooI of
cycIIcnI oxIsfonco ngIfnfod by fho wInd of orror. Tho vossoI of fhoIr
vIrfuous ncfIons Is shnfforod. WIfh fho vossoI of fhoIr vIrfuous
ncfIons shnfforod, fho worIdIy cnrrIod nwny by fho curronf of fhoIr
dosIro ron fho consoquoncos of fhoIr rIonIng unwhoIosomo ncfIons.
On fho confrnry, fho vIrfuo of fho wIso urIfIod by wIsdom
who ossoss fho oxcoIIonf oyo of knowIodgo nnd nro snfIsfIod
fhrough drInkIng from fho rIvor of fho ossonco of fho nocfnr of fho
HoIy hnrmn Is suorIor. Thoy consfnnfIy ndhoro fo fho wny of
vIrfuous ncfIons nnd fo fho wny of fho hnrmn. How cnn such
vIrfuous onos bo ImngInod fo bo oqunI fo fho worIdIy monfIonod
nbovo If Is nof corrocf fo suoso fhnf IIghf nnd dnrknoss, +',-%#'
nnd !"#$%&' nro oqunI. Thoroforo, wIfhouf doubf, whnfovor Is ronI
for worIdIy, IIko (#')*% nnd so forfh, who foIIow fho wny of cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco Is fnIso for fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos.
ow, If +',-%#' Is omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhon, how Is If
fhnf fho IIossod Iuddhn dId nof domonsfrnfo fho ronI sfnfo of
fhIngs, buf fnughf nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd sonso shoros whIch
nro unronI Horo ns n monns of onforIng Info fho uIfImnfo frufh,
fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd sonso shoros whIch nro unronI nro
domonsfrnfod In fho bogInnIng. In fho bogInnIng, fho ronI sfnfo of
fhIngs, suchnoss or ImfInoss Is nof domonsfrnfod, bocnuso If If
woro domonsfrnfod In fho bogInnIng, If wouId bo monnIngIoss. Tho
hnrmn whIch Is froo from fho rocIIcos of fho fwo oxfromos
113
cnnnof bo shown In fho bogInnIng fo ooIo whoso InfoIIocfs nro nof
urIfIod. Thoroforo, fho Iuddhn who wns skIIIod In nccomIIshIng
fho bonofIf of sonfIonf boIngs hnd rocourso fo vnrIous forms of
IndIrocf fonchIng.
XXX. IIrsf, fho sookor for ronIIfy shouId bo foId fhnf
ovoryfhIng oxIsfs. !nfor, whon ho hns undorsfood fhIngs nnd Is froo
from dosIro, ho shouId bo foId fhnf ovoryfhIng Is vncuous.
If ooIo whoso mInds nro nof urIfIod nro InIfInIIy
Infroducod fo ImfInoss, fhoy wIII bo confusod. Thoroforo, fho HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos do nof domonsfrnfo ImfInoss In fho bogInnIng.
WoII, whnf fhon shouId fho fonchor foII fhoso who nro IookIng
for fho ronI sfnfo of fhIngs Af fIrsf, ho shouId foII fhom fhnf
ovoryfhIng oxIsfs. If Is sfnfod fhnf fho form ovoryfhIng Is monnf fo
IncIudo fho fIvo nggrognfos, fho fwoIvo sonso shoros nnd fho
oIghfoon oIomonfs. Onco fho dIscIIo hns grnsod fho nggrognfos,
oIomonfs nnd sonso shoros, by monns of oxnmIos IIko shorf nnd
Iong nnd fho IIghf of nn oII Inm, ho Is shown fho Infordoondonco of
fhIs nnd fhnf.
Tho dIscIIo comos fo undorsfnnd fhIngs whon ho ronIIzos
fhnf objocfs whIch nro gnInod wIfh gronf offorf nro dosfroyod
wIfhouf dIffIcuIfy. SooIng fho onsy dosfrucfIon of nII fhnf ono hns
sfrIvon for In fho worIdIy wny, ono bocomos dIsgusfod. Ho consos fo
nrovo fho conducf of ordInnry ooIo nnd consos fo doIIghf In
bIrfh. !nhny nnd III nf onso wIfh dosfrucfIon nnd donfh, ho
dovoIos fho wIsh fo sovor nffnchmonf fo Snmsrn, fho wIsh fo
nbnndon Snmsrn. Ho Ioosons hIs nffnchmonf nnd cIIngIng fo fho
soIf. OnIy fhon shouId vncuIfy bo domonsfrnfod fo hIm. If fho
fonchor domonsfrnfos ImfInoss In fhIs wny, If wIII nof bo fruIfIoss.
Tho dIscIIo nIso wIII nvoId sfrnyIng Info n mIsfnkon wny of vIowIng
fhIngs.
OfhorwIso, If fho nnronf nnd uIfImnfo frufhs nro
mIsfnkonIy fhoughf fo bo IncomnfIbIo, fho fonchIng of ImfInoss
wIII Iond fo orror. If fhIs occurs, ono wIII fInd If dIffIcuIf fo ronounco
unwhoIosomo ncfIons. In fhIs cnso, fho unwIso fhInkIng fhnf
Snmsrn Is omfy, wIII bo Ionfho fo orform whoIosomo ncfIons
whIch nro nocossnry. Such n orson wIII bo IIko fho bIrd who Ionvos
114
hIs nosf boforo hIs wIngs nro fuIIy dovoIood nnd Is consoquonfIy
dosfroyod. Thnf Is bocnuso such orsons hnvo nof dovoIood fhoIr
own InfuIfIon of fho frufh.
XXXI. Thoso InforIor ooIo who do nof undorsfnnd fho
monnIng of vncuIfy nnd nccof moroIy fho vorbnI sonso do nof
nccomIIsh morIf nnd nro Iosf.
Ior ono who hns wIfhIn hImsoIf dIrocfIy InfuIfod ImfInoss,
fho nonorformnnco of whoIosomo nnd unwhoIosomo ncfIons Is
corrocf. Howovor, fhoso who hnvo nof dIrocfIy known ImfInoss,
buf hnvo moroIy ncquIrod fho vorbnI sonso of ImfInoss, sImIy
ImIfnfo fho nccomIIshod onos nnd ongngo In unwhoIosomo ncfIons,
nof In whoIosomo onos. !Iko fho bIrd whoso wIngs nro nof
comIofoIy dovoIood, fhoy wIII fnII Info fho dofh of fho nffIIcfIons.
Affor nII, moroIy by honrIng fho word wnfor, ono cnnnof quonch onos
fhIrsf. or cnn ono snfIsfy onos hungor moroIy by honrIng fho word
food. Thoso who onIy ongngo In unwhoIosomo ncfIons nro cnIIod
InforIor ooIo. In ordor fo dIscourngo fhIs kInd of conducf, fho
Iuddhn fnughf HIs nudIonco fho nnronf frufh whIch Is nof
wIfhouf monnIng.
XXXII. If hns boon oxInInod fhnf fho offocfs of ncfIons nro
suroIy nof Iosf nnd fhnf fhoro nro sIx ronIms of sonfIonf boIngs.
HnvIng fhoroughIy undorsfood fhoIr nnfuro, nonorIgInnfIon hns
nIso boon domonsfrnfod.
Tho IIossod Ono fnughf fho oxIsfonco of fho sIx ronIms of
mIgrnfIon whoroIn sonfIonf boIngs orform ncfIons nnd oxorIonco
fhoIr offocfs.
Thon for fhoso who nro IncIInod fownrd fho frufh, ns n
corrocfIvo for fho knof of ncfIons, fho nonorIgInnfIon of cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco consoquonf uon fho ronIIznfIon of Ifs nnfuro wns nIso
domonsfrnfod. Tho vnrIous ronIms nro InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod,
fhoroforo, fhoy nro nof orIgInnfod subsfnnfInIIy. Whon fhoIr nnfuro
hns boon undorsfood, fhon fho nfh nnd cycIIcnI oxIsfonco nro
unorIgInnfod.
In fhIs wny, fho nfh IondIng fo fho gnInIng of
surnknowIodgo Is nIso domonsfrnfod. Tho doscrIfIon of fho ronIms
nnd fho IIko Is fhoroforo undorfnkon wIfh n uroso In mInd. ow, If
113
cnnnof bo shown In fho bogInnIng fo ooIo whoso InfoIIocfs nro nof
urIfIod. Thoroforo, fho Iuddhn who wns skIIIod In nccomIIshIng
fho bonofIf of sonfIonf boIngs hnd rocourso fo vnrIous forms of
IndIrocf fonchIng.
XXX. IIrsf, fho sookor for ronIIfy shouId bo foId fhnf
ovoryfhIng oxIsfs. !nfor, whon ho hns undorsfood fhIngs nnd Is froo
from dosIro, ho shouId bo foId fhnf ovoryfhIng Is vncuous.
If ooIo whoso mInds nro nof urIfIod nro InIfInIIy
Infroducod fo ImfInoss, fhoy wIII bo confusod. Thoroforo, fho HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos do nof domonsfrnfo ImfInoss In fho bogInnIng.
WoII, whnf fhon shouId fho fonchor foII fhoso who nro IookIng
for fho ronI sfnfo of fhIngs Af fIrsf, ho shouId foII fhom fhnf
ovoryfhIng oxIsfs. If Is sfnfod fhnf fho form ovoryfhIng Is monnf fo
IncIudo fho fIvo nggrognfos, fho fwoIvo sonso shoros nnd fho
oIghfoon oIomonfs. Onco fho dIscIIo hns grnsod fho nggrognfos,
oIomonfs nnd sonso shoros, by monns of oxnmIos IIko shorf nnd
Iong nnd fho IIghf of nn oII Inm, ho Is shown fho Infordoondonco of
fhIs nnd fhnf.
Tho dIscIIo comos fo undorsfnnd fhIngs whon ho ronIIzos
fhnf objocfs whIch nro gnInod wIfh gronf offorf nro dosfroyod
wIfhouf dIffIcuIfy. SooIng fho onsy dosfrucfIon of nII fhnf ono hns
sfrIvon for In fho worIdIy wny, ono bocomos dIsgusfod. Ho consos fo
nrovo fho conducf of ordInnry ooIo nnd consos fo doIIghf In
bIrfh. !nhny nnd III nf onso wIfh dosfrucfIon nnd donfh, ho
dovoIos fho wIsh fo sovor nffnchmonf fo !"#$%&", fho wIsh fo
nbnndon !"#$%&". Ho Ioosons hIs nffnchmonf nnd cIIngIng fo fho
soIf. OnIy fhon shouId vncuIfy bo domonsfrnfod fo hIm. If fho
fonchor domonsfrnfos ImfInoss In fhIs wny, If wIII nof bo fruIfIoss.
Tho dIscIIo nIso wIII nvoId sfrnyIng Info n mIsfnkon wny of vIowIng
fhIngs.
OfhorwIso, If fho nnronf nnd uIfImnfo frufhs nro
mIsfnkonIy fhoughf fo bo IncomnfIbIo, fho fonchIng of ImfInoss
wIII Iond fo orror. If fhIs occurs, ono wIII fInd If dIffIcuIf fo ronounco
unwhoIosomo ncfIons. In fhIs cnso, fho unwIso fhInkIng fhnf
!"#$%&" Is omfy, wIII bo Ionfho fo orform whoIosomo ncfIons
whIch nro nocossnry. Such n orson wIII bo IIko fho bIrd who Ionvos
114
hIs nosf boforo hIs wIngs nro fuIIy dovoIood nnd Is consoquonfIy
dosfroyod. Thnf Is bocnuso such orsons hnvo nof dovoIood fhoIr
own InfuIfIon of fho frufh.
XXXI. Thoso InforIor ooIo who do nof undorsfnnd fho
monnIng of vncuIfy nnd nccof moroIy fho vorbnI sonso do nof
nccomIIsh morIf nnd nro Iosf.
Ior ono who hns wIfhIn hImsoIf dIrocfIy InfuIfod ImfInoss,
fho nonorformnnco of whoIosomo nnd unwhoIosomo ncfIons Is
corrocf. Howovor, fhoso who hnvo nof dIrocfIy known ImfInoss,
buf hnvo moroIy ncquIrod fho vorbnI sonso of ImfInoss, sImIy
ImIfnfo fho nccomIIshod onos nnd ongngo In unwhoIosomo ncfIons,
nof In whoIosomo onos. !Iko fho bIrd whoso wIngs nro nof
comIofoIy dovoIood, fhoy wIII fnII Info fho dofh of fho nffIIcfIons.
Affor nII, moroIy by honrIng fho word wnfor, ono cnnnof quonch onos
fhIrsf. or cnn ono snfIsfy onos hungor moroIy by honrIng fho word
food. Thoso who onIy ongngo In unwhoIosomo ncfIons nro cnIIod
InforIor ooIo. In ordor fo dIscourngo fhIs kInd of conducf, fho
Iuddhn fnughf HIs nudIonco fho nnronf frufh whIch Is nof
wIfhouf monnIng.
XXXII. If hns boon oxInInod fhnf fho offocfs of ncfIons nro
suroIy nof Iosf nnd fhnf fhoro nro sIx ronIms of sonfIonf boIngs.
HnvIng fhoroughIy undorsfood fhoIr nnfuro, nonorIgInnfIon hns
nIso boon domonsfrnfod.
Tho IIossod Ono fnughf fho oxIsfonco of fho sIx ronIms of
mIgrnfIon whoroIn sonfIonf boIngs orform ncfIons nnd oxorIonco
fhoIr offocfs.
Thon for fhoso who nro IncIInod fownrd fho frufh, ns n
corrocfIvo for fho knof of ncfIons, fho nonorIgInnfIon of cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco consoquonf uon fho ronIIznfIon of Ifs nnfuro wns nIso
domonsfrnfod. Tho vnrIous ronIms nro InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod,
fhoroforo, fhoy nro nof orIgInnfod subsfnnfInIIy. Whon fhoIr nnfuro
hns boon undorsfood, fhon fho nfh nnd cycIIcnI oxIsfonco nro
unorIgInnfod.
In fhIs wny, fho nfh IondIng fo fho gnInIng of
surnknowIodgo Is nIso domonsfrnfod. Tho doscrIfIon of fho ronIms
nnd fho IIko Is fhoroforo undorfnkon wIfh n uroso In mInd. ow, If
115
If bo nskod, whnf Is fho uroso
XXXIII. InfonfIonnIIy, fho Conquorors oxInInod "I" nnd
"MIno". SImIInrIy, fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd sonso shoros woro
nIso rocInImod InfonfIonnIIy.
Tho IIossod Iuddhn nbnndonod I nnd mIno. Iuf for fho
bonofIf of corfnIn dIscIIos nccusfomod fo fho wnys of fho worId, fho
Iuddhn ndofod fho uso of fho oxrossIons I nnd mIno. SImIInrIy,
InfonfIonnIIy, fho Iuddhn fnughf fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd
sonso shoros, bocnuso wIfhouf rocourso fo nnnIysIs, fhoro Is no
mofhod by monns of whIch fho worIdIy cnn onfor fho ronI sfnfo of
fhIngs.
As fho Iuddhn fnughf fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd sonso
shoros wIfh n uroso In mInd nnd nof In ronIfy, fhon fhoro oughf
fo bo subsfnnfInfIon of fhIs cInIm by monns of IogIc nnd scrIfuro.
IIrsf, nccordIng fo IogIc, fho foIIowIng sfnnzn mny bo consIdorod.
XXXIV. Tho rImnry oIomonfs ofc. nro IncIudod In
conscIousnoss. If froodom nrIsos fhrough fhIs undorsfnndIng, why
nro fhoy nof orronoousIy ImngInod
ConscIousnoss Is fhnf by whIch fho orcofIon of orIgInnfIon
Is nrohondod. Tho rImnry oIomonfs ofc. nro moroIy fnbrIcnfod.
WIfhouf cronfIng n concofunI schomo In conscIousnoss, In fho worId
nofhIng cnn bo sfIuInfod fo oxIsf, bocnuso consoquonfIy fho bnron
womnn's son ofc. wouId oxIsf. Thoroforo, fho rImnry oIomonfs nnd
fho socondnry oIomonfs, fho mInd nnd fho monfnI dorIvnfIvos nnd
fho fncfors dIsnssocInfod from mInd, bocnuso fhoy hnvo
conscIousnoss ns fhoIr cnuso, nro nII IncIudod In conscIousnoss.
Whon fho yogIn soos fho nonoxIsfonf objocfs Imufod by
conscIousnoss whIch nro fnIso nnd docofIvo fncfors ns nof
orIgInnfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhon ho knows fhoIr nnfuro
corfnInIy. AgnIn, knowIng fhnf conscIousnoss nIso Is nof orIgInnfod
subsfnnfInIIy, ho yof knows fhnf from If nro roducod fho rImnry
oIomonfs ofc. wIfhouf oxcofIon. AII fho mnnIfoId fncfors of
oxorIonco nro sImIInr fo n rofIocfIon. Whon fho form Is
oxfInguIshod, so foo fho rofIocfIon Is oxfInguIshod. Innsmuch ns nII
fho mnnIfoId fncfors of oxorIonco oxIsf moroIy In fho mnnnor of
rofIocfIons, nro fhoy nof orronoousIy ImngInod Thoroforo, fho
116
nggrognfos ofc. oxIsf bocnuso of conscIousnoss. Though fhoy do nof
oxIsf In ronIIfy, fhoy nonr fo oxIsf, fhoroforo, fhoy nro nof
subsfnnfInIIy oxIsfonf. Tho nggrognfos ofc. woro domonsfrnfod for
fhoso who suffor from fho rIdo of cIIngIng fo I nnd mIno.
l3

Thus fnr, If hns boon domonsfrnfod IogIcnIIy fhnf fho
nggrognfos nnd fho rosf woro fnughf wIfh n uroso In mInd. ow,
If wIII bo shown by rocourso fo scrIfuro fhnf nIfhough fho
nggrognfos nnd fho rosf nro fnIso, fhoy woro fnughf wIfh n uroso.
XXXV. Tho Conquorors rocInImod fhnf 5/"7#'& Is fho onIy
frufh, so who nmong fho wIso couId undorsfnnd fho rosf nof fo bo
fnIso
Tho IIossod Iuddhn snId fo fho monks fhnf 5/"7#'&, fho
nondocofIvo subsfrnfum Is fho onIy suromo frufh. Who nmong
fho wIso wouId fnII fo undorsfnnd In fho IIghf of fhIs roforonco fhnf
fho nggrognfos ofc. nro fnIso Iocnuso If fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs
nnd sonso shoros nro oxnmInod by ronsonIng nnd scrIfuro, fhoy
nro found nof fo bo osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhoroforo,
fho foIIowIng couIof suroIy IndIcnfos fho frufh.
XXXVI. n. As Iong ns fhoro Is movomonf of fho mInd, so Iong
ono wIII bo In fho domnIn of <#"&.
<#"& obsfrucfs fho IIghf of wIsdom of fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos,
fhoroforo, ho Is gronf In fho fhroo shoros nnd owns fho mInIsfors
fhnf nro fho four wrong vIows or dogmns. Ho Is nIwnys surroundod
by fho rofInuo of fho nffIIcfIons of nffnchmonf nnd so forfh. Tho
IgnobIo do nof dIsnrngo hIm. Thoy foIIow fho wny of ovII conducf,
nnd fhoroforo <#"& Is fho cnuso of fho dIffusIon of fho sonfIonf
boIngs of fho unIvorso of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco. <#"& Is cnIIod
Ignornnco. InIIIng fo go boyond Ignornnco, onfIfIos nro ImngInod
bocnuso of orronoous vIows. On fho ofhor hnnd, If nonorIgInnfIon Is
undorsfood, bocnuso fhon fho mInd Is sfondy, ono Is nof In fho
domnIn of <#"&.
XXXVI.b. If If Is ofhorwIso, fhon In fhnf cnso, how wIII
fnuIfIossnoss nof bo jusfIfIod
Horo, fho hrnso, fhon In fhnf cnso, IndIcnfos fho comIofo
nrohonsIon of fho fncf of nonorIgInnfIon In ronIIfy. Thoroforo, If
115
If bo nskod, whnf Is fho uroso
XXXIII. InfonfIonnIIy, fho Conquorors oxInInod "I" nnd
"MIno". SImIInrIy, fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd sonso shoros woro
nIso rocInImod InfonfIonnIIy.
Tho IIossod Iuddhn nbnndonod I nnd mIno. Iuf for fho
bonofIf of corfnIn dIscIIos nccusfomod fo fho wnys of fho worId, fho
Iuddhn ndofod fho uso of fho oxrossIons I nnd mIno. SImIInrIy,
InfonfIonnIIy, fho Iuddhn fnughf fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd
sonso shoros, bocnuso wIfhouf rocourso fo nnnIysIs, fhoro Is no
mofhod by monns of whIch fho worIdIy cnn onfor fho ronI sfnfo of
fhIngs.
As fho Iuddhn fnughf fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs nnd sonso
shoros wIfh n uroso In mInd nnd nof In ronIfy, fhon fhoro oughf
fo bo subsfnnfInfIon of fhIs cInIm by monns of IogIc nnd scrIfuro.
IIrsf, nccordIng fo IogIc, fho foIIowIng sfnnzn mny bo consIdorod.
XXXIV. Tho rImnry oIomonfs ofc. nro IncIudod In
conscIousnoss. If froodom nrIsos fhrough fhIs undorsfnndIng, why
nro fhoy nof orronoousIy ImngInod
ConscIousnoss Is fhnf by whIch fho orcofIon of orIgInnfIon
Is nrohondod. Tho rImnry oIomonfs ofc. nro moroIy fnbrIcnfod.
WIfhouf cronfIng n concofunI schomo In conscIousnoss, In fho worId
nofhIng cnn bo sfIuInfod fo oxIsf, bocnuso consoquonfIy fho bnron
womnn's son ofc. wouId oxIsf. Thoroforo, fho rImnry oIomonfs nnd
fho socondnry oIomonfs, fho mInd nnd fho monfnI dorIvnfIvos nnd
fho fncfors dIsnssocInfod from mInd, bocnuso fhoy hnvo
conscIousnoss ns fhoIr cnuso, nro nII IncIudod In conscIousnoss.
Whon fho yogIn soos fho nonoxIsfonf objocfs Imufod by
conscIousnoss whIch nro fnIso nnd docofIvo fncfors ns nof
orIgInnfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhon ho knows fhoIr nnfuro
corfnInIy. AgnIn, knowIng fhnf conscIousnoss nIso Is nof orIgInnfod
subsfnnfInIIy, ho yof knows fhnf from If nro roducod fho rImnry
oIomonfs ofc. wIfhouf oxcofIon. AII fho mnnIfoId fncfors of
oxorIonco nro sImIInr fo n rofIocfIon. Whon fho form Is
oxfInguIshod, so foo fho rofIocfIon Is oxfInguIshod. Innsmuch ns nII
fho mnnIfoId fncfors of oxorIonco oxIsf moroIy In fho mnnnor of
rofIocfIons, nro fhoy nof orronoousIy ImngInod Thoroforo, fho
116
nggrognfos ofc. oxIsf bocnuso of conscIousnoss. Though fhoy do nof
oxIsf In ronIIfy, fhoy nonr fo oxIsf, fhoroforo, fhoy nro nof
subsfnnfInIIy oxIsfonf. Tho nggrognfos ofc. woro domonsfrnfod for
fhoso who suffor from fho rIdo of cIIngIng fo I nnd mIno.
l3

Thus fnr, If hns boon domonsfrnfod IogIcnIIy fhnf fho
nggrognfos nnd fho rosf woro fnughf wIfh n uroso In mInd. ow,
If wIII bo shown by rocourso fo scrIfuro fhnf nIfhough fho
nggrognfos nnd fho rosf nro fnIso, fhoy woro fnughf wIfh n uroso.
XXXV. Tho Conquorors rocInImod fhnf !"#$%&' Is fho onIy
frufh, so who nmong fho wIso couId undorsfnnd fho rosf nof fo bo
fnIso
Tho IIossod Iuddhn snId fo fho monks fhnf !"#$%&', fho
nondocofIvo subsfrnfum Is fho onIy suromo frufh. Who nmong
fho wIso wouId fnII fo undorsfnnd In fho IIghf of fhIs roforonco fhnf
fho nggrognfos ofc. nro fnIso Iocnuso If fho nggrognfos, oIomonfs
nnd sonso shoros nro oxnmInod by ronsonIng nnd scrIfuro, fhoy
nro found nof fo bo osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhoroforo,
fho foIIowIng couIof suroIy IndIcnfos fho frufh.
XXXVI. n. As Iong ns fhoro Is movomonf of fho mInd, so Iong
ono wIII bo In fho domnIn of (%#'.
(%#' obsfrucfs fho IIghf of wIsdom of fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos,
fhoroforo, ho Is gronf In fho fhroo shoros nnd owns fho mInIsfors
fhnf nro fho four wrong vIows or dogmns. Ho Is nIwnys surroundod
by fho rofInuo of fho nffIIcfIons of nffnchmonf nnd so forfh. Tho
IgnobIo do nof dIsnrngo hIm. Thoy foIIow fho wny of ovII conducf,
nnd fhoroforo (%#' Is fho cnuso of fho dIffusIon of fho sonfIonf
boIngs of fho unIvorso of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco. (%#' Is cnIIod
Ignornnco. InIIIng fo go boyond Ignornnco, onfIfIos nro ImngInod
bocnuso of orronoous vIows. On fho ofhor hnnd, If nonorIgInnfIon Is
undorsfood, bocnuso fhon fho mInd Is sfondy, ono Is nof In fho
domnIn of (%#'.
XXXVI.b. If If Is ofhorwIso, fhon In fhnf cnso, how wIII
fnuIfIossnoss nof bo jusfIfIod
Horo, fho hrnso, fhon In fhnf cnso, IndIcnfos fho comIofo
nrohonsIon of fho fncf of nonorIgInnfIon In ronIIfy. Thoroforo, If
117
ono hns comIofoIy onofrnfod fho ronIIfy of nonorIgInnfIon, ono
doos nof rocognIzo fho subsfnnfInIIfy of fhIngs. !ognrdIng fho
subsfnnco of nonrnnco, If fhoro Is orror, If fho subsfnnco of
nonrnnco oxIsfs. If nof, fhon If doos nof oxIsf.
Tho worId hnvIng Ignornnco ns Ifs condIfIon, consoquonfIy
orIgInnfos from Ignornnco. Horo, fho form worId rofors fo fho fIvo
nrorInfIng nggrognfos. CondIfIonod by Ignornnco, voIIfIons nrIso.
CondIfIonod by voIIfIons, conscIousnoss nrIsos. Tho IIossod Iuddhn
fnughf fhnf fho worId hns Ignornnco ns Ifs condIfIon. If Is nof
osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhnf Is, If Is nof osfnbIIshod
subsfnnfInIIy. Any subsfnnco osfnbIIshod In Ifs own ncfunIIfy wouId
nof hnvo doIusIon ns Ifs condIfIon. Thoroforo, sInco Ignornnco Is n
condIfIon, why Is If nof jusfIfInbIo fo rognrd fho worId ns fho offocf of
moro concofunIIznfIon. Whon If Is nskod, why Is If nof jusfIfInbIo fo
rognrd fho worId ns fho offocf of moro concofunIIznfIon fho
quosfIon Is monnf fo IndIcnfo fhnf In fncf If Is jusfIfIod fo rognrd If
so.
AgnIn, fho worId ns fho offocf of moro concofunIIznfIon
monns fhnf ns fho worId Is nof osfnbIIshod subsfnnfInIIy, fho worId
Is consfrucfod by concofunIIznfIon jusf ns ono consfrucfs fho Idon of
n mnn In fho dnrknoss. Thoroforo, If fhoro oxIsf orror, mIsfnkon
vIows nnd fho IIko, fho worId oxIsfs, buf If fhoro Is no orror, fho
worId doos nof oxIsf.
Whon n IIghf Is broughf Info fho dnrknoss, fho form of n mnn
Is no Iongor orcoIvod. Whon fhIs Is undorsfood, fhon fho orronoous
orcofIon wns nof cognIzod corfnInIy, sInco If wns consfrucfod or
ImngInod by Ignornnco. Tho nonrnnco Is nof osfnbIIshod
subsfnnfInIIy, fhoroforo, fho worId doos nof oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy,
bocnuso IIko n rofIocfIon, If doonds uon cnuso nnd condIfIons.
118
If fho worId oxIsfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhnf Is If If oxIsfod
subsfnnfInIIy, fhon If wouId nof bo doondonf uon cnuso nnd
condIfIons. In fhnf cnso, If wouId nof bo cronfod. Thon nof ovon Ifs
survIvnI wouId doond uon condIfIons. Iurfhor, If fho worId woro
osfnbIIshod subsfnnfInIIy, If couId nof chnngo Ifs form. In fhIs wny,
In ordor fo nvoId chnngIng Ifs form, fho condIfIons for Ifs orsIsfonco
shouId bo nscorfnInnbIo. AnyfhIng whIch IIko n rofIocfIon doonds
uon cnuso nnd condIfIons fo oxIsf Is nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc
boIng. AnyfhIng whIch Is osfnbIIshod subsfnnfInIIy cnnnof chnngo
Ifs nnfuro In fho nbsonco of fho condIfIons noodod for Ifs survIvnI. In
fhnf cnso, If cnnnof bo oIImInnfod. Whnfovor cnnnof onduro nnd Is
oIImInnfod In fho nbsonco of fho condIfIons noodod for Ifs confInuod
oxIsfonco, IIko n rofIocfIon, Is nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
Whnfovor Is, In fhIs wny, nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, cnn
nIso nof bo osfnbIIshod by nnofhor. Thoro Is no ronsonnbIo nrgumonf
fhnf cnn suorf such n nofIon. Tho oxIsfonco of such nn onfIfy Is
IIIogIcnI. onIuddhIsfs who do nof nccof Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon hnvo nffnchmonf fo fho InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos.
X!. If fho oxononfs of oxIsfonco romnIn nffnchod fo fhoIr
rocIous onfIfIos nnd confInuo In fhIs wny, fhoro Is nofhIng nmnzIng
In If.
AccordIng fo fho fonofs of fho S0n/l,o sysfom, fho qunIIfIos
IIghfnoss, nssIon nnd dnrknoss nro ormnnonf. Tho Voie,i/o, for
fhoIr nrf, nccof fhnf nfoms of onrfh, wnfor, fIro nnd nIr whIch nro
fho foundnfIon of nII comoundod fhIngs wIfhouf oxcofIon nro
ormnnonf. ConsoquonfIy, fhoy nro formod, IfornnIIsfs. If In fhIs
wny, fhoy grns nf fho subsfnnfInI nnfuro of onfIfIos nnd romnIn
nffnchod fo fhom, fho InfoIIIgonf obsorvor wIII nof bo ovon sIIghfIy
nmnzod.
ow, If If bo nskod why In fho worId, roIInnco uon non
oxIsfonf onfIfIos Is n cnuso of omnIscIonco. WhIIo, roIInnco uon
oxIsfonf onfIfIos Is nof such n cnuso. ovorfhoIoss, fhoIr roIInnco
uon such onfIfIos sfoms from fho fonofs of fhoIr sysfoms, fhoroforo,
If Is nof n sourco of nmnzomonf fo fho wIso.
Howovor, fho VoiIl0,i/o, Sou/r0n/i/oe nnd Vij0not0Jine,
117
ono hns comIofoIy onofrnfod fho ronIIfy of nonorIgInnfIon, ono
doos nof rocognIzo fho subsfnnfInIIfy of fhIngs. !ognrdIng fho
subsfnnco of nonrnnco, If fhoro Is orror, If fho subsfnnco of
nonrnnco oxIsfs. If nof, fhon If doos nof oxIsf.
Tho worId hnvIng Ignornnco ns Ifs condIfIon, consoquonfIy
orIgInnfos from Ignornnco. Horo, fho form worId rofors fo fho fIvo
nrorInfIng nggrognfos. CondIfIonod by Ignornnco, voIIfIons nrIso.
CondIfIonod by voIIfIons, conscIousnoss nrIsos. Tho IIossod Iuddhn
fnughf fhnf fho worId hns Ignornnco ns Ifs condIfIon. If Is nof
osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhnf Is, If Is nof osfnbIIshod
subsfnnfInIIy. Any subsfnnco osfnbIIshod In Ifs own ncfunIIfy wouId
nof hnvo doIusIon ns Ifs condIfIon. Thoroforo, sInco Ignornnco Is n
condIfIon, why Is If nof jusfIfInbIo fo rognrd fho worId ns fho offocf of
moro concofunIIznfIon. Whon If Is nskod, why Is If nof jusfIfInbIo fo
rognrd fho worId ns fho offocf of moro concofunIIznfIon fho
quosfIon Is monnf fo IndIcnfo fhnf In fncf If Is jusfIfIod fo rognrd If
so.
AgnIn, fho worId ns fho offocf of moro concofunIIznfIon
monns fhnf ns fho worId Is nof osfnbIIshod subsfnnfInIIy, fho worId
Is consfrucfod by concofunIIznfIon jusf ns ono consfrucfs fho Idon of
n mnn In fho dnrknoss. Thoroforo, If fhoro oxIsf orror, mIsfnkon
vIows nnd fho IIko, fho worId oxIsfs, buf If fhoro Is no orror, fho
worId doos nof oxIsf.
Whon n IIghf Is broughf Info fho dnrknoss, fho form of n mnn
Is no Iongor orcoIvod. Whon fhIs Is undorsfood, fhon fho orronoous
orcofIon wns nof cognIzod corfnInIy, sInco If wns consfrucfod or
ImngInod by Ignornnco. Tho nonrnnco Is nof osfnbIIshod
subsfnnfInIIy, fhoroforo, fho worId doos nof oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy,
bocnuso IIko n rofIocfIon, If doonds uon cnuso nnd condIfIons.
118
If fho worId oxIsfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhnf Is If If oxIsfod
subsfnnfInIIy, fhon If wouId nof bo doondonf uon cnuso nnd
condIfIons. In fhnf cnso, If wouId nof bo cronfod. Thon nof ovon Ifs
survIvnI wouId doond uon condIfIons. Iurfhor, If fho worId woro
osfnbIIshod subsfnnfInIIy, If couId nof chnngo Ifs form. In fhIs wny,
In ordor fo nvoId chnngIng Ifs form, fho condIfIons for Ifs orsIsfonco
shouId bo nscorfnInnbIo. AnyfhIng whIch IIko n rofIocfIon doonds
uon cnuso nnd condIfIons fo oxIsf Is nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc
boIng. AnyfhIng whIch Is osfnbIIshod subsfnnfInIIy cnnnof chnngo
Ifs nnfuro In fho nbsonco of fho condIfIons noodod for Ifs survIvnI. In
fhnf cnso, If cnnnof bo oIImInnfod. Whnfovor cnnnof onduro nnd Is
oIImInnfod In fho nbsonco of fho condIfIons noodod for Ifs confInuod
oxIsfonco, IIko n rofIocfIon, Is nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
Whnfovor Is, In fhIs wny, nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, cnn
nIso nof bo osfnbIIshod by nnofhor. Thoro Is no ronsonnbIo nrgumonf
fhnf cnn suorf such n nofIon. Tho oxIsfonco of such nn onfIfy Is
IIIogIcnI. onIuddhIsfs who do nof nccof Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon hnvo nffnchmonf fo fho InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos.
X!. If fho oxononfs of oxIsfonco romnIn nffnchod fo fhoIr
rocIous onfIfIos nnd confInuo In fhIs wny, fhoro Is nofhIng nmnzIng
In If.
AccordIng fo fho fonofs of fho !"#$%&' sysfom, fho qunIIfIos
IIghfnoss, nssIon nnd dnrknoss nro ormnnonf. Tho (')*+,)$', for
fhoIr nrf, nccof fhnf nfoms of onrfh, wnfor, fIro nnd nIr whIch nro
fho foundnfIon of nII comoundod fhIngs wIfhouf oxcofIon nro
ormnnonf. ConsoquonfIy, fhoy nro formod, IfornnIIsfs. If In fhIs
wny, fhoy grns nf fho subsfnnfInI nnfuro of onfIfIos nnd romnIn
nffnchod fo fhom, fho InfoIIIgonf obsorvor wIII nof bo ovon sIIghfIy
nmnzod.
ow, If If bo nskod why In fho worId! roIInnco uon non
oxIsfonf onfIfIos Is n cnuso of omnIscIonco. WhIIo, roIInnco uon
oxIsfonf onfIfIos Is nof such n cnuso. ovorfhoIoss, fhoIr roIInnco
uon such onfIfIos sfoms from fho fonofs of fhoIr sysfoms, fhoroforo,
If Is nof n sourco of nmnzomonf fo fho wIso.
Howovor, fho (')-%",)$', !'./0"1/)$'2 nnd ()34"1'5"6)12,
119
In fhoIr sysfoms, domonsfrnfo fho unronsonnbIo chnrncfor of
oxIsfonco. If fhoy sfIII ndhoro fo fho nofIon of onfIfIos, If Is Indood n
sourco of nmnzomonf fo fho wIso.
Tho IuddhIsf nfh Is fhnf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon.
!oIyIng uon fhIs vIsIon, nII comoundod fncfors, sInco fhoy
nrfIcInfo In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nro Imormnnonf. WhIIo
fhoy nccof fhIs, fhoy nonofhoIoss wouId IIko fo osfnbIIsh fho
InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos. Thoy dIsufo wIfh fho ndvocnfos of
ImfInoss roIyIng uon ImossIbIo nonoxIsfonf onfIfIos whIch Is n
sourco of nmnzomonf nnd wondor.
AII fho nbovo schooIs nIfhough fhoy roIy uon fho fonchIng of
Imormnnonco nnd nccof Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon domonsfrnfo
fho subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco of onfIfIos. If Is n sourco of nmnzomonf for
fho wIso.
Jusf ns somofImos InforIor orsons who nro In fncf unworfhy
of snIufnfIon nro nonofhoIoss offorod snIufnfIon snrcnsfIcnIIy, so If Is
snId fhnf fho nffIfudo of fhoso IuddhIsf schooIs Is n sourco of
nmnzomonf nnd wondor.
X!II. If whon nnnIyzod whnf nro cnIIod fhIs nnd fhnf nro nof
fo bo orcoIvod, fhon whnf wIso mnn wIII nrguo fhnf fhIs nnd fhnf
nro ronI
Thus, nII condIfIonod fncfors form, fooIIng, conscIousnoss nnd
so forfh nrfIcInfo In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhoroforo, fhoy
nro nof orIgInnfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Tho chnrncforIsfIc mnrk
of whnfovor Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng Is nof orcoIvod,
fhoroforo, nIfhough If mny bo snId, "fhIs Is form", "fhIs Is fooIIng",
"fhIs Is conscIousnoss", "fhoso nro fho ofhor condIfIonod fncfors",
fhoy novor nonr fo fho orcoIvIng subjocf. Whnfovor Is nof
orcoIvod dIsfIncfIy by fho mInd cnnnof bo domonsfrnfod fo ofhors
nnd cnnnof bo fho bnsIs or objocf of dIsufnfIon for fhoso who
ossoss wIsdom. Tho form dIsufnfIon IndIcnfos fho ncfIvIfy of
osfnbIIshIng or rovIng onos own osIfIon nnd rofufIng fho osIfIon
of ofhors. In fhIs wny, whon nofhIng nf nII Is nrohondod or
120
orcoIvod, how cnn ono domonsfrnfo nn onfIfy whIch ono boIIovos fo
oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy fo nnofhor, snyIng "fhIs Is form" nnd fho IIko.
AIfornnfIvoIy, how cnn ono domonsfrnfo or docInro fhnf nn onfIfy
whIch ofhors boIIovo fo oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy nnd whIch ono boIIovos
fo bo fnIso Is In fncf so. In fhIs wny, fhoso who hnvo nof undorsfood
fho monnIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon whIch Is fho nbsonco of
subsfnnfInI orIgInnfIon nro IInbIo fo dovoIo orronoous concofIons.
X!III. Thoso who nro nffnchod fo fho soIf nnd fho worId ns
nof doondonf, nIns, nro nffrncfod fo fho vIows of ormnnonco,
Thoro nro fhoso who do nof rognrd fho fIvo nggrognfos ns
dovoId of subsfnnco IIko n rofIocfIon nnd do nof hoId fhnf roIyIng
uon fho formor, fho so cnIIod soIf Is nIIod In fho mnnnor of n
nnmo. On fho confrnry, fhoy cnII fho osfnbIIshmonf of fho mInd In
Ifs own chnrncforIsfIc mnrk fho soIf nnd nro suroIy cnusod fo sfrny
from fho nfh of Irvnn by fho gronf rIvor of vIows.
l4

ow, ono mIghf nsk, If fho mInd Is Indood osfnbIIshod In Ifs
InfrInsIc boIng, fhnf Is subsfnnfInIIy, fhon Is If ormnnonf or
Imormnnonf If If Is ormnnonf, fhon you mnInfnIn fhnf If Is
subsfnnfInIIy oxIsfonf. If If Is Imormnnonf, fhon you nro nn
oxononf of IhIIIsm. If you hoId fhnf somofhIng whIch hns nrIson,
nffor consos fo oxIsf, fhnf Is fho vIow of IhIIIsm. Thon, nIns, fhoso
who fhInk In fhIs wny nro nffrncfod by vIows.
Tho form worId monns fho fIvo nggrognfos. If fho fIvo
nggrognfos nro fhoughf fo bo osfnbIIshod In fhoIr own chnrncforIsfIc
mnrk, fhon foo n sImIInr fnuIf wIII occur.
OfhorwIso, fho S0n/l,oe nnd ofhors hoId fhnf fho soIf Is
Indoondonf nnd ormnnonf. AccordIng fo fhom, If Is osfnbIIshod In
Ifs InfrInsIc boIng nnd Is nof InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod. Tho worId
foo Is of fho subsfnnco of rImordInI mnffor, pro/j/i. Thoy boIIovo
fhnf rImordInI mnffor Is subsfnnfInIIy oxIsfonf nnd fhnf If doos nof
chnngo. Thoy furfhor hoId fhnf fho chnngIng congIomornfIons of
objocfs Is oosIfo fo fhIs.
ow, fhoro nro somo IuddhIsf schooIs fhnf nccof fho fIvo
nggrognfos nnd fho soIf ns Infordoondonf, buf who nIso nccof fhom
fo oxIsf ns subsfnncos. AgnIn, fhoro nro IuddhIsfs who nccof fhnf
119
In fhoIr sysfoms, domonsfrnfo fho unronsonnbIo chnrncfor of
oxIsfonco. If fhoy sfIII ndhoro fo fho nofIon of onfIfIos, If Is Indood n
sourco of nmnzomonf fo fho wIso.
Tho IuddhIsf nfh Is fhnf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon.
!oIyIng uon fhIs vIsIon, nII comoundod fncfors, sInco fhoy
nrfIcInfo In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nro Imormnnonf. WhIIo
fhoy nccof fhIs, fhoy nonofhoIoss wouId IIko fo osfnbIIsh fho
InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos. Thoy dIsufo wIfh fho ndvocnfos of
ImfInoss roIyIng uon ImossIbIo nonoxIsfonf onfIfIos whIch Is n
sourco of nmnzomonf nnd wondor.
AII fho nbovo schooIs nIfhough fhoy roIy uon fho fonchIng of
Imormnnonco nnd nccof Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon domonsfrnfo
fho subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco of onfIfIos. If Is n sourco of nmnzomonf for
fho wIso.
Jusf ns somofImos InforIor orsons who nro In fncf unworfhy
of snIufnfIon nro nonofhoIoss offorod snIufnfIon snrcnsfIcnIIy, so If Is
snId fhnf fho nffIfudo of fhoso IuddhIsf schooIs Is n sourco of
nmnzomonf nnd wondor.
X!II. If whon nnnIyzod whnf nro cnIIod fhIs nnd fhnf nro nof
fo bo orcoIvod, fhon whnf wIso mnn wIII nrguo fhnf fhIs nnd fhnf
nro ronI
Thus, nII condIfIonod fncfors form, fooIIng, conscIousnoss nnd
so forfh nrfIcInfo In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhoroforo, fhoy
nro nof orIgInnfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. Tho chnrncforIsfIc mnrk
of whnfovor Is nof orIgInnfod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng Is nof orcoIvod,
fhoroforo, nIfhough If mny bo snId, "fhIs Is form", "fhIs Is fooIIng",
"fhIs Is conscIousnoss", "fhoso nro fho ofhor condIfIonod fncfors",
fhoy novor nonr fo fho orcoIvIng subjocf. Whnfovor Is nof
orcoIvod dIsfIncfIy by fho mInd cnnnof bo domonsfrnfod fo ofhors
nnd cnnnof bo fho bnsIs or objocf of dIsufnfIon for fhoso who
ossoss wIsdom. Tho form dIsufnfIon IndIcnfos fho ncfIvIfy of
osfnbIIshIng or rovIng onos own osIfIon nnd rofufIng fho osIfIon
of ofhors. In fhIs wny, whon nofhIng nf nII Is nrohondod or
120
orcoIvod, how cnn ono domonsfrnfo nn onfIfy whIch ono boIIovos fo
oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy fo nnofhor, snyIng "fhIs Is form" nnd fho IIko.
AIfornnfIvoIy, how cnn ono domonsfrnfo or docInro fhnf nn onfIfy
whIch ofhors boIIovo fo oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy nnd whIch ono boIIovos
fo bo fnIso Is In fncf so. In fhIs wny, fhoso who hnvo nof undorsfood
fho monnIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon whIch Is fho nbsonco of
subsfnnfInI orIgInnfIon nro IInbIo fo dovoIo orronoous concofIons.
X!III. Thoso who nro nffnchod fo fho soIf nnd fho worId ns
nof doondonf, nIns, nro nffrncfod fo fho vIows of ormnnonco,
Thoro nro fhoso who do nof rognrd fho fIvo nggrognfos ns
dovoId of subsfnnco IIko n rofIocfIon nnd do nof hoId fhnf roIyIng
uon fho formor, fho so cnIIod soIf Is nIIod In fho mnnnor of n
nnmo. On fho confrnry, fhoy cnII fho osfnbIIshmonf of fho mInd In
Ifs own chnrncforIsfIc mnrk fho soIf nnd nro suroIy cnusod fo sfrny
from fho nfh of !"#$%&' by fho gronf rIvor of vIows.
l4

ow, ono mIghf nsk, If fho mInd Is Indood osfnbIIshod In Ifs
InfrInsIc boIng, fhnf Is subsfnnfInIIy, fhon Is If ormnnonf or
Imormnnonf If If Is ormnnonf, fhon you mnInfnIn fhnf If Is
subsfnnfInIIy oxIsfonf. If If Is Imormnnonf, fhon you nro nn
oxononf of IhIIIsm. If you hoId fhnf somofhIng whIch hns nrIson,
nffor consos fo oxIsf, fhnf Is fho vIow of IhIIIsm. Thon, nIns, fhoso
who fhInk In fhIs wny nro nffrncfod by vIows.
Tho form worId monns fho fIvo nggrognfos. If fho fIvo
nggrognfos nro fhoughf fo bo osfnbIIshod In fhoIr own chnrncforIsfIc
mnrk, fhon foo n sImIInr fnuIf wIII occur.
OfhorwIso, fho !"#$%&'( nnd ofhors hoId fhnf fho soIf Is
Indoondonf nnd ormnnonf. AccordIng fo fhom, If Is osfnbIIshod In
Ifs InfrInsIc boIng nnd Is nof InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod. Tho worId
foo Is of fho subsfnnco of rImordInI mnffor, )*'$+,-. Thoy boIIovo
fhnf rImordInI mnffor Is subsfnnfInIIy oxIsfonf nnd fhnf If doos nof
chnngo. Thoy furfhor hoId fhnf fho chnngIng congIomornfIons of
objocfs Is oosIfo fo fhIs.
ow, fhoro nro somo IuddhIsf schooIs fhnf nccof fho fIvo
nggrognfos nnd fho soIf ns Infordoondonf, buf who nIso nccof fhom
fo oxIsf ns subsfnncos. AgnIn, fhoro nro IuddhIsfs who nccof fhnf
121
Ignornnco nnd voIIfIons funcfIon ns cnusos nnd condIfIons for fho
orIgInnfIon of fhIngs buf who nccof fho subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco of
conscIousnoss ofc. Tho Inffor vIows nro nIso wrong.
X!IV. Ior whosoovor hoIds fhnf doondonf onfIfIos nro
osfnbIIshod In ronIIfy how wIII fho fnuIfs of ormnnonco nnd fho IIko
nof nIso occur
Thoroforo, by nccofIng fho subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco nnd non
oxIsfonco of fho soIf nnd fncfors, fho fnuIfs of ormnnonco nnd fho
IIko, fhnf Is IfornnIIsm nnd IhIIIsm occur. Whon fho nbovo
orronoous vIows nro romovod, ono hns undorsfood fho rocIso
monnIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, ronIIfy.
X!V. Thoso who hoId fhnf doondonf onfIfIos nro IIko fho
moon's rofIocfIon In wnfor, noIfhor fruo nor fnIso, nro nof nffrncfod
fo n vIow.
Iorm nnd fho rosf do nof oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy. SubsfnnfInI
oxIsfonco cnnnof chnngo Ifs modo of boIng. Whnfovor Is
subsfnnfInIIy nonoxIsfonf nIso cnnnof ossIbIy oxIsf Infor on. WhIIo
ono mny nccof fho oxIsfonco of cnusos nnd condIfIons, nofhIng nf nII
cnn ossIbIy orIgInnfo. Cnusos nnd condIfIons nIso couId hnrdIy oxIsf
subsfnnfInIIy, for fhIs wouId bo ImossIbIo nnd confrnry fo fhoIr
doondonf or InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod sfnfo.
ow suoso fhnf ono wouId IIko fo gof woII rId of fhIs fnuIf.
If ono nccofs subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco, buf dosIfo fhIs, nccofs fho
nofIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhon cnusos nnd condIfIons
wIII nof occur. Cnusos nnd condIfIons, In fhnf cnso, wIII bo wIfhouf n
uroso. In fhIs cnso nIso, Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon wIII bo
confrndIcfod. If If Is confrnry fo Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhon
nII fho sfIuInfod schomos wIII bocomo ns nofhIng. CycIIcnI oxIsfonco
nIso wIII bo unnrohondod IIko fho horn of n donkoy. In fhnf cnso,
fho fncfors, cycIIcnI oxIsfonco, bIrfh, fnmIIy, coIor, form, knowIodgo,
fho shoro of nIr, goId, sIIvor, InIs InzuII, fho rod nnd fho whIfo
Iofusos, froos, mounfnIns, jnr nnd chnrIof ofc. wIII nII bo
unnrohondod nnd nonoxIsfonf. Iuf, whon nII fhoso nro orcoIvod,
fo nccof fhom fo bo nonoxIsfonf Is nof corrocf.
Thus hnvIng rojocfod fho nIfornnfIvos of subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco
nnd nonoxIsfonco, fho nonrnnco of objocfs Is osfnbIIshod moroIy
122
by condIfIons IIko fho nonrnnco of n rofIocfIon. Thoroforo, fho fncf
fhnf fhoy nro nof osfnbIIshod subsfnnfInIIy oughf fo bo nccofod. In
fhIs wny, fho fncfors whIch nrfIcInfo In fho domnIn of orronoous
vIows, IIko n rofIocfIon, nro InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod nnd froo
from fho nIfornnfIvos of IfornnIIsm nnd IhIIIsm.
ThIs Is nof confrndIcfory. Whnfovor hns boon snId rognrdIng
fho dIfforonf nsocfs of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is nof ImossIbIo. Tho HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos hnvo gIvon u orronoous vIows. As fhoy nro froo from
fnIso suorImosIfIon, fhoIr IIbornfIon Is nof unronsonnbIo. Iocnuso
fncfors nro InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod, fhoy nro nof orIgInnfod
subsfnnfInIIy. Thoroforo, nII onfIfIos nro IIko fho moon's rofIocfIon In
wnfor. Thoy nro nof osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, IIko n
rofIocfIon. Such objocfs nro hoId fo bo nof ossonfInIIy fruo, nnd
bocnuso fhoy nro nof ossonfInIIy or InfrInsIcnIIy fruo, so foo fhoy nro
nof ossonfInIIy fnIso.
Tho concofIons of frufh nnd fnIsIfy doond uon onfIfIos.
Howovor, fncfors fhnf nrfIcInfo In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nro
nof ossonfInIIy onfIfIos, buf nonr IIko n rofIocfIon. Thoroforo, fhoy
nro nof ronI. If fhoy woro ronI, fhon consoquonfIy, If wouId bo
ImossIbIo for fhom fo chnngo fhoIr modo of boIng. In fho worId,
howovor, fhIngs nonr fo bo ronI or fruo, fhoroforo, fhoy nro nof
nIso nIfogofhor fnIso. Tho sfnfomonf fhnf onfIfIos nro nof fruo Is nIso
mndo wIfh n uroso In mInd, fho uroso boIng fo bonofIf corfnIn
orsons of nrfIcuInr dIsosIfIons. Moroovor, bocnuso fhIngs nro nof
fruo, wo nro nof IfornnIIsfs or subsfnnfInIIsfs. Howovor, fhIngs nro
nIso nof fnIso, consoquonfIy, wo nro nIso nof IhIIIsfs.
In fhIs wny, If ono comrohonds fhnf fhIngs whIch nrfIcInfo
In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nro nof subsfnnfInIIy oxIsfonf, fhon
by monns of fho vossoI of fho knowIodgo of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon, ono wIII cross fho oconn of fho vIow of ormnnonco nnd
Imormnnonco whIch IIko gronf wnvos nro ngIfnfod by fho wInd of
orror. Thoronffor, ono wIII ronch fho gronf InIn of Irvnn whIch Is
ndornod by fho forosf of fho froos of fho mnfchIoss fonchIngs of fho
Iuddhn hnvIng fho mnrvoIous jowoIod IImbs of InIIghfonmonf,
sfnInIoss, bocnuso of fho nchIovomonf of fho fon owors of
Iuddhnhood. Whon ono hns hnIIy ronchod fho gonI of vncuIfy
121
Ignornnco nnd voIIfIons funcfIon ns cnusos nnd condIfIons for fho
orIgInnfIon of fhIngs buf who nccof fho subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco of
conscIousnoss ofc. Tho Inffor vIows nro nIso wrong.
X!IV. Ior whosoovor hoIds fhnf doondonf onfIfIos nro
osfnbIIshod In ronIIfy how wIII fho fnuIfs of ormnnonco nnd fho IIko
nof nIso occur
Thoroforo, by nccofIng fho subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco nnd non
oxIsfonco of fho soIf nnd fncfors, fho fnuIfs of ormnnonco nnd fho
IIko, fhnf Is IfornnIIsm nnd IhIIIsm occur. Whon fho nbovo
orronoous vIows nro romovod, ono hns undorsfood fho rocIso
monnIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, ronIIfy.
X!V. Thoso who hoId fhnf doondonf onfIfIos nro IIko fho
moon's rofIocfIon In wnfor, noIfhor fruo nor fnIso, nro nof nffrncfod
fo n vIow.
Iorm nnd fho rosf do nof oxIsf subsfnnfInIIy. SubsfnnfInI
oxIsfonco cnnnof chnngo Ifs modo of boIng. Whnfovor Is
subsfnnfInIIy nonoxIsfonf nIso cnnnof ossIbIy oxIsf Infor on. WhIIo
ono mny nccof fho oxIsfonco of cnusos nnd condIfIons, nofhIng nf nII
cnn ossIbIy orIgInnfo. Cnusos nnd condIfIons nIso couId hnrdIy oxIsf
subsfnnfInIIy, for fhIs wouId bo ImossIbIo nnd confrnry fo fhoIr
doondonf or InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod sfnfo.
ow suoso fhnf ono wouId IIko fo gof woII rId of fhIs fnuIf.
If ono nccofs subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco, buf dosIfo fhIs, nccofs fho
nofIon of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhon cnusos nnd condIfIons
wIII nof occur. Cnusos nnd condIfIons, In fhnf cnso, wIII bo wIfhouf n
uroso. In fhIs cnso nIso, Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon wIII bo
confrndIcfod. If If Is confrnry fo Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhon
nII fho sfIuInfod schomos wIII bocomo ns nofhIng. CycIIcnI oxIsfonco
nIso wIII bo unnrohondod IIko fho horn of n donkoy. In fhnf cnso,
fho fncfors, cycIIcnI oxIsfonco, bIrfh, fnmIIy, coIor, form, knowIodgo,
fho shoro of nIr, goId, sIIvor, InIs InzuII, fho rod nnd fho whIfo
Iofusos, froos, mounfnIns, jnr nnd chnrIof ofc. wIII nII bo
unnrohondod nnd nonoxIsfonf. Iuf, whon nII fhoso nro orcoIvod,
fo nccof fhom fo bo nonoxIsfonf Is nof corrocf.
Thus hnvIng rojocfod fho nIfornnfIvos of subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco
nnd nonoxIsfonco, fho nonrnnco of objocfs Is osfnbIIshod moroIy
122
by condIfIons IIko fho nonrnnco of n rofIocfIon. Thoroforo, fho fncf
fhnf fhoy nro nof osfnbIIshod subsfnnfInIIy oughf fo bo nccofod. In
fhIs wny, fho fncfors whIch nrfIcInfo In fho domnIn of orronoous
vIows, IIko n rofIocfIon, nro InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod nnd froo
from fho nIfornnfIvos of IfornnIIsm nnd IhIIIsm.
ThIs Is nof confrndIcfory. Whnfovor hns boon snId rognrdIng
fho dIfforonf nsocfs of cycIIcnI oxIsfonco Is nof ImossIbIo. Tho HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos hnvo gIvon u orronoous vIows. As fhoy nro froo from
fnIso suorImosIfIon, fhoIr IIbornfIon Is nof unronsonnbIo. Iocnuso
fncfors nro InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod, fhoy nro nof orIgInnfod
subsfnnfInIIy. Thoroforo, nII onfIfIos nro IIko fho moon's rofIocfIon In
wnfor. Thoy nro nof osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, IIko n
rofIocfIon. Such objocfs nro hoId fo bo nof ossonfInIIy fruo, nnd
bocnuso fhoy nro nof ossonfInIIy or InfrInsIcnIIy fruo, so foo fhoy nro
nof ossonfInIIy fnIso.
Tho concofIons of frufh nnd fnIsIfy doond uon onfIfIos.
Howovor, fncfors fhnf nrfIcInfo In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nro
nof ossonfInIIy onfIfIos, buf nonr IIko n rofIocfIon. Thoroforo, fhoy
nro nof ronI. If fhoy woro ronI, fhon consoquonfIy, If wouId bo
ImossIbIo for fhom fo chnngo fhoIr modo of boIng. In fho worId,
howovor, fhIngs nonr fo bo ronI or fruo, fhoroforo, fhoy nro nof
nIso nIfogofhor fnIso. Tho sfnfomonf fhnf onfIfIos nro nof fruo Is nIso
mndo wIfh n uroso In mInd, fho uroso boIng fo bonofIf corfnIn
orsons of nrfIcuInr dIsosIfIons. Moroovor, bocnuso fhIngs nro nof
fruo, wo nro nof IfornnIIsfs or subsfnnfInIIsfs. Howovor, fhIngs nro
nIso nof fnIso, consoquonfIy, wo nro nIso nof IhIIIsfs.
In fhIs wny, If ono comrohonds fhnf fhIngs whIch nrfIcInfo
In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nro nof subsfnnfInIIy oxIsfonf, fhon
by monns of fho vossoI of fho knowIodgo of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon, ono wIII cross fho oconn of fho vIow of ormnnonco nnd
Imormnnonco whIch IIko gronf wnvos nro ngIfnfod by fho wInd of
orror. Thoronffor, ono wIII ronch fho gronf InIn of !"#$%&' whIch Is
ndornod by fho forosf of fho froos of fho mnfchIoss fonchIngs of fho
Iuddhn hnvIng fho mnrvoIous jowoIod IImbs of InIIghfonmonf,
sfnInIoss, bocnuso of fho nchIovomonf of fho fon owors of
Iuddhnhood. Whon ono hns hnIIy ronchod fho gonI of vncuIfy
123
fhrough fho knowIodgo of orfocfIon nnd nonorIgInnfIon, fhon ono
cnn rocInIm fho mossngo of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon for fho
bonofIf of ofhors.
Thoso who do nof undorsfnnd fho ronIIfy of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon wIII concoIvo of fho subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco of onfIfIos.
X!VI. If fho nccofnnco of onfIfIos Is rosonf, fho forrIbIo
orronoous vIows wIII nrIso from whIch nffnchmonf nnd III wIII
orIgInnfo. Irom fho Inffor, dIsufnfIon wIII nrIso.
Horo, fho form nffnchmonf rofors fo nffnchmonf fo onos own
osIfIon. Tho form III wIII rofors fo fho rojocfIon of ofhors' osIfIons,
or fho furnIng of onos bnck uon ofhors. If Is cnIIod forrIbIo bocnuso
fho consoquoncos of fhIs nffIfudo nro oxfromoIy unIonsnnf nnd
dIffIcuIf fo bonr. Moroovor, If Is forrIbIo bocnuso If dnmngos onos
monfnI confInuum nnd Is dIffIcuIf fo oscno. Whnf Is fho nffIfudo In
quosfIon If Is nono ofhor fhnn fho grnsIng of vIows. Tho rosonco
of vIows of fhIs kInd foo nrIsos from fho nccofnnco of onfIfIos. If
fhoro oxIsfs grnsIng of vIows, so fhon fhoro occurs fho wIsh fo
domonsfrnfo fho objocfs whIch nro nccofod by onosoIf nnd fho
dosIro fo vIndIcnfo fho fncfs fhnf ono nccofs. AgnIn, fhoro occurs
fho dosIro fo dobunk whnf Is nccofod by ofhors. Thoroforo, fho
dIsufnfIons whIch nrIso from fho nccofnnco of vIows nIso nrIso
from fho bnsIs of fho IncIInnfIon fo nccof onfIfIos. IosIdos, fhoro
nro ofhor consoquoncos ns woII.
X!VII. Thnf fho nccofnnco of onfIfIos Is fho cnuso of nII
vIows. WIfhouf If, fho nffIIcfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo, fhoroforo, If fhIs
Is known, vIows nnd nffIIcfIons wIII bo fhoroughIy urIfIod.
If onfIfIos nro nccofod, fho nIfornnfIvos of bogInnIng, mIddIo
nnd ond wIII bo concoIvod. Affnchmonf fo onfIfIos Is fho cnuso of nII
fho vnrIofIos of dIscrImInnfIng concofIons. Onco dIscrImInnfIng
concofIons nnd vIows nro rosonf, fhon fho nffIIcfIons whIch nro
born from ndhoronco fo vIows wIII occur. Affnchmonf fo onos own
vIow wIII Iond fo rIdo nnd nrrognnco. Moroovor, III wIII fownrd fho
vIows of ofhors wIII occur In Ifs furn. OrIgInnfod from doIusIon,
vIows roduco nffIIcfIons. Iocnuso In fhIs wny, nII vIows nnd
nffIIcfIons orIgInnfo from fho cnuso of nrohondIng or orcoIvIng
onfIfIos, fhoroforo, If ono onofrnfos fho ossonfInI nnfuro of onfIfIos
124
nnd consos fo nrohond fhom, vIows wIII bo nbnndonod. Whon
vIows nro nbnndonod, nffIIcfIons nIso nro urIfIod.
Whon Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is soon, fho subsfnnfInI
nnfuro of onfIfIos consos fo bo orcoIvod, bocnuso whnfovor
orIgInnfos doondonf uon somofhIng oIso Is ossonfInIIy nof
orIgInnfod IIko n rofIocfIon.
ow, whnfovor Is orIgInnfod Is Indood orIgInnfod. How cnn
you cInIm fhnf If Is nof If you sny If Is nof orIgInnfod, fhon how cnn
you mnInfnIn fhnf If Is doondonfIy orIgInnfod If In fhIs wny, If Is
suggosfod fhnf fho Inffor sfnfomonf confrndIcfs fho formor, fhIs
objocfIon nIso cnn bo mof.
AIns, fhoso who hnvo noIfhor onrs nor honrfs sook fo fInd
fnuIf In my oxInnnfIon whon fhoy nro fhomsoIvos ouf of Inco.
Whnfovor Is doondonfIy orIgInnfod, IIko n rofIocfIon, doos nof
orIgInnfo subsfnnfInIIy. Thoroforo, whon I sonk ns boforo, how cnn
fhoro bo occnsIon fo fInd fnuIf In fhIs oxInnnfIon Ono who
orcoIvos fhnf n form whIch Is doondonfIy orIgInnfod, IIko n
rofIocfIon, Is fnIso, mny sny, If Is nof orIgInnfod. Thoroforo, If mny bo
snId fhnf whnfovor Is nof orIgInnfod subsfnnfInIIy Is nof orIgInnfod.
Tho uroso of fhIs foxf Is fo domonsfrnfo fho ronI sfnfo of
fhIngs. Howovor, n frnvoIor who hns Iosf hIs wny, confusod by orror,
mny fnII fo soo fho wny fhIngs ronIIy nro. Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon whIch Is nof subsfnnfInIIy orIgInnfod doos nof occur In
fho nnfuro of orror. OrdInnry ooIo ImngIno subsfnnfInI
orIgInnfIon. Thoy bocomo nffnchod fo fhIs ImngInod subsfnnfInI
orIgInnfIon nnd consoquonfIy bocomo nffIIcfod. In ordor fo froo fhom
from fhIs nffIIcfIon, fho IIossod Iuddhnfho Knowor of Suchnoss
who Is foromosf nmong fho knowors of ronIIfy fho dIscIIos, fho
IrIvnfo Iuddhns nnd fho IodhIsnffvns, snId fhnf whnfovor Is
Tho mngIcInn who cronfos fho form of n IovoIy young womnn
wIII nof suffor from fho nffIIcfod sfnfos of mInd fhnf nrIso from fho
nofIon fhnf If Is n ronI young womnn. Iuf, nnofhor, ovorcomo wIfh
123
fhrough fho knowIodgo of orfocfIon nnd nonorIgInnfIon, fhon ono
cnn rocInIm fho mossngo of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon for fho
bonofIf of ofhors.
Thoso who do nof undorsfnnd fho ronIIfy of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon wIII concoIvo of fho subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco of onfIfIos.
X!VI. If fho nccofnnco of onfIfIos Is rosonf, fho forrIbIo
orronoous vIows wIII nrIso from whIch nffnchmonf nnd III wIII
orIgInnfo. Irom fho Inffor, dIsufnfIon wIII nrIso.
Horo, fho form nffnchmonf rofors fo nffnchmonf fo onos own
osIfIon. Tho form III wIII rofors fo fho rojocfIon of ofhors' osIfIons,
or fho furnIng of onos bnck uon ofhors. If Is cnIIod forrIbIo bocnuso
fho consoquoncos of fhIs nffIfudo nro oxfromoIy unIonsnnf nnd
dIffIcuIf fo bonr. Moroovor, If Is forrIbIo bocnuso If dnmngos onos
monfnI confInuum nnd Is dIffIcuIf fo oscno. Whnf Is fho nffIfudo In
quosfIon If Is nono ofhor fhnn fho grnsIng of vIows. Tho rosonco
of vIows of fhIs kInd foo nrIsos from fho nccofnnco of onfIfIos. If
fhoro oxIsfs grnsIng of vIows, so fhon fhoro occurs fho wIsh fo
domonsfrnfo fho objocfs whIch nro nccofod by onosoIf nnd fho
dosIro fo vIndIcnfo fho fncfs fhnf ono nccofs. AgnIn, fhoro occurs
fho dosIro fo dobunk whnf Is nccofod by ofhors. Thoroforo, fho
dIsufnfIons whIch nrIso from fho nccofnnco of vIows nIso nrIso
from fho bnsIs of fho IncIInnfIon fo nccof onfIfIos. IosIdos, fhoro
nro ofhor consoquoncos ns woII.
X!VII. Thnf fho nccofnnco of onfIfIos Is fho cnuso of nII
vIows. WIfhouf If, fho nffIIcfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo, fhoroforo, If fhIs
Is known, vIows nnd nffIIcfIons wIII bo fhoroughIy urIfIod.
If onfIfIos nro nccofod, fho nIfornnfIvos of bogInnIng, mIddIo
nnd ond wIII bo concoIvod. Affnchmonf fo onfIfIos Is fho cnuso of nII
fho vnrIofIos of dIscrImInnfIng concofIons. Onco dIscrImInnfIng
concofIons nnd vIows nro rosonf, fhon fho nffIIcfIons whIch nro
born from ndhoronco fo vIows wIII occur. Affnchmonf fo onos own
vIow wIII Iond fo rIdo nnd nrrognnco. Moroovor, III wIII fownrd fho
vIows of ofhors wIII occur In Ifs furn. OrIgInnfod from doIusIon,
vIows roduco nffIIcfIons. Iocnuso In fhIs wny, nII vIows nnd
nffIIcfIons orIgInnfo from fho cnuso of nrohondIng or orcoIvIng
onfIfIos, fhoroforo, If ono onofrnfos fho ossonfInI nnfuro of onfIfIos
124
nnd consos fo nrohond fhom, vIows wIII bo nbnndonod. Whon
vIows nro nbnndonod, nffIIcfIons nIso nro urIfIod.
Whon Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is soon, fho subsfnnfInI
nnfuro of onfIfIos consos fo bo orcoIvod, bocnuso whnfovor
orIgInnfos doondonf uon somofhIng oIso Is ossonfInIIy nof
orIgInnfod IIko n rofIocfIon.
ow, whnfovor Is orIgInnfod Is Indood orIgInnfod. How cnn
you cInIm fhnf If Is nof If you sny If Is nof orIgInnfod, fhon how cnn
you mnInfnIn fhnf If Is doondonfIy orIgInnfod If In fhIs wny, If Is
suggosfod fhnf fho Inffor sfnfomonf confrndIcfs fho formor, fhIs
objocfIon nIso cnn bo mof.
AIns, fhoso who hnvo noIfhor onrs nor honrfs sook fo fInd
fnuIf In my oxInnnfIon whon fhoy nro fhomsoIvos ouf of Inco.
Whnfovor Is doondonfIy orIgInnfod, IIko n rofIocfIon, doos nof
orIgInnfo subsfnnfInIIy. Thoroforo, whon I sonk ns boforo, how cnn
fhoro bo occnsIon fo fInd fnuIf In fhIs oxInnnfIon Ono who
orcoIvos fhnf n form whIch Is doondonfIy orIgInnfod, IIko n
rofIocfIon, Is fnIso, mny sny, If Is nof orIgInnfod. Thoroforo, If mny bo
snId fhnf whnfovor Is nof orIgInnfod subsfnnfInIIy Is nof orIgInnfod.
Tho uroso of fhIs foxf Is fo domonsfrnfo fho ronI sfnfo of
fhIngs. Howovor, n frnvoIor who hns Iosf hIs wny, confusod by orror,
mny fnII fo soo fho wny fhIngs ronIIy nro. Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon whIch Is nof subsfnnfInIIy orIgInnfod doos nof occur In
fho nnfuro of orror. OrdInnry ooIo ImngIno subsfnnfInI
orIgInnfIon. Thoy bocomo nffnchod fo fhIs ImngInod subsfnnfInI
orIgInnfIon nnd consoquonfIy bocomo nffIIcfod. In ordor fo froo fhom
from fhIs nffIIcfIon, fho IIossod Iuddhnfho Knowor of Suchnoss
who Is foromosf nmong fho knowors of ronIIfy fho dIscIIos, fho
IrIvnfo Iuddhns nnd fho IodhIsnffvns, snId fhnf whnfovor Is
Tho mngIcInn who cronfos fho form of n IovoIy young womnn
wIII nof suffor from fho nffIIcfod sfnfos of mInd fhnf nrIso from fho
nofIon fhnf If Is n ronI young womnn. Iuf, nnofhor, ovorcomo wIfh
125
nrrognnco nnd orror, who boIIovos hor fo bo ronI wIII bo nffocfod by
dosIro nnd fho IIko. In fhIs wny nIso, fho IIossod Ono hns snId fhnf
doondonfIy orIgInnfod fhIngs nro nof orIgInnfod. Tho nbovo sorvos
ns n corrocfIvo for fho nffnchmonf fo fho nofIon fhnf onfIfIos oxIsf
subsfnnfInIIy.
X!IX. Tho rocoss of cIIngIng nnd dIsufnfIon ofc. wIII
orIgInnfo from nffnchmonf for fhoso who nro domInnfod by fho fnIso
cognIfIon fhnf Is grnsIng nf fho unronI ns ronI.
Thoroforo, In ordor fo corrocf fho orror of nssumIng onfIfIos
whIch nro unronI, fhnf Is nof subsfnnfInIIy ronI fo bo ronI, fho
Iuddhn hns fnughf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Tho fhIngs fhnf
nrfIcInfo In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nro docofIvo. Whon ono
hns ronIIzod fhnf such onfIfIos nro nof ronI, fhon nffnchmonf fo
fhom cnn bo romovod. Whon ono hns romovod nffnchmonf fo
onfIfIos, ono cnn fhon romovo grnsIng nf onfIfIos. Horo, by
grnsIng Is monnf fho nrorInfIon of onfIfIos, fhnf Is mnkIng
onfIfIos onos own. Onco fhIs nffnchmonf, fhIs nrorInfIng
fondoncy Is romovod, fhon nffnchmonf fo dosIrod objocfs,
nffnchmonf fo vIows nnd nffnchmonf fo dIsufnfIon cnn nIso bo
oIImInnfod.
!. Thoso who nro of oxcoIIonf qunIIfIos hnvo no osIfIon nnd
no dIsufnfIon. How couId fhoso who hnvo no osIfIon hnvo
nnofhor's osIfIon
ow, If If Is snId by M0Jl,oni/oe fhnf nIfhough fhoy hnvo no
osIfIon of fhoIr own, If Is nof ImossIbIo for fhom fo rofufo
nnofhor's osIfIon, fhon If Is nof so, bocnuso whon fho osIfIon of
nnofhor oxIsfs, onos own osIfIon cnnnof consoquonfIy bo non
oxIsfonf. Whon no onfIfy oxIsfs, nnd fhoro oxIsfs no osIfIon of onos
own or of nnofhor, fhon fho nffIIcfIons of fhoso who soo fhIs ronIIfy
wIII suroIy bo nnnIhIInfod. How Is fhnf so
!I. Whosoovor hns nrohondod nny objocfIvo osIfIon
whnfsoovor wIII bo cnughf by fho docoIvor fho soronf of fho
nffIIcfIons. Thoso whoso mInds hnvo nof nrohondod nn objocfIvo
osIfIon wIII nof bo cnughf.
osIro movos In fho donso forosf of voIIfIons whoro fho bonsf
of orronoous vIows hns mndo hIs IInr In fho sonso fncuIfy of vIsIon
126
nnd obsfrucfs fho whoIosomo IIfo. Thoso who nro nffnchod fo nn
objocfIvo osIfIon conso uon If ns n suorf. On fho ofhor hnnd,
fhoso who do nof nf nII orcoIvo nn onfIfy who hnvo uf nn ond fo
fho cnuso of boIng bIffon by fho soronf of fho nffIIcfIons hnvo
Iuggod u fho norfuros of fho sonsos by fho nIIcnfIons of fho
shuffors of mIndfuInoss nnd nffonfIon. Thoy do nof fInd fhomsoIvos
cnughf by fho soronf of fho nffIIcfIons. In fhoIr mInds, fhoy do nof
dwoII uon or grns nny objocfIvo osIfIon. Thoroforo, fho mInds of
fhoso who do nof orcoIvo nny objocfIvo osIfIon do nof como fo
hnrm, bocnuso of fho oIsonous docoIvor, fho soronf of fho
nffIIcfIons. If fhoro oxIsfod no orcofIon of onfIfIos, fhon fhoro
wouId bo no nrohonsIon on fho nrf of fho mInd. Thoroforo, fhoso
who hnvo no monfnI orcofIon of nn objocfIvo osIfIon nro nof
cnughf by fho vIcIous docoIffuI, soronf of fho nffIIcfIons. Thoso who
orcoIvo form ofc. In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, nIfhough fhoy fhInk fhoy
cnn nbnndon fho nffIIcfIons, cnnnof In fncf do so.
!II. n. Why wIII fhoso whoso mInds hnvo nrohondod nn
objocfIvo osIfIon nof bo cnughf by fho gronf oIson of fho
nffIIcfIons, .
If onfIfIos nro orcoIvod, fho rosonco of fho nffIIcfIons IIko
nffnchmonf nnd fho rosf wIfhouf doubf, cnnnof bo romovod. If fhoso
onfIfIos romnIn ngroonbIo fo fho mInd, If wIII bo dIffIcuIf fo romovo
nffnchmonf fo fhom. On fho ofhor hnnd, If fhoy nro found nof fo bo
ngroonbIo, fhon If wIII bo dIffIcuIf fo romovo fho consoquonf nffIfudo
of nvorsIon fownrd fhom. OfhorwIso, If ono shouId bo nbIo fo romovo
bofh fhoso nffIfudos of mInd, fhnf Is nffnchmonf nnd III wIII, nnd yof
confInuo fo suorImoso fho orcofIon of subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco
uon nn objocfIvo osIfIon, fhon nn objocfIvo osIfIon of IndIfforonco
wIII bo orcoIvod. Thon, If wIII bo dIffIcuIf fo romovo fho subfIo
nffIIcfIon of Ignornnco wIfh rognrd fo such nn objocfIvo osIfIon of
IndIfforonco. Whon nn objocfIvo osIfIon of IndIfforonco oxIsfs, fho
subfIo nffIIcfIon of Ignornnco whIch Is n cnuso of sufforIng nnd whIch
Is conducIvo fo fho nrIsIng of fho sufforIng of Snmsrn wIII bo
rosonf. HnrmfuI by nnfuro, fhIs subfIo Ignornnco gIvos rIso fo fho
ofhor nffIIcfIons.
!II. b. .whon ovon fhoso who dwoII In IndIfforonco wIII bo
125
nrrognnco nnd orror, who boIIovos hor fo bo ronI wIII bo nffocfod by
dosIro nnd fho IIko. In fhIs wny nIso, fho IIossod Ono hns snId fhnf
doondonfIy orIgInnfod fhIngs nro nof orIgInnfod. Tho nbovo sorvos
ns n corrocfIvo for fho nffnchmonf fo fho nofIon fhnf onfIfIos oxIsf
subsfnnfInIIy.
X!IX. Tho rocoss of cIIngIng nnd dIsufnfIon ofc. wIII
orIgInnfo from nffnchmonf for fhoso who nro domInnfod by fho fnIso
cognIfIon fhnf Is grnsIng nf fho unronI ns ronI.
Thoroforo, In ordor fo corrocf fho orror of nssumIng onfIfIos
whIch nro unronI, fhnf Is nof subsfnnfInIIy ronI fo bo ronI, fho
Iuddhn hns fnughf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Tho fhIngs fhnf
nrfIcInfo In Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nro docofIvo. Whon ono
hns ronIIzod fhnf such onfIfIos nro nof ronI, fhon nffnchmonf fo
fhom cnn bo romovod. Whon ono hns romovod nffnchmonf fo
onfIfIos, ono cnn fhon romovo grnsIng nf onfIfIos. Horo, by
grnsIng Is monnf fho nrorInfIon of onfIfIos, fhnf Is mnkIng
onfIfIos onos own. Onco fhIs nffnchmonf, fhIs nrorInfIng
fondoncy Is romovod, fhon nffnchmonf fo dosIrod objocfs,
nffnchmonf fo vIows nnd nffnchmonf fo dIsufnfIon cnn nIso bo
oIImInnfod.
!. Thoso who nro of oxcoIIonf qunIIfIos hnvo no osIfIon nnd
no dIsufnfIon. How couId fhoso who hnvo no osIfIon hnvo
nnofhor's osIfIon
ow, If If Is snId by !"#$%&'()&* fhnf nIfhough fhoy hnvo no
osIfIon of fhoIr own, If Is nof ImossIbIo for fhom fo rofufo
nnofhor's osIfIon, fhon If Is nof so, bocnuso whon fho osIfIon of
nnofhor oxIsfs, onos own osIfIon cnnnof consoquonfIy bo non
oxIsfonf. Whon no onfIfy oxIsfs, nnd fhoro oxIsfs no osIfIon of onos
own or of nnofhor, fhon fho nffIIcfIons of fhoso who soo fhIs ronIIfy
wIII suroIy bo nnnIhIInfod. How Is fhnf so
!I. Whosoovor hns nrohondod nny objocfIvo osIfIon
whnfsoovor wIII bo cnughf by fho docoIvor fho soronf of fho
nffIIcfIons. Thoso whoso mInds hnvo nof nrohondod nn objocfIvo
osIfIon wIII nof bo cnughf.
osIro movos In fho donso forosf of voIIfIons whoro fho bonsf
of orronoous vIows hns mndo hIs IInr In fho sonso fncuIfy of vIsIon
126
nnd obsfrucfs fho whoIosomo IIfo. Thoso who nro nffnchod fo nn
objocfIvo osIfIon conso uon If ns n suorf. On fho ofhor hnnd,
fhoso who do nof nf nII orcoIvo nn onfIfy who hnvo uf nn ond fo
fho cnuso of boIng bIffon by fho soronf of fho nffIIcfIons hnvo
Iuggod u fho norfuros of fho sonsos by fho nIIcnfIons of fho
shuffors of mIndfuInoss nnd nffonfIon. Thoy do nof fInd fhomsoIvos
cnughf by fho soronf of fho nffIIcfIons. In fhoIr mInds, fhoy do nof
dwoII uon or grns nny objocfIvo osIfIon. Thoroforo, fho mInds of
fhoso who do nof orcoIvo nny objocfIvo osIfIon do nof como fo
hnrm, bocnuso of fho oIsonous docoIvor, fho soronf of fho
nffIIcfIons. If fhoro oxIsfod no orcofIon of onfIfIos, fhon fhoro
wouId bo no nrohonsIon on fho nrf of fho mInd. Thoroforo, fhoso
who hnvo no monfnI orcofIon of nn objocfIvo osIfIon nro nof
cnughf by fho vIcIous docoIffuI, soronf of fho nffIIcfIons. Thoso who
orcoIvo form ofc. In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, nIfhough fhoy fhInk fhoy
cnn nbnndon fho nffIIcfIons, cnnnof In fncf do so.
!II. n. Why wIII fhoso whoso mInds hnvo nrohondod nn
objocfIvo osIfIon nof bo cnughf by fho gronf oIson of fho
nffIIcfIons, .
If onfIfIos nro orcoIvod, fho rosonco of fho nffIIcfIons IIko
nffnchmonf nnd fho rosf wIfhouf doubf, cnnnof bo romovod. If fhoso
onfIfIos romnIn ngroonbIo fo fho mInd, If wIII bo dIffIcuIf fo romovo
nffnchmonf fo fhom. On fho ofhor hnnd, If fhoy nro found nof fo bo
ngroonbIo, fhon If wIII bo dIffIcuIf fo romovo fho consoquonf nffIfudo
of nvorsIon fownrd fhom. OfhorwIso, If ono shouId bo nbIo fo romovo
bofh fhoso nffIfudos of mInd, fhnf Is nffnchmonf nnd III wIII, nnd yof
confInuo fo suorImoso fho orcofIon of subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco
uon nn objocfIvo osIfIon, fhon nn objocfIvo osIfIon of IndIfforonco
wIII bo orcoIvod. Thon, If wIII bo dIffIcuIf fo romovo fho subfIo
nffIIcfIon of Ignornnco wIfh rognrd fo such nn objocfIvo osIfIon of
IndIfforonco. Whon nn objocfIvo osIfIon of IndIfforonco oxIsfs, fho
subfIo nffIIcfIon of Ignornnco whIch Is n cnuso of sufforIng nnd whIch
Is conducIvo fo fho nrIsIng of fho sufforIng of !"#$%&" wIII bo
rosonf. HnrmfuI by nnfuro, fhIs subfIo Ignornnco gIvos rIso fo fho
ofhor nffIIcfIons.
!II. b. .whon ovon fhoso who dwoII In IndIfforonco wIII bo
127
cnughf by fho soronf of fho nffIIcfIons.
Whon doIusIon Is rnmnnf, Ifs dnrknoss obscuros fho vIsIon of
fho ronI so fhnf ordInnry ooIo by fho owor of doIusIon nro
IncIInod fo osfnbIIsh fho subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco of onfIfIos.
!III. As chIIdron nro nffnchod fo n rofIocfIon, orcoIvIng If fo
bo fruo, so fho worIdIy nro frnod In fho rIson of objocfs.
Jusf ns chIIdron who nro nof convorsnnf wIfh fho convonfIons
of fho worId nnd Innoconf nbouf fho nnfuro of conscIousnoss, whon
orcoIvIng n rofIocfIon, boIIovo fhnf fhoy nro nrohondIng objocfs
fhnf oxIsfs subsfnnfInIIy nnd bocomo nffnchod fo fhom nnd ursuo
fhom, sImIInrIy, fho worIdIy who nro Ignornnf nro nffnchod fo fho
boIIof fhnf onfIfIos whIch nro born from fho owor of doIusIon nro
fruo or ronI. Thoy nIso commIf fhoIr whoIo boIng fo fho ursuIf of
such onfIfIos. Affrncfod by fho ImngInod oxIsfonco of onfIfIos nnd
subjocf fo fho owor of nffnchmonf, III wIII, rIdo nnd so forfh, fhoy
ursuo fhom wIfhouf froodom fo do ofhorwIso IIko chIIdron.
!ndorfnkIng fhIs or fhnf ncfIvIfy In ursuIf of fhoIr objocfs, fhoy
bocomo frnod In fho rIson of objocfs, fhnf Is Snmsrn. Such
ooIo who do nof know fho fruo sfnfo of Snmsrn nro objocfs of
comnssIon for fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos. Tho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos who
ossoss fho cIonr oyo of wIsdom know rocIsoIy fho nnfuro of ronIIfy.
objocfs.
Tho Cronf Iorsons who nro froo from nffnchmonf fo onfIfIos
nro nof onfnngIod In fho mIro of objocfs. Tho Cronf Iorsons or HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos nro fnmIIInr wIfh fho nnfuro of n rofIocfIon unIIko fho
chIIdIsh who nro nof.
!V. OrdInnry ooIo dosIro form mIddIIng onos nro froo from
dosIro for form fhoso wIfh fho oxcoIIonf InfoIIIgonco of knowIng
fho nnfuro of form nro onfIroIy frood.
OrdInnry ooIo who nro chIIdIsh by nnfuro nro cnIIod
chIIdIsh. AIfhough fho body, form, bo Imuro nnd subjocf fo
momonfnry dosfrucfIon, somo fhInk If Is uro nnd ormnnonf.
Moroovor, fho body Is hnrdIy rnIso worfhy, roquIros consfnnf cnro
nnd Is fho bnsIs of fho oxorIonco of sufforIng. AgnIn, for fho snko of
128
fho body, ooIo undorfnko unwhoIosomo ncfIons whIch hnvo
sufforIng ns fhoIr consoquonco. Thoso nro fho consoquoncos of fho
dosIro of fho chIIdIsh for form, fhnf Is fho body, nofwIfhsfnndIng Ifs
Inck of urIfy nnd so forfh.
MIddIIng onos, sooIng fho Imuro sfnfo of fho body, docInro If
fo bo jusf so. Thoy hnvo soon fho nccumuInfIon of mnny hundrods of
sufforIngs nssocInfod wIfh fho hysIcnI body. Tho mIddIIng orson,
hnvIng frood hImsoIf from dosIro for form, nchIovos fho formIoss
nbsorfIons. Tho mIddIIng onos nro so cnIIod, bocnuso fhoy hnvo
frnnscondod fho shoro of dosIro.
Thoso who undorsfnnd form fo bo wIfhouf subsfnnfInI
oxIsfonco, IIko n rofIocfIon, nro frood, bocnuso fhoy nro nwnro of fho
vnrIous monfnI fnbrIcnfIons nssocInfod wIfh form nnd fho IIko.
!VI. osIro nrIsos from fho fhoughf of fho IonsurnbIo from
Ifs oosIfo, dosIro Is Ioff bohInd. SooIng onfIfIos ns vncuous IIko n
mngIcnI mnn, 5/"7#'& Is nchIovod.
Thoso who ossoss oxcoIIonf InfoIIIgonco nnd soo fho worId of
cycIIcnI oxIsfonco ns vncuous nnd omfy IIko n mngIcnI mnn, gnIn
5/"7#'&. Thoy nro fo bo known ns fho IscIIos, IrIvnfo Iuddhns
nnd IIossod Iuddhns. MIddIIng onos nro of fho worId nIfhough fhoy
nro froo from sonsunI dosIro. Tho chIIdIsh, on fho ofhor hnnd, nro
nffnchod fo objocfs of sonsunI dosIro.
ow, If mny bo nskod, If ono soos fho worId of cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco ns vncuous IIko n mngIcnI mnn, fhon whnf wIII 5/"7#'&
bo IIko
ncquIro fhom.
Thoso who orcoIvo cycIIcnI oxIsfonco fo bo IIko IIIusIon, who
do nof orcoIvo fho ncfunI mnrks of onfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos nnd
who fhoroughIy undorsfnnd fho concofIons of onfIfIos nnd non
onfIfIos do nof ImngIno or fnbrIcnfo fhoso concofIons. Thoso who
hnvo nnnIyzod fho concofIons of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nnd of
onfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos nnd who hnvo undorsfood fhom corfnInIy
do nof fnII Info cycIIcnI oxIsfonco bocnuso of fho nffIIcfIons of
127
cnughf by fho soronf of fho nffIIcfIons.
Whon doIusIon Is rnmnnf, Ifs dnrknoss obscuros fho vIsIon of
fho ronI so fhnf ordInnry ooIo by fho owor of doIusIon nro
IncIInod fo osfnbIIsh fho subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco of onfIfIos.
!III. As chIIdron nro nffnchod fo n rofIocfIon, orcoIvIng If fo
bo fruo, so fho worIdIy nro frnod In fho rIson of objocfs.
Jusf ns chIIdron who nro nof convorsnnf wIfh fho convonfIons
of fho worId nnd Innoconf nbouf fho nnfuro of conscIousnoss, whon
orcoIvIng n rofIocfIon, boIIovo fhnf fhoy nro nrohondIng objocfs
fhnf oxIsfs subsfnnfInIIy nnd bocomo nffnchod fo fhom nnd ursuo
fhom, sImIInrIy, fho worIdIy who nro Ignornnf nro nffnchod fo fho
boIIof fhnf onfIfIos whIch nro born from fho owor of doIusIon nro
fruo or ronI. Thoy nIso commIf fhoIr whoIo boIng fo fho ursuIf of
such onfIfIos. Affrncfod by fho ImngInod oxIsfonco of onfIfIos nnd
subjocf fo fho owor of nffnchmonf, III wIII, rIdo nnd so forfh, fhoy
ursuo fhom wIfhouf froodom fo do ofhorwIso IIko chIIdron.
!ndorfnkIng fhIs or fhnf ncfIvIfy In ursuIf of fhoIr objocfs, fhoy
bocomo frnod In fho rIson of objocfs, fhnf Is !"#$%&". Such
ooIo who do nof know fho fruo sfnfo of !"#$%&" nro objocfs of
comnssIon for fho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos. Tho HoIy IorsonnIIfIos who
ossoss fho cIonr oyo of wIsdom know rocIsoIy fho nnfuro of ronIIfy.
objocfs.
Tho Cronf Iorsons who nro froo from nffnchmonf fo onfIfIos
nro nof onfnngIod In fho mIro of objocfs. Tho Cronf Iorsons or HoIy
IorsonnIIfIos nro fnmIIInr wIfh fho nnfuro of n rofIocfIon unIIko fho
chIIdIsh who nro nof.
!V. OrdInnry ooIo dosIro form mIddIIng onos nro froo from
dosIro for form fhoso wIfh fho oxcoIIonf InfoIIIgonco of knowIng
fho nnfuro of form nro onfIroIy frood.
OrdInnry ooIo who nro chIIdIsh by nnfuro nro cnIIod
chIIdIsh. AIfhough fho body, form, bo Imuro nnd subjocf fo
momonfnry dosfrucfIon, somo fhInk If Is uro nnd ormnnonf.
Moroovor, fho body Is hnrdIy rnIso worfhy, roquIros consfnnf cnro
nnd Is fho bnsIs of fho oxorIonco of sufforIng. AgnIn, for fho snko of
128
fho body, ooIo undorfnko unwhoIosomo ncfIons whIch hnvo
sufforIng ns fhoIr consoquonco. Thoso nro fho consoquoncos of fho
dosIro of fho chIIdIsh for form, fhnf Is fho body, nofwIfhsfnndIng Ifs
Inck of urIfy nnd so forfh.
MIddIIng onos, sooIng fho Imuro sfnfo of fho body, docInro If
fo bo jusf so. Thoy hnvo soon fho nccumuInfIon of mnny hundrods of
sufforIngs nssocInfod wIfh fho hysIcnI body. Tho mIddIIng orson,
hnvIng frood hImsoIf from dosIro for form, nchIovos fho formIoss
nbsorfIons. Tho mIddIIng onos nro so cnIIod, bocnuso fhoy hnvo
frnnscondod fho shoro of dosIro.
Thoso who undorsfnnd form fo bo wIfhouf subsfnnfInI
oxIsfonco, IIko n rofIocfIon, nro frood, bocnuso fhoy nro nwnro of fho
vnrIous monfnI fnbrIcnfIons nssocInfod wIfh form nnd fho IIko.
!VI. osIro nrIsos from fho fhoughf of fho IonsurnbIo from
Ifs oosIfo, dosIro Is Ioff bohInd. SooIng onfIfIos ns vncuous IIko n
mngIcnI mnn, !"#$%&' Is nchIovod.
Thoso who ossoss oxcoIIonf InfoIIIgonco nnd soo fho worId of
cycIIcnI oxIsfonco ns vncuous nnd omfy IIko n mngIcnI mnn, gnIn
!"#$%&'. Thoy nro fo bo known ns fho IscIIos, IrIvnfo Iuddhns
nnd IIossod Iuddhns. MIddIIng onos nro of fho worId nIfhough fhoy
nro froo from sonsunI dosIro. Tho chIIdIsh, on fho ofhor hnnd, nro
nffnchod fo objocfs of sonsunI dosIro.
ow, If mny bo nskod, If ono soos fho worId of cycIIcnI
oxIsfonco ns vncuous IIko n mngIcnI mnn, fhon whnf wIII !"#$%&'
bo IIko
ncquIro fhom.
Thoso who orcoIvo cycIIcnI oxIsfonco fo bo IIko IIIusIon, who
do nof orcoIvo fho ncfunI mnrks of onfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos nnd
who fhoroughIy undorsfnnd fho concofIons of onfIfIos nnd non
onfIfIos do nof ImngIno or fnbrIcnfo fhoso concofIons. Thoso who
hnvo nnnIyzod fho concofIons of oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco nnd of
onfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos nnd who hnvo undorsfood fhom corfnInIy
do nof fnII Info cycIIcnI oxIsfonco bocnuso of fho nffIIcfIons of
129
nffnchmonf nnd so forfh. Tho nffIIcfIons nrIso for fhoso who suffor
from orronoous cognIfIon.
Thoso who bocnuso of fhIs orronoous cognIfIon, orcoIvo
objocfs nro fhoroforo nffocfod by fho nffIIcfIons. Thoso who hnvo
succoodod In onofrnfIng fho ronI sfnfo of fhIngs nro froo from fho
nffIIcfIons nnd wIII corfnInIy nchIovo Irvnn. Tho chIIdIsh, on fho
ofhor hnnd, nro nffocfod by orronoous vIows nnd mIsfnkon boIIofs,
fhoroforo, If Is nof susfnInnbIo fo mnInfnIn fhnf fhoy hnvo nchIovod
Irvnn.
Whon nn objocfIvo osIfIon Is orcoIvod, fho concofIons of
nffnchmonf nnd froodom from nffnchmonf nrIso, In so fnr ns ono Is
nffnchod fo nn objocfIvo osIfIon, or nIfornnfIvoIy, froo from
nffnchmonf fo nn objocfIvo osIfIon.
!VIII. If nn objocfIvo osIfIon oxIsfod, nffnchmonf nnd
froodom from nffnchmonf mIghf nrIso. Iuf fho Cronf Iorsons who
nro wIfhouf nn objocfIvo osIfIon hnvo noIfhor nffnchmonf nor
froodom from nffnchmonf.
If nffnchmonf nnd froodom from nffnchmonf nro orcoIvod,
fhon nffnchmonf nnd froodom from nffnchmonf wIII bo
nrorInfod. Tho Cronf Iorsons or HoIy IorsonnIIfIos do nof
orcoIvo fho subsfnnfInI oxIsfonco of onfIfIos, fhoroforo, fhoy hnvo
no objocfIvo osIfIon or fIxod objocf of fho mInd. Thoy wIII suroIy
gnIn Irvnn.
!IX. Thoso who fhInk of comIofo vncuIfy nro nof movod ovon
by fho fIckIo mInd. Thoy wIII cross fho forrIbIo oconn of oxIsfonco
Iocnuso If Is rosfIoss by nnfuro, fho mInd Is snId fo bo fIckIo
IIko n monkoy. Horo, comIofo vncuIfy oqunIs ImfInoss. Thoso who
romnIn sfondfnsf In fho cuIfIvnfIon of ImfInoss cross fho oconn of
oxIsfonco.
ow, In ordor fo dodIcnfo fho morIf of fhIs rncfIso, fho fInnI
sfnnzn Is comosod.
!X. Iy fhIs morIf, mny nII sonfIonf boIngs, hnvIng
nccumuInfod fho hons of morIf nnd knowIodgo, nffnIn fho fwo
hIghosf goods fho fwo dImonsIons of Iuddhnhood fhnf nrIso from
morIf nnd knowIodgo.
130
Tho InfInIfo morIf fhnf Is nccomIIshod In ordor fo brIng
nbouf fho onhnncod undorsfnndIng of nII fho shoros of sonfIonf
boIngs Is domonsfrnfod fo bo fho nccumuInfIon of fho hon of morIf.
ThIs Is nnrf from wIsdom nnd fho cnuso of wIsdom. WIsdom nnd
fho cnuso of wIsdom whIch brIng nbouf fho nccomIIshmonf of
Iuddhnhood nro roforrod fo In fho dodIcnfIon ns fho nccumuInfIon of
knowIodgo.
Mny nII sonfIonf boIngs nchIovo fho oxcoIIonf fruIfs or fho fwo
hIghosf goods fhnf nrIso from morIf nnd knowIodgo. Whnf nro fho
fwo oxcoIIonf fruIfs fhnf nro born from fho nccumuInfIons of morIf
nnd knowIodgo Tho fwo hIghosf goods nro fho honomonnI
dImonsIon Iupo/0,o) nnd frnnscondonfnI dImonsIon,
Dlorno/0,o) of Iuddhnhood rosocfIvoIy.
Tho commonfnry comosod by CnndrnkrfI, fho Mnhynn
Mnsfor nnd oxosIfor of fho Mndhynmnkn hIIosohy wns
frnnsInfod from SnnskrIf Info TIbofnn by fho IndInn nbbofs
JInnmIfrn, nnsIn, BIondrnbodhI nnd by fho gronf TIbofnn
frnnsInfor Inndo Yo shos sdo.
129
!""!#$%&'"( !')( *+( ,+-"$.( /$&( !,,01#"1+'*( !-1*&( ,+-( "$+*&( 2$+( *3,,&-(
,-+%(&--+'&+3*(#+4'1"1+'.(
((/$+*&( 2$+( 5&#!3*&( +,( "$1*( &--+'&+3*( #+4'1"1+'6( 7&-#&18&(
+59&#"*( !-&( "$&-&,+-&( !,,&#"&)( 5:( "$&( !,,01#"1+'*.( /$+*&( 2$+( $!8&(
*3##&&)&)( 1'( 7&'&"-!"1'4( "$&( -&!0( *"!"&( +,( "$1'4*( !-&( ,-&&( ,-+%( "$&(
!,,01#"1+'*( !')( 2100( #&-"!1'0:( !#$1&8&( !"#$%&'.( /$&( #$10)1*$6( +'( "$&(
+"$&-( $!')6( !-&( !,,&#"&)( 5:( &--+'&+3*( 81&2*( !')( %1*"!;&'( 5&01&,*6(
"$&-&,+-&6(1"(1*('+"(*3*"!1'!50&("+(%!1'"!1'("$!"("$&:($!8&(!#$1&8&)(
!"#$%&'.(
((<$&'( !'( +59&#"18&( 7+*1"1+'( 1*( 7&-#&18&)6( "$&( #+'#&7"1+'*( +,(
!""!#$%&'"( !')( ,-&&)+%( ,-+%( !""!#$%&'"( !-1*&6( 1'( *+( ,!-( !*( +'&( 1*(
!""!#$&)( "+( !'( +59&#"18&( 7+*1"1+'6( +-( !0"&-'!"18&0:6( ,-&&( ,-+%(
!""!#$%&'"("+(!'(+59&#"18&(7+*1"1+'.((
((=>???.( ?,( !'( +59&#"18&( 7+*1"1+'( &@1*"&)6( !""!#$%&'"( !')(
,-&&)+%( ,-+%( !""!#$%&'"( %14$"( !-1*&.( A3"( "$&( B-&!"( C&-*+'*( 2$+(
!-&( 21"$+3"( !'( +59&#"18&( 7+*1"1+'( $!8&( '&1"$&-( !""!#$%&'"( '+-(
,-&&)+%(,-+%(!""!#$%&'".(
((?,( !""!#$%&'"( !')( ,-&&)+%( ,-+%( !""!#$%&'"( !-&( 7&-#&18&)6(
"$&'( !""!#$%&'"( !')( ,-&&)+%( ,-+%( !""!#$%&'"( 2100( 5&(
!77-+7-1!"&).( /$&( B-&!"( C&-*+'*( +-( D+0:( C&-*+'!01"1&*( )+( '+"(
7&-#&18&( "$&( *35*"!'"1!0( &@1*"&'#&( +,( &'"1"1&*6( "$&-&,+-&6( "$&:( $!8&(
'+( +59&#"18&( 7+*1"1+'( +-( ,1@&)( +59&#"( +,( "$&( %1').( /$&:( 2100( *3-&0:(
4!1'(!"#$%&'.((
((=?E.(/$+*&(2$+("$1';(+,(#+%70&"&(8!#31":(!-&('+"(%+8&)(&8&'(
5:( "$&( ,1#;0&( %1').( /$&:( 2100( #-+**( "$&( "&--150&( +#&!'( +,( &@1*"&'#&(
#$3-'&)(5:("$&(*&-7&'"(+,("$&(!,,01#"1+'*.(
((A&#!3*&(1"(1*( -&*"0&**(5:( '!"3-&6( "$&(%1')(1*( *!1)( "+( 5&(,1#;0&(
01;&(!(%+';&:.(D&-&6(#+%70&"&(8!#31":(&F3!0*(G%7"1'&**.(/$+*&(2$+(
-&%!1'( *"&!),!*"( 1'( "$&( #30"18!"1+'( +,( G%7"1'&**( #-+**( "$&(+#&!'(+,(
&@1*"&'#&.((
((H+26(1'(+-)&-("+()&)1#!"&("$&(%&-1"(+,("$1*(7-!#"1*&6("$&(,1'!0(
*"!'I!(1*(#+%7+*&).(
((=E.( A:( "$1*( %&-1"6( %!:( !00( *&'"1&'"( 5&1'4*6( $!81'4(
!##3%30!"&)( "$&( $&!7*( +,( %&-1"( !')( ;'+20&)4&6( !""!1'( "$&( "2+(
$14$&*"( 4++)*( J"$&( "2+( )1%&'*1+'*( +,( A3))$!$++)K( "$!"( !-1*&( ,-+%(
%&-1"(!')(;'+20&)4&.(
130
((/$&( 1',1'1"&( ( %&-1"( "$!"( 1*( !##+%701*$&)( 1'( +-)&-( "+( 5-1'4(
!5+3"( "$&( &'$!'#&)( 3')&-*"!')1'4( +,( !00( "$&( *7$&-&*( +,( *&'"1&'"(
5&1'4*(1*()&%+'*"-!"&)("+(5&("$&(!##3%30!"1+'(+,("$&($&!7(+,(%&-1".(
/$1*( 1*( !7!-"( ,-+%( 21*)+%( !')( "$&( #!3*&( +,( 21*)+%.( <1*)+%( !')(
"$&( #!3*&( +,( 21*)+%( 2$1#$( 5-1'4( !5+3"( "$&( !##+%701*$%&'"( +,(
A3))$!$++)(!-&(-&,&--&)("+(1'("$&()&)1#!"1+'(!*("$&(!##3%30!"1+'(+,(
;'+20&)4&.((
((L!:(!00(*&'"1&'"(5&1'4*(!#$1&8&("$&(&@#&00&'"(,-31"*(+-("$&("2+(
$14$&*"( 4++)*( "$!"( !-1*&( ,-+%( %&-1"( !')( ;'+20&)4&.( <$!"( !-&( "$&(
"2+( &@#&00&'"( ,-31"*( "$!"( !-&( 5+-'( ,-+%( "$&( !##3%30!"1+'*( +,( %&-1"(
!')( ;'+20&)4&M( ( /$&( "2+( $14$&*"( 4++)*( !-&( "$&( 7$&'+%&'!0(
)1%&'*1+'( J!"#$%&'$(( !')( "-!'*#&')&'"!0( )1%&'*1+'6(
J)*$+,$%&'$()+,(A3))$!$++)(-&*7&#"18&0:.((
((/$&( #+%%&'"!-:( #+%7+*&)( 5:( *'+,#'-.#/"0( "$&( 1'2%3%+'(
L!*"&-( !')( &@7+*1"+-( +,( "$&( L!)$:!%!;!( 7$10+*+7$:( 2!*(
"-!'*0!"&)( ,-+%( N!'*;-1"( 1'"+( /15&"!'( 5:( "$&( ?')1!'( !55+"*O(
P1'!%1"-!6( 4%+'5.6'6( 7.68+,#'9:,2"( !')( 5:( "$&( 4-&!"( /15&"!'(
"-!'*0!"+-(A!')&(Q&(*$&*(*)&.((

ohrn un, IndIn.

nnd frIonds.

Part Four
Emptiness: The Seventy Stanzas
133

Section One

An Introduction to Nagarjuna's Emptiness:
The Seventy Stanzas

ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns Is mnrkodIy dIfforonf In
sfyIo from !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns. If nIso fronfs n subjocf
mnffor, ndmIffodIy, moro rnrofIod In fho hIIosohIcnI sonso, nnd so
grjunn hns nof unwIsoIy choson fo ndof n moro rIgorous nnd
InfoIIocfunI sfyIo. ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns Is n foxf wrIffon
for hIIosohors, or nf Ionsf brIghf sfudonfs of hIIosohy, whIIo ns
wo suggosfod !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns hns nn nIfogofhor
dIfforonf fonor.
In kooIng wIfh fho sfyIo nnd objocf of fho foxf, grjunn
hns nckod nn Immonso nmounf of confonf Info n vory fow words. Ho
wouId corfnInIy bo snId fo hnvo dono jusfIco fo fhnf oId SnnskrIf
snyIng nbouf wrIfors of hIIosohIcnI foxfs rojoIcIng moro nf fho
snvIng of ono word In n sfnnzn fhnn mosf mon do nf fho bIrfh of n
son. IorfunnfoIy, ouf of gronf comnssIon no doubf, grjunn hns
roIonfod nnd rovIdod nn nufocommonfnry fo go nIong wIfh fho
foxf. If hns fo bo snId of courso fhnf fho commonfnry Is nIso quIfo
forso, buf If Is IoquncIous comnrod fo fho sfnnzns.
In fncf whnf fho commonfnry doos do nf mnny Incos Is mnko
fho words nonrIng In fho sfnnzns, offon In confoxfs whoro n sIngIo
word mny hnvo fo cnrry n whoIo docfrInnI osIfIon InfoIIIgIbIo.
WIfhouf such n koy rovIdod by fho commonfnry, wo fhInk fho foxf
wouId bo ImonofrnbIo In fho nbsonco of nn nufhonfIc ornI frndIfIon.
As wo hnvo jusf suggosfod, fho sfnnzns In fho foxf nro so
nckod wIfh roforoncos offon fo fho vIows of ofhor IuddhIsf schooIs
nnd so fuII of monnIng, fhnf nn onfIro hIIosohIcnI dIsufnfIon
bofwoon, for Insfnnco, n IuddhIsf !onIIsf oononf nnd fho
134
Mndhynmnkn wIII bo oxrossod In n sIngIo sfnnzn. Offon foo, bofh
fho nnfIfhosIs, or ro crIfIcnI osIfIon partopo/,o) ns woII ns fho
Mndhynmnkn's crIfIquo wIII nmnzIngIy bo sfuffod Info n sIngIo
sfnnzn, nnd fhnf nIso whon fho nsocfs of fho osIfIons nro mnnIfoId.
Iorhns ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns Is so nckod wIfh
monnIng, bocnuso fho uroso If sooms fo hnvo boon wrIffon fo sorvo
Is such n gronf ono. CnndrnkrfI foIIs us In hIs Infroducfory romnrks
In fho commonfnry fo !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns fhnf ImfInoss
Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns wns wrIffon fo oxInIn Sfnnzn 34 of chnfor
VII of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny. "!Iko nn IIIusIon,
n dronm nnd n fnIry cIfy nro doscrIbod fho concofs of orIgInnfIon,
durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon." Tho sfnnzn CnndrnkrfI IndIcnfos
oxrossos nn nnnIogy, buf wIfh fow oxcofIons, fho foxf horo Is fuII
of nrgumonfs nnd fnr Ioss gonorous wIfh sImIIos. Tho nrgumonfs nro
In mosf cnsos, bocnuso of fho oxcoss of confonfs nIso moro IIko whnf
wo hnvo cnIIod rofo syIIogIsms. Iorhns ono mIghf sny sood
syIIogIsms, oxrossIons In whIch sIngIo words convoy condIfIon nnd
consoquonco nnd fho sfudonf of hIIosohy Is Ioff fo fIguro fhom ouf
for hImsoIf. If fhIs Is nn obsfncIo fo fho rondIng of fho foxf howovor,
If shouId nof bo. Ior ono fhIng, If Is much onsIor fo rond fhnn fho
onfIro IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny n comIofoIy
sfnfIsfncfory IngIIsh frnnsInfIon of whIch sfIII doos nof oxIsf fo our
knowIodgo, nofwIfhsfnndIng fho vnIInnf offorfs of n numbor of
oxcoIIonf schoInrs. If Is hnrdIy surrIsIng, gIvon fhnf fho foxf runs fo
fwonfysovon chnfors nnd hundrods of sfnnzns, nII of fhom dIffIcuIf.
Iuf horo, wo wouId rofurn fo our fhomo. ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns Is n summory or condonsnfIon of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns
of fho MIddIo Wny n hIIosohIcnI rondors' dIgosf of fho Immonso
foxf. ConsoquonfIy, If shouId bo woII suIfod fo our modorn ngo.
!of us ursuo fhIs fhomo n bIf furfhor. Tho IoundnfIon
Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny confnIn n vory Inrgo nnd Imorfnnf
chnfor VII on fho oxnmInnfIon of orIgInnfIon. If ncfunIIy Iooks nf
fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of fho so cnIIod comoundod fncfors nnd
dIscussos, ns In fho fIrsf nnd fwonfIofh chnfors, cnusnfIon or
condIfIonnIIfy. Tho chnfor on orIgInnfIon Is vory dofnIIod, nnd wo
hnvo nof rond nn InfoIIIgIbIo IngIIsh frnnsInfIon. CnndrnkrfI's
133

Section One

An Introduction to Nagarjuna's Emptiness:
The Seventy Stanzas

ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns Is mnrkodIy dIfforonf In
sfyIo from !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns. If nIso fronfs n subjocf
mnffor, ndmIffodIy, moro rnrofIod In fho hIIosohIcnI sonso, nnd so
!"#"$%&'( hns nof unwIsoIy choson fo ndof n moro rIgorous nnd
InfoIIocfunI sfyIo. ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns Is n foxf wrIffon
for hIIosohors, or nf Ionsf brIghf sfudonfs of hIIosohy, whIIo ns
wo suggosfod !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns hns nn nIfogofhor
dIfforonf fonor.
In kooIng wIfh fho sfyIo nnd objocf of fho foxf, !"#"$%&'(
hns nckod nn Immonso nmounf of confonf Info n vory fow words. Ho
wouId corfnInIy bo snId fo hnvo dono jusfIco fo fhnf oId SnnskrIf
snyIng nbouf wrIfors of hIIosohIcnI foxfs rojoIcIng moro nf fho
snvIng of ono word In n sfnnzn fhnn mosf mon do nf fho bIrfh of n
son. IorfunnfoIy, ouf of gronf comnssIon no doubf, !"#"$%&'( hns
roIonfod nnd rovIdod nn nufocommonfnry fo go nIong wIfh fho
foxf. If hns fo bo snId of courso fhnf fho commonfnry Is nIso quIfo
forso, buf If Is IoquncIous comnrod fo fho sfnnzns.
In fncf whnf fho commonfnry doos do nf mnny Incos Is mnko
fho words nonrIng In fho sfnnzns, offon In confoxfs whoro n sIngIo
word mny hnvo fo cnrry n whoIo docfrInnI osIfIon InfoIIIgIbIo.
WIfhouf such n koy rovIdod by fho commonfnry, wo fhInk fho foxf
wouId bo ImonofrnbIo In fho nbsonco of nn nufhonfIc ornI frndIfIon.
As wo hnvo jusf suggosfod, fho sfnnzns In fho foxf nro so
nckod wIfh roforoncos offon fo fho vIows of ofhor IuddhIsf schooIs
nnd so fuII of monnIng, fhnf nn onfIro hIIosohIcnI dIsufnfIon
bofwoon, for Insfnnco, n IuddhIsf !onIIsf oononf nnd fho
134
Mndhynmnkn wIII bo oxrossod In n sIngIo sfnnzn. Offon foo, bofh
fho nnfIfhosIs, or ro crIfIcnI osIfIon !"#$%!%&'%)* ns woII ns fho
Mndhynmnkn's crIfIquo wIII nmnzIngIy bo sfuffod Info n sIngIo
sfnnzn, nnd fhnf nIso whon fho nsocfs of fho osIfIons nro mnnIfoId.
Iorhns ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns Is so nckod wIfh
monnIng, bocnuso fho uroso If sooms fo hnvo boon wrIffon fo sorvo
Is such n gronf ono. +(',$(-.$/0 foIIs us In hIs Infroducfory romnrks
In fho commonfnry fo !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns fhnf ImfInoss
Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns wns wrIffon fo oxInIn Sfnnzn 34 of chnfor
VII of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny. "!Iko nn IIIusIon,
n dronm nnd n fnIry cIfy nro doscrIbod fho concofs of orIgInnfIon,
durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon." Tho sfnnzn +(',$(-.$/0* IndIcnfos
oxrossos nn nnnIogy, buf wIfh fow oxcofIons, fho foxf horo Is fuII
of nrgumonfs nnd fnr Ioss gonorous wIfh sImIIos. Tho nrgumonfs nro
In mosf cnsos, bocnuso of fho oxcoss of confonfs nIso moro IIko whnf
wo hnvo cnIIod rofo syIIogIsms. Iorhns ono mIghf sny sood
syIIogIsms, oxrossIons In whIch sIngIo words convoy condIfIon nnd
consoquonco nnd fho sfudonf of hIIosohy Is Ioff fo fIguro fhom ouf
for hImsoIf. If fhIs Is nn obsfncIo fo fho rondIng of fho foxf howovor,
If shouId nof bo. Ior ono fhIng, If Is much onsIor fo rond fhnn fho
onfIro IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny n comIofoIy
sfnfIsfncfory IngIIsh frnnsInfIon of whIch sfIII doos nof oxIsf fo our
knowIodgo, nofwIfhsfnndIng fho vnIInnf offorfs of n numbor of
oxcoIIonf schoInrs. If Is hnrdIy surrIsIng, gIvon fhnf fho foxf runs fo
fwonfysovon chnfors nnd hundrods of sfnnzns, nII of fhom dIffIcuIf.
Iuf horo, wo wouId rofurn fo our fhomo. ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns Is n summory or condonsnfIon of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns
of fho MIddIo Wny n hIIosohIcnI rondors' dIgosf of fho Immonso
foxf. ConsoquonfIy, If shouId bo woII suIfod fo our modorn ngo.
!of us ursuo fhIs fhomo n bIf furfhor. Tho IoundnfIon
Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny confnIn n vory Inrgo nnd Imorfnnf
chnfor VII on fho oxnmInnfIon of orIgInnfIon. If ncfunIIy Iooks nf
fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of fho so cnIIod comoundod fncfors nnd
dIscussos, ns In fho fIrsf nnd fwonfIofh chnfors, cnusnfIon or
condIfIonnIIfy. Tho chnfor on orIgInnfIon Is vory dofnIIod, nnd wo
hnvo nof rond nn InfoIIIgIbIo IngIIsh frnnsInfIon. +(',$(-.$/01s
135
commonfnry If frnnsInfod wouId hoI, buf If hns nof boon. Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny nro, If Is ncknowIodgod,
cryfIc In fho oxfromo. of so cryfIc ns fhoso of ImfInoss Tho
Sovonfy Sfnnzns, buf nonofhoIoss offon roquIrIng n commonfnry. In
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, grjunn fnkos u fho foIc of
orIgInnfIon, condIfIons nnd comoundod fncfors In n vory fow
sfnnzns nnd mnnngos fo fn fho ossonfInIs of fho whoIo
Mndhynmnkn crIfIquo of fhoso concofIons. In nrfIcuInr, ho
nchIovos whnf wo cnn onIy cnII nn InfoIIocfunI mIrncIo whon ho
summnrIzos In Ifs ossonfInIs fho whoIo of chnfor VII of Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny In n sIngIo sfnnzn.
l
If wo
ndd fo If sfnnzns IIko XXXI, III, IV nnd VI wo hnvo n vory comIofo
dIscussIon of cnusnIIfy In n hnnd fuII of sfnnzns. Thoro nro mnny
ofhor oxnmIos of grjunn's wIznrdry In fhIs foxf.
Anofhor oxnmIo of fho uncnnny nbIIIfy of Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns fo condonso nrgumonfs fronfod nf much gronfor Iongfh
oIsowhoro Is fhnf of fho fronfmonf of fho quosfIon of fho soIf. !Iko so
mnny ofhor foIcs donIf wIfh In fho foxf, fho quosfIon of fho soIf
occuIos nn onfIro chnfor In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo
Wny,
2
buf In Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, If Is dIsonsod wIfh In ono sfnnzn
nnd wIfh hnrdIy nny Ioss of fho ossonfInI confonf of fho Issuo. Tho
Imorfnnf nIfornnfIvos nro nddrossod nnd rojocfod nnd fhoIr
convonfIonnI nnd fundnmonfnIIy nrfIfIcInI nnfuro rovonIod. Tho
quIosconf nnd InoxrossIbIo nnfuro of nII fncfors from fho
sfnndoInf of fho ronI Is nIso IndIcnfod.
Af ofhor Incos wo fInd nn onfIro chnfor from Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny roIncod by n sIngIo sfnnzn
In Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. Tnko for oxnmIo fho foIc of fImo fronfod
In fho XIXfh chnfor of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny.
Sfnnzn XXIX of fho foxf roroducos fho dIscussIon nIong wIfh fho
vnrIous crIfIquos ndvnncod by fho Mndhynmnkn. Tnkon fogofhor
wIfh fho nufo commonfnry whIch ovon In fhIs cnso Is nof Iongfhy,
fho fronfmonf sfIII mnkos n quIfo ndoqunfo sfnfomonf of fho
ossonfInI oIomonfs of fho nrgumonf nbouf fImo. Thon fhoro Is fho
cnso of fho sfnnzn whIch fronfs fho subjocf of fho chnrncforIsfIc nnd
fho subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc or whnfovor ono wnnfs fo cnII If.
136
Tho oInf Is nn Imorfnnf ono, bocnuso !onIIsfs hnvo nIwnys IInkod
fho oxIsfonco of n chnrncforIsfIc, Iof us sny soIIdIfy wIfh fho
oxIsfonco of n subsfrnfum or bnsIs In ronIIfy, In fhIs cnso onrfh or
mnforInIIfy. If fho chnrncforIsfIc nnd subsfrnfum schomo nro somo
how fnfnIIy fInwod, fhon fho nssorfIon of fho oxIsfonco of n ronI
worId rovod by nrfIcuInr chnrncforIsfIcs fo oxIsf Is foIod. Tho
IoundnfIon sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny confnIn n chnfor on fho
quosfIon,
3
buf In ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, onco ngnIn If Is
summnrIzod In n sIngIo sfnnzn. Of courso, fho subjocf boIng nn
Imorfnnf ono, If cros u ngnIn In ofhor confoxfs such ns In fho
dIscussIon of fho sfnfus of form or mnffor, jusf ns fho dIscussIon of
cnusnIIfy nIso bocnuso of Ifs Imorfnnco Is hnrdIy ovor vory fnr from
fho mInd of fho nufhor. Tho fncf Is howovor fhnf no mnffor how ono
qunnfIfIos fho monnIng or word vnIuo of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns, If musf rnfo rIghf nf fho fo.
of onIy nro Imorfnnf subjocfs of dIscussIon bofwoon
IuddhIsf !onIIsfs nnd fho M0Jl,oni/oe donIf wIfh horo ns fhoy
hnvo boon fronfod In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny
onIy moro concIsoIy, buf ovon Imorfnnf rIncIIos of fho
Mndhynmnkn hIIosohy of nrgumonf nro onuncInfod. Tho Xfh
chnfor of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny confnIns In
fho mnIn n dIscussIon of fho roInfnroInfum honomonon, buf If nIso
rosonfs n cIonr Insfnnco of fho onuncInfIon of n sysfom of vnrInbIos
In fho foronsIc mofhodoIogy of grjunn. ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns nIso confnIns n cIonr suggosfIon of such n sysfom. Thnf Is fo
sny, dIfforIng or vnrInbIo oIomonfs of docfrInnI or concofunI
schomos cnn bo sIoffod Info n crIfIcnI frnmowork whIch consIsfonfIy
oxosos fhom fo bo omfy nnd roInfIvo. If Is n IovoIy domonsfrnfIon
of fho crIfIcnI dInIocfIcInn's skIII.
Tho foxf Indood rosonfs fho fundnmonfnI Mndhynmnkn
nffIfudo on fho ronIIy Imorfnnf quosfIons whIch dIvIdod fho
IuddhIsf !onIIsfs from fho omorgIng IorfocfIon of WIsdom nnd
Mndhynmnkn frndIfIons. nfurnIIy, wo wouId nof wnnf fo ovorIny
fho roInfIonshI bofwoon fho IorfocfIon of WIsdom IIfornfuro nnd
fho Mndhynmnkn ns n sysfomnfIc schooI of hIIosohy. A
roInfIonshI undoubfodIy oxIsfs, buf If wouId bo n mIsfnko fo
135
commonfnry If frnnsInfod wouId hoI, buf If hns nof boon. Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny nro, If Is ncknowIodgod,
cryfIc In fho oxfromo. of so cryfIc ns fhoso of ImfInoss Tho
Sovonfy Sfnnzns, buf nonofhoIoss offon roquIrIng n commonfnry. In
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, !"#"$%&'( fnkos u fho foIc of
orIgInnfIon, condIfIons nnd comoundod fncfors In n vory fow
sfnnzns nnd mnnngos fo fn fho ossonfInIs of fho whoIo
Mndhynmnkn crIfIquo of fhoso concofIons. In nrfIcuInr, ho
nchIovos whnf wo cnn onIy cnII nn InfoIIocfunI mIrncIo whon ho
summnrIzos In Ifs ossonfInIs fho whoIo of chnfor VII of Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny In n sIngIo sfnnzn.
l
If wo
ndd fo If sfnnzns IIko XXXI, III, IV nnd VI wo hnvo n vory comIofo
dIscussIon of cnusnIIfy In n hnnd fuII of sfnnzns. Thoro nro mnny
ofhor oxnmIos of !"#"$%&'('s wIznrdry In fhIs foxf.
Anofhor oxnmIo of fho uncnnny nbIIIfy of Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns fo condonso nrgumonfs fronfod nf much gronfor Iongfh
oIsowhoro Is fhnf of fho fronfmonf of fho quosfIon of fho soIf. !Iko so
mnny ofhor foIcs donIf wIfh In fho foxf, fho quosfIon of fho soIf
occuIos nn onfIro chnfor In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo
Wny,
2
buf In Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, If Is dIsonsod wIfh In ono sfnnzn
nnd wIfh hnrdIy nny Ioss of fho ossonfInI confonf of fho Issuo. Tho
Imorfnnf nIfornnfIvos nro nddrossod nnd rojocfod nnd fhoIr
convonfIonnI nnd fundnmonfnIIy nrfIfIcInI nnfuro rovonIod. Tho
quIosconf nnd InoxrossIbIo nnfuro of nII fncfors from fho
sfnndoInf of fho ronI Is nIso IndIcnfod.
Af ofhor Incos wo fInd nn onfIro chnfor from Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny roIncod by n sIngIo sfnnzn
In Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. Tnko for oxnmIo fho foIc of fImo fronfod
In fho XIXfh chnfor of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny.
Sfnnzn XXIX of fho foxf roroducos fho dIscussIon nIong wIfh fho
vnrIous crIfIquos ndvnncod by fho Mndhynmnkn. Tnkon fogofhor
wIfh fho nufo commonfnry whIch ovon In fhIs cnso Is nof Iongfhy,
fho fronfmonf sfIII mnkos n quIfo ndoqunfo sfnfomonf of fho
ossonfInI oIomonfs of fho nrgumonf nbouf fImo. Thon fhoro Is fho
cnso of fho sfnnzn whIch fronfs fho subjocf of fho chnrncforIsfIc nnd
fho subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc or whnfovor ono wnnfs fo cnII If.
136
Tho oInf Is nn Imorfnnf ono, bocnuso !onIIsfs hnvo nIwnys IInkod
fho oxIsfonco of n chnrncforIsfIc, Iof us sny soIIdIfy wIfh fho
oxIsfonco of n subsfrnfum or bnsIs In ronIIfy, In fhIs cnso onrfh or
mnforInIIfy. If fho chnrncforIsfIc nnd subsfrnfum schomo nro somo
how fnfnIIy fInwod, fhon fho nssorfIon of fho oxIsfonco of n ronI
worId rovod by nrfIcuInr chnrncforIsfIcs fo oxIsf Is foIod. Tho
IoundnfIon sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny confnIn n chnfor on fho
quosfIon,
3
buf In ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, onco ngnIn If Is
summnrIzod In n sIngIo sfnnzn. Of courso, fho subjocf boIng nn
Imorfnnf ono, If cros u ngnIn In ofhor confoxfs such ns In fho
dIscussIon of fho sfnfus of form or mnffor, jusf ns fho dIscussIon of
cnusnIIfy nIso bocnuso of Ifs Imorfnnco Is hnrdIy ovor vory fnr from
fho mInd of fho nufhor. Tho fncf Is howovor fhnf no mnffor how ono
qunnfIfIos fho monnIng or word vnIuo of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns, If musf rnfo rIghf nf fho fo.
of onIy nro Imorfnnf subjocfs of dIscussIon bofwoon
IuddhIsf !onIIsfs nnd fho !"#$%&'()&* donIf wIfh horo ns fhoy
hnvo boon fronfod In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny
onIy moro concIsoIy, buf ovon Imorfnnf rIncIIos of fho
Mndhynmnkn hIIosohy of nrgumonf nro onuncInfod. Tho Xfh
chnfor of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny confnIns In
fho mnIn n dIscussIon of fho roInfnroInfum honomonon, buf If nIso
rosonfs n cIonr Insfnnco of fho onuncInfIon of n sysfom of vnrInbIos
In fho foronsIc mofhodoIogy of !"#"$%&'(. ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns nIso confnIns n cIonr suggosfIon of such n sysfom. Thnf Is fo
sny, dIfforIng or vnrInbIo oIomonfs of docfrInnI or concofunI
schomos cnn bo sIoffod Info n crIfIcnI frnmowork whIch consIsfonfIy
oxosos fhom fo bo omfy nnd roInfIvo. If Is n IovoIy domonsfrnfIon
of fho crIfIcnI dInIocfIcInn's skIII.
Tho foxf Indood rosonfs fho fundnmonfnI Mndhynmnkn
nffIfudo on fho ronIIy Imorfnnf quosfIons whIch dIvIdod fho
IuddhIsf !onIIsfs from fho omorgIng IorfocfIon of WIsdom nnd
Mndhynmnkn frndIfIons. nfurnIIy, wo wouId nof wnnf fo ovorIny
fho roInfIonshI bofwoon fho IorfocfIon of WIsdom IIfornfuro nnd
fho Mndhynmnkn ns n sysfomnfIc schooI of hIIosohy. A
roInfIonshI undoubfodIy oxIsfs, buf If wouId bo n mIsfnko fo
137
nssumo fofnI consonnnco bofwoon fho fwo movomonfs. In nny cnso,
In fhIs nnd ofhor works, grjunn Is concornod wIfh orsundIng
IuddhIsf !onIIsfs fo nccof fho hIIosohy of ImfInoss, nnd fhoy
dId nof ovon nccof fho Mnhynn IorfocfIon of WIsdom dIscoursos
ns vnIId. grjunn dId nof fhoroforo nffomf fo convInco hIs
oononfs of fho vorncIfy of foxfs whIch fhoy rofusod fo
ncknowIodgo. On fho confrnry, ho sof ouf In fruo Mndhynmnkn
fnshIon fo convInco fhom of fho frufh of ImfInoss usIng fho vory
docfrInos nnd IogIcnI fooIs whIch fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs hnd como fo
nccof.
As In Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons, grjunn omhnsIzos In
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns fho oquIvnIonco of condIfIonnIIfy,
nbsonco of InfrInsIc boIng nnd ImfInoss. Thoroforo, nIfhough fho
foxf occuIos IfsoIf rImnrIIy wIfh ImfInoss, cnusnIIfy Is sfIII fho
odosfnI of fho IIInr.
In fnndom wIfh fho oxfonsIvo dIscussIon of cnusnIIfy In fho
confoxf of orIgInnfIon, cnuso nnd fho IIko Is nn IIIumInnfIng
dIscourso on fho subjocf of ncfIons Knrmn. Tho subjocf of ncfIons Is
of courso vory cIoso fo fhnf of cnusnIIfy ns If donIs wIfh fho workIng
of cnuso nnd offocf In fho confoxf of InfonfIonnI ncfIons orformod by
nn ngonf, cnII hIm n mornI ngonf If ono wIII. AgnIn, fho subjocf Is
fronfod In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny nnd fhoro If
occuIos n chnfor.
4
In Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns nIso If Is gIvon rnfhor n
Iof of nffonfIon fnkIng u, ns If doos, oIovon sfnnzns.
5
Tho
dIscussIon foIIows fhnf found In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho
MIddIo Wny vory cIosoIy. Horo nIso fho grIIng nnnIogy of fho
IIIusory omnnnfIon of fho Tnfhgnfn Is found, nnd fho cronfIvo roIo
of ImngInnfIon or monfnI fnbrIcnfIon Is oxoundod. Tho Icfuro
whIch omorgos from fhroo sfrIkIng sfnnzns whIch nonr
unInforrufod by nny nufo commonfnry
6
Is ono of n honomonnI
worId nnImnfod by ImngInnfIon, fho cronfIvo owor of conscIousnoss,
fhrough n sorIos of rojocfIons or omnnnfIons. If Is n fnscInnfIng
vIsIon nnd ono fhnf comos roffy nonr fho concofIon of fho MInd
OnIy schooI, or fo Iook furfhor n fIoId, somo of fho CnbnIIsfIc
dovoIomonfs In osoforIc JudnIsm. Of courso grjunn doos foII us
vory omhnfIcnIIy oIsowhoro In fho foxf fhnf conscIousnoss IIko
138
ovoryfhIng oIso Is omfy.
Tho Insf sfnnzn In grjunn's fronfmonf of ncfIons Is n
mnrvoIous rocnIfuInfIon of fho MIddIo Wny. AcfIons nro noIfhor
oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf, bocnuso In oIfhor cnso fhoro nro
unnccofnbIo consoquoncos for nII concornod. Tho nrgumonfs
snndwIchod Info fho sfnnzn nro oxnmIos of nrgumonfs nd
nbsurdum proeongot0/,o Iuf fho ronI nchIovomonf of fho sfnnzn
Is fho vIndIcnfIon of fho ufIIIfy of ncfIons ns Iong ns fhoy nro
consIgnod fo fho shoro of fho roInfIvo. AcfIons, If oIfhor roIfIod or
nuIIIfIod nbsoIufoIy fnII fo funcfIon In nny wny.
AgnIn fho foxf confnIns n dIscussIon of Irvnn, nnd onco
ngnIn ns In !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns, nn objocfIfIod Irvnn Is
rojocfod, nIfhough orhns nof ns fIorcoIy ns In fho Inffor. Tho
!onIIsf oononf who soos In ImfInoss n fhronf fo hIs Snmsrn
Irvnn schomo Is shown fhnf Irvnn cnn bo nofhIng ofhor fhnn
unorIgInnfod, unconsIng ImfInoss. ThIs nImosf ochoos fho words of
fho fnmous uffornnco of fho Iuddhn, "If fhoro woro nof nn unborn..."
AcfunIIy, fho dIscussIon of fho fhroo nccofod chnrncforIsfIcs of
comoundod fncfors, orIgInnfIon ofc. whIch rovIdos fho occnsIon for
much of fho dIscussIon of cnusnIIfy nIso suIIos fho koy fo fho
nnnIhIInfIon of fho dIsfIncfIon bofwoon Snmsrn nnd Irvnn.
Innsmuch ns fho chnrncforIsfIcs of fho comoundod fncfors of fho
worId of oxorIonco nro nof InusIbIo, so fhoIr oosIfos fho
uncomoundod fncfors, chIofIy Irvnn nro nIso ImossIbIo. In n
fInsh, grjunn hns gIvon fho rondor fho dIssoIufIon of fho bnsIs of
fho dIsfIncfIon bofwoon Snmsrn nnd Irvnn. Tho dIsfIncfIon
rojocfod In fho offon quofod fwo sfnnzns from Tho IoundnfIon
Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny.
?

Thoro nro mnny ofhor common fhomos fnkon u In
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. Ono moro Is fho robIom of fho
fwoIvo consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. As In !onsonIng
Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns fho rIncIIo concIusIon of fho dIscourso Is fhnf
Infordoondonf orIgInnfIon doos nof orIgInnfo. Howovor, In
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns grjunn dIrocfs hIs nrgumonfs
orhns moro oInfodIy nf fho fhoory of orIgInnfIon from nnofhor
osousod by fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs. InfrInsIc boIng or soIf oxIsfonco
137
nssumo fofnI consonnnco bofwoon fho fwo movomonfs. In nny cnso,
In fhIs nnd ofhor works, !"#"$%&'( Is concornod wIfh orsundIng
IuddhIsf !onIIsfs fo nccof fho hIIosohy of ImfInoss, nnd fhoy
dId nof ovon nccof fho )(*"+"'( IorfocfIon of WIsdom dIscoursos
ns vnIId. !"#"$%&'( dId nof fhoroforo nffomf fo convInco hIs
oononfs of fho vorncIfy of foxfs whIch fhoy rofusod fo
ncknowIodgo. On fho confrnry, ho sof ouf In fruo Mndhynmnkn
fnshIon fo convInco fhom of fho frufh of ImfInoss usIng fho vory
docfrInos nnd IogIcnI fooIs whIch fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs hnd como fo
nccof.
As In Tho !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons, !"#"$%&'( omhnsIzos In
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns fho oquIvnIonco of condIfIonnIIfy,
nbsonco of InfrInsIc boIng nnd ImfInoss. Thoroforo, nIfhough fho
foxf occuIos IfsoIf rImnrIIy wIfh ImfInoss, cnusnIIfy Is sfIII fho
odosfnI of fho IIInr.
In fnndom wIfh fho oxfonsIvo dIscussIon of cnusnIIfy In fho
confoxf of orIgInnfIon, cnuso nnd fho IIko Is nn IIIumInnfIng
dIscourso on fho subjocf of ncfIons Knrmn. Tho subjocf of ncfIons Is
of courso vory cIoso fo fhnf of cnusnIIfy ns If donIs wIfh fho workIng
of cnuso nnd offocf In fho confoxf of InfonfIonnI ncfIons orformod by
nn ngonf, cnII hIm n mornI ngonf If ono wIII. AgnIn, fho subjocf Is
fronfod In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny nnd fhoro If
occuIos n chnfor.
4
In Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns nIso If Is gIvon rnfhor n
Iof of nffonfIon fnkIng u, ns If doos, oIovon sfnnzns.
5
Tho
dIscussIon foIIows fhnf found In Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho
MIddIo Wny vory cIosoIy. Horo nIso fho grIIng nnnIogy of fho
IIIusory omnnnfIon of fho ,(-*"#(-( Is found, nnd fho cronfIvo roIo
of ImngInnfIon or monfnI fnbrIcnfIon Is oxoundod. Tho Icfuro
whIch omorgos from fhroo sfrIkIng sfnnzns whIch nonr
unInforrufod by nny nufo commonfnry
6
Is ono of n honomonnI
worId nnImnfod by ImngInnfIon, fho cronfIvo owor of conscIousnoss,
fhrough n sorIos of rojocfIons or omnnnfIons. If Is n fnscInnfIng
vIsIon nnd ono fhnf comos roffy nonr fho concofIon of fho MInd
OnIy schooI, or fo Iook furfhor n fIoId, somo of fho CnbnIIsfIc
dovoIomonfs In osoforIc JudnIsm. Of courso !"#"$%&'( doos foII us
vory omhnfIcnIIy oIsowhoro In fho foxf fhnf conscIousnoss IIko
138
ovoryfhIng oIso Is omfy.
Tho Insf sfnnzn In !"#"$%&'('s fronfmonf of ncfIons Is n
mnrvoIous rocnIfuInfIon of fho MIddIo Wny. AcfIons nro noIfhor
oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf, bocnuso In oIfhor cnso fhoro nro
unnccofnbIo consoquoncos for nII concornod. Tho nrgumonfs
snndwIchod Info fho sfnnzn nro oxnmIos of nrgumonfs nd
nbsurdum !"#$#%&#'()*# Iuf fho ronI nchIovomonf of fho sfnnzn
Is fho vIndIcnfIon of fho ufIIIfy of ncfIons ns Iong ns fhoy nro
consIgnod fo fho shoro of fho roInfIvo. AcfIons, If oIfhor roIfIod or
nuIIIfIod nbsoIufoIy fnII fo funcfIon In nny wny.
AgnIn fho foxf confnIns n dIscussIon of !.$/"0(, nnd onco
ngnIn ns In !onsonIng Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns, nn objocfIfIod !.$/"0( Is
rojocfod, nIfhough orhns nof ns fIorcoIy ns In fho Inffor. Tho
!onIIsf oononf who soos In ImfInoss n fhronf fo hIs 1(23"$(
!.$/"0( schomo Is shown fhnf !.$/"0( cnn bo nofhIng ofhor fhnn
unorIgInnfod, unconsIng ImfInoss. ThIs nImosf ochoos fho words of
fho fnmous uffornnco of fho Iuddhn, "If fhoro woro nof nn unborn..."
AcfunIIy, fho dIscussIon of fho fhroo nccofod chnrncforIsfIcs of
comoundod fncfors, orIgInnfIon ofc. whIch rovIdos fho occnsIon for
much of fho dIscussIon of cnusnIIfy nIso suIIos fho koy fo fho
nnnIhIInfIon of fho dIsfIncfIon bofwoon 1(23"$( nnd !.$/"0(.
Innsmuch ns fho chnrncforIsfIcs of fho comoundod fncfors of fho
worId of oxorIonco nro nof InusIbIo, so fhoIr oosIfos fho
uncomoundod fncfors, chIofIy !.$/"0( nro nIso ImossIbIo. In n
fInsh, !"#"$%&'( hns gIvon fho rondor fho dIssoIufIon of fho bnsIs of
fho dIsfIncfIon bofwoon 1(23"$( nnd !.$/"0(. Tho dIsfIncfIon
rojocfod In fho offon quofod fwo sfnnzns from Tho IoundnfIon
Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny.
?

Thoro nro mnny ofhor common fhomos fnkon u In
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. Ono moro Is fho robIom of fho
fwoIvo consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. As In !onsonIng
Tho SIxfy Sfnnzns fho rIncIIo concIusIon of fho dIscourso Is fhnf
Infordoondonf orIgInnfIon doos nof orIgInnfo. Howovor, In
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns !"#"$%&'( dIrocfs hIs nrgumonfs
orhns moro oInfodIy nf fho fhoory of orIgInnfIon from nnofhor
osousod by fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs. InfrInsIc boIng or soIf oxIsfonco
139
etoIl0to) Is of courso rojocfod by fho M0Jl,oni/oe ns In n sonso If
wns ovon by fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs. Tho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs cInImod n
kInd of InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos In so fnr ns wnfor Is wof whIIo fIro
Is hof ofc. Howovor, fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs hnd fo nccof fho
rIncIIo of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhnf Is "doondonf uon
fhIs, fhnf nrIsos." Tho roducfIon of fhIngs from cnuso nnd
condIfIons Is such n confrnI Ifom In IuddhIsf fonchIng fhnf If couId
nof bo Ignorod ovon by fho mosf doformInodIy nnIvo !onIIsf.
Thoroforo, If Is rocIsoIy fhIs nccofod frufh of condIfIonnIIfy fhnf
grjunn oxIoIfs fo convInco fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs fhnf
condIfIonnIIfy Is IncomnfIbIo wIfh InfrInsIc boIng. Iuf fhon whnf
nbouf oxfrInsIc boIng, fhnf Is boIng doondonf uon nnofhor
poroIl0to) ThIs rnfhor fonuous concofIon Is nIso nffnckod In Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny nnd horo In ImfInoss Tho
Sovonfy Sfnnzns, grjunn mnkos If crysfnI cIonr fhnf nnyfhIng
whIch Incks InfrInsIc boIng musf nIso nocossnrIIy Inck oxfrInsIc
boIng foo Innsmuch ns If Is ncfunIIy nonoxIsfonf. IosIdos, nnyfhIng
whIch Incks InfrInsIc boIng Is IncnnbIo of roducIng nnofhor,
bocnuso of Ifs vory nonoxIsfonco. Thoroforo, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs
nro mufunIIy doondonf, IIko fho omofIons oxorIoncod In n dronm
nnd fho dronm IfsoIf. Tho nobuIous ofhor boIng socurod by fho
convonfIonnIIy nccofod concofIon of orIgInnfIon doondonf uon
nnofhor Is fhoroforo rofufod.
grjunn fnkos u fho quosfIon of fho four orronoous vIows
whIch rocoIvos hIs nffonfIon nIso In fho Insf chnfor of Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny. Wo hnvo soon fhnf
grjunn rojocfs fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of comoundod fncfors
orIgInnfIon nnd fho IIko, buf fhoro fho objocfs of rofufnfIon nro
hIIosohIcnI, nImosf mofnhysIcnI. In fho confoxf of fho dIscussIon
of fho four orronoous vIows, fho objocfs nf sfnko nro much cIosor fo
fho roIIgIous honrf of fho common IuddhIsf rncfIfIonor. Affor nII,
fho fhroo or four chnrncforIsfIcs fnughf by fho Iuddhn wIfh fho
sfnfod uroso of frooIng ooIo from bondngo woro Imormnnonco,
sufforIng, nofsoIf nnd ImurIfy. Tho oosIfo of fhIs frufhs, for fho
unInsfrucfod nro fho four orronoous vIows, fhnf Is ormnnonco,
hnInoss, soIf nnd urIfy. Tho four chnrncforIsfIcs of fho worId,
140
Imormnnonco nnd fho IIko woro obvIousIy gronf fnvorIfos wIfh fho
IuddhIsf !onIIsfs. Tho Thornvdn of SrI !nnkn sfIII mnkos n gronf
donI of fhom, nIfhough In ChInn, fhoy woro frnnsmufod nImosf fo
fho oInf of obscurIfy. ofwIfhsfnndIng fhIs dovoIomonf In fho fnr
onsf, fho fncf romnIns fhnf fho four chnrncforIsfIcs, nrfIcuInrIy, wo
wouId suggosf, Imormnnonco nnd nofsoIf romnIn mnInsfnys of
bnsIc IuddhIsf frnInIng. Moroovor, n cnso cnn bo nnd Is mndo by fho
IndoTIbofnn Mnhynn frndIfIon In fnvour of fho Imorfnnco of
Imormnnonco nnd nofsoIf ns koys fo fho vIsIon of ImfInoss.
grjunn howovor, ImmodInfoIy sfruck by fho bInfnnfIy dInIocfIcnI
nnfuro of fho four orronoous vIows nnd fhoIr oosIfos, fho four
chnrncforIsfIcs, dId nof hosIfnfo fo rojocf fhom ns roInfIvo nnd
omfy. AgnIn In fhIs fhoro Is ovIdonco of grjunn nnd fho
M0Jl,oni/oe wIIIIngnoss fo dIsonso ovon wIfh chorIshod roIIgIous
frufhs. Tho cnso of fho Mndhynmnkn fronfmonf of Irvnn hns
nIrondy boon dIscussod, nnd ovon fho four nobIo frufhs nro roIognfod
fo fho sfnfus of convonIonf oxodIonf for InsfrucfIng fho
unonIIghfonod.
Tho foxf nIso confnIns n Iongfhy nnd dofnIIod oxnmInnfIon of
fho nggrognfos of form nnd fho IIko ns woII ns fho sonso shoros,
0,o/ono) whIch nrnIIoIs fho fronfmonf of fho subjocf In fwo
chnfors of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny.
8
In fncf, n
sfnnzn from fho mngnum ous Is quofod vorbnfIm In fho Inffor
sfngos of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns.
9
AgnIn fho dIscussIon
fouchos uon fho nIfornnfIvos of InfrInsIc nnd oxfrInsIc boIng
nIIudod fo boforo. AIfhough fho sfnnzns nnd nufocommonfnry whIch
fronf fhoso Issuos nro rnfhor fochnIcnI, fhoy yIoId somo vory
vnIunbIo InsIghfs Info fho rndIcnI nnd rIgorous nnfuro of fho
Mndhynmnkn doconsfrucfIon of fho nccofod nfforns of orcofIon.
grjunn rocoods fo dIscuss nf somo Iongfh nnofhor ono of
fho fIvo nggrognfos of nrfIcuInr sIgnIfIcnnco. If Is conscIousnoss.
Tho Mndhynmnkn sfnndoInf ns ono mIghf oxocf rognrds
conscIousnoss ns omfy Innsmuch ns If Is condIfIonod or
doondonfIy orIgInnfod. onofhoIoss, grjunn's fronfmonf of fho
foIc Is rococIous bocnuso If nnfIcInfos In Ifs ossonfInIs much of
fho Mndhynmnkn oIomIc ngnInsf fho Infor nnd moro docfrInnIro
139
!"#$%&"#!"Is of courso rojocfod by fho '&(%)#*+,#! ns In n sonso If
wns ovon by fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs. Tho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs cInImod n
kInd of InfrInsIc boIng of onfIfIos In so fnr ns wnfor Is wof whIIo fIro
Is hof ofc. Howovor, fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs hnd fo nccof fho
rIncIIo of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, fhnf Is "doondonf uon
fhIs, fhnf nrIsos." Tho roducfIon of fhIngs from cnuso nnd
condIfIons Is such n confrnI Ifom In IuddhIsf fonchIng fhnf If couId
nof bo Ignorod ovon by fho mosf doformInodIy nnIvo !onIIsf.
Thoroforo, If Is rocIsoIy fhIs nccofod frufh of condIfIonnIIfy fhnf
#$%$&'()* oxIoIfs fo convInco fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs fhnf
condIfIonnIIfy Is IncomnfIbIo wIfh InfrInsIc boIng. Iuf fhon whnf
nbouf oxfrInsIc boIng, fhnf Is boIng doondonf uon nnofhor
-#.#$%&"#! ThIs rnfhor fonuous concofIon Is nIso nffnckod In Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny nnd horo In ImfInoss Tho
Sovonfy Sfnnzns, #$%$&'()* mnkos If crysfnI cIonr fhnf nnyfhIng
whIch Incks InfrInsIc boIng musf nIso nocossnrIIy Inck oxfrInsIc
boIng foo Innsmuch ns If Is ncfunIIy nonoxIsfonf. IosIdos, nnyfhIng
whIch Incks InfrInsIc boIng Is IncnnbIo of roducIng nnofhor,
bocnuso of Ifs vory nonoxIsfonco. Thoroforo, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs
nro mufunIIy doondonf, IIko fho omofIons oxorIoncod In n dronm
nnd fho dronm IfsoIf. Tho nobuIous ofhor boIng socurod by fho
convonfIonnIIy nccofod concofIon of orIgInnfIon doondonf uon
nnofhor Is fhoroforo rofufod.
#$%$&'()* fnkos u fho quosfIon of fho four orronoous vIows
whIch rocoIvos hIs nffonfIon nIso In fho Insf chnfor of Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny. Wo hnvo soon fhnf
#$%$&'()* rojocfs fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of comoundod fncfors
orIgInnfIon nnd fho IIko, buf fhoro fho objocfs of rofufnfIon nro
hIIosohIcnI, nImosf mofnhysIcnI. In fho confoxf of fho dIscussIon
of fho four orronoous vIows, fho objocfs nf sfnko nro much cIosor fo
fho roIIgIous honrf of fho common IuddhIsf rncfIfIonor. Affor nII,
fho fhroo or four chnrncforIsfIcs fnughf by fho Iuddhn wIfh fho
sfnfod uroso of frooIng ooIo from bondngo woro Imormnnonco,
sufforIng, nofsoIf nnd ImurIfy. Tho oosIfo of fhIs frufhs, for fho
unInsfrucfod nro fho four orronoous vIows, fhnf Is ormnnonco,
hnInoss, soIf nnd urIfy. Tho four chnrncforIsfIcs of fho worId,
140
Imormnnonco nnd fho IIko woro obvIousIy gronf fnvorIfos wIfh fho
IuddhIsf !onIIsfs. Tho +,-&*.$/* of 0&1 !nnkn sfIII mnkos n gronf
donI of fhom, nIfhough In ChInn, fhoy woro frnnsmufod nImosf fo
fho oInf of obscurIfy. ofwIfhsfnndIng fhIs dovoIomonf In fho fnr
onsf, fho fncf romnIns fhnf fho four chnrncforIsfIcs, nrfIcuInrIy, wo
wouId suggosf, Imormnnonco nnd nofsoIf romnIn mnInsfnys of
bnsIc IuddhIsf frnInIng. Moroovor, n cnso cnn bo nnd Is mndo by fho
IndoTIbofnn 2*,$3$)* frndIfIon In fnvour of fho Imorfnnco of
Imormnnonco nnd nofsoIf ns koys fo fho vIsIon of ImfInoss.
#$%$&'()* howovor, ImmodInfoIy sfruck by fho bInfnnfIy dInIocfIcnI
nnfuro of fho four orronoous vIows nnd fhoIr oosIfos, fho four
chnrncforIsfIcs, dId nof hosIfnfo fo rojocf fhom ns roInfIvo nnd
omfy. AgnIn In fhIs fhoro Is ovIdonco of #$%$&'()* nnd fho
'&(%)#*+,#! wIIIIngnoss fo dIsonso ovon wIfh chorIshod roIIgIous
frufhs. Tho cnso of fho Mndhynmnkn fronfmonf of #1&.$4* hns
nIrondy boon dIscussod, nnd ovon fho four nobIo frufhs nro roIognfod
fo fho sfnfus of convonIonf oxodIonf for InsfrucfIng fho
unonIIghfonod.
Tho foxf nIso confnIns n Iongfhy nnd dofnIIod oxnmInnfIon of
fho nggrognfos of form nnd fho IIko ns woII ns fho sonso shoros,
&)#/#0#! whIch nrnIIoIs fho fronfmonf of fho subjocf In fwo
chnfors of Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny.
8
In fncf, n
sfnnzn from fho mngnum ous Is quofod vorbnfIm In fho Inffor
sfngos of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns.
9
AgnIn fho dIscussIon
fouchos uon fho nIfornnfIvos of InfrInsIc nnd oxfrInsIc boIng
nIIudod fo boforo. AIfhough fho sfnnzns nnd nufocommonfnry whIch
fronf fhoso Issuos nro rnfhor fochnIcnI, fhoy yIoId somo vory
vnIunbIo InsIghfs Info fho rndIcnI nnd rIgorous nnfuro of fho
Mndhynmnkn doconsfrucfIon of fho nccofod nfforns of orcofIon.
#$%$&'()* rocoods fo dIscuss nf somo Iongfh nnofhor ono of
fho fIvo nggrognfos of nrfIcuInr sIgnIfIcnnco. If Is conscIousnoss.
Tho Mndhynmnkn sfnndoInf ns ono mIghf oxocf rognrds
conscIousnoss ns omfy Innsmuch ns If Is condIfIonod or
doondonfIy orIgInnfod. onofhoIoss, #$%$&'()*'s fronfmonf of fho
foIc Is rococIous bocnuso If nnfIcInfos In Ifs ossonfInIs much of
fho Mndhynmnkn oIomIc ngnInsf fho Infor nnd moro docfrInnIro
141
schooI of fho MInd OnIy frndIfIon. Is If fhnf fhoro wns nIrondy n
gormInnI schooI or nf Ionsf n subforrnnonn curronf of oInIon
nffIrmIng fho ronI oxIsfonco of conscIousnoss Or, dId grjunn
sImIy nnfIcInfo fho roIo fhnf nn nggrognfo ns confrnI ns
conscIousnoss wouId como fo Iny In IuddhIsf hIIosohy Affor nII,
ovon fho Iuddhn hnd ImIIcIfIy rocognIzod fho fncf fhnf
conscIousnoss mIghf woII bo mIsfnkon for fho soIf.
Tho consIdornfIon of conscIousnoss nnfurnIIy Ionds grjunn
fo fnko u nIso fho foIc of rImnry monfnI funcfIons, In fhIs cnso
ImngInnfIon vIknIn). Wo orsIsf In frnnsInfIng fho orIgInnI form by
ImngInnfIon In fho IngIIsh, nIfhough somo of our ncndomIc coIIogos
soom fo rofor concofunIIznfIon or nny ono of n vnrIofy of
nIfornnfIvos. ConcofunIIznfIon nonrs fo us fo bo foo corobrnI. Tho
TIbofnn rondorIng of vIknIn covors ovoryfhIng from rnnk
suorsfIfIon, fo dooIy IngrnInod hnbIfs of oxorIonco IIko fho
subjocfobjocf oInrIfy, fo mofnhysIcnI fhoorIos. Onco ngnIn,
grjunn's dIscussIon of ImngInnfIon Is IIIumInnfIng nrfIcuInrIy In
vIow of fho Inco whIch ImngInnfIon occuIos In, for Insfnnco, fho
works of Asnngn nnd Vnsubnndhu. ImngInnfIon obvIousIy rocoIvos
fho snmo dovnsfnfIng crIfIquo ns do fho ofhor roosIfIons rovIowod
In fho foxf.
Tho concIudIng orfIons of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns
nro InrgoIy concornod wIfh n summIng u of fho bnsIc rIncIIos
osfnbIIshod fhroughouf fho body of fho work. Tho Imorfnnco of fho
dovIco of fho fwo frufhs Is ngnIn roIfornfod. Tho ordor of fho worId
ns If Is oxrossod In convonfIonnI usngo, or fho nnronf frufh Is
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Tho uIfImnfo ronIIfy, Is ImfInoss. Tho
fwo nro nof confrndIcfory buf comIImonf onch ofhor funcfIonIng
fogofhor fo suIy n crIfIcnI mochnnIsm for nchIovIng IIbornfIon.
Tho foxf of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns wns frnnsInfod
by mo nnd my nssocInfos mnny yonrs ngo nf n fImo whon I wns
IncIInod fo ndof n rnfhor sfrIcf nnd IIfornI nronch fo fho fnsk of
frnnsInfIon from fho TIbofnn. Wo hnvo, for fho urosos of fhIs book,
somowhnf modIfIod fho moro oxfromo ocuIInrIfIos of sfyIo whIch
hnd nonrod In fho IngIIsh frnnsInfIon, buf, by nnd Inrgo, wo hnvo
nof nffomfod n whoIo scnIo rofrnnsInfIon of fho work. Tho sfnnzns
142
ns woII ns fho commonfnry fhoroforo romnIn quIfo fnIfhfuI fo fho
orIgInnI foxf, nnd fhIs mny somofImos cronfo n sIIghfIy nwkwnrd
nffocf for fho rondor. Wo oncourngo hIm fo orsovoro howovor,
bocnuso whIIo fho foxf, Is nckod wIfh oxfromoIy donso dIscussIon of
Imorfnnf fhomos In n cryfIc sfyIo, sfIII, If ono onfors Info fho sIrIf
of grjunn's rojocf, ono cnn fInd ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns vory rownrdIng Indood. In fncf, ovon fho dry dInIocfIcs of fho
foxf ossoss nn IrrosIsfIbIo nonI fo nnyono gIffod wIfh n
hIIosohIcnI sonso of humor. Wo musf ndmIf fhnf ovon nffor mnny
yonrs of workIng on fho foxf, fhoro nro sfIII nssngos whoro
grjunn's roIonfIoss nnd InoxornbIo domoIIfIon of oInIons nnd
vIows cnusos us fo Inugh ouf Ioud.
Ono Insf word nbouf fho oronnInI robIom of dIsfInguIshIng
fho rocrIfIcnI from fho osfcrIfIcnI hnsos of oIomIcnI works IIko
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. To uf If moro sImIy, If Is
Imorfnnf fhnf ono know who Is snyIng whnf ns fho vIows of fho
MdhynmIkn's oononfs rocoIvo nImosf ns much snco ns fhoso of
fho MdhynmIkn hImsoIf. Wo hnvo nvoIdod fho rncfIco of ovorfIy
mnrkIng fho oInIons of fho oononf wIfh somo such word ns
objocfIon nnd fho MdhynmIkn's roforf by roIy or ono of Ifs
nIfornnfIvos. Tho nufocommonfnry usos n sfock formuIn fo IndIcnfo
onch of fhoso. If usos "Horo If Is snId", "Horo If Is nskod" or "Horo If
mny bo fhoughf" fo Infroduco objocfIons or oInIons hoId by fho
Mndhynmnkn's oononfs. On fho ofhor hnnd, fho nufocommonfnry
InvnrInbIy usos, "Horo If Is oxInInod" fo Infroduco fho MdhynmIkn
vorsIon of fhIngs. If fho rondor bonrs fhIs In mInd nnd hns nn oyo for
fho nnfurnI nnd IogIcnI drIff of fho dIscussIon, ho shouId nof hnvo
nny mnjor robIoms In knowIng whoro fho nrgumonf sfnnds nf nny
gIvon oInf.
141
schooI of fho MInd OnIy frndIfIon. Is If fhnf fhoro wns nIrondy n
gormInnI schooI or nf Ionsf n subforrnnonn curronf of oInIon
nffIrmIng fho ronI oxIsfonco of conscIousnoss Or, dId !"#"$%&'(
sImIy nnfIcInfo fho roIo fhnf nn nggrognfo ns confrnI ns
conscIousnoss wouId como fo Iny In IuddhIsf hIIosohy Affor nII,
ovon fho Iuddhn hnd ImIIcIfIy rocognIzod fho fncf fhnf
conscIousnoss mIghf woII bo mIsfnkon for fho soIf.
Tho consIdornfIon of conscIousnoss nnfurnIIy Ionds !"#"$%&'(
fo fnko u nIso fho foIc of rImnry monfnI funcfIons, In fhIs cnso
ImngInnfIon vIknIn). Wo orsIsf In frnnsInfIng fho orIgInnI form by
ImngInnfIon In fho IngIIsh, nIfhough somo of our ncndomIc coIIogos
soom fo rofor concofunIIznfIon or nny ono of n vnrIofy of
nIfornnfIvos. ConcofunIIznfIon nonrs fo us fo bo foo corobrnI. Tho
TIbofnn rondorIng of vIknIn covors ovoryfhIng from rnnk
suorsfIfIon, fo dooIy IngrnInod hnbIfs of oxorIonco IIko fho
subjocfobjocf oInrIfy, fo mofnhysIcnI fhoorIos. Onco ngnIn,
!"#"$%&'('s dIscussIon of ImngInnfIon Is IIIumInnfIng nrfIcuInrIy In
vIow of fho Inco whIch ImngInnfIon occuIos In, for Insfnnco, fho
works of Asn*gn nnd Vnsubnndhu. ImngInnfIon obvIousIy rocoIvos
fho snmo dovnsfnfIng crIfIquo ns do fho ofhor roosIfIons rovIowod
In fho foxf.
Tho concIudIng orfIons of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns
nro InrgoIy concornod wIfh n summIng u of fho bnsIc rIncIIos
osfnbIIshod fhroughouf fho body of fho work. Tho Imorfnnco of fho
dovIco of fho fwo frufhs Is ngnIn roIfornfod. Tho ordor of fho worId
ns If Is oxrossod In convonfIonnI usngo, or fho nnronf frufh Is
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon. Tho uIfImnfo ronIIfy, Is ImfInoss. Tho
fwo nro nof confrndIcfory buf comIImonf onch ofhor funcfIonIng
fogofhor fo suIy n crIfIcnI mochnnIsm for nchIovIng IIbornfIon.
Tho foxf of ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns wns frnnsInfod
by mo nnd my nssocInfos mnny yonrs ngo nf n fImo whon I wns
IncIInod fo ndof n rnfhor sfrIcf nnd IIfornI nronch fo fho fnsk of
frnnsInfIon from fho TIbofnn. Wo hnvo, for fho urosos of fhIs book,
somowhnf modIfIod fho moro oxfromo ocuIInrIfIos of sfyIo whIch
hnd nonrod In fho IngIIsh frnnsInfIon, buf, by nnd Inrgo, wo hnvo
nof nffomfod n whoIo scnIo rofrnnsInfIon of fho work. Tho sfnnzns
142
ns woII ns fho commonfnry fhoroforo romnIn quIfo fnIfhfuI fo fho
orIgInnI foxf, nnd fhIs mny somofImos cronfo n sIIghfIy nwkwnrd
nffocf for fho rondor. Wo oncourngo hIm fo orsovoro howovor,
bocnuso whIIo fho foxf, Is nckod wIfh oxfromoIy donso dIscussIon of
Imorfnnf fhomos In n cryfIc sfyIo, sfIII, If ono onfors Info fho sIrIf
of !"#"$%&'('s rojocf, ono cnn fInd ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy
Sfnnzns vory rownrdIng Indood. In fncf, ovon fho dry dInIocfIcs of fho
foxf ossoss nn IrrosIsfIbIo nonI fo nnyono gIffod wIfh n
hIIosohIcnI sonso of humor. Wo musf ndmIf fhnf ovon nffor mnny
yonrs of workIng on fho foxf, fhoro nro sfIII nssngos whoro
!"#"$%&'('s roIonfIoss nnd InoxornbIo domoIIfIon of oInIons nnd
vIows cnusos us fo Inugh ouf Ioud.
Ono Insf word nbouf fho oronnInI robIom of dIsfInguIshIng
fho rocrIfIcnI from fho osfcrIfIcnI hnsos of oIomIcnI works IIko
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns. To uf If moro sImIy, If Is
Imorfnnf fhnf ono know who Is snyIng whnf ns fho vIows of fho
+",-.(/01('s oononfs rocoIvo nImosf ns much snco ns fhoso of
fho M"dhynmIkn hImsoIf. Wo hnvo nvoIdod fho rncfIco of ovorfIy
mnrkIng fho oInIons of fho oononf wIfh somo such word ns
objocfIon nnd fho M"dhynmIkn's roforf by roIy or ono of Ifs
nIfornnfIvos. Tho nufocommonfnry usos n sfock formuIn fo IndIcnfo
onch of fhoso. If usos "Horo If Is snId"2 "Horo If Is nskod" or "Horo If
mny bo fhoughf" fo Infroduco objocfIons or oInIons hoId by fho
Mndhynmnkn's oononfs. On fho ofhor hnnd, fho nufocommonfnry
InvnrInbIy usos, "Horo If Is oxInInod" fo Infroduco fho M"dhynmIkn
vorsIon of fhIngs. If fho rondor bonrs fhIs In mInd nnd hns nn oyo for
fho nnfurnI nnd IogIcnI drIff of fho dIscussIon, ho shouId nof hnvo
nny mnjor robIoms In knowIng whoro fho nrgumonf sfnnds nf nny
gIvon oInf.
143

Section Two


I. urnfIon, orIgInnfIon, dosfrucfIon, oxIsfonco, nonoxIsfonco,
InforIorIfy, modIocrIfy nnd suorIorIfy woro fnughf by fho Iuddhn In
nccord wIfh convonfIonnI usngo, nof by fho owor of fho ronI.

II. Thoro Is nof nnyfhIng whIch corrosonds fo fho oxrossIons nof
soIf, nof nofsoIf, bofh soIf nnd nofsoIf bocnuso nII fncfors whIch
cnn bo sokon of nro IIko 5/"7#'& In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng omfy.

III. SInco fho InfrInsIc boIng of nII onfIfIos doos nof oxIsf In fho
cnuso nnd condIfIons, oIfhor fogofhor or sonrnfoIy, or In nny wny,
fhoroforo fhoy nro omfy.

IV. Tho oxIsfonf doos nof orIgInnfo, bocnuso If Is oxIsfonf. Tho non
oxIsfonf doos nof orIgInnfo bocnuso If Is nonoxIsfonf. Tho oxIsfonf
nnd nonoxIsfonf nIso doos nof orIgInnfo bocnuso fhoy nro
hoforogonoous. Iocnuso fhoro Is no orIgInnfIon fhoro Is no durnfIon
nnd no dosfrucfIon.

V. Tho orIgInnfod Is nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod. Tho
unorIgInnfod Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod. Tho objocf nf
fho fImo of orIgInnfIon Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod,
bocnuso If wouId bo orIgInnfod nnd unorIgInnfod.

VI. If fho offocf Is oxIsfonf, fho cnuso wIII ossoss fho offocf. If non
oxIsfonf, fho cnuso wIII bo oqunI fo n noncnuso. If noIfhor oxIsfonf
nor nonoxIsfonf, If Is confrndIcfory, nor ngnIn Is n cnuso jusfIfIod In
fho fhroo fImos.

144
VII. WIfhouf ono, mnny doos nof occur. WIfhouf mnny, ono doos nof
occur. Thoroforo, InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod onfIfIos nro wIfhouf
sIgns.

VIII. Tho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon whIch
ossoss fho offocf of sufforIng do nof orIgInnfo, ns fhoy nro noIfhor
jusfIfIod In ono momonf of conscIousnoss, nor In n sorIos of momonfs
of conscIousnoss.

IX. Imormnnonco Is fho nognfIon of ormnnonco. ofsoIf Is fho
nognfIon of soIf. ImurIfy Is fho nognfIon of urIfy, nnd sufforIng Is
fho nognfIon of hnInoss. Thoroforo, fhoro nro no orronoous vIows.

X. WIfhouf fhom, fhoro Is no Ignornnco orIgInnfod from fho four
orronoous vIows. WIfhouf If, voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo nor In fho
snmo wny do fho romnInIng consfIfuonfs.

XI. WIfhouf voIIfIons, Ignornnco doos nof orIgInnfo. WIfhouf If
Ignornnco voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo. SInco fhoy nro mufunIIy
cnusod, fhoy nro nof osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.

XII. How cnn whnf Is IfsoIf nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng
roduco nnofhor Thus nnofhor condIfIon whIch Is nof osfnbIIshod
Is nof whnf cnusos fho orIgInnfIon of nnofhor.

XIII. Tho fnfhor Is nof fho son, nor Is fho son fho fnfhor, nor do fhoy
oxIsf wIfhouf mufunI doondonco, nor nro fhoy IdonfIcnI nnd so nIso
fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs.

XIV. oIfhor fho hnInoss nnd sufforIng whIch doond uon nn
objocf In n dronm, nor fhnf objocf nro oxIsfonf. SImIInrIy, noIfhor
fhnf whIch orIgInnfos doondonfIy, nor fhnf uon whIch If doonds
nro oxIsfonf.

XV. If onfIfIos nro nof oxIsfonf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, noIfhor
InforIorIfy, modIocrIfy nor suorIorIfy, nor fho mnnIfoId objocfs of
143
!
!
Section Two

!
!
"#! $%&'()*+,! *&)-)+'()*+,! ./0(&%1()*+,! /2)0(/+1/,! +*+3/2)0(/+1/,!
)+4/&)*&)(5,!6/.)*1&)(5!'+.!0%7/&)*&)(5!8/&/!('%-9(!:5!(9/!;%..9'!)+!
'11*&.!8)(9!1*+</+()*+'=!%0'-/,!+*(!:5!(9/!7*8/&!*4!(9/!&/'=#!
!
""#!>9/&/!)0!+*(!'+5(9)+-!89)19!1*&&/07*+.0!(*!(9/!/27&/00)*+0?!+*(3
0/=4,! +*(! +*(30/=4,! :*(9! 0/=4! '+.! +*(30/=4! @:/1'%0/A! '==! 4'1(*&0! 89)19!
1'+!:/!07*B/+!*4!'&/!3!=)B/!!"#$%&'!3!)+!(9/)&!)+(&)+0)1!:/)+-!/67(5#!
!
"""#! C)+1/! (9/! )+(&)+0)1! :/)+-! *4! '==! /+()()/0! .*/0! +*(! /2)0(! )+! (9/!
1'%0/! '+.! 1*+.)()*+0,! /)(9/&! (*-/(9/&! *&! 0/7'&'(/=5,! *&! )+! '+5! 8'5,!
(9/&/4*&/!(9/5!'&/!/67(5#!
!
"D#!>9/!/2)0(/+(!.*/0!+*(!*&)-)+'(/,!:/1'%0/!)(!)0!/2)0(/+(#!>9/!+*+3
/2)0(/+(!.*/0!+*(!@*&)-)+'(/A!:/1'%0/!)(!)0!+*+3/2)0(/+(#!>9/!/2)0(/+(!
'+.! +*+3/2)0(/+(! '=0*! .*/0! +*(! @*&)-)+'(/A! :/1'%0/! (9/5! '&/!
9/(/&*-/+/*%0#!;/1'%0/!(9/&/!)0!+*!*&)-)+'()*+!(9/&/!)0!+*!.%&'()*+!
'+.!+*!./0(&%1()*+#!
!
D#! >9/! *&)-)+'(/.! )0! +*(! (9/! *:E/1(! (*! :/! *&)-)+'(/.#! >9/!
%+*&)-)+'(/.! )0! '=0*! +*(! (9/! *:E/1(! (*! :/! *&)-)+'(/.#! >9/! @*:E/1(A! '(!
(9/! ()6/! *4! *&)-)+'()*+! )0! '=0*! +*(! (9/! *:E/1(! (*! :/! *&)-)+'(/.,!
:/1'%0/!)(!8*%=.!:/!*&)-)+'(/.!'+.!%+*&)-)+'(/.#!
!
D"#!"4!(9/!/44/1(!)0!/2)0(/+(,!(9/!1'%0/!8)==!7*00/00!(9/!/44/1(#!"4!+*+3
/2)0(/+(,! (9/! 1'%0/! 8)==! :/! /F%'=! (*! '! +*+31'%0/#! "4! +/)(9/&! /2)0(/+(!
+*&!+*+3/2)0(/+(,!)(!)0!1*+(&'.)1(*&5,!+*&!'-')+!)0!'!1'%0/!E%0()4)/.!)+!
(9/!(9&//!()6/0#!
!
144
D""#!G)(9*%(!*+/,!6'+5!.*/0!+*(!*11%&#!G)(9*%(!6'+5,!*+/!.*/0!+*(!
*11%&#! >9/&/4*&/,! )+(/&./7/+./+(=5! *&)-)+'(/.! /+()()/0! '&/! 8)(9*%(!
0)-+0#!
!
D"""#! >9/! (8/=</! 1*+0()(%/+(0! *4! "+(/&./7/+./+(! H&)-)+'()*+! 89)19!
7*00/00! (9/! /44/1(! *4! 0%44/&)+-! .*! +*(! *&)-)+'(/,! '0! (9/5! '&/! +/)(9/&!
E%0()4)/.!)+!*+/!6*6/+(!*4!1*+01)*%0+/00,!+*&!)+!'!0/&)/0!*4!6*6/+(0!
*4!1*+01)*%0+/00#!
!
"I#! "67/&6'+/+1/! )0! (9/! +/-'()*+! *4! 7/&6'+/+1/#! J*(30/=4! )0! (9/!
+/-'()*+!*4!0/=4#!"67%&)(5!)0!(9/!+/-'()*+!*4!7%&)(5,!'+.!0%44/&)+-!)0!
(9/!+/-'()*+!*4!9'77)+/00#!>9/&/4*&/,!(9/&/!'&/!+*!/&&*+/*%0!<)/80#!
!
I#! G)(9*%(! (9/6,! (9/&/! )0! +*! )-+*&'+1/! *&)-)+'(/.! 4&*6! (9/! 4*%&!
/&&*+/*%0! <)/80#! G)(9*%(! )(,! <*=)()*+0! .*! +*(! *&)-)+'(/! +*&! )+! (9/!
0'6/!8'5!.*!(9/!&/6')+)+-!@1*+0()(%/+(0A#!
!
I"#! G)(9*%(! <*=)()*+0,! )-+*&'+1/! .*/0! +*(! *&)-)+'(/#! G)(9*%(! )(!
@)-+*&'+1/A! <*=)()*+0! .*! +*(! *&)-)+'(/#! C)+1/! (9/5! '&/! 6%(%'==5!
1'%0/.,!(9/5!'&/!+*(!/0(':=)09/.!)+!(9/)&!)+(&)+0)1!:/)+-#!
!
I""#! K*8! 1'+! 89'(! )0! )(0/=4! +*(! /0(':=)09/.! )+! )(0! )+(&)+0)1! :/)+-!
7&*.%1/! '+*(9/&L! ! >9%0! '+*(9/&! 1*+.)()*+! 89)19! )0! +*(! /0(':=)09/.!
)0!+*(!89'(!1'%0/0!(9/!*&)-)+'()*+!*4!'+*(9/&#!
!
I"""#!>9/!4'(9/&!)0!+*(!(9/!0*+,!+*&!)0!(9/!0*+!(9/!4'(9/&,!+*&!.*!(9/5!
/2)0(!8)(9*%(!6%(%'=!./7/+./+1/,!+*&!'&/!(9/5!)./+()1'=!'+.!0*!'=0*!
(9/!(8/=</!1*+0()(%/+(0#!
!
I"D#! J/)(9/&! (9/! 9'77)+/00! '+.! 0%44/&)+-! 89)19! ./7/+.! %7*+! '+!
*:E/1(! )+! '! .&/'6,! +*&! (9'(! *:E/1(! '&/! /2)0(/+(#! C)6)='&=5,! +/)(9/&!
(9'(! 89)19! *&)-)+'(/0! ./7/+./+(=5,! +*&! (9'(! %7*+! 89)19! )(! ./7/+.0!
'&/!/2)0(/+(#!
!
ID#! "4! /+()()/0! '&/! +*(! /2)0(/+(! )+! (9/)&! )+(&)+0)1! :/)+-,! +/)(9/&!
)+4/&)*&)(5,! 6/.)*1&)(5! +*&! 0%7/&)*&)(5,! +*&! (9/! 6'+)4*=.! ! @*:E/1(0! *4!
145
oxorIonco nro osfnbIIshod, nor wIII fhoro bo nnyfhIng osfnbIIshod
from n cnuso.

XVI. If InfrInsIc boIng woro osfnbIIshod, n doondonf onfIfy wouId
nof occur. Iuf wIfhouf doondonco, how doos nn onfIfy oxIsf
WIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng nn onfIfy doos nof occur nnd wIfh InfrInsIc
boIng nn onfIfy cnnnof bo dosfroyod.

XVII. In whnf Is nonoxIsfonf, how nro InfrInsIc boIng, oxfrInsIc
boIng nnd boIng ossIbIo Thoroforo, InfrInsIc boIng, oxfrInsIc boIng
nnd nonboIng nro orronoous.

XVIII. If onfIfIos nro omfy, fhoy cnn noIfhor conso nor orIgInnfo.
How cnn whnf Is omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng oIfhor conso or
orIgInnfo

XIX. IoIng nnd non boIng nro nof IdonfIcnI. WIfhouf nonboIng,
fhoro Is no boIng. IoIng nnd nonboIng wIII nIwnys occur. WIfhouf
boIng, nonboIng doos nof nrIso.

XX. WIfhouf boIng, fhoro Is no nonboIng. IoIng Is nof orIgInnfod
from IfsoIf nnd nof orIgInnfod from nnofhor. Thus, fhoro Is no
boIng, nnd wIfhouf If, fhoro Is no nonboIng.

XXI. If boIng woro jusf oxIsfonf, If wouId bo ormnnonf. If If woro
nonoxIsfonf, If wouId suroIy bo nnnIhIInfod. If boIng woro oxIsfonf,
If wouId bo bofh fhoso fwo. Thoroforo, boIng Is nof nccofod.

XXII. Iocnuso of confInuIfy, fhoso consoquoncos do nof oxIsf. An
onfIfy consos fo oxIsf whon If hns Imnrfod n cnuso fo nn offocf.
Jusf ns boforo, fhIs Is nof osfnbIIshod. Iurfhor, fho fnuIf of
InforrufIng fho confInuIfy wIII occur.

XXIII. Through sooIng orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon, fho nfh fo
5/"7#'& wns domonsfrnfod, nof by monns of ImfInoss. Thoso nro
soon, bocnuso fhoy nro mufunIIy confrndIcfory nnd so nro concoIvod
146
ns such.

XXIV. If noIfhor orIgInnfIon nor cossnfIon nro oxIsfonf, fho cossnfIon
of whnf Is 5/"7#'& Is nof whnf Is In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng noIfhor
orIgInnfod nor consos IIbornfIon

XXV. If 5/"7#'& woro cossnfIon, If wouId bo nnnIhIInfIon. If If woro
suosod fo bo ofhorwIso, If wouId bo ormnnonco. Thoroforo
5/"7#'& Is noIfhor boIng nor nonboIng. If Is such ns Is noIfhor
orIgInnfod nor ngnIn consos.

XXVI. If nny cossnfIon woro oxIsfonf, If wouId occur ovon wIfhouf
boIng. WIfhouf boIng, If cossnfIon Is nIso nonoxIsfonf. AgnIn,
wIfhouf nonboIng, If Is nonoxIsfonf.

XXVII. Tho chnrncforIsfIc Is osfnbIIshod by fho subsfrnfum of
fho chnrncforIsfIc. Tho subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc Is
osfnbIIshod by fho chnrncforIsfIc, buf fhoy nro nof osfnbIIshod
IndoondonfIy, nor nro fhoy osfnbIIshod by ono nnofhor. Whnf Is nof
osfnbIIshod Is nof fhnf whIch osfnbIIshos nnofhor whIch Is nof
osfnbIIshod.

XXVIII. Iy fhIs nnnIysIs, cnuso nnd offocf, oxorIonco nnd fho
subjocf of oxorIonco ofc., ns woII ns fho subjocf nnd objocf of vIsIon
ofc., whnf so ovor mny oxIsf nro nII oxInInod wIfhouf oxcofIon.

XXIX. Tho fhroo fImos nro nonoxIsfonf nnd nro moro ImngInnfIon,
bocnuso fhoy nro nonondurIng, nro rocIrocnIIy osfnbIIshod,
dIsordorod, nof osfnbIIshod IndoondonfIy nnd bocnuso nn onfIfy Is
nonoxIsfonf.

XXX. Iocnuso fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of fho comoundod fncfors
orIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro nonoxIsfonf, fhoroforo
fho comoundod fncfors nnd fho uncomoundod fncfors nro nof nf
nII oxIsfonf.

145
oxorIonco nro osfnbIIshod, nor wIII fhoro bo nnyfhIng osfnbIIshod
from n cnuso.

XVI. If InfrInsIc boIng woro osfnbIIshod, n doondonf onfIfy wouId
nof occur. Iuf wIfhouf doondonco, how doos nn onfIfy oxIsf
WIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng nn onfIfy doos nof occur nnd wIfh InfrInsIc
boIng nn onfIfy cnnnof bo dosfroyod.

XVII. In whnf Is nonoxIsfonf, how nro InfrInsIc boIng, oxfrInsIc
boIng nnd boIng ossIbIo Thoroforo, InfrInsIc boIng, oxfrInsIc boIng
nnd nonboIng nro orronoous.

XVIII. If onfIfIos nro omfy, fhoy cnn noIfhor conso nor orIgInnfo.
How cnn whnf Is omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng oIfhor conso or
orIgInnfo

XIX. IoIng nnd non boIng nro nof IdonfIcnI. WIfhouf nonboIng,
fhoro Is no boIng. IoIng nnd nonboIng wIII nIwnys occur. WIfhouf
boIng, nonboIng doos nof nrIso.

XX. WIfhouf boIng, fhoro Is no nonboIng. IoIng Is nof orIgInnfod
from IfsoIf nnd nof orIgInnfod from nnofhor. Thus, fhoro Is no
boIng, nnd wIfhouf If, fhoro Is no nonboIng.

XXI. If boIng woro jusf oxIsfonf, If wouId bo ormnnonf. If If woro
nonoxIsfonf, If wouId suroIy bo nnnIhIInfod. If boIng woro oxIsfonf,
If wouId bo bofh fhoso fwo. Thoroforo, boIng Is nof nccofod.

XXII. Iocnuso of confInuIfy, fhoso consoquoncos do nof oxIsf. An
onfIfy consos fo oxIsf whon If hns Imnrfod n cnuso fo nn offocf.
Jusf ns boforo, fhIs Is nof osfnbIIshod. Iurfhor, fho fnuIf of
InforrufIng fho confInuIfy wIII occur.

XXIII. Through sooIng orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon, fho nfh fo
!"#$%&' wns domonsfrnfod, nof by monns of ImfInoss. Thoso nro
soon, bocnuso fhoy nro mufunIIy confrndIcfory nnd so nro concoIvod
146
ns such.

XXIV. If noIfhor orIgInnfIon nor cossnfIon nro oxIsfonf, fho cossnfIon
of whnf Is !"#$%&' Is nof whnf Is In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng noIfhor
orIgInnfod nor consos IIbornfIon

XXV. If !"#$%&' woro cossnfIon, If wouId bo nnnIhIInfIon. If If woro
suosod fo bo ofhorwIso, If wouId bo ormnnonco. Thoroforo
!"#$%&' Is noIfhor boIng nor nonboIng. If Is such ns Is noIfhor
orIgInnfod nor ngnIn consos.

XXVI. If nny cossnfIon woro oxIsfonf, If wouId occur ovon wIfhouf
boIng. WIfhouf boIng, If cossnfIon Is nIso nonoxIsfonf. AgnIn,
wIfhouf nonboIng, If Is nonoxIsfonf.

XXVII. Tho chnrncforIsfIc Is osfnbIIshod by fho subsfrnfum of
fho chnrncforIsfIc. Tho subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc Is
osfnbIIshod by fho chnrncforIsfIc, buf fhoy nro nof osfnbIIshod
IndoondonfIy, nor nro fhoy osfnbIIshod by ono nnofhor. Whnf Is nof
osfnbIIshod Is nof fhnf whIch osfnbIIshos nnofhor whIch Is nof
osfnbIIshod.

XXVIII. Iy fhIs nnnIysIs, cnuso nnd offocf, oxorIonco nnd fho
subjocf of oxorIonco ofc., ns woII ns fho subjocf nnd objocf of vIsIon
ofc., whnf so ovor mny oxIsf nro nII oxInInod wIfhouf oxcofIon.

XXIX. Tho fhroo fImos nro nonoxIsfonf nnd nro moro ImngInnfIon,
bocnuso fhoy nro nonondurIng, nro rocIrocnIIy osfnbIIshod,
dIsordorod, nof osfnbIIshod IndoondonfIy nnd bocnuso nn onfIfy Is
nonoxIsfonf.

XXX. Iocnuso fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of fho comoundod fncfors
orIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro nonoxIsfonf, fhoroforo
fho comoundod fncfors nnd fho uncomoundod fncfors nro nof nf
nII oxIsfonf.

147
XXXI. Tho undosfroyod Is nof dosfroyod, nor Is fho dosfroyod. Tho
ondurIng doos nof onduro, nor doos fho unondurIng onduro. Tho
orIgInnfod doos nof orIgInnfo, nor doos fho unorIgInnfod orIgInnfo.

XXXII. Tho comoundod fncfors nnd fho uncomoundod fncfors
nro noIfhor mnnIfoId nor unIfnry, noIfhor oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf,
nor bofh oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf. WIfhIn fhIs orImofor, nII
ossIbIIIfIos nro IncIudod.

XXXIII. Tho IIossod Ono rocInImod fho ondurIng of ncfIons. Tho
Irocofor rocInImod ncfIons nnd fhoIr offocfs nnd fhnf fho
sonfIonf boIng Is fho ngonf of ncfIons nnd fhnf ncfIons nro nof Iosf.

XXXIV. Iocnuso If hns boon domonsfrnfod fhnf fhoy nro wIfhouf
InfrInsIc boIng, ncfIons do nof orIgInnfo, so fhoy cnnnof bo dosfroyod.
AcfIons orIgInnfo from soIf cIIngIng. Thnf cIIngIng whIch roducos
ncfIons nIso orIgInnfos from ImngInnfIon.

XXXV. If ncfIons oxIsfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhon fho body
orIgInnfod from fhom wouId bo ormnnonf. Thoy wouId nof bo
ondowod wIfh fho mnfurIng offocf of sufforIng. Thoroforo, ncfIons
wouId nIso bo subsfnnfInI.

XXXVI. AcfIons orIgInnfod from condIfIons nro nof In fho Ionsf
oxIsfonf, nor nro ncfIons oxIsfonf orIgInnfod wIfhouf condIfIons.
Comoundod fncfors nro IIko nn IIIusIon, n fnIry cIfy nnd n mIrngo.

XXXVII. AffIIcfIons nro fho cnuso of ncfIons. VoIIfIons consIsf of
ncfIons nnd nffIIcfIons. AcfIons nro fho cnuso of fho body, fhoroforo
nII fhroo nro nIso omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.

XXXVIII. WIfhouf ncfIons, fhoro Is no ngonf. WIfhouf fhoso fwo,
fhoro Is no offocf. WIfhouf If, fhoro Is consoquonfIy no subjocf of
oxorIonco. Honco fhoy nro omfy.

XXXIX. If ono knows vory woII ncfIons fo bo omfy, ncfIons wIII nof
148
orIgInnfo, bocnuso of fhnf orcofIon of fho ronI. WIfhouf ncfIons,
fhnf whIch orIgInnfos from ncfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo.

X!. As fho IIossod Ono, fho I&1$#,&1& cronfos nn IIIusory cronfIon
by monns of IIIusory omnnnfIon, fhnf IIIusory cronfIon cronfos
nnofhor IIIusory cronfIon.

X!I. Among fhom, fho IIIusory cronfIon of fho I&1$#,&1& Is omfy.
Whnf nood Is fhoro fo sny nnyfhIng nbouf fho IIIusory cronfIon of nn
IIIusory cronfIon Thoy nro bofh oxIsfonf In so fnr ns nnyfhIng
whIch Is moro ImngInnfIon.

X!II. SImIInrIy, fho ngonf Is IIko fho IIIusory cronfIon nnd ncfIons
nro IIko fho IIIusory cronfIon of nn IIIusory cronfIon. Thoy nro omfy
In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng nnd oxIsf Insofnr ns nnyfhIng whIch Is moro
ImngInnfIon.

X!III. If ncfIons oxIsfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhoro wouId bo no
5/"7#'& nnd no ngonf of ncfIons. If fhoy woro nonoxIsfonf, fhoro
wouId bo no nffrncfIvo nnd unnffrncfIvo offocfs orIgInnfod from
ncfIons.

X!IV. Thoro oxIsfs fho sfnfomonf of oxIsfonco nnd nIso fho
sfnfomonf of nonoxIsfonco nnd ngnIn fho sfnfomonf of bofh
oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco. Tho InfonfIonnI rocInmnfIons of fho
Iuddhns nro nof onsIIy onofrnfod.

X!V. If form woro orIgInnfod from fho gronf oIomonfs, form wouId
orIgInnfo from n dofIcIonf cnuso. If Is nof orIgInnfod from Ifs
own InfrInsIc boIng. Moroovor, sInco If Is nonoxIsfonf, If Is nof
orIgInnfod from nnofhor.

X!VI. In ono nIso, four nro nof oxIsfonf. In four nIso, ono Is nof
oxIsfonf. How wouId form bo osfnbIIshod doondonf uon fho four
nonoxIsfonf gronf oIomonfs

147
XXXI. Tho undosfroyod Is nof dosfroyod, nor Is fho dosfroyod. Tho
ondurIng doos nof onduro, nor doos fho unondurIng onduro. Tho
orIgInnfod doos nof orIgInnfo, nor doos fho unorIgInnfod orIgInnfo.

XXXII. Tho comoundod fncfors nnd fho uncomoundod fncfors
nro noIfhor mnnIfoId nor unIfnry, noIfhor oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf,
nor bofh oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf. WIfhIn fhIs orImofor, nII
ossIbIIIfIos nro IncIudod.

XXXIII. Tho IIossod Ono rocInImod fho ondurIng of ncfIons. Tho
Irocofor rocInImod ncfIons nnd fhoIr offocfs nnd fhnf fho
sonfIonf boIng Is fho ngonf of ncfIons nnd fhnf ncfIons nro nof Iosf.

XXXIV. Iocnuso If hns boon domonsfrnfod fhnf fhoy nro wIfhouf
InfrInsIc boIng, ncfIons do nof orIgInnfo, so fhoy cnnnof bo dosfroyod.
AcfIons orIgInnfo from soIf cIIngIng. Thnf cIIngIng whIch roducos
ncfIons nIso orIgInnfos from ImngInnfIon.

XXXV. If ncfIons oxIsfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhon fho body
orIgInnfod from fhom wouId bo ormnnonf. Thoy wouId nof bo
ondowod wIfh fho mnfurIng offocf of sufforIng. Thoroforo, ncfIons
wouId nIso bo subsfnnfInI.

XXXVI. AcfIons orIgInnfod from condIfIons nro nof In fho Ionsf
oxIsfonf, nor nro ncfIons oxIsfonf orIgInnfod wIfhouf condIfIons.
Comoundod fncfors nro IIko nn IIIusIon, n fnIry cIfy nnd n mIrngo.

XXXVII. AffIIcfIons nro fho cnuso of ncfIons. VoIIfIons consIsf of
ncfIons nnd nffIIcfIons. AcfIons nro fho cnuso of fho body, fhoroforo
nII fhroo nro nIso omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.

XXXVIII. WIfhouf ncfIons, fhoro Is no ngonf. WIfhouf fhoso fwo,
fhoro Is no offocf. WIfhouf If, fhoro Is consoquonfIy no subjocf of
oxorIonco. Honco fhoy nro omfy.

XXXIX. If ono knows vory woII ncfIons fo bo omfy, ncfIons wIII nof
148
orIgInnfo, bocnuso of fhnf orcofIon of fho ronI. WIfhouf ncfIons,
fhnf whIch orIgInnfos from ncfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo.

X!. As fho IIossod Ono, fho !"#$%&"#" cronfos nn IIIusory cronfIon
by monns of IIIusory omnnnfIon, fhnf IIIusory cronfIon cronfos
nnofhor IIIusory cronfIon.

X!I. Among fhom, fho IIIusory cronfIon of fho !"#$%&"#" Is omfy.
Whnf nood Is fhoro fo sny nnyfhIng nbouf fho IIIusory cronfIon of nn
IIIusory cronfIon Thoy nro bofh oxIsfonf In so fnr ns nnyfhIng
whIch Is moro ImngInnfIon.

X!II. SImIInrIy, fho ngonf Is IIko fho IIIusory cronfIon nnd ncfIons
nro IIko fho IIIusory cronfIon of nn IIIusory cronfIon. Thoy nro omfy
In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng nnd oxIsf Insofnr ns nnyfhIng whIch Is moro
ImngInnfIon.

X!III. If ncfIons oxIsfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhoro wouId bo no
'()*%+" nnd no ngonf of ncfIons. If fhoy woro nonoxIsfonf, fhoro
wouId bo no nffrncfIvo nnd unnffrncfIvo offocfs orIgInnfod from
ncfIons.

X!IV. Thoro oxIsfs fho sfnfomonf of oxIsfonco nnd nIso fho
sfnfomonf of nonoxIsfonco nnd ngnIn fho sfnfomonf of bofh
oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco. Tho InfonfIonnI rocInmnfIons of fho
Iuddhns nro nof onsIIy onofrnfod.

X!V. If form woro orIgInnfod from fho gronf oIomonfs, form wouId
orIgInnfo from n dofIcIonf cnuso. If Is nof orIgInnfod from Ifs
own InfrInsIc boIng. Moroovor, sInco If Is nonoxIsfonf, If Is nof
orIgInnfod from nnofhor.

X!VI. In ono nIso, four nro nof oxIsfonf. In four nIso, ono Is nof
oxIsfonf. How wouId form bo osfnbIIshod doondonf uon fho four
nonoxIsfonf gronf oIomonfs

149
X!VII. Iocnuso, If Is novor nrohondod. Iuf If If Is snId, from fho
ovIdonco form Is osfnbIIshod. Thnf ovIdonco Is nonoxIsfonf,
bocnuso orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons. If If form Is sfIII
oxIsfonf, fho nonoxIsfonco of fho ovIdonco Is nof IogIcnI.

X!VIII. If nwnronoss nrohondod form, If wouId bo nrohondod
ns fho vory InfrInsIc boIng of nwnronoss. How couId nonoxIsfonf
nwnronoss orIgInnfod from condIfIons nrohond nonoxIsfonf form

X!IX. Whon fho orIgInnfod momonfnry nwnronoss doos nof
nrohond fho orIgInnfod momonfnry form, how couId If
comrohond nsf nnd fufuro form

!. WhIIo coIour nnd shno novor oxIsf sonrnfoIy, fho sonrnfo nro
nof nrohondod ns ono, bocnuso fho fwo nro known ns form.

!I. Iyo nwnronoss Is nof oxIsfonf In fho oyo. If Is nof oxIsfonf In
form, nor In fho snco In bofwoon. Whnf Is consfrucfod doondonf
uon fho oyo nnd form Is orronoous.
!II. If fho oyo doos nof soo IfsoIf, how cnn If soo form Thoroforo,
fho oyo nnd form nro InsubsfnnfInI. Tho romnInIng sonso shoros
nro nIso sImIInr.

!III. Tho oyo Is omfy of Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy. If Is omfy of
nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy. Iorm Is nIso sImIInrIy omfy nnd fho
romnInIng sonso shoros nro nIso sImIInr.

!IV. Whon ono sonso shoro Is conjoInod fhrough confncf, fhon
fho ofhors nro omfy. Tho omfy nIso doos nof doond uon fho non
omfy. Tho nonomfy foo doos nof doond uon fho omfy.

!V. Tho fhroo whIch nro nonoxIsfonf nnd unondurIng In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng do nof nrfIcInfo In conjuncfIon. Iocnuso fhoro Is
no confncf of fhnf nnfuro, fhoroforo, fooIIng Is nof oxIsfonf.

!VI. oondonf uon fho Innor nnd oufor sonso shoros,
150
conscIousnoss orIgInnfos. Thus fhoro Is no conscIousnoss. If Is
omfy IIko n mIrngo nnd nn IIIusIon.

!VII. ConscIousnoss orIgInnfos doondonf uon nn objocf of
conscIousnoss, fhoroforo If Is nonoxIsfonf. WIfhouf cognIfIon nnd nn
objocf of conscIousnoss, fhoro Is consoquonfIy no subjocf of
conscIousnoss nf nII.

!VIII. AII Is Imormnnonf buf Imormnnonco or ormnnonco
novor oxIsfod. If nn onfIfy oxIsfod, If wouId bo Imormnnonf or
ormnnonf buf how Is If so oxIsfonf

!IX. Iorn from fho condIfIons nffrncfIon, rouIsIon nnd orror
nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon orIgInnfo. Thoroforo, nffnchmonf,
nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro nonoxIsfonf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.

!X. Iocnuso rognrdIng If n sIngIo gIvon objocf nffnchmonf,
nvorsIon nnd doIusIon occur, fhoroforo, fhoy nffnchmonf, nvorsIon
nnd doIusIon nro roducod from ImngInnfIon. ImngInnfIon nIso Is
orfocfIy nonoxIsfonf.

!XI. Tho objocf of ImngInnfIon Is nof oxIsfonf. WIfhouf fho objocf of
ImngInnfIon, how Is ImngInnfIon oxIsfonf Thoroforo, sInco fhoy
nro orIgInnfod from condIfIons, fho objocf of ImngInnfIon nnd
ImngInnfIon nro omfy.

!XII. Iocnuso of fho orcofIon of fho ronI, fhoro Is no Ignornnco
orIgInnfod from fho four orronoous vIows. SInco fhnf Ignornnco Is
nonoxIsfonf, voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo. Tho romnInIng
consfIfuonfs nro nIso sImIInr.

!XIII. Whnf orIgInnfos doondonf uon fhnf, orIgInnfos from fhnf.
WIfhouf fhnf, If doos nof orIgInnfo. InfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos ns
woII ns comoundod fncfors nnd uncomoundod fncfors nro onco
nnd !"#$%&'.

149
X!VII. Iocnuso, If Is novor nrohondod. Iuf If If Is snId, from fho
ovIdonco form Is osfnbIIshod. Thnf ovIdonco Is nonoxIsfonf,
bocnuso orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons. If If form Is sfIII
oxIsfonf, fho nonoxIsfonco of fho ovIdonco Is nof IogIcnI.

X!VIII. If nwnronoss nrohondod form, If wouId bo nrohondod
ns fho vory InfrInsIc boIng of nwnronoss. How couId nonoxIsfonf
nwnronoss orIgInnfod from condIfIons nrohond nonoxIsfonf form

X!IX. Whon fho orIgInnfod momonfnry nwnronoss doos nof
nrohond fho orIgInnfod momonfnry form, how couId If
comrohond nsf nnd fufuro form

!. WhIIo coIour nnd shno novor oxIsf sonrnfoIy, fho sonrnfo nro
nof nrohondod ns ono, bocnuso fho fwo nro known ns form.

!I. Iyo nwnronoss Is nof oxIsfonf In fho oyo. If Is nof oxIsfonf In
form, nor In fho snco In bofwoon. Whnf Is consfrucfod doondonf
uon fho oyo nnd form Is orronoous.
!II. If fho oyo doos nof soo IfsoIf, how cnn If soo form Thoroforo,
fho oyo nnd form nro InsubsfnnfInI. Tho romnInIng sonso shoros
nro nIso sImIInr.


!IV. Whon ono sonso shoro Is conjoInod fhrough confncf, fhon
fho ofhors nro omfy. Tho omfy nIso doos nof doond uon fho non
omfy. Tho nonomfy foo doos nof doond uon fho omfy.

!V. Tho fhroo whIch nro nonoxIsfonf nnd unondurIng In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng do nof nrfIcInfo In conjuncfIon. Iocnuso fhoro Is
no confncf of fhnf nnfuro, fhoroforo, fooIIng Is nof oxIsfonf.

!VI. oondonf uon fho Innor nnd oufor sonso shoros,
150
conscIousnoss orIgInnfos. Thus fhoro Is no conscIousnoss. If Is
omfy IIko n mIrngo nnd nn IIIusIon.


!VIII. AII Is Imormnnonf buf Imormnnonco or ormnnonco
novor oxIsfod. If nn onfIfy oxIsfod, If wouId bo Imormnnonf or
ormnnonf buf how Is If so oxIsfonf

!IX. Iorn from fho condIfIons nffrncfIon, rouIsIon nnd orror
nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon orIgInnfo. Thoroforo, nffnchmonf,
nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro nonoxIsfonf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.

!X. Iocnuso rognrdIng If n sIngIo gIvon objocf nffnchmonf,
nvorsIon nnd doIusIon occur, fhoroforo, fhoy nffnchmonf, nvorsIon
nnd doIusIon nro roducod from ImngInnfIon. ImngInnfIon nIso Is
orfocfIy nonoxIsfonf.

!XI. Tho objocf of ImngInnfIon Is nof oxIsfonf. WIfhouf fho objocf of
ImngInnfIon, how Is ImngInnfIon oxIsfonf Thoroforo, sInco fhoy
nro orIgInnfod from condIfIons, fho objocf of ImngInnfIon nnd
ImngInnfIon nro omfy.

!XII. Iocnuso of fho orcofIon of fho ronI, fhoro Is no Ignornnco
orIgInnfod from fho four orronoous vIows. SInco fhnf Ignornnco Is
nonoxIsfonf, voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo. Tho romnInIng
consfIfuonfs nro nIso sImIInr.

!XIII. Whnf orIgInnfos doondonf uon fhnf, orIgInnfos from fhnf.
WIfhouf fhnf, If doos nof orIgInnfo. InfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos ns
woII ns comoundod fncfors nnd uncomoundod fncfors nro onco
nnd !"#$%&'.

151
!XIV. InfIfIos orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons nro Imufod fo
bo ronI. Thnf Is rocInImod fo bo Ignornnco by fho Irocofor. Irom
If, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs orIgInnfo.

!XV. Iocnuso of fho orcofIon of fho ronI, of onfIfIos ns omfy,
Ignornnco doos nof orIgInnfo. Jusf fhnf Is fho cossnfIon of Ignornnco,
fhoroforo, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs conso.

!XVI. Comoundod fncfors nro IIko n fnIry cIfy, nn IIIusIon, n
mIrngo, n bubbIo of wnfor, fonm nnd IIko n dronm nnd fho cIrcIo of
fho whIrIIng fIrobrnnd.

!XVII. o onfIfy whnfsoovor Is oxIsfonf In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. In fhIs
cnso, n nononfIfy nIso Is nonoxIsfonf. InfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos
orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons nro omfy.

!XVIII. SInco nII onfIfIos nro omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fho
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon of onfIfIos Is nrfIcuInrIy domonsfrnfod
by fho IncomnrnbIo I&1$#,&1&.

!XIX. Tho uIfImnfo Is nono ofhor fhnn fhIs ImfInoss. Tho
IIossod Iuddhn, roIyIng uon convonfIonnI usngo ImngInod nII
ossIbIIIfIos.

!XX. Tho docfrIno of fho worId Is nof dosfroyod. In ronIIfy, no fncfor
nf nII Is domonsfrnfod. of comrohondIng fho rocInmnfIon of fho
I&1$#,&1&, ordInnry ooIo nro consoquonfIy nfrnId of fho
unsuorfod nnd unImngInnbIo frufh.

!XXI. Tho wny of fho worId, "doondonf uon fhIs, fhnf orIgInnfos",
Is nof nognfod. Whnf Is InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod Is wIfhouf
InfrInsIc boIng, so how doos If oxIsf ThIs Is orfocf corfIfudo.

!XXII. Ono who hns fnIfh, who dIIIgonfIy sooks fho uIfImnfo, nof
roIyIng uon nny domonsfrnfod fncfor, IncIInod fo subjocf fho wny of
fho worId fo ronson, nbnndonIng boIng nnd nonboIng nffnIns
152
onco.

!XXIII. HnvIng comrohondod nnronf condIfIonnIIfy, fho nof of
fnIso vIows Is swof nsIdo. ConsoquonfIy, nbnndonIng nffnchmonf,
doIusIon nnd nngor, wIfhouf sfnIn, ono suroIy ronchos 5/"7#'&.
151
!XIV. InfIfIos orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons nro Imufod fo
bo ronI. Thnf Is rocInImod fo bo Ignornnco by fho Irocofor. Irom
If, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs orIgInnfo.

!XV. Iocnuso of fho orcofIon of fho ronI, of onfIfIos ns omfy,
Ignornnco doos nof orIgInnfo. Jusf fhnf Is fho cossnfIon of Ignornnco,
fhoroforo, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs conso.

!XVI. Comoundod fncfors nro IIko n fnIry cIfy, nn IIIusIon, n
mIrngo, n bubbIo of wnfor, fonm nnd IIko n dronm nnd fho cIrcIo of
fho whIrIIng fIrobrnnd.

!XVII. o onfIfy whnfsoovor Is oxIsfonf In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. In fhIs
cnso, n nononfIfy nIso Is nonoxIsfonf. InfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos
orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons nro omfy.

!XVIII. SInco nII onfIfIos nro omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fho
by fho IncomnrnbIo !"#$%&"#".

ossIbIIIfIos.

!XX. Tho docfrIno of fho worId Is nof dosfroyod. In ronIIfy, no fncfor
nf nII Is domonsfrnfod. of comrohondIng fho rocInmnfIon of fho
!"#$%&"#", ordInnry ooIo nro consoquonfIy nfrnId of fho

!XXI. Tho wny of fho worId, "doondonf uon fhIs, fhnf orIgInnfos",
Is nof nognfod. Whnf Is InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod Is wIfhouf
InfrInsIc boIng, so how doos If oxIsf ThIs Is orfocf corfIfudo.

!XXII. Ono who hns fnIfh, who dIIIgonfIy sooks fho uIfImnfo, nof
roIyIng uon nny domonsfrnfod fncfor, IncIInod fo subjocf fho wny of
fho worId fo ronson, nbnndonIng boIng nnd nonboIng nffnIns
152
onco.

!XXIII. HnvIng comrohondod nnronf condIfIonnIIfy, fho nof of
fnIso vIows Is swof nsIdo. ConsoquonfIy, nbnndonIng nffnchmonf,
doIusIon nnd nngor, wIfhouf sfnIn, ono suroIy ronchos '()*%+".
153

Section Three

Nagarjuna's Commentary to Emptiness:
The Seventy Stanzas

SnIufnfIon fo ryn Mnnjugho;n Jnnnsnffvn.

Whnfsoovor wns fnughf by fho Iuddhn In nccord wIfh
convonfIonnI usngo durnfIon, orIgInnfIon, dosfrucfIon, InforIorIfy,
modIocrIfy nnd suorIorIfy woro nII nof fnughf by fho owor of fho
ronI.
Horo If Is nskod. o nof fho so cnIIod soIf nnd so on nnd so
forfh whIch nro sokon of oxIsf nf nII SInco fho conscIousnoss
whIch consIdors nofsoIf occurs, fho soIf musf undoubfodIy bo
oxIsfonf.
l0

If Is oxInInod. II. n Thoro Is nof nnyfhIng whIch corrosonds
fo fho oxrossIons nofsoIf, nof nofsoIf, bofh soIf nnd nofsoIf
If If Is nskod why II. b Iocnuso nII fncfors whIch cnn bo
sokon of nro IIko 5/"7#'& In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, omfy.
Horo If Is nskod. Is fhIs sfnfomonf, "nII onfIfIos nro In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng omfy", n roynI docroo, or do somo grounds oxIsf by
monns of whIch fo onofrnfo Info fho knowIodgo of fho fncf fhnf nII
onfIfIos nro In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, omfy, ns If Is so
Horo If Is oxInInod. III. SInco fho InfrInsIc boIng of nII
onfIfIos doos nof oxIsf In fho cnuso nnd condIfIons, oIfhor fogofhor or
sonrnfoIy, or In nny wny, fhoroforo fhoy nro omfy. Thus If Is
oxInInod.
ll

154
Moroovor, IV. Tho oxIsfonf doos nof orIgInnfo, bocnuso If Is
oxIsfonf. Tho nonoxIsfonf doos nof orIgInnfo bocnuso If Is non
oxIsfonf. Tho oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf nIso doos nof orIgInnfo
bocnuso fhoy nro hoforogonoous. Iocnuso fhoro Is no orIgInnfIon,
fhoro Is no durnfIon nnd no dosfrucfIon.
An oxIsfonf onfIfy doos nof orIgInnfo from n cnuso, bocnuso
If Is oxIsfonf. ow, oxIsfonf Is oxInInod ns boIng oxIsfonf. Tho non
oxIsfonf doos nof orIgInnfo from n cnuso, bocnuso If Is nonoxIsfonf.
Tho bofh oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf doos nof orIgInnfo, bocnuso
fhoy nro hoforogonoous, fhnf Is mufunIIy confrndIcfory. Iocnuso
whnf Is bofh oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf Is hoforogonoous hnvIng
mufunIIy confrndIcfory roorfIos how doos whnf Is oxIsfonf nnd
nonoxIsfonf orIgInnfo Iocnuso fhoro Is no orIgInnfIon, fhoro Is no
durnfIon nnd no dosfrucfIon.
Horo If Is snId. Tho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of fho comoundod
fncfors orIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro rocInImod, nnd
nf fho fImo of orIgInnfIon, orIgInnfIon Is ovIdonf. Thus, fhoro Is
orIgInnfIon of comoundod fncfors from somofhIng.
Horo If Is oxInInod. V. Tho orIgInnfod Is nof fho objocf fo bo
orIgInnfod. Tho unorIgInnfod Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod.
Tho objocf nf fho fImo of orIgInnfIon Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo
orIgInnfod, bocnuso If wouId bo orIgInnfod nnd unorIgInnfod.
IIrsf, fho orIgInnfod Is nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod If If Is
nskod why Iocnuso If Is nIrondy orIgInnfod. An objocf whIch Is
nIrondy orIgInnfod Is nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod. Tho nof
orIgInnfod Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod why Iocnuso If
Is nof orIgInnfod. An objocf whIch Is nof orIgInnfod Is nof fho objocf
fo bo orIgInnfod, bocnuso If Is wIfhouf ncfIvIfy, wIfhouf offIcIoncy
nnd nonoxIsfonf. Thus, If Is nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod. An
objocf nf fho fImo of orIgInnfIon Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo
orIgInnfod why Iocnuso If Is oxhnusfod bofwoon fho orIgInnfod
nnd fho unorIgInnfod, nnd fho objocf whIch Is orIgInnfod nnd fho
objocf whIch Is nof orIgInnfod Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod,
sImIy bocnuso of fho consIdornfIons oxInInod nbovo. Of fho fwo,
fho fIrsf, fho orIgInnfod Is nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod, bocnuso If
Is nIrondy orIgInnfod nnd fho objocf whIch Is nof orIgInnfod Is nIso
153

Section Three

Nagarjuna's Commentary to Emptiness:
The Seventy Stanzas

SnIufnfIon fo !"#$ %$&'()*+,$ -&./$0$112$.

Whnfsoovor wns fnughf by fho Iuddhn In nccord wIfh
convonfIonnI usngo durnfIon, orIgInnfIon, dosfrucfIon, InforIorIfy,
modIocrIfy nnd suorIorIfy woro nII nof fnughf by fho owor of fho
ronI.
Horo If Is nskod. o nof fho so cnIIod soIf nnd so on nnd so
forfh whIch nro sokon of oxIsf nf nII SInco fho conscIousnoss
whIch consIdors nofsoIf occurs, fho soIf musf undoubfodIy bo
oxIsfonf.
l0

If Is oxInInod. II. n Thoro Is nof nnyfhIng whIch corrosonds
fo fho oxrossIons nofsoIf, nof nofsoIf, bofh soIf nnd nofsoIf
If If Is nskod why II. b Iocnuso nII fncfors whIch cnn bo
sokon of nro IIko !"#$%&' In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, omfy.
Horo If Is nskod. Is fhIs sfnfomonf, "nII onfIfIos nro In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng omfy", n roynI docroo, or do somo grounds oxIsf by
monns of whIch fo onofrnfo Info fho knowIodgo of fho fncf fhnf nII
onfIfIos nro In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, omfy, ns If Is so
Horo If Is oxInInod. III. SInco fho InfrInsIc boIng of nII
onfIfIos doos nof oxIsf In fho cnuso nnd condIfIons, oIfhor fogofhor or
sonrnfoIy, or In nny wny, fhoroforo fhoy nro omfy. Thus If Is
oxInInod.
ll

154
Moroovor, IV. Tho oxIsfonf doos nof orIgInnfo, bocnuso If Is
oxIsfonf. Tho nonoxIsfonf doos nof orIgInnfo bocnuso If Is non
oxIsfonf. Tho oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf nIso doos nof orIgInnfo
bocnuso fhoy nro hoforogonoous. Iocnuso fhoro Is no orIgInnfIon,
fhoro Is no durnfIon nnd no dosfrucfIon.
An oxIsfonf onfIfy doos nof orIgInnfo from n cnuso, bocnuso
If Is oxIsfonf. ow, oxIsfonf Is oxInInod ns boIng oxIsfonf. Tho non
oxIsfonf doos nof orIgInnfo from n cnuso, bocnuso If Is nonoxIsfonf.
Tho bofh oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf doos nof orIgInnfo, bocnuso
fhoy nro hoforogonoous, fhnf Is mufunIIy confrndIcfory. Iocnuso
whnf Is bofh oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf Is hoforogonoous hnvIng
mufunIIy confrndIcfory roorfIos how doos whnf Is oxIsfonf nnd
nonoxIsfonf orIgInnfo Iocnuso fhoro Is no orIgInnfIon, fhoro Is no
durnfIon nnd no dosfrucfIon.
Horo If Is snId. Tho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of fho comoundod
fncfors orIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro rocInImod, nnd
nf fho fImo of orIgInnfIon, orIgInnfIon Is ovIdonf. Thus, fhoro Is
orIgInnfIon of comoundod fncfors from somofhIng.
Horo If Is oxInInod. V. Tho orIgInnfod Is nof fho objocf fo bo
orIgInnfod. Tho unorIgInnfod Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod.
Tho objocf nf fho fImo of orIgInnfIon Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo
orIgInnfod, bocnuso If wouId bo orIgInnfod nnd unorIgInnfod.
IIrsf, fho orIgInnfod Is nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod If If Is
nskod why Iocnuso If Is nIrondy orIgInnfod. An objocf whIch Is
nIrondy orIgInnfod Is nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod. Tho nof
orIgInnfod Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod why Iocnuso If
Is nof orIgInnfod. An objocf whIch Is nof orIgInnfod Is nof fho objocf
fo bo orIgInnfod, bocnuso If Is wIfhouf ncfIvIfy, wIfhouf offIcIoncy
nnd nonoxIsfonf. Thus, If Is nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod. An
objocf nf fho fImo of orIgInnfIon Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo
orIgInnfod why Iocnuso If Is oxhnusfod bofwoon fho orIgInnfod
nnd fho unorIgInnfod, nnd fho objocf whIch Is orIgInnfod nnd fho
objocf whIch Is nof orIgInnfod Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod,
sImIy bocnuso of fho consIdornfIons oxInInod nbovo. Of fho fwo,
fho fIrsf, fho orIgInnfod Is nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod, bocnuso If
Is nIrondy orIgInnfod nnd fho objocf whIch Is nof orIgInnfod Is nIso
155
nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod, bocnuso If Is nof orIgInnfod, wIfhouf
fho ncfIvIfy of orIgInnfIon, wIfhouf offIcIoncy nnd nonoxIsfonf. Thus,
for fho ronson fhnf oxcIudIng fho orIgInnfod nnd fho nof orIgInnfod,
fhoro Is no fhIrd whIch Is fho momonf of orIgInnfIon, fho objocf nf
fho fImo of orIgInnfIon Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod.
Moroovor, fhoro Is nIso no orIgInnfIon, bocnuso n cnuso Is nof
jusfIfIod why Iocnuso,
VI. If fho offocf Is oxIsfonf, fho cnuso wIII ossoss fho offocf. If
nonoxIsfonf, fho cnuso wIII bo oqunI fo n noncnuso. If noIfhor
oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf, If Is confrndIcfory, nor ngnIn Is n cnuso
jusfIfIod In fho fhroo fImos.
If fho offocf Is oxIsfonf, fhnf whIch ossossos fho offocf Is n
cnuso. If fhnf offocf Is nonoxIsfonf, fhon fho cnuso wIII bo oqunI fo n
noncnuso. If fho offocf Is noIfhor oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf, If Is
confrndIcfory, bocnuso nonoxIsfonco nnd oxIsfonco cnnnof bo
rosonf sImuIfnnoousIy. Moroovor, n cnuso Is nof jusfIfIod In fho
fhroo fImos. If mny bo nskod how IIrsf, If If Is suosod fhnf fho
cnuso Is rIor fo fho offocf, of whnf Is If fho cnuso Yof, If If Is
suosod fhnf fho cnuso Is subsoquonf fo fho offocf, fhon whnf
nood Is fhoro for fho cnuso, ns fho offocf Is nIrondy comIofo Yof
ngnIn If If Is suosod fhnf fho cnuso nnd offocf nro sImuIfnnoous,
fhon nmong fho cnuso nnd fho offocf whIch orIgInnfo
sImuIfnnoousIy, whIch Is fho cnuso of whIch nnd whIch Is fho offocf
of whIch Thus, In nII fho fhroo fImos, n cnuso Is nof jusfIfIod.
l2

Horo, If Is snId, nII onfIfIos nro nof omfy, bocnuso numbor Is
jusfIfIod. Whnf nro cnIIod ono, fwo nnd mnny whIch nro numbor nro
oxIsfonf. Iurfhor, numbor Is jusfIfIod onIy If onfIfIos oxIsf, fhoroforo
nII onfIfIos nro nof omfy.
Horo If Is oxInInod. VII. WIfhouf ono, mnny doos nof occur.
WIfhouf mnny, ono doos nof occur. Thoroforo, InfordoondonfIy
orIgInnfod onfIfIos nro wIfhouf sIgns.
Tho orIgInnfod Is wIfhouf sIgns, bocnuso wIfhouf ono, mnny
doos nof occur nnd wIfhouf mnny, ono doos nof occur. Thoroforo,
onfIfIos nro InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod nnd honco In ronIIfy
wIfhouf sIgns.
Horo If Is snId. Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon whIch ossossos
156
fho offocf of sufforIng hns boon oxfonsIvoIy domonsfrnfod In fho
cnnonIcnI dIscoursos. If hns nIso boon domonsfrnfod by mnsfors who
bosfow InsfrucfIons ns jusfIfIod In ono momonf of conscIousnoss nnd
In n sorIos of momonfs of conscIousnoss. Thus, nII onfIfIos nro nof
omfy.
Horo If Is oxInInod. VIII. Tho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon whIch ossoss fho offocf of sufforIng do
nof orIgInnfo, ns fhoy nro noIfhor jusfIfIod In ono momonf of
conscIousnoss, nor In n sorIos of momonfs of conscIousnoss.
Tho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon whIch
ossoss fho offocf of sufforIng do nof orIgInnfo. Thoy nro noIfhor
of conscIousnoss, sInco If In ono momonf of conscIousnoss, fho offocf
wouId orIgInnfo sImuIfnnoousIy wIfh fho cnuso, whIIo If In n sorIos of
momonfs of conscIousnoss, fho rocodIng consfIfuonfs whIch hnvo
boon dosfroyod couId nof bo fho cnuso of fho succoodIng onos. Thus,
In oIfhor wny, fhoy fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs nro nof jusfIfIod.
Thoroforo, Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon doos nof orIgInnfo. If mny bo
nskod why fhoy do nof orIgInnfo
If Is oxInInod fhnf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is fnIsoIy
Imufod fo orIgInnfo from fho cnuso of Ignornnco. Thnf Ignornnco
hns nIso boon shown fo doond uon fho condIfIon of orronoous
vIows. Thoso orronoous vIows nro nIso In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng omfy.
If mny bo nskod why
IX. Imormnnonco Is fho nognfIon of ormnnonco. ofsoIf Is
fho nognfIon of soIf. ImurIfy Is fho nognfIon of urIfy, nnd sufforIng
Is fho nognfIon of hnInoss. Thoroforo, fhoro nro no orronoous
vIows.
Imormnnonco Is fho nognfIon of ormnnonco. WIfhouf
ormnnonco, Ifs nnfIdofo Imormnnonco Is nIso nonoxIsfonf. In
fhIs wny, fho romnInIng roosIfIons shouId nIso bo fronfod.
Thoroforo, fhoro nro no orronoous vIows.
l3

X. WIfhouf fhom, fhoro Is no Ignornnco orIgInnfod from fho
four orronoous vIows. WIfhouf If, voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo nor In
fho snmo wny do fho romnInIng consfIfuonfs.
WIfhouf fhoso orronoous vIows, fhoro Is no Ignornnco
155
nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod, bocnuso If Is nof orIgInnfod, wIfhouf
fho ncfIvIfy of orIgInnfIon, wIfhouf offIcIoncy nnd nonoxIsfonf. Thus,
for fho ronson fhnf oxcIudIng fho orIgInnfod nnd fho nof orIgInnfod,
fhoro Is no fhIrd whIch Is fho momonf of orIgInnfIon, fho objocf nf
fho fImo of orIgInnfIon Is nIso nof fho objocf fo bo orIgInnfod.
Moroovor, fhoro Is nIso no orIgInnfIon, bocnuso n cnuso Is nof
jusfIfIod why Iocnuso,
VI. If fho offocf Is oxIsfonf, fho cnuso wIII ossoss fho offocf. If
nonoxIsfonf, fho cnuso wIII bo oqunI fo n noncnuso. If noIfhor
oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf, If Is confrndIcfory, nor ngnIn Is n cnuso
jusfIfIod In fho fhroo fImos.
If fho offocf Is oxIsfonf, fhnf whIch ossossos fho offocf Is n
cnuso. If fhnf offocf Is nonoxIsfonf, fhon fho cnuso wIII bo oqunI fo n
noncnuso. If fho offocf Is noIfhor oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf, If Is
confrndIcfory, bocnuso nonoxIsfonco nnd oxIsfonco cnnnof bo
rosonf sImuIfnnoousIy. Moroovor, n cnuso Is nof jusfIfIod In fho
fhroo fImos. If mny bo nskod how IIrsf, If If Is suosod fhnf fho
cnuso Is rIor fo fho offocf, of whnf Is If fho cnuso Yof, If If Is
suosod fhnf fho cnuso Is subsoquonf fo fho offocf, fhon whnf
nood Is fhoro for fho cnuso, ns fho offocf Is nIrondy comIofo Yof
ngnIn If If Is suosod fhnf fho cnuso nnd offocf nro sImuIfnnoous,
fhon nmong fho cnuso nnd fho offocf whIch orIgInnfo
sImuIfnnoousIy, whIch Is fho cnuso of whIch nnd whIch Is fho offocf
of whIch Thus, In nII fho fhroo fImos, n cnuso Is nof jusfIfIod.
l2

Horo, If Is snId, nII onfIfIos nro nof omfy, bocnuso numbor Is
jusfIfIod. Whnf nro cnIIod ono, fwo nnd mnny whIch nro numbor nro
oxIsfonf. Iurfhor, numbor Is jusfIfIod onIy If onfIfIos oxIsf, fhoroforo
nII onfIfIos nro nof omfy.
Horo If Is oxInInod. VII. WIfhouf ono, mnny doos nof occur.
WIfhouf mnny, ono doos nof occur. Thoroforo, InfordoondonfIy
orIgInnfod onfIfIos nro wIfhouf sIgns.
Tho orIgInnfod Is wIfhouf sIgns, bocnuso wIfhouf ono, mnny
doos nof occur nnd wIfhouf mnny, ono doos nof occur. Thoroforo,
onfIfIos nro InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod nnd honco In ronIIfy
wIfhouf sIgns.
Horo If Is snId. Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon whIch ossossos
156
fho offocf of sufforIng hns boon oxfonsIvoIy domonsfrnfod In fho
cnnonIcnI dIscoursos. If hns nIso boon domonsfrnfod by mnsfors who
bosfow InsfrucfIons ns jusfIfIod In ono momonf of conscIousnoss nnd
In n sorIos of momonfs of conscIousnoss. Thus, nII onfIfIos nro nof
omfy.
Horo If Is oxInInod. VIII. Tho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs of
Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon whIch ossoss fho offocf of sufforIng do
nof orIgInnfo, ns fhoy nro noIfhor jusfIfIod In ono momonf of
conscIousnoss, nor In n sorIos of momonfs of conscIousnoss.
Tho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon whIch
ossoss fho offocf of sufforIng do nof orIgInnfo. Thoy nro noIfhor
of conscIousnoss, sInco If In ono momonf of conscIousnoss, fho offocf
wouId orIgInnfo sImuIfnnoousIy wIfh fho cnuso, whIIo If In n sorIos of
momonfs of conscIousnoss, fho rocodIng consfIfuonfs whIch hnvo
boon dosfroyod couId nof bo fho cnuso of fho succoodIng onos. Thus,
In oIfhor wny, fhoy fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs nro nof jusfIfIod.
Thoroforo, Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon doos nof orIgInnfo. If mny bo
nskod why fhoy do nof orIgInnfo
If Is oxInInod fhnf Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon Is fnIsoIy
Imufod fo orIgInnfo from fho cnuso of Ignornnco. Thnf Ignornnco
hns nIso boon shown fo doond uon fho condIfIon of orronoous
vIows. Thoso orronoous vIows nro nIso In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng omfy.
If mny bo nskod why
IX. Imormnnonco Is fho nognfIon of ormnnonco. ofsoIf Is
fho nognfIon of soIf. ImurIfy Is fho nognfIon of urIfy, nnd sufforIng
Is fho nognfIon of hnInoss. Thoroforo, fhoro nro no orronoous
vIows.
Imormnnonco Is fho nognfIon of ormnnonco. WIfhouf
ormnnonco, Ifs nnfIdofo Imormnnonco Is nIso nonoxIsfonf. In
fhIs wny, fho romnInIng roosIfIons shouId nIso bo fronfod.
Thoroforo, fhoro nro no orronoous vIows.
l3

X. WIfhouf fhom, fhoro Is no Ignornnco orIgInnfod from fho
four orronoous vIows. WIfhouf If, voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo nor In
fho snmo wny do fho romnInIng consfIfuonfs.
WIfhouf fhoso orronoous vIows, fhoro Is no Ignornnco
157
orIgInnfod from fhom. WIfhouf Ignornnco, voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo,
nor In n IIko mnnnor do fho romnInIng consfIfuonfs orIgInnfo.
Moroovor, XI. WIfhouf voIIfIons, Ignornnco doos nof orIgInnfo.
WIfhouf If Ignornnco voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo. SInco fhoy nro
mufunIIy cnusod, fhoy nro nof osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.
XII. How cnn whnf Is IfsoIf nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc
boIng roduco nnofhor Thus nnofhor condIfIon whIch Is nof
osfnbIIshod Is nof whnf cnusos fho orIgInnfIon of nnofhor.
IIrsf of nII, Ignornnco doos nof orIgInnfo wIfhouf voIIfIons.
WIfhouf Ignornnco nIso, voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo. Thoy nro nof
osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, bocnuso fho fwo of fhom nro
mufunIIy cnusod. How cnn whnf Is IfsoIf nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs
InfrInsIc boIng roduco nnofhor Thus ofhor condIfIons whIch nro
nof osfnbIIshod nro nof roducors of somofhIng oIso.
Moroovor, XIII. Tho fnfhor Is nof fho son, nor Is fho son fho
fnfhor, nor do fhoy oxIsf wIfhouf mufunI doondonco, nor nro fhoy
IdonfIcnI nnd so nIso fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs.
IIrsf of nII, fho fnfhor Is nof fho son, nor Is fho son fho fnfhor.
Thoy do nof oxIsf wIfhouf mufunI doondonco, nor nro fhoy
IdonfIcnI. Jusf ns fhrough fhIs rocoduro, fho fnfhor nnd fho son nro
soon fo bo nof osfnbIIshod, so nIso fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs nro
sImIInrIy nof osfnbIIshod.
Moroovor, XIV. oIfhor fho hnInoss nnd sufforIng whIch
doond uon nn objocf In n dronm, nor fhnf objocf nro oxIsfonf.
SImIInrIy, noIfhor fhnf whIch orIgInnfos doondonfIy, nor fhnf uon
whIch If doonds nro oxIsfonf.
Ior Insfnnco, noIfhor fho hnInoss nnd sufforIng whIch
doond uon nn objocf In n dronm, nor fho objocf nro oxIsfonf.
SImIInrIy, noIfhor fhnf whIch orIgInnfos doondonfIy, nor ngnIn fhnf
uon whIch If doonds nro oxIsfonf.
Horo If Is snId. XV. If onfIfIos nro nof oxIsfonf In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng, noIfhor InforIorIfy, modIocrIfy nor suorIorIfy, nor
fho mnnIfoId objocfs of oxorIonco nro osfnbIIshod, nor wIII fhoro
bo nnyfhIng osfnbIIshod from n cnuso.
Thoroforo, fho sfnfomonf fhnf onfIfIos nro nof oxIsfonf In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng Is nof nrorInfo.
158
Horo If Is oxInInod. XVI. If InfrInsIc boIng woro osfnbIIshod,
n doondonf onfIfy wouId nof occur. Iuf wIfhouf doondonco, how
doos nn onfIfy oxIsf WIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng nn onfIfy doos nof
occur nnd wIfh InfrInsIc boIng nn onfIfy cnnnof bo dosfroyod.
If onfIfIos woro oxIsfonf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, doondonf
onfIfIos wouId nof occur. In rognrd fo fhIs, If mny bo fhoughf fhnf
onfIfIos oxIsf ovon wIfhouf doondonco. Horo If Is oxInInod. Iuf
wIfhouf doondonco, how doos nn onfIfy oxIsf WIfhouf
doondonco nIso nn onfIfy cnnnof occur. If nn onfIfy woro fo occur
ovon wIfhouf doondonco, If wouId nof bo wIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng. If
If woro oxIsfonf In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, If couId nof bo dosfroyod, nor
couId If bocomo nonoxIsfonf. Thus If Is oxInInod.
Horo If Is snId. Tho concofIons of whnf nro cnIIod InfrInsIc
boIng, oxfrInsIc boIng, boIng nnd nonboIng nnd fhoIr suorf nro
nof nonoxIsfonf. Thoroforo, onfIfIos nro nof omfy.
Horo If Is oxInInod. XVII. In whnf Is nonoxIsfonf, how nro
InfrInsIc boIng, oxfrInsIc boIng nnd boIng ossIbIo Thoroforo,
InfrInsIc boIng, oxfrInsIc boIng nnd nonboIng nro orronoous.
Thus, nonoxIsfonf Is oxInInod ns fhnf whIch Is nof oxIsfonf.
In whnf Is nonoxIsfonf, how nro whnf nro cnIIod InfrInsIc boIng,
oxfrInsIc boIng nnd dosfrucfIon ossIbIo Thoroforo, oxfrInsIc boIng,
nonboIng nnd InfrInsIc boIng nro orronoous.
Horo If Is snId, XVIII. If onfIfIos nro omfy, fhoy cnn noIfhor
conso nor orIgInnfo. How cnn whnf Is omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng
oIfhor conso or orIgInnfo
If onfIfIos nro omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhoy cnn noIfhor
conso nor orIgInnfo. If If Is hoId fhnf whnf Is In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng
omfy consos nnd orIgInnfos,fhon horo If Is snId. How cnn whnf Is
omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng oIfhor conso or orIgInnfo
Horo If Is oxInInod. AII fncfors nro jusf omfy why
Iocnuso, XIX. IoIng nnd non boIng nro nof IdonfIcnI. WIfhouf non
boIng, fhoro Is no boIng. IoIng nnd nonboIng wIII nIwnys occur.
WIfhouf boIng, nonboIng doos nof nrIso.
IoIng nnd nonboIng nro nof IdonfIcnI. If mny bo nskod how
fhIs Is oxInInod IoIng nnd nonboIng cnnnof bo oxIsfonf nf fho
snmo fImo nnd In fho snmo Inco. Thus, If Is oxInInod. Af fhIs
157
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0A!%*@-#1-*#'*)(A(%)5*&"(*(E#5'(%'.*
**?("(* #'* #5* 5&#).* :G.* ;+* (%'#'#(5* &"(* %!'* (E#5'(%'* #%* '-(#"*
#%'"#%5#1* >(#%$2* %(#'-("* #%+("#!"#'=2* ,()#!1"#'=* %!"* 50A("#!"#'=2* %!"*
'-(* ,&%#+!4)* * 7!>I(1'5* !+* (EA("#(%1(8* &"(* (5'&>4#5-()2* %!"* @#44* '-("(*
>(*&%='-#%$*(5'&>4#5-()*+"!,*&*1&05(.**
**C-("(+!"(2*'-(*5'&'(,(%'*'-&'*(%'#'#(5*&"(*%!'*(E#5'(%'*#%*'-(#"*
#%'"#%5#1*>(#%$*#5*%!'*&AA"!A"#&'(.**
158
**?("(*#'*#5*(EA4&#%().*:G;.*;+*#%'"#%5#1*>(#%$*@("(*(5'&>4#5-()2*
&* )(A(%)(%'* (%'#'=* @!04)* %!'* !110".* J0'* @#'-!0'* )(A(%)(%1(2* -!@*
)!(5* 7&%* (%'#'=8* (E#5'B* * /#'-!0'* #%'"#%5#1* >(#%$* 7&%* (%'#'=8* )!(5* %!'*
!110"*&%)*@#'-*#%'"#%5#1*>(#%$*7&%*(%'#'=8*1&%%!'*>(*)(5'"!=().*
**;+* (%'#'#(5* @("(* (E#5'(%'* #%* '-(#"* #%'"#%5#1* >(#%$2* )(A(%)(%'*
(%'#'#(5*@!04)*%!'*!110".*;%*"($&")*'!*'-#52*#'*,&=*>(*'-!0$-'*7'-&'8*
(%'#'#(5* (E#5'* (3(%* @#'-!0'* )(A(%)(%1(.* ?("(* #'* #5* (EA4&#%()!" J0'*
@#'-!0'* )(A(%)(%1(2* -!@* )!(5* 7&%* (%'#'=8* (E#5'B* * /#'-!0'*
)(A(%)(%1(*&45!*7&%*(%'#'=8*1&%%!'*!110".*;+*&%*(%'#'=*@("(*'!*!110"*
(3(%*@#'-!0'*)(A(%)(%1(2*#'*@!04)*%!'*>(*@#'-!0'*#%'"#%5#1*>(#%$.*;+*
#'*@("(*(E#5'(%'*#%*#'5*#%'"#%5#1*>(#%$2*#'*1!04)*%!'*>(*)(5'"!=()2*%!"*
1!04)*#'*>(1!,(*%!%K(E#5'(%'.*C-05*#'*#5*(EA4&#%().**
**?("(* #'* #5* 5&#).* C-(* 1!%1(A'#!%5* !+* @-&'* &"(* 1&44()* #%'"#%5#1*
>(#%$2* (E'"#%5#1* >(#%$2* >(#%$* &%)* %!%K>(#%$* &%)* '-(#"* 50AA!"'* &"(*
%!'*%!%K(E#5'(%'.*C-("(+!"(2*(%'#'#(5*&"(*%!'*(,A'=.**
**?("(* #'* #5* (EA4&#%().* :G;;.* ;%* @-&'* #5* %!%K(E#5'(%'2* -!@* &"(*
#%'"#%5#1* >(#%$2* (E'"#%5#1* >(#%$* &%)* >(#%$* A!55#>4(B* * C-("(+!"(2*
#%'"#%5#1*>(#%$2*(E'"#%5#1*>(#%$*&%)*%!%K>(#%$*&"(*(""!%(!05.**
**C-052*%!%K(E#5'(%'*#5*(EA4&#%()*&5*'-&'*@-#1-*#5*%!'*(E#5'(%'.*
;%* @-&'* #5* %!%K(E#5'(%'2* -!@* &"(* @-&'* &"(* 1&44()* #%'"#%5#1* >(#%$2*
(E'"#%5#1*>(#%$*&%)*)(5'"01'#!%*A!55#>4(B**C-("(+!"(2*(E'"#%5#1*>(#%$2*
%!%K>(#%$*&%)*#%'"#%5#1*>(#%$*&"(*(""!%(!05.*
**?("(*#'* #5* 5&#)2*:G;;;.*;+*(%'#'#(5*&"(*(,A'=2*'-(=*1&%*%(#'-("*
1(&5(* %!"* !"#$#%&'(.* ?!@* 1&%* @-&'* #5* (,A'=* #%* #'5* #%'"#%5#1* >(#%$*
(#'-("*1(&5(*!"*!"#$#%&'(B*
**;+*(%'#'#(5*&"(*(,A'=*#%*'-(#"*#%'"#%5#1*>(#%$2*'-(=*1&%*%(#'-("*
1(&5(* %!"* !"#$#%&'(.* ;+* #'* #5* -(4)* '-&'* @-&'* #5* #%* #'5* #%'"#%5#1* >(#%$*
(,A'=*1(&5(5*&%)*!"#$#%&'(527'-(%8*-("(*#'*#5*5&#).*?!@*1&%*@-&'*#5*
(,A'=*#%*#'5*#%'"#%5#1*>(#%$*(#'-("*1(&5(*!"*!"#$#%&'(B***
**?("(* #'* #5* (EA4&#%().* L44* +&1'!"5* &"(* I05'* (,A'=* K* @-=B* K*
J(1&05(2*:;:.*J(#%$*&%)*%!%K*>(#%$*&"(*%!'*#)(%'#1&4.*/#'-!0'*%!%K
>(#%$2* '-("(* #5* %!* >(#%$.* J(#%$* &%)* %!%K>(#%$* @#44* &4@&=5* !110".*
/#'-!0'*>(#%$2*%!%K>(#%$*)!(5*%!'*&"#5(.**
**J(#%$* &%)* %!%K>(#%$* &"(* %!'* #)(%'#1&4.* ;'* ,&=* >(* &56()* -!@*
'-#5* #5* (EA4&#%()B* * J(#%$* &%)* %!%K>(#%$* 1&%%!'* >(* (E#5'(%'* &'* '-(*
5&,(* '#,(* 7&%)* #%* '-(* 5&,(* A4&1(8.* C-052* #'* #5* (EA4&#%().* L'* '-#5*
159
oInf, If mny bo fhoughf fhnf nofhIng ofhor fhnn boIng nIono oxIsfs.
Horo If Is oxInInod. WIfhouf nonboIng, fhoro Is no boIng. WIfhouf
nonboIng, boIng Is nof jusfIfIod, bocnuso fhoro Is no boIng wIfhouf
Imormnnonco. IoIng nnd nonboIng wIII nIwnys occur, fhnf Is,
boIng wIII nIwnys bo Imormnnonf.
Af fhIs oInf, If mny bo fhoughf fhnf boIng Is nIwnys bound u
wIfh Imormnnonco, howovor, nf fho fImo of orIgInnfIon nnd
durnfIon, If Imormnnonco Is Infonf, buf nf fho fImo of dosfrucfIon,
Imormnnonco dosfroys boIng. Horo If Is oxInInod. WIfhouf boIng,
nonboIng doos nof nrIso. onboIng doos nof oxIsf wIfhouf boIng
bocnuso wIfhouf dosfrucfIon, Imormnnonco whIch hns fho
chnrncforIsfIc of dosfrucfIon Is nof nrorInfo. WIfhouf dosfrucfIon,
whnf Is cnIIod Imormnnonco Is nof jusfIfIod. Thoroforo, fhoro wIII
nIwnys bo rocIsoIy boIng nnd nonboIng.
Horo If Is snId, fhoro Is nofhIng ofhor fhnn nonboIng nIono.
Horo If Is oxInInod. XX. WIfhouf boIng, fhoro Is no nonboIng. IoIng
Is nof orIgInnfod from IfsoIf nnd nof orIgInnfod from nnofhor.
Thus, fhoro Is no boIng, nnd wIfhouf If, fhoro Is no nonboIng.
WIfhouf boIng, fhoro Is no nonboIng nnd fhnf boIng noIfhor
orIgInnfos from IfsoIf nor from nnofhor. Thus bocnuso of fhIs
nrgumonf, fhoro Is no oxIsfonf boIng. Thoroforo nonboIng doos nof
nrIso. So If Is oxInInod. WIfhouf If nonboIng, fhoro Is nIso no
boIng. WIfhouf boIng, fhoro Is nIso no nonoxIsfonco of fhnf boIng,
fhnf Is, fho nonboIng of such n boIng Is nIso ImossIbIo. Thus If Is
oxInInod.
l4

Moroovor, XXI. If boIng woro jusf oxIsfonf, If wouId bo
ormnnonf. If If woro nonoxIsfonf, If wouId suroIy bo nnnIhIInfod. If
boIng woro oxIsfonf, If wouId bo bofh fhoso fwo. Thoroforo, boIng Is
nof nccofod.
IoIng Is nof nccofod, bocnuso If boIng woro jusf oxIsfonf, If
wouId consoquonfIy bo ormnnonf. If If woro nonoxIsfonf, If wouId
consoquonfIy suroIy bo nnnIhIInfod. If boIng woro oxIsfonf, If wouId
consoquonfIy bo bofh fhoso fwo ormnnonf nnd nnnIhIInfod.
l5

Horo If Is snId. XXII n. Iocnuso of confInuIfy, fhoso
consoquoncos do nof oxIsf. An onfIfy consos fo oxIsf whon If hns
Imnrfod n cnuso fo nn offocf.
160
Tho fwo consoquoncos of ormnnonco nnd nnnIhIInfIon do
nof oxIsf, bocnuso of fho confInuIfy of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon.
An onfIfy consos fo oxIsf whon If hns Imnrfod n cnuso fo nn
offocf.
Horo If Is oxInInod. XXII b. Jusf ns boforo, fhIs Is nof
osfnbIIshod. Iurfhor, fho fnuIf of InforrufIng fho confInuIfy wIII
occur.
As wo doformInod onrIIor, boIng nnd nonboIng nro nof
IdonfIcnI.
l6
Thoroforo, fho confInuIfy whIch you nccof Is jusf ns
boforo, nof osfnbIIshod. Moroovor, fho fnuIf of InforrufIng fho
confInuIfy wIII consoquonfIy occur.
Horo If Is snId. XXIII n. Through sooIng orIgInnfIon nnd
dosfrucfIon, fho nfh fo 5/"7#'& wns domonsfrnfod, nof by monns
of ImfInoss.
l?

Tho nfh fo 5/"7#'& wns domonsfrnfod fhrough sooIng
orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon, buf nof bocnuso of omfInoss.
Horo If Is oxInInod XXIII b. Thoso nro soon, bocnuso fhoy
nro mufunIIy confrndIcfory nnd so nro concoIvod ns such.
If Is oxInInod fhus. Tho oononfs' objocfIon ImIIos fhnf)
nof fhrough fho knowIodgo of non orIgInnfIon wns fho nfh fo
Irvnn domonsfrnfod. Thnf knowIodgo whIch soos orIgInnfIon
nnd dosfrucfIon nIso soos orIgInnfIon fo bo fho confrnry of
dosfrucfIon nnd soos dosfrucfIon nIso fo bo fho confrnry of
orIgInnfIon. Thoroforo, sInco orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro
mufunIIy confrndIcfory nnd fho knowIodgo of fhom Is nIso
mufunIIy confrndIcfory, orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro soon.
Thoroforo, ngnIn, fhoro Is onIy ImfInoss, bocnuso orIgInnfIon Is
doondonf uon dosfrucfIon nnd dosfrucfIon Is doondonf uon
orIgInnfIon.
Horo If Is snId. XXIV n. If noIfhor orIgInnfIon nor cossnfIon
nro oxIsfonf, fho cossnfIon of whnf Is 5/"7#'&
l8

If fhoro Is no orIgInnfIon nnd nIso no cossnfIon, fhon fho
cossnfIon of whnf Is 5/"7#'&
Horo If Is oxInInod. XXIV b. Is nof whnf Is In Ifs InfrInsIc
boIng noIfhor orIgInnfod nor consos IIbornfIon
Is nof IIbornfIon whnf Is In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng noIfhor
159
oInf, If mny bo fhoughf fhnf nofhIng ofhor fhnn boIng nIono oxIsfs.
Horo If Is oxInInod. WIfhouf nonboIng, fhoro Is no boIng. WIfhouf
nonboIng, boIng Is nof jusfIfIod, bocnuso fhoro Is no boIng wIfhouf
Imormnnonco. IoIng nnd nonboIng wIII nIwnys occur, fhnf Is,
boIng wIII nIwnys bo Imormnnonf.
Af fhIs oInf, If mny bo fhoughf fhnf boIng Is nIwnys bound u
wIfh Imormnnonco, howovor, nf fho fImo of orIgInnfIon nnd
durnfIon, If Imormnnonco Is Infonf, buf nf fho fImo of dosfrucfIon,
Imormnnonco dosfroys boIng. Horo If Is oxInInod. WIfhouf boIng,
nonboIng doos nof nrIso. onboIng doos nof oxIsf wIfhouf boIng
bocnuso wIfhouf dosfrucfIon, Imormnnonco whIch hns fho
chnrncforIsfIc of dosfrucfIon Is nof nrorInfo. WIfhouf dosfrucfIon,
whnf Is cnIIod Imormnnonco Is nof jusfIfIod. Thoroforo, fhoro wIII
nIwnys bo rocIsoIy boIng nnd nonboIng.
Horo If Is snId, fhoro Is nofhIng ofhor fhnn nonboIng nIono.
Horo If Is oxInInod. XX. WIfhouf boIng, fhoro Is no nonboIng. IoIng
Is nof orIgInnfod from IfsoIf nnd nof orIgInnfod from nnofhor.
Thus, fhoro Is no boIng, nnd wIfhouf If, fhoro Is no nonboIng.
WIfhouf boIng, fhoro Is no nonboIng nnd fhnf boIng noIfhor
orIgInnfos from IfsoIf nor from nnofhor. Thus bocnuso of fhIs
nrgumonf, fhoro Is no oxIsfonf boIng. Thoroforo nonboIng doos nof
nrIso. So If Is oxInInod. WIfhouf If nonboIng, fhoro Is nIso no
boIng. WIfhouf boIng, fhoro Is nIso no nonoxIsfonco of fhnf boIng,
fhnf Is, fho nonboIng of such n boIng Is nIso ImossIbIo. Thus If Is
oxInInod.
l4

Moroovor, XXI. If boIng woro jusf oxIsfonf, If wouId bo
ormnnonf. If If woro nonoxIsfonf, If wouId suroIy bo nnnIhIInfod. If
boIng woro oxIsfonf, If wouId bo bofh fhoso fwo. Thoroforo, boIng Is
nof nccofod.
IoIng Is nof nccofod, bocnuso If boIng woro jusf oxIsfonf, If
wouId consoquonfIy bo ormnnonf. If If woro nonoxIsfonf, If wouId
consoquonfIy suroIy bo nnnIhIInfod. If boIng woro oxIsfonf, If wouId
consoquonfIy bo bofh fhoso fwo ormnnonf nnd nnnIhIInfod.
l5

Horo If Is snId. XXII n. Iocnuso of confInuIfy, fhoso
consoquoncos do nof oxIsf. An onfIfy consos fo oxIsf whon If hns
Imnrfod n cnuso fo nn offocf.
160
Tho fwo consoquoncos of ormnnonco nnd nnnIhIInfIon do
nof oxIsf, bocnuso of fho confInuIfy of orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon.
An onfIfy consos fo oxIsf whon If hns Imnrfod n cnuso fo nn
offocf.
Horo If Is oxInInod. XXII b. Jusf ns boforo, fhIs Is nof
osfnbIIshod. Iurfhor, fho fnuIf of InforrufIng fho confInuIfy wIII
occur.
As wo doformInod onrIIor, boIng nnd nonboIng nro nof
IdonfIcnI.
l6
Thoroforo, fho confInuIfy whIch you nccof Is jusf ns
boforo, nof osfnbIIshod. Moroovor, fho fnuIf of InforrufIng fho
confInuIfy wIII consoquonfIy occur.
Horo If Is snId. XXIII n. Through sooIng orIgInnfIon nnd
dosfrucfIon, fho nfh fo !"#$%&' wns domonsfrnfod, nof by monns
of ImfInoss.
l?

Tho nfh fo !"#$%&' wns domonsfrnfod fhrough sooIng
orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon, buf nof bocnuso of omfInoss.
Horo If Is oxInInod XXIII b. Thoso nro soon, bocnuso fhoy
nro mufunIIy confrndIcfory nnd so nro concoIvod ns such.
If Is oxInInod fhus. Tho oononfs' objocfIon ImIIos fhnf!
nof fhrough fho knowIodgo of non orIgInnfIon wns fho nfh fo
"#$%&'( domonsfrnfod. Thnf knowIodgo whIch soos orIgInnfIon
nnd dosfrucfIon nIso soos orIgInnfIon fo bo fho confrnry of
dosfrucfIon nnd soos dosfrucfIon nIso fo bo fho confrnry of
orIgInnfIon. Thoroforo, sInco orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro
mufunIIy confrndIcfory nnd fho knowIodgo of fhom Is nIso
mufunIIy confrndIcfory, orIgInnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon nro soon.
Thoroforo, ngnIn, fhoro Is onIy ImfInoss, bocnuso orIgInnfIon Is
doondonf uon dosfrucfIon nnd dosfrucfIon Is doondonf uon
orIgInnfIon.
Horo If Is snId. XXIV n. If noIfhor orIgInnfIon nor cossnfIon
nro oxIsfonf, fho cossnfIon of whnf Is !"#$%&'
l8

If fhoro Is no orIgInnfIon nnd nIso no cossnfIon, fhon fho
cossnfIon of whnf Is !"#$%&'
Horo If Is oxInInod. XXIV b. Is nof whnf Is In Ifs InfrInsIc
boIng noIfhor orIgInnfod nor consos IIbornfIon
Is nof IIbornfIon whnf Is In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng noIfhor
161
orIgInnfod nor consos
Moroovor, XXV. If 5/"7#'& woro cossnfIon, If wouId bo
nnnIhIInfIon. If If woro suosod fo bo ofhorwIso, If wouId bo
ormnnonco. Thoroforo 5/"7#'& Is noIfhor boIng nor nonboIng. If
Is such ns Is noIfhor orIgInnfod nor ngnIn consos.
If 5/"7#'& woro cossnfIon, If wouId consoquonfIy bo
nnnIhIInfIon. If If woro nof cossnfIon, If wouId consoquonfIy bo
ormnnonco. Thus, 5/"7#'& Is noIfhor boIng nor nonboIng.
5/"7#'& Is such ns Is noIfhor orIgInnfod nor consos.
Horo If Is snId. Thoro Is cossnfIon nnd fhnf foo onduros
ormnnonfIy.
Horo If Is oxInInod. XXVI n. If nny cossnfIon woro oxIsfonf, If
wouId occur ovon wIfhouf boIng.
If nny cossnfIon ondurod, If wouId occur ovon wIfhouf boIng. If
nny cossnfIon woro fo onduro ovon wIfhouf boIng, fhon If wouId oxIsf
ovon wIfhouf doondonco.
If Is oxInInod fhus. ThIs Is nIso nof IogIcnI, bocnuso, XXVI b.
WIfhouf boIng, If cossnfIon Is nIso nonoxIsfonf. AgnIn, wIfhouf
nonboIng, If Is nonoxIsfonf.
Iofh wIfhouf boIng nnd wIfhouf nonboIng nIso, If, cossnfIon,
Is nof oxIsfonf. If mny bo nskod how Is If oxInInod AIso wIfhouf
boIng nnd nIso wIfhouf nonboIng nro oxInInod ns wIfhouf
doondIng uon boIng nnd wIfhouf doondIng uon nonboIng.
l9

Horo If Is snId. InfIfIos nro oxIsfonf, bocnuso fho subsfrnfum
of fho chnrncforIsfIc nnd fho chnrncforIsfIc nro InhoronfIy roInfod.
20

Horo If Is oxInInod. XXVII. Tho chnrncforIsfIc Is osfnbIIshod
by fho subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc. Tho subsfrnfum of fho
chnrncforIsfIc Is osfnbIIshod by fho chnrncforIsfIc, buf fhoy nro nof
osfnbIIshod IndoondonfIy, nor nro fhoy osfnbIIshod by ono nnofhor.
Whnf Is nof osfnbIIshod Is nof fhnf whIch osfnbIIshos nnofhor whIch
Is nof osfnbIIshod.
Tho chnrncforIsfIc foo Is osfnbIIshod by fho subsfrnfum of fho
chnrncforIsfIc. Tho subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc foo Is
osfnbIIshod by fho chnrncforIsfIc. Howovor, fhoy nro nof osfnbIIshod
IndoondonfIy, nor nro fhoy osfnbIIshod by ono nnofhor, fhnf Is, fhoy
nro nof rocIrocnIIy osfnbIIshod. If Is oxInInod so. SInco fho
162
subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc nnd fho chnrncforIsfIc nro
dIsrovod by fhIs rocoss, fho subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc nnd
fho chnrncforIsfIc nro nof osfnbIIshod, fhnf Is fhoy nro nof whnf
osfnbIIshos onfIfIos.
2l

XXVIII. Iy fhIs nnnIysIs, cnuso nnd offocf, oxorIonco nnd
fho subjocf of oxorIonco ofc., ns woII ns fho subjocf nnd objocf of
vIsIon ofc., whnf so ovor mny oxIsf nro nII oxInInod wIfhouf
oxcofIon.
22

Horo If Is snId. Thoso who nffIrm fImo dIsfInguIsh mnnIfoId
fImos, fhus fImo Is oxIsfonf.
Horo If Is oxInInod. XXIX. Tho fhroo fImos nro nonoxIsfonf
nnd nro moro ImngInnfIon, bocnuso fhoy nro nonondurIng, nro
rocIrocnIIy osfnbIIshod, dIsordorod, nof osfnbIIshod IndoondonfIy
nnd bocnuso nn onfIfy Is nonoxIsfonf.
TImo Is nof osfnbIIshod. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso If Is
nonondurIng, fhnf Is, fImo Is fhoughf fo bo nonondurIng. Whnf Is
nonondurIng cnnnof bo nrohondod. How fhon Is n nnmo nffIxod
fo whnf cnnnof bo nrohondod Thus If fImo Is nof osfnbIIshod.
Moroovor, sInco fho fhroo fImos nro rocIrocnIIy osfnbIIshod, fhoy
nro Imufod fo bo rocIrocnIIy osfnbIIshod, fhnf Is, doondonf uon
fho nsf, rosonf nnd fufuro nro osfnbIIshod. oondonf uon fho
rosonf, nsf nnd fufuro nro osfnbIIshod nnd doondonf uon fho
fufuro, nsf nnd rosonf fImo nro osfnbIIshod. TImo Is nof
osfnbIIshod, sInco fho fhroo fImos nro Imufod fo bo osfnbIIshod
doondonfIy. Moroovor If Is nof osfnbIIshod, bocnuso fho fhroo
fImos nro dIsordorod. Tho vory snmo fImo, whon comnrod wIfh
fho rosonf, Is cnIIod rosonf. Tho vory snmo fImo Is cnIIod nsf
whon comnrod wIfh fho fufuro nnd fho vory snmo fImo Is cnIIod
fufuro whon comnrod wIfh fho nsf. Moroovor, sInco subsfnnfInI
oxIsfonco Is nof osfnbIIshod, fImo Is nof osfnbIIshod IndoondonfIy.
Thus, If Is nof osfnbIIshod. Moroovor, If fImo Is nonoxIsfonf
bocnuso nn onfIfy Is nonoxIsfonf. If nn onfIfy woro osfnbIIshod, fImo
wouId nIso bo osfnbIIshod, yof, If soughf, nn onfIfy Is nonoxIsfonf In
Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Thoroforo, fImo Is jusf nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs
InfrInsIc boIng, fhnf Is, If Is jusf moro ImngInnfIon.
23

Horo If Is snId. If wns fnughf fhnf nII comoundod fncfors
161
orIgInnfod nor consos
Moroovor, XXV. If !"#$%&' woro cossnfIon, If wouId bo
nnnIhIInfIon. If If woro suosod fo bo ofhorwIso, If wouId bo
ormnnonco. Thoroforo !"#$%&' Is noIfhor boIng nor nonboIng. If
Is such ns Is noIfhor orIgInnfod nor ngnIn consos.
If !"#$%&' woro cossnfIon, If wouId consoquonfIy bo
nnnIhIInfIon. If If woro nof cossnfIon, If wouId consoquonfIy bo
ormnnonco. Thus, !"#$%&' Is noIfhor boIng nor nonboIng.
!"#$%&' Is such ns Is noIfhor orIgInnfod nor consos.
Horo If Is snId. Thoro Is cossnfIon nnd fhnf foo onduros
ormnnonfIy.
Horo If Is oxInInod. XXVI n. If nny cossnfIon woro oxIsfonf, If
wouId occur ovon wIfhouf boIng.
If nny cossnfIon ondurod, If wouId occur ovon wIfhouf boIng. If
nny cossnfIon woro fo onduro ovon wIfhouf boIng, fhon If wouId oxIsf
ovon wIfhouf doondonco.
If Is oxInInod fhus. ThIs Is nIso nof IogIcnI, bocnuso, XXVI b.
WIfhouf boIng, If cossnfIon Is nIso nonoxIsfonf. AgnIn, wIfhouf
nonboIng, If Is nonoxIsfonf.
Iofh wIfhouf boIng nnd wIfhouf nonboIng nIso, If, cossnfIon,
Is nof oxIsfonf. If mny bo nskod how Is If oxInInod AIso wIfhouf
boIng nnd nIso wIfhouf nonboIng nro oxInInod ns wIfhouf
doondIng uon boIng nnd wIfhouf doondIng uon nonboIng.
l9

Horo If Is snId. InfIfIos nro oxIsfonf, bocnuso fho subsfrnfum
of fho chnrncforIsfIc nnd fho chnrncforIsfIc nro InhoronfIy roInfod.
20

Horo If Is oxInInod. XXVII. Tho chnrncforIsfIc Is osfnbIIshod
by fho subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc. Tho subsfrnfum of fho
chnrncforIsfIc Is osfnbIIshod by fho chnrncforIsfIc, buf fhoy nro nof
osfnbIIshod IndoondonfIy, nor nro fhoy osfnbIIshod by ono nnofhor.
Whnf Is nof osfnbIIshod Is nof fhnf whIch osfnbIIshos nnofhor whIch
Is nof osfnbIIshod.
Tho chnrncforIsfIc foo Is osfnbIIshod by fho subsfrnfum of fho
chnrncforIsfIc. Tho subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc foo Is
osfnbIIshod by fho chnrncforIsfIc. Howovor, fhoy nro nof osfnbIIshod
IndoondonfIy, nor nro fhoy osfnbIIshod by ono nnofhor, fhnf Is, fhoy
nro nof rocIrocnIIy osfnbIIshod. If Is oxInInod so. SInco fho
162
subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc nnd fho chnrncforIsfIc nro
dIsrovod by fhIs rocoss, fho subsfrnfum of fho chnrncforIsfIc nnd
fho chnrncforIsfIc nro nof osfnbIIshod, fhnf Is fhoy nro nof whnf
osfnbIIshos onfIfIos.
2l

XXVIII. Iy fhIs nnnIysIs, cnuso nnd offocf, oxorIonco nnd
fho subjocf of oxorIonco ofc., ns woII ns fho subjocf nnd objocf of
vIsIon ofc., whnf so ovor mny oxIsf nro nII oxInInod wIfhouf
oxcofIon.
22

Horo If Is snId. Thoso who nffIrm fImo dIsfInguIsh mnnIfoId
fImos, fhus fImo Is oxIsfonf.
Horo If Is oxInInod. XXIX. Tho fhroo fImos nro nonoxIsfonf
nnd nro moro ImngInnfIon, bocnuso fhoy nro nonondurIng, nro
rocIrocnIIy osfnbIIshod, dIsordorod, nof osfnbIIshod IndoondonfIy
nnd bocnuso nn onfIfy Is nonoxIsfonf.
TImo Is nof osfnbIIshod. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso If Is
nonondurIng, fhnf Is, fImo Is fhoughf fo bo nonondurIng. Whnf Is
nonondurIng cnnnof bo nrohondod. How fhon Is n nnmo nffIxod
fo whnf cnnnof bo nrohondod Thus If fImo Is nof osfnbIIshod.
Moroovor, sInco fho fhroo fImos nro rocIrocnIIy osfnbIIshod, fhoy
nro Imufod fo bo rocIrocnIIy osfnbIIshod, fhnf Is, doondonf uon
fho nsf, rosonf nnd fufuro nro osfnbIIshod. oondonf uon fho
rosonf, nsf nnd fufuro nro osfnbIIshod nnd doondonf uon fho
fufuro, nsf nnd rosonf fImo nro osfnbIIshod. TImo Is nof
osfnbIIshod, sInco fho fhroo fImos nro Imufod fo bo osfnbIIshod
doondonfIy. Moroovor If Is nof osfnbIIshod, bocnuso fho fhroo
fImos nro dIsordorod. Tho vory snmo fImo, whon comnrod wIfh
fho rosonf, Is cnIIod rosonf. Tho vory snmo fImo Is cnIIod nsf
whon comnrod wIfh fho fufuro nnd fho vory snmo fImo Is cnIIod
fufuro whon comnrod wIfh fho nsf. Moroovor, sInco subsfnnfInI
oxIsfonco Is nof osfnbIIshod, fImo Is nof osfnbIIshod IndoondonfIy.
Thus, If Is nof osfnbIIshod. Moroovor, If fImo Is nonoxIsfonf
bocnuso nn onfIfy Is nonoxIsfonf. If nn onfIfy woro osfnbIIshod, fImo
wouId nIso bo osfnbIIshod, yof, If soughf, nn onfIfy Is nonoxIsfonf In
Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Thoroforo, fImo Is jusf nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs
InfrInsIc boIng, fhnf Is, If Is jusf moro ImngInnfIon.
23

Horo If Is snId. If wns fnughf fhnf nII comoundod fncfors
163
ossoss fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs orIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon
nnd fho oosIfo nro fho uncomoundod fncfors. Thoroforo, fho
comoundod nnd fho uncomoundod fncfors nro oxIsfonf.
24

Horo If Is oxInInod. XXX. Iocnuso fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of
fho comoundod fncfors orIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon
nro nonoxIsfonf, fhoroforo fho comoundod fncfors nnd fho
uncomoundod fncfors nro nof nf nII oxIsfonf.
OrIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon whIch woro fnughf fo
bo fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of fho comoundod fncfors nro nof
jusfIfIod, If nnnIyzod. Thoroforo, fhoy nro nonoxIsfonf. SInco fhoy
fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs nro nonoxIsfonf, comoundod fncfors nnd
Moroovor, If Is snId fhnf fho comoundod fncfors, ovon
fhough fhoy bo nccofod, nro nonoxIsfonf, bocnuso If nnnIyzod, fhoy
nro nof jusfIfIod.
If mny bo nskod why XXXI. Tho undosfroyod Is nof
dosfroyod, nor Is fho dosfroyod. Tho ondurIng doos nof onduro, nor
doos fho unondurIng onduro. Tho orIgInnfod doos nof orIgInnfo, nor
doos fho unorIgInnfod orIgInnfo.
Af fhIs oInf, If mny bo consIdorod whofhor fho orIgInnfod
orIgInnfos or fho unorIgInnfod orIgInnfos. In fhIs cnso, fIrsf, fho
orIgInnfod doos nof orIgInnfo. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso, If Is
nIrondy orIgInnfod. Tho unorIgInnfod nIso doos nof orIgInnfo. Why
Iocnuso If Is unorIgInnfod. If mny bo consIdorod whofhor fho
ondurIng onduros or fho unondurIng onduros. In fhIs cnso, fho
ondurIng doos nof onduro, bocnuso If Is nIrondy ondurIng. Tho
unondurIng nIso doos nof onduro. Why Iocnuso, If Is unondurIng.
IInnIIy, If mny bo consIdorod whofhor fho dosfroyod Is dosfroyod or
fho undosfroyod Is dosfroyod. oIfhor nIfornnfIvo Is jusfIfIod. Thus
fho comoundod fncfors nro nonoxIsfonf, bocnuso ovon fhough fhoy
nro nccofod, fhoy nro nof jusfIfIod fhrough fhoso fhroo rocossos.
SInco fho comoundod fncfors nro nof oxIsfonf, fho uncomoundod
fncfors nro IIkowIso ImossIbIo.
Moroovor, XXXII. Tho comoundod fncfors nnd fho
uncomoundod fncfors nro noIfhor mnnIfoId nor unIfnry, noIfhor
oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf, nor bofh oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf.
164
WIfhIn fhIs orImofor, nII ossIbIIIfIos nro IncIudod.
If nnnIyzod, fho comoundod fncfors nnd fho uncomoundod
fncfors nro noIfhor mnnIfoId nor unIfnry, noIfhor oxIsfonf nor non
oxIsfonf nor bofh oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf. Thus If Is oxInInod
fhnf wIfhIn fhIs orImofor, fhnf Is wIfhIn fhIs, nII fhoso nro
IncIudod, In ofhor words, wIfhouf oxcofIon or comIofoIy. Tho
ossIbIIIfIos IncIudod by fhoso fwo fho comoundod nnd
uncomoundod fncfors) shouId bo known.
25

Horo If Is snId. XXXIII. Tho IIossod Ono rocInImod fho
ondurIng of ncfIons. Tho Irocofor rocInImod ncfIons nnd fhoIr
offocfs nnd fhnf fho sonfIonf boIng Is fho ngonf of ncfIons nnd fhnf
ncfIons nro nof Iosf.
In fho cnnonIcnI dIscoursos, fho IIossod Ono hns In mnny
wnys oxInInod ncfIons nnd fhoIr offocfs. If Is nIso rocInImod fhnf
ncfIons nro nof wIfhouf fhoIr offocfs. If Is nIso rocInImod fhnf
ncfIons nro nof Iosf nnd fhnf fho sonfIonf boIng Is fho ngonf of
ncfIons. Thus, ncfIons nnd fho offocfs of ncfIons nro oxIsfonf.
Horo If Is oxInInod. XXXIV. Iocnuso If hns boon
domonsfrnfod fhnf fhoy nro wIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng, ncfIons do nof
orIgInnfo, so fhoy cnnnof bo dosfroyod. AcfIons orIgInnfo from soIf
cIIngIng. Thnf cIIngIng whIch roducos ncfIons nIso orIgInnfos from
ImngInnfIon.
SInco, ncfIons hnvo nIrondy boon domonsfrnfod fo bo wIfhouf
InfrInsIc boIng, fhoy do nof orIgInnfo. Thoroforo, ns fhoy do nof
orIgInnfo, fhoy cnnnof bo dosfroyod. Moroovor, ncfIons orIgInnfo
from fhnf, soIf cIIngIng, fhoroforo, soIf cIIngIng roducos ncfIons.
Thnf soIf cIIngIng nIso orIgInnfos from ImngInnfIon.
Moroovor, XXXV. If ncfIons oxIsfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng,
fhon fho body orIgInnfod from fhom wouId bo ormnnonf. Thoy
wouId nof bo ondowod wIfh fho mnfurIng offocf of sufforIng.
Thoroforo, ncfIons wouId nIso bo subsfnnfInI.
If ncfIons oxIsfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng fhoy wouId bo
ormnnonf. If If woro so, whnfovor bodIos orIgInnfo from fhoso
ncfIons wouId nIso bo ormnnonf, fhnf Is fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng wouId
bo ImmufnbIo. Thus If Is oxInInod. Moroovor, fhoy wouId nof
ossoss fho mnfurIng offocf of sufforIng. Thoso ncfIons wouId nIso
163
ossoss fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs orIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon
nnd fho oosIfo nro fho uncomoundod fncfors. Thoroforo, fho
comoundod nnd fho uncomoundod fncfors nro oxIsfonf.
24

Horo If Is oxInInod. XXX. Iocnuso fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of
fho comoundod fncfors orIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon
nro nonoxIsfonf, fhoroforo fho comoundod fncfors nnd fho
OrIgInnfIon, durnfIon nnd dosfrucfIon whIch woro fnughf fo
bo fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs of fho comoundod fncfors nro nof
jusfIfIod, If nnnIyzod. Thoroforo, fhoy nro nonoxIsfonf. SInco fhoy
fho fhroo chnrncforIsfIcs nro nonoxIsfonf, comoundod fncfors nnd
Moroovor, If Is snId fhnf fho comoundod fncfors, ovon
fhough fhoy bo nccofod, nro nonoxIsfonf, bocnuso If nnnIyzod, fhoy
nro nof jusfIfIod.
If mny bo nskod why XXXI. Tho undosfroyod Is nof
dosfroyod, nor Is fho dosfroyod. Tho ondurIng doos nof onduro, nor
doos fho unondurIng onduro. Tho orIgInnfod doos nof orIgInnfo, nor
doos fho unorIgInnfod orIgInnfo.
Af fhIs oInf, If mny bo consIdorod whofhor fho orIgInnfod
orIgInnfos or fho unorIgInnfod orIgInnfos. In fhIs cnso, fIrsf, fho
orIgInnfod doos nof orIgInnfo. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso, If Is
nIrondy orIgInnfod. Tho unorIgInnfod nIso doos nof orIgInnfo. Why
Iocnuso If Is unorIgInnfod. If mny bo consIdorod whofhor fho
ondurIng onduros or fho unondurIng onduros. In fhIs cnso, fho
ondurIng doos nof onduro, bocnuso If Is nIrondy ondurIng. Tho
unondurIng nIso doos nof onduro. Why Iocnuso, If Is unondurIng.
IInnIIy, If mny bo consIdorod whofhor fho dosfroyod Is dosfroyod or
fho undosfroyod Is dosfroyod. oIfhor nIfornnfIvo Is jusfIfIod. Thus
fho comoundod fncfors nro nonoxIsfonf, bocnuso ovon fhough fhoy
nro nccofod, fhoy nro nof jusfIfIod fhrough fhoso fhroo rocossos.
SInco fho comoundod fncfors nro nof oxIsfonf, fho uncomoundod
fncfors nro IIkowIso ImossIbIo.
Moroovor, XXXII. Tho comoundod fncfors nnd fho
uncomoundod fncfors nro noIfhor mnnIfoId nor unIfnry, noIfhor
oxIsfonf nor nonoxIsfonf, nor bofh oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf.
164
WIfhIn fhIs orImofor, nII ossIbIIIfIos nro IncIudod.
If nnnIyzod, fho comoundod fncfors nnd fho uncomoundod
fncfors nro noIfhor mnnIfoId nor unIfnry, noIfhor oxIsfonf nor non
oxIsfonf nor bofh oxIsfonf nnd nonoxIsfonf. Thus If Is oxInInod
fhnf wIfhIn fhIs orImofor, fhnf Is wIfhIn fhIs, nII fhoso nro
IncIudod, In ofhor words, wIfhouf oxcofIon or comIofoIy. Tho
ossIbIIIfIos IncIudod by fhoso fwo fho comoundod nnd
uncomoundod fncfors! shouId bo known.
25

Horo If Is snId. XXXIII. Tho IIossod Ono rocInImod fho
ondurIng of ncfIons. Tho Irocofor rocInImod ncfIons nnd fhoIr
offocfs nnd fhnf fho sonfIonf boIng Is fho ngonf of ncfIons nnd fhnf
ncfIons nro nof Iosf.
In fho cnnonIcnI dIscoursos, fho IIossod Ono hns In mnny
wnys oxInInod ncfIons nnd fhoIr offocfs. If Is nIso rocInImod fhnf
ncfIons nro nof wIfhouf fhoIr offocfs. If Is nIso rocInImod fhnf
ncfIons nro nof Iosf nnd fhnf fho sonfIonf boIng Is fho ngonf of
ncfIons. Thus, ncfIons nnd fho offocfs of ncfIons nro oxIsfonf.
Horo If Is oxInInod. XXXIV. Iocnuso If hns boon
domonsfrnfod fhnf fhoy nro wIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng, ncfIons do nof
orIgInnfo, so fhoy cnnnof bo dosfroyod. AcfIons orIgInnfo from soIf
cIIngIng. Thnf cIIngIng whIch roducos ncfIons nIso orIgInnfos from
ImngInnfIon.
SInco, ncfIons hnvo nIrondy boon domonsfrnfod fo bo wIfhouf
InfrInsIc boIng, fhoy do nof orIgInnfo. Thoroforo, ns fhoy do nof
orIgInnfo, fhoy cnnnof bo dosfroyod. Moroovor, ncfIons orIgInnfo
from fhnf, soIf cIIngIng, fhoroforo, soIf cIIngIng roducos ncfIons.
Thnf soIf cIIngIng nIso orIgInnfos from ImngInnfIon.
Moroovor, XXXV. If ncfIons oxIsfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng,
fhon fho body orIgInnfod from fhom wouId bo ormnnonf. Thoy
wouId nof bo ondowod wIfh fho mnfurIng offocf of sufforIng.
Thoroforo, ncfIons wouId nIso bo subsfnnfInI.
If ncfIons oxIsfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng fhoy wouId bo
ormnnonf. If If woro so, whnfovor bodIos orIgInnfo from fhoso
ncfIons wouId nIso bo ormnnonf, fhnf Is fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng wouId
bo ImmufnbIo. Thus If Is oxInInod. Moroovor, fhoy wouId nof
ossoss fho mnfurIng offocf of sufforIng. Thoso ncfIons wouId nIso
165
nof ossoss fho mnfurIng offocf of sufforIng. Moroovor, consoquonfIy
ncfIons wouId nIso bo subsfnnfInI. SInco ncfIons wouId bo
ormnnonf, fhoy wouId nIso bo subsfnnfInI, bocnuso whnf Is
Imormnnonco Is sufforIng nnd whnf Is sufforIng Is
InsubsfnnfInIIfy.
26
Thus ncfIons nro wIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng nnd so
do nof orIgInnfo. SInco fhoy do nof orIgInnfo, fhoy nro nof Iosf.
Moroovor, XXXVI n. AcfIons orIgInnfod from condIfIons nro
nof In fho Ionsf oxIsfonf, nor nro ncfIons oxIsfonf orIgInnfod
wIfhouf condIfIons.
If mny bo nskod why XXXVI b. Comoundod fncfors nro
IIko nn IIIusIon, n fnIry cIfy nnd n mIrngo.
AcfIons, ovon ns orIgInnfod from condIfIons nro nof oxIsfonf,
nor nro nny ncfIons orIgInnfod wIfhouf condIfIons In fho Ionsf
oxIsfonf. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso comoundod fncfors
nro IIko nn IIIusIon, n fnIry cIfy nnd n mIrngo. AcfIons nro nof
oxIsfonf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, bocnuso comoundod fncfors nro
Moroovor, XXXVII. AffIIcfIons nro fho cnuso of ncfIons.
VoIIfIons consIsf of ncfIons nnd nffIIcfIons. AcfIons nro fho cnuso of
fho body, fhoroforo nII fhroo nro nIso omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.
SInco ncfIons orIgInnfo from fho cnuso of nffIIcfIons, nnd sInco
voIIfIons orIgInnfo from fho cnuso of ncfIons nnd nffIIcfIons, nnd
sInco fho body orIgInnfos from fho cnuso of ncfIons, fhoroforo, nII
fhroo nro nIso omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.
If If Is so, XXXVIII. WIfhouf ncfIons, fhoro Is no ngonf.
WIfhouf fhoso fwo, fhoro Is no offocf. WIfhouf If, fhoro Is
consoquonfIy no subjocf of oxorIonco. Honco fhoy nro omfy.
Thus ngnIn, whon IogIcnIIy nnnIyzod, If fho offocf Is nof
oxIsfonf In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhoro nro no ncfIons. WIfhouf ncfIons,
fhoro Is no ngonf. WIfhouf ncfIons nnd fho ngonf, fhoro Is no offocf.
WIfhouf If fho offocf fhoro Is no subjocf of oxorIonco. Thoroforo,
fhoy nro omfy.
Moroovor, XXXIX. If ono knows vory woII ncfIons fo bo omfy,
ncfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo, bocnuso of fhnf orcofIon of fho ronI.
WIfhouf ncfIons, fhnf whIch orIgInnfos from ncfIons wIII nof
orIgInnfo.
166
If ono knows vory woII fho cnuso, ncfIons, fo bo omfy In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng, ncfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo, bocnuso of fho orcofIon
of suchnoss. WIfhouf fhoso ncfIons, fhnf whIch orIgInnfos from
ncfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo.
Aro ncfIons jusf nonoxIsfonf, or doos somofhIng oxIsf If Is
oxInInod. SomofhIng Is oxIsfonf. If mny bo nskod how Is If so
X!. As fho IIossod Ono, fho I&1$#,&1& cronfos nn IIIusory
cronfIon by monns of IIIusory omnnnfIon, fhnf IIIusory cronfIon
cronfos nnofhor IIIusory cronfIon.
X!I. Among fhom, fho IIIusory cronfIon of fho I&1$#,&1& Is
omfy. Whnf nood Is fhoro fo sny nnyfhIng nbouf fho IIIusory
cronfIon of nn IIIusory cronfIon Thoy nro bofh oxIsfonf In so fnr ns
nnyfhIng whIch Is moro ImngInnfIon.
X!II. SImIInrIy, fho ngonf Is IIko fho IIIusory cronfIon nnd
ncfIons nro IIko fho IIIusory cronfIon of nn IIIusory cronfIon. Thoy nro
omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng nnd oxIsf Insofnr ns nnyfhIng whIch
Is moro ImngInnfIon.
As fho IIossod Ono, fho I&1$#,&1&, cronfos nn IIIusory
cronfIon for fho urosos of fonchIng fhrough IIIusory omnnnfIon,
nnd fhnf cronfIon nIso cronfos nnofhor IIIusory cronfIon, so ncfIons
nIso shouId bo sImIInrIy undorsfood. Among fhom, fIrsf, If fho
IIIusory cronfIon of fho I&1$#,&1& Is omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng,
whnf nood Is fhoro fo sny nnyfhIng rognrdIng fho IIIusory cronfIon of
nn IIIusory cronfIon Tho fwo nro oxIsfonf In so fnr ns nnyfhIng
whIch Is moro ImngInnfIon. So ncfIons nro sImIInr fo fhIs.
Moroovor, X!III. If ncfIons oxIsfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng,
fhoro wouId bo no 5/"7#'& nnd no ngonf of ncfIons. If fhoy woro
nonoxIsfonf, fhoro wouId bo no nffrncfIvo nnd unnffrncfIvo offocfs
orIgInnfod from ncfIons.
If fho InfrInsIc boIng of ncfIons oxIsfod, fhon ncfIons wouId bo
osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng nnd fhoro wouId bo no
nffnInmonf of 5/"7#'&. Moroovor, fhoro wouId bo no ngonf of
ncfIons. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso, ovon wIfhouf nn ngonf,
ncfIons wouId bo woII osfnbIIshod. If ncfIons woro nonoxIsfonf In
fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhoro wouId bo no nffrncfIvo nnd unnffrncfIvo
offocfs orIgInnfod from ncfIons.
2?

165
nof ossoss fho mnfurIng offocf of sufforIng. Moroovor, consoquonfIy
ncfIons wouId nIso bo subsfnnfInI. SInco ncfIons wouId bo
ormnnonf, fhoy wouId nIso bo subsfnnfInI, bocnuso whnf Is
Imormnnonco Is sufforIng nnd whnf Is sufforIng Is
InsubsfnnfInIIfy.
26
Thus ncfIons nro wIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng nnd so
do nof orIgInnfo. SInco fhoy do nof orIgInnfo, fhoy nro nof Iosf.
Moroovor, XXXVI n. AcfIons orIgInnfod from condIfIons nro
nof In fho Ionsf oxIsfonf, nor nro ncfIons oxIsfonf orIgInnfod
wIfhouf condIfIons.
If mny bo nskod why XXXVI b. Comoundod fncfors nro
AcfIons, ovon ns orIgInnfod from condIfIons nro nof oxIsfonf,
nor nro nny ncfIons orIgInnfod wIfhouf condIfIons In fho Ionsf
oxIsfonf. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso comoundod fncfors
nro IIko nn IIIusIon, n fnIry cIfy nnd n mIrngo. AcfIons nro nof
oxIsfonf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, bocnuso comoundod fncfors nro
Moroovor, XXXVII. AffIIcfIons nro fho cnuso of ncfIons.
VoIIfIons consIsf of ncfIons nnd nffIIcfIons. AcfIons nro fho cnuso of
fho body, fhoroforo nII fhroo nro nIso omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.
SInco ncfIons orIgInnfo from fho cnuso of nffIIcfIons, nnd sInco
voIIfIons orIgInnfo from fho cnuso of ncfIons nnd nffIIcfIons, nnd
sInco fho body orIgInnfos from fho cnuso of ncfIons, fhoroforo, nII
fhroo nro nIso omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.
If If Is so, XXXVIII. WIfhouf ncfIons, fhoro Is no ngonf.
WIfhouf fhoso fwo, fhoro Is no offocf. WIfhouf If, fhoro Is
consoquonfIy no subjocf of oxorIonco. Honco fhoy nro omfy.
Thus ngnIn, whon IogIcnIIy nnnIyzod, If fho offocf Is nof
oxIsfonf In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhoro nro no ncfIons. WIfhouf ncfIons,
fhoro Is no ngonf. WIfhouf ncfIons nnd fho ngonf, fhoro Is no offocf.
WIfhouf If fho offocf fhoro Is no subjocf of oxorIonco. Thoroforo,
fhoy nro omfy.
Moroovor, XXXIX. If ono knows vory woII ncfIons fo bo omfy,
ncfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo, bocnuso of fhnf orcofIon of fho ronI.
WIfhouf ncfIons, fhnf whIch orIgInnfos from ncfIons wIII nof
orIgInnfo.
166
If ono knows vory woII fho cnuso, ncfIons, fo bo omfy In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng, ncfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo, bocnuso of fho orcofIon
of suchnoss. WIfhouf fhoso ncfIons, fhnf whIch orIgInnfos from
ncfIons wIII nof orIgInnfo.
Aro ncfIons jusf nonoxIsfonf, or doos somofhIng oxIsf If Is
oxInInod. SomofhIng Is oxIsfonf. If mny bo nskod how Is If so
X!. As fho IIossod Ono, fho !"#$%&"#" cronfos nn IIIusory
cronfIon by monns of IIIusory omnnnfIon, fhnf IIIusory cronfIon
cronfos nnofhor IIIusory cronfIon.
X!I. Among fhom, fho IIIusory cronfIon of fho !"#$%&"#" Is
omfy. Whnf nood Is fhoro fo sny nnyfhIng nbouf fho IIIusory
cronfIon of nn IIIusory cronfIon Thoy nro bofh oxIsfonf In so fnr ns
nnyfhIng whIch Is moro ImngInnfIon.
X!II. SImIInrIy, fho ngonf Is IIko fho IIIusory cronfIon nnd
ncfIons nro IIko fho IIIusory cronfIon of nn IIIusory cronfIon. Thoy nro
omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng nnd oxIsf Insofnr ns nnyfhIng whIch
Is moro ImngInnfIon.
As fho IIossod Ono, fho !"#$%&"#", cronfos nn IIIusory
cronfIon for fho urosos of fonchIng fhrough IIIusory omnnnfIon,
nnd fhnf cronfIon nIso cronfos nnofhor IIIusory cronfIon, so ncfIons
nIso shouId bo sImIInrIy undorsfood. Among fhom, fIrsf, If fho
IIIusory cronfIon of fho !"#$%&"#" Is omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng,
whnf nood Is fhoro fo sny nnyfhIng rognrdIng fho IIIusory cronfIon of
nn IIIusory cronfIon Tho fwo nro oxIsfonf In so fnr ns nnyfhIng
whIch Is moro ImngInnfIon. So ncfIons nro sImIInr fo fhIs.
Moroovor, X!III. If ncfIons oxIsfod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng,
fhoro wouId bo no '()*%+" nnd no ngonf of ncfIons. If fhoy woro
nonoxIsfonf, fhoro wouId bo no nffrncfIvo nnd unnffrncfIvo offocfs
orIgInnfod from ncfIons.
If fho InfrInsIc boIng of ncfIons oxIsfod, fhon ncfIons wouId bo
osfnbIIshod In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng nnd fhoro wouId bo no
nffnInmonf of '()*%+". Moroovor, fhoro wouId bo no ngonf of
ncfIons. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso, ovon wIfhouf nn ngonf,
ncfIons wouId bo woII osfnbIIshod. If ncfIons woro nonoxIsfonf In
fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhoro wouId bo no nffrncfIvo nnd unnffrncfIvo
offocfs orIgInnfod from ncfIons.
2?

167
Horo If Is snId, sInco If Is oxfonsIvoIy rocInImod In fho
cnnonIcnI dIscoursos fhnf ncfIons nro oxIsfonf, how cnn fhoy bo so
snId fo bo nonoxIsfonf
Horo If Is oxInInod. X!IV. Thoro oxIsfs fho sfnfomonf of
oxIsfonco nnd nIso fho sfnfomonf of nonoxIsfonco nnd ngnIn fho
sfnfomonf of bofh oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco. Tho InfonfIonnI
rocInmnfIons of fho Iuddhns nro nof onsIIy onofrnfod.
Ivon fho sfnfomonf of oxIsfonco oxIsfs fhrough
suorImosIfIon. Tho sfnfomonf of nonoxIsfonco nIso oxIsfs fhrough
suorImosIfIon nnd fho sfnfomonf of bofh oxIsfonco nnd non
oxIsfonco nIso jusf oxIsfs fhrough suorImosIfIon. Tho InfonfIonnI
rocInmnfIons of fho Iuddhns nro novor onsIIy onofrnfod.
28

Horo If Is snId. Af fhIs oInf, form Is hoId fo bo orIgInnfod
from fho gronf oIomonfs. Thoroforo If Is oxIsfonf. Tho romnInIng
fncfors whIch nro nof form nro nIso oxIsfonf In vnrIous wnys.
Horo If Is oxInInod. X!V. If form woro orIgInnfod from fho
gronf oIomonfs, form wouId orIgInnfo from n dofIcIonf cnuso. If Is
nof orIgInnfod from Ifs own InfrInsIc boIng. Moroovor, sInco If Is
nonoxIsfonf, If Is nof orIgInnfod from nnofhor.
If If Is hoId fhnf form orIgInnfos from fho gronf oIomonfs
fhon If If woro so, form wouId orIgInnfo from n dofIcIonf cnuso.
Irom n dofIcIonf cnuso Is oxInInod ns from nn InsubsfnnfInI
cnuso. SImIInrIy, form Is nof orIgInnfod from Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
Horo If Is snId. So If Is. If form Is nof orIgInnfod from Ifs
InfrInsIc boIng, buf If Is orIgInnfod from nnofhor, bocnuso fho gronf
oIomonfs nro ofhor fhnn If.
Horo If Is oxInInod. SInco If Is nonoxIsfonf, If Is nof
orIgInnfod from nnofhor. If, form, Is nof orIgInnfod from nnofhor.
If mny bo nskod why SInco If Is nonoxIsfonf, fho ofhor Is non
oxIsfonf. Thus, sInco If Is nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fho
so cnIIod orIgInnfIon from nnofhor of form Is nof jusfIfIod, bocnuso
fhnf whIch Is nonoxIsfonf cnnnof jusfIy bo cnIIod orIgInnfod from
somofhIng whIch Is ofhor fhnn If. Whnf Is cnIIod ofhor fhnn fho
nonoxIsfonf Is nof oxIsfonf.
Moroovor, fho four gronf oIomonfs nro nonoxIsfonf, bocnuso
In fhIs cnso, If If woro hoId fhnf fho gronf oIomonfs nro osfnbIIshod
168
from fhoIr chnrncforIsfIcs, If Is nIso nof jusfIfIod fhnf fho
chnrncforIsfIcs bo osfnbIIshod rIor fo fho oIomonfs. SInco fhoy fho
chnrncforIsfIcs nro nof osfnbIIshod, fho subsfrnfum of fho
chnrncforIsfIcs, fho gronf oIomonfs, nro nIso nof osfnbIIshod.
X!VI. In ono nIso, four nro nof oxIsfonf. In four nIso, ono Is
nof oxIsfonf. How wouId form bo osfnbIIshod doondonf uon fho
four nonoxIsfonf gronf oIomonfs
Thus, In fho four gronf oIomonfs nIso, ono fhnf Is form Is
nonoxIsfonf. In ono fhnf Is form nIso, fho four gronf oIomonfs nro
nonoxIsfonf. How fhon wouId form bo osfnbIIshod doondonf uon
fho four nonoxIsfonf gronf oIomonfs onoxIsfonf Is oxInInod ns
monnIng nonoxIsfonf.
Moroovor, X!VII. Iocnuso, If Is novor nrohondod. Iuf If If
Is snId, from fho ovIdonco form Is osfnbIIshod. Thnf ovIdonco Is
nonoxIsfonf, bocnuso orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons. If If
form Is sfIII oxIsfonf, fho nonoxIsfonco of fho ovIdonco Is nof
IogIcnI.
SInco form Is novor nrohondod, If Is jusf nonoxIsfonf. If
mny bo nskod why SInco If Is novor nrohondod, form Is jusf nof
nrohondod. How couId whnf cnnnof bo nrohondod bo whnf Is
snId fo oxIsf Horo, In fhIs cnso, If Is fhoughf fhnf from fho
ovIdonco, form Is osfnbIIshod. If fho ovIdonco, fho nwnronoss whIch
consIdors form, fhnf Is nwnronoss of form, Is oxIsfonf, whnf Is cnIIod
form wIII bo osfnbIIshod, bocnuso wIfhouf nn objocf, nwnronoss of
nn objocf wouId nof occur. Thoroforo, form Is rovod fo bo oxIsfonf
from fho ovIdonco of nwnronoss.
Horo If Is oxInInod. If If Is snId, from fho ovIdonco form Is
osfnbIIshod, fhnf ovIdonco Is nonoxIsfonf. Thnf ovIdonco Is non
oxIsfonf, fhnf Is, If Is nof oxIsfonf. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso
orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons. Thoroforo, If Is nonoxIsfonf,
bocnuso fho ovIdonco of nwnronoss Is orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd
condIfIons.
Moroovor, If If form Is sfIII oxIsfonf, fho nonoxIsfonco of fho
ovIdonco Is nof IogIcnI. If form Is sfIII oxIsfonf, fho nonoxIsfonco of
fho ovIdonco of fho oxIsfonco of form Is nof IogIcnI, fhnf Is, fho non
oxIsfonco of fho rosonco of fho ovIdonco Is nof IogIcnI.
167
Horo If Is snId, sInco If Is oxfonsIvoIy rocInImod In fho
cnnonIcnI dIscoursos fhnf ncfIons nro oxIsfonf, how cnn fhoy bo so
snId fo bo nonoxIsfonf
Horo If Is oxInInod. X!IV. Thoro oxIsfs fho sfnfomonf of
oxIsfonco nnd nIso fho sfnfomonf of nonoxIsfonco nnd ngnIn fho
sfnfomonf of bofh oxIsfonco nnd nonoxIsfonco. Tho InfonfIonnI
rocInmnfIons of fho Iuddhns nro nof onsIIy onofrnfod.
Ivon fho sfnfomonf of oxIsfonco oxIsfs fhrough
suorImosIfIon. Tho sfnfomonf of nonoxIsfonco nIso oxIsfs fhrough
suorImosIfIon nnd fho sfnfomonf of bofh oxIsfonco nnd non
oxIsfonco nIso jusf oxIsfs fhrough suorImosIfIon. Tho InfonfIonnI
rocInmnfIons of fho Iuddhns nro novor onsIIy onofrnfod.
28

Horo If Is snId. Af fhIs oInf, form Is hoId fo bo orIgInnfod
from fho gronf oIomonfs. Thoroforo If Is oxIsfonf. Tho romnInIng
fncfors whIch nro nof form nro nIso oxIsfonf In vnrIous wnys.
Horo If Is oxInInod. X!V. If form woro orIgInnfod from fho
gronf oIomonfs, form wouId orIgInnfo from n dofIcIonf cnuso. If Is
nof orIgInnfod from Ifs own InfrInsIc boIng. Moroovor, sInco If Is
nonoxIsfonf, If Is nof orIgInnfod from nnofhor.
If If Is hoId fhnf form orIgInnfos from fho gronf oIomonfs
fhon If If woro so, form wouId orIgInnfo from n dofIcIonf cnuso.
Irom n dofIcIonf cnuso Is oxInInod ns from nn InsubsfnnfInI
cnuso. SImIInrIy, form Is nof orIgInnfod from Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
Horo If Is snId. So If Is. If form Is nof orIgInnfod from Ifs
InfrInsIc boIng, buf If Is orIgInnfod from nnofhor, bocnuso fho gronf
oIomonfs nro ofhor fhnn If.
Horo If Is oxInInod. SInco If Is nonoxIsfonf, If Is nof
orIgInnfod from nnofhor. If, form, Is nof orIgInnfod from nnofhor.
If mny bo nskod why SInco If Is nonoxIsfonf, fho ofhor Is non
oxIsfonf. Thus, sInco If Is nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fho
so cnIIod orIgInnfIon from nnofhor of form Is nof jusfIfIod, bocnuso
fhnf whIch Is nonoxIsfonf cnnnof jusfIy bo cnIIod orIgInnfod from
somofhIng whIch Is ofhor fhnn If. Whnf Is cnIIod ofhor fhnn fho
nonoxIsfonf Is nof oxIsfonf.
Moroovor, fho four gronf oIomonfs nro nonoxIsfonf, bocnuso
In fhIs cnso, If If woro hoId fhnf fho gronf oIomonfs nro osfnbIIshod
168
from fhoIr chnrncforIsfIcs, If Is nIso nof jusfIfIod fhnf fho
chnrncforIsfIcs bo osfnbIIshod rIor fo fho oIomonfs. SInco fhoy fho
chnrncforIsfIcs nro nof osfnbIIshod, fho subsfrnfum of fho
chnrncforIsfIcs, fho gronf oIomonfs, nro nIso nof osfnbIIshod.
X!VI. In ono nIso, four nro nof oxIsfonf. In four nIso, ono Is
nof oxIsfonf. How wouId form bo osfnbIIshod doondonf uon fho
four nonoxIsfonf gronf oIomonfs
Thus, In fho four gronf oIomonfs nIso, ono fhnf Is form Is
nonoxIsfonf. In ono fhnf Is form nIso, fho four gronf oIomonfs nro
nonoxIsfonf. How fhon wouId form bo osfnbIIshod doondonf uon
fho four nonoxIsfonf gronf oIomonfs onoxIsfonf Is oxInInod ns
monnIng nonoxIsfonf.
Moroovor, X!VII. Iocnuso, If Is novor nrohondod. Iuf If If
Is snId, from fho ovIdonco form Is osfnbIIshod. Thnf ovIdonco Is
nonoxIsfonf, bocnuso orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons. If If
form Is sfIII oxIsfonf, fho nonoxIsfonco of fho ovIdonco Is nof
IogIcnI.
SInco form Is novor nrohondod, If Is jusf nonoxIsfonf. If
mny bo nskod why SInco If Is novor nrohondod, form Is jusf nof
nrohondod. How couId whnf cnnnof bo nrohondod bo whnf Is
snId fo oxIsf Horo, In fhIs cnso, If Is fhoughf fhnf from fho
ovIdonco, form Is osfnbIIshod. If fho ovIdonco, fho nwnronoss whIch
consIdors form, fhnf Is nwnronoss of form, Is oxIsfonf, whnf Is cnIIod
form wIII bo osfnbIIshod, bocnuso wIfhouf nn objocf, nwnronoss of
nn objocf wouId nof occur. Thoroforo, form Is rovod fo bo oxIsfonf
from fho ovIdonco of nwnronoss.
Horo If Is oxInInod. If If Is snId, from fho ovIdonco form Is
osfnbIIshod, fhnf ovIdonco Is nonoxIsfonf. Thnf ovIdonco Is non
oxIsfonf, fhnf Is, If Is nof oxIsfonf. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso
orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons. Thoroforo, If Is nonoxIsfonf,
bocnuso fho ovIdonco of nwnronoss Is orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd
condIfIons.
Moroovor, If If form Is sfIII oxIsfonf, fho nonoxIsfonco of fho
ovIdonco Is nof IogIcnI. If form Is sfIII oxIsfonf, fho nonoxIsfonco of
fho ovIdonco of fho oxIsfonco of form Is nof IogIcnI, fhnf Is, fho non
oxIsfonco of fho rosonco of fho ovIdonco Is nof IogIcnI.
169
Moroovor, X!VIII. If nwnronoss nrohondod form, If wouId
bo nrohondod ns fho vory InfrInsIc boIng of nwnronoss. How
couId nonoxIsfonf nwnronoss orIgInnfod from condIfIons nrohond
nonoxIsfonf form
If form woro nrohondod by nwnronoss, fhon If wouId bo of
fho vory InfrInsIc boIng of nwnronoss, fhnf Is, of fho subsfnnco of
nwnronoss. ThIs oxInIns fhnf If form wouId bo nrohondod ns fho
vory own subsfnnco of nwnronoss.
29
Howovor fhnf Is nIso nof
vorIfIod, sInco If form cnnnof bo nrohondod by nwnronoss IfsoIf.
SInco fhnf nwnronoss Is omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhoroforo, how
couId fhnf nonoxIsfonf nwnronoss orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd
condIfIons nrohond n nonoxIsfonf form
Horo If Is snId, In fho cnnonIcnI dIscoursos, If Is nbundnnfIy
rocInImod fhnf nsf nnd fufuro form nro nrohondod. Thus, fho
nrohonsIon of form oxIsfs.
Horo If Is oxInInod. X!IX. Whon fho orIgInnfod momonfnry
nwnronoss doos nof nrohond fho orIgInnfod momonfnry form, how
couId If comrohond nsf nnd fufuro form
In fhIs cnso, bofh form nnd nwnronoss nro nIso fhoughf fo bo
momonfnry. Whon fho orIgInnfod nwnronoss whIch Is momonfnry
doos nof nrohond fho orIgInnfod form whIch Is nIso momonfnry,
how couId If comrohond nsf nnd fufuro form, fhnf Is sInco, nsf
nnd fufuro form nro ImossIbIo, fhoy cnnnof bo nrohondod. How
sIgnIfIos cInrIfIcnfIon, bocnuso by fhIs ronsonIng, form Is novor
nrohondod.
Moroovor, ovon fhough form bo nccofod fo bo consfIfufod
by coIour nnd shno, fho nrohonsIon of form Is sImIy nof
jusfIfIod. If mny bo nskod why
!. WhIIo coIour nnd shno novor oxIsf sonrnfoIy, fho
sonrnfo nro nof nrohondod ns ono, bocnuso fho fwo nro known ns
form.
If coIor nnd shno woro ronIIy sonrnfo, If wouId consoquonfIy
bo jusfIfIod fhnf fho fwo bo nrohondod ns sonrnfo, buf whon
coIor nnd shno nro hoId fo bo form, If Is nof jusfIfIod.
Moroovor !I. Iyo nwnronoss Is nof oxIsfonf In fho oyo. If Is
nof oxIsfonf In form, nor In fho snco In bofwoon. Whnf Is
170
consfrucfod doondonf uon fho oyo nnd form Is orronoous.
If If Is oxnmInod, oyo nwnronoss Is nonoxIsfonf ovon In fho
oyo. If Is nof oxIsfonf In form, nor ngnIn Is If oxIsfonf In fho snco
In bofwoon fho fwo. Whnf Is concofunIIy consfrucfod fo orIgInnfo
doondonf uon fho oyo nnd form Is orronoous.
Horo If Is snId, fho oyo ofc. fho sonso shoros nro oxIsfonf
nnd so nro fho objocfs of fho sonso of sIghf ofc. oxIsfonf. Among
fhom, fho oyo soos form, nnd fho onr ofc. rosocfIvoIy funcfIon In n
IIko mnnnor.
Horo If Is oxInInod. !II. If fho oyo doos nof soo IfsoIf, how cnn
If soo form Thoroforo, fho oyo nnd form nro InsubsfnnfInI. Tho
30

SImIInrIy IndIcnfos sImIInrIfy, fhnf Is jusf ns form Is omfy
of Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy nnd of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy, so nIso fho
romnInIng sonso shoros nro omfy of fhoIr own subsfnnfInIIfy nnd
of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy. Thus, form Is omfy of Ifs own
subsfnnfInIIfy nnd of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy.
Moroovor, form Is nIso omfy, bocnuso If Is doondonfIy
orIgInnfod. In fhIs cnso, whnf Is osfnbIIshod from fho gronf oIomonfs
of form whIch hnvo funcfIonod ns fho cnuso Is osfnbIIshod
doondonfIy. Honco, whnf Is osfnbIIshod doondonfIy Is nof
osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Thus, form Is omfy of Ifs own
InfrInsIc boIng. Iorm Is omfy of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy nIso sInco
ofhor fhnn If form nro fho oyo nnd nwnronoss. Tho oyo nIong wIfh
nwnronoss nro fho oIsfomoIogIcnI subjocf, nnd form Is fho objocf.
Whnf Is fho oIsfomoIogIcnI objocf Is nof fho oIsfomoIogIcnI
subjocf. Thus, If form Is nIso omfy of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy.
AIfornnfIvoIy, nwnronoss Is InfornnI, whIIo form Is nn objocf
nnd oxfornnI, fhnf Is If Is nof InfornnI. Thoroforo, form Is nIso
omfy of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy.
If mny bo nskod from whnf, fhnf Is from whnf Is oyo
nwnronoss doondonfIy orIgInnfod, nnd how Is If doondonfIy
orIgInnfod Awnronoss Is osfnbIIshod doondonf uon fho objocf fo
169
Moroovor, X!VIII. If nwnronoss nrohondod form, If wouId
bo nrohondod ns fho vory InfrInsIc boIng of nwnronoss. How
couId nonoxIsfonf nwnronoss orIgInnfod from condIfIons nrohond
nonoxIsfonf form
If form woro nrohondod by nwnronoss, fhon If wouId bo of
fho vory InfrInsIc boIng of nwnronoss, fhnf Is, of fho subsfnnco of
nwnronoss. ThIs oxInIns fhnf If form wouId bo nrohondod ns fho
vory own subsfnnco of nwnronoss.
29
Howovor fhnf Is nIso nof
vorIfIod, sInco If form cnnnof bo nrohondod by nwnronoss IfsoIf.
SInco fhnf nwnronoss Is omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng, fhoroforo, how
couId fhnf nonoxIsfonf nwnronoss orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd
condIfIons nrohond n nonoxIsfonf form
Horo If Is snId, In fho cnnonIcnI dIscoursos, If Is nbundnnfIy
rocInImod fhnf nsf nnd fufuro form nro nrohondod. Thus, fho
nrohonsIon of form oxIsfs.
Horo If Is oxInInod. X!IX. Whon fho orIgInnfod momonfnry
nwnronoss doos nof nrohond fho orIgInnfod momonfnry form, how
couId If comrohond nsf nnd fufuro form
In fhIs cnso, bofh form nnd nwnronoss nro nIso fhoughf fo bo
momonfnry. Whon fho orIgInnfod nwnronoss whIch Is momonfnry
doos nof nrohond fho orIgInnfod form whIch Is nIso momonfnry,
how couId If comrohond nsf nnd fufuro form, fhnf Is sInco, nsf
nnd fufuro form nro ImossIbIo, fhoy cnnnof bo nrohondod. How
sIgnIfIos cInrIfIcnfIon, bocnuso by fhIs ronsonIng, form Is novor
nrohondod.
Moroovor, ovon fhough form bo nccofod fo bo consfIfufod
by coIour nnd shno, fho nrohonsIon of form Is sImIy nof
jusfIfIod. If mny bo nskod why
!. WhIIo coIour nnd shno novor oxIsf sonrnfoIy, fho
sonrnfo nro nof nrohondod ns ono, bocnuso fho fwo nro known ns
form.
If coIor nnd shno woro ronIIy sonrnfo, If wouId consoquonfIy
bo jusfIfIod fhnf fho fwo bo nrohondod ns sonrnfo, buf whon
coIor nnd shno nro hoId fo bo form, If Is nof jusfIfIod.
Moroovor !I. Iyo nwnronoss Is nof oxIsfonf In fho oyo. If Is
nof oxIsfonf In form, nor In fho snco In bofwoon. Whnf Is
170
consfrucfod doondonf uon fho oyo nnd form Is orronoous.
If If Is oxnmInod, oyo nwnronoss Is nonoxIsfonf ovon In fho
oyo. If Is nof oxIsfonf In form, nor ngnIn Is If oxIsfonf In fho snco
In bofwoon fho fwo. Whnf Is concofunIIy consfrucfod fo orIgInnfo
doondonf uon fho oyo nnd form Is orronoous.
Horo If Is snId, fho oyo ofc. fho sonso shoros nro oxIsfonf
nnd so nro fho objocfs of fho sonso of sIghf ofc. oxIsfonf. Among
fhom, fho oyo soos form, nnd fho onr ofc. rosocfIvoIy funcfIon In n
IIko mnnnor.
Horo If Is oxInInod. !II. If fho oyo doos nof soo IfsoIf, how cnn
If soo form Thoroforo, fho oyo nnd form nro InsubsfnnfInI. Tho
30

SImIInrIy IndIcnfos sImIInrIfy, fhnf Is jusf ns form Is omfy
of Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy nnd of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy, so nIso fho
romnInIng sonso shoros nro omfy of fhoIr own subsfnnfInIIfy nnd
of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy. Thus, form Is omfy of Ifs own
Moroovor, form Is nIso omfy, bocnuso If Is doondonfIy
orIgInnfod. In fhIs cnso, whnf Is osfnbIIshod from fho gronf oIomonfs
of form whIch hnvo funcfIonod ns fho cnuso Is osfnbIIshod
doondonfIy. Honco, whnf Is osfnbIIshod doondonfIy Is nof
osfnbIIshod In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng. Thus, form Is omfy of Ifs own
InfrInsIc boIng. Iorm Is omfy of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy nIso sInco
ofhor fhnn If form nro fho oyo nnd nwnronoss. Tho oyo nIong wIfh
nwnronoss nro fho oIsfomoIogIcnI subjocf, nnd form Is fho objocf.
Whnf Is fho oIsfomoIogIcnI objocf Is nof fho oIsfomoIogIcnI
subjocf. Thus, If form Is nIso omfy of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy.
AIfornnfIvoIy, nwnronoss Is InfornnI, whIIo form Is nn objocf
nnd oxfornnI, fhnf Is If Is nof InfornnI. Thoroforo, form Is nIso
omfy of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy.
If mny bo nskod from whnf, fhnf Is from whnf Is oyo
nwnronoss doondonfIy orIgInnfod, nnd how Is If doondonfIy
orIgInnfod Awnronoss Is osfnbIIshod doondonf uon fho objocf fo
171
bo comrohondod nnd so forfh. Whnf Is doondonfIy orIgInnfod Is
nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy. Thus, fhnf nwnronoss Is
InsubsfnnfInI. Thoroforo, whnf Is snId, fhnf Is fhnf nwnronoss
nrohonds subfIo objocfs ofc., Is nof nrorInfo. Iorm Is nIso
sImIInrIy omfy IndIcnfos fhnf form Is IIko fhnf fhnf Is fho oyo. In
ofhor words, jusf ns fho oyo Is omfy of Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy nnd
of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy, sImIInrIy form Is omfy of Ifs own
If mny bo nskod how form Is omfy of Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy
nnd of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy If Is oxInInod. Iocnuso fho
InfrInsIc boIng of nII onfIfIos Is nof oxIsfonf In nII onfIfIos. ThIs
mofhod of oxnmInnfIon hns nIrondy boon oxInInod.
3l
Ifs
sIgnIfIcnnco Is fhnf If oxnmInod, nII onfIfIos nro nof oxIsfonf, sInco
fho InfrInsIc boIng of nII onfIfIos Is nof oxIsfonf. Tho sIgnIfIcnnco of
fho word omfy Is In fhIs cnso unorcoIvod.
Tho oyo Is omfy, bocnuso If Is doondonfIy orIgInnfod, fhnf
Is, bocnuso fho oyo Is osfnbIIshod doondonfIy. Whnf Is osfnbIIshod
doondonfIy Is nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy. Thus, fho
oyo Is omfy In Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy. If If woro hoId fhnf If Is
oxIsfonf In nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy, fhnf Is nIso nof nrorInfo. If
mny bo nskod why How couId whnf Is nonoxIsfonf In Ifs own
subsfnnfInIIfy bo oxIsfonf In nnofhor's InfrInsIc boIng Thnf Is, If
nIso Is nof oxIsfonf In nnofhor's InfrInsIc boIng. Thus, If Is omfy of
nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy. AIfornnfIvoIy, omfy of nnofhor's
subsfnnfInIIfy nIso mny bo oxInInod ns foIIows. So, ofhor fhnn fhnf
form Is nwnronoss. ThIs monns fhnf fho oyo Is nIso omfy of
nwnronoss. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso fho oyo Is nof oxIsfonf
ns cognIfIon, nnd bocnuso whnf Is nof cognIfIon Is nof cnnbIo of
bocomIng oxIsfonf ns fho subsfnnco of cognIfIon, fhoroforo If Is nIso
omfy of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy. Moroovor, fho oyo Is omfy.
Horo If Is snId fhnf fho oyo soos by IfsoIf, buf nof so
nwnronoss. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso nwnronoss Is whnf
nrohonds, In ofhor words bocnuso nwnronoss nrohonds subfIo
objocfs ofc., so If Is known ns nwnronoss. Tho oyo on fho ofhor
hnnd soos by IfsoIf. Thus, fho oyo Is of fho subsfnnco of cIonr gronf
oIomonfs. Thnf Is fho nnfuro of fho oyo. Whnf nrohonds If fho
172
objocf Is nwnronoss nIono. SImIInrIy, whnf nrohonds coIor
dIfforoncos of shno nnd form Is nwnronoss nIono. Thus, whnf you
hnvo snId, If fho oyo doos nof soo IfsoIf, how cnn If soo form Is nof
jusfIfIod.
Horo If Is oxInInod. Thnf Is nof so. If mny bo nskod why
Tho oyo Is omfy of Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy. If Is omfy of nnofhor's
subsfnnfInIIfy. Iorm Is nIso sImIInrIy omfy nnd fho romnInIng
sonso shoros nro nIso sImIInr.
In fhIs cnso, fho oyo Is omfy of Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy. Whnf
Is cnIIod Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy Is fho oyo IfsoIf. If fho oyo doos nof
soo IfsoIf, how cnn If soo form SInco whnf doos nof soo IfsoIf cnnnof
soo form oIfhor, fho oyo Is InsubsfnnfInI, fhnf Is wIfhouf InfrInsIc
boIng. So If Is oxInInod.
Moroovor, form Is InsubsfnnfInI Innsmuch ns whnf doos nof
nonr Is nof form. Tho romnInIng sonso shoros nro nIso sImIInr.
Through fhIs rocoss, fho romnInIng sonso shoros nro soon fo bo
wIfhouf subsfnnfInIIfy, fhnf Is wIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng.
Moroovor, !IV. Whon ono sonso shoro Is conjoInod fhrough
confncf, fhon fho ofhors nro omfy. Tho omfy nIso doos nof doond
uon fho nonomfy. Tho nonomfy foo doos nof doond uon fho
omfy.
Whon ono sonso shoro Is unIfod wIfh confncf, fho ofhors nro
omfy. Whnf Is omfy nIso doos nof doond uon fho nonomfy.
Tho nonomfy nIso doos nof doond uon fho omfy.
Moroovor, !V. Tho fhroo whIch nro nonoxIsfonf nnd
unondurIng In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng do nof nrfIcInfo In
conjuncfIon. Iocnuso fhoro Is no confncf of fhnf nnfuro, fhoroforo,
fooIIng Is nof oxIsfonf.
Tho fhroo objocf, orgnn nnd conscIousnoss fhnf nro non
oxIsfonf nnd unondurIng In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng do nof nrfIcInfo
In conjuncfIon. Iocnuso fhoro Is no conjuncfIon, fhoro Is no confncf
of fhnf nnfuro fhnf Is, of fho nnfuro of conjuncfIon. In ofhor words,
fhoro Is no confncf orIgInnfod from If conjuncfIon. Thus If Is
oxInInod. Iocnuso fhoro Is no confncf, fooIIng Is nonoxIsfonf.
32

Moroovor, !VI. oondonf uon fho Innor nnd oufor sonso
shoros, conscIousnoss orIgInnfos. Thus fhoro Is no conscIousnoss.
171
bo comrohondod nnd so forfh. Whnf Is doondonfIy orIgInnfod Is
nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy. Thus, fhnf nwnronoss Is
InsubsfnnfInI. Thoroforo, whnf Is snId, fhnf Is fhnf nwnronoss
nrohonds subfIo objocfs ofc., Is nof nrorInfo. Iorm Is nIso
sImIInrIy omfy IndIcnfos fhnf form Is IIko fhnf fhnf Is fho oyo. In
ofhor words, jusf ns fho oyo Is omfy of Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy nnd
of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy, sImIInrIy form Is omfy of Ifs own
If mny bo nskod how form Is omfy of Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy
nnd of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy If Is oxInInod. Iocnuso fho
InfrInsIc boIng of nII onfIfIos Is nof oxIsfonf In nII onfIfIos. ThIs
mofhod of oxnmInnfIon hns nIrondy boon oxInInod.
3l
Ifs
sIgnIfIcnnco Is fhnf If oxnmInod, nII onfIfIos nro nof oxIsfonf, sInco
fho InfrInsIc boIng of nII onfIfIos Is nof oxIsfonf. Tho sIgnIfIcnnco of
fho word omfy Is In fhIs cnso unorcoIvod.
Tho oyo Is omfy, bocnuso If Is doondonfIy orIgInnfod, fhnf
Is, bocnuso fho oyo Is osfnbIIshod doondonfIy. Whnf Is osfnbIIshod
doondonfIy Is nof osfnbIIshod In Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy. Thus, fho
oyo Is omfy In Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy. If If woro hoId fhnf If Is
oxIsfonf In nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy, fhnf Is nIso nof nrorInfo. If
mny bo nskod why How couId whnf Is nonoxIsfonf In Ifs own
subsfnnfInIIfy bo oxIsfonf In nnofhor's InfrInsIc boIng Thnf Is, If
nIso Is nof oxIsfonf In nnofhor's InfrInsIc boIng. Thus, If Is omfy of
nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy. AIfornnfIvoIy, omfy of nnofhor's
subsfnnfInIIfy nIso mny bo oxInInod ns foIIows. So, ofhor fhnn fhnf
form Is nwnronoss. ThIs monns fhnf fho oyo Is nIso omfy of
nwnronoss. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso fho oyo Is nof oxIsfonf
ns cognIfIon, nnd bocnuso whnf Is nof cognIfIon Is nof cnnbIo of
bocomIng oxIsfonf ns fho subsfnnco of cognIfIon, fhoroforo If Is nIso
omfy of nnofhor's subsfnnfInIIfy. Moroovor, fho oyo Is omfy.
Horo If Is snId fhnf fho oyo soos by IfsoIf, buf nof so
nwnronoss. If mny bo nskod why Iocnuso nwnronoss Is whnf
nrohonds, In ofhor words bocnuso nwnronoss nrohonds subfIo
objocfs ofc., so If Is known ns nwnronoss. Tho oyo on fho ofhor
hnnd soos by IfsoIf. Thus, fho oyo Is of fho subsfnnco of cIonr gronf
oIomonfs. Thnf Is fho nnfuro of fho oyo. Whnf nrohonds If fho
172
objocf Is nwnronoss nIono. SImIInrIy, whnf nrohonds coIor
dIfforoncos of shno nnd form Is nwnronoss nIono. Thus, whnf you
hnvo snId, If fho oyo doos nof soo IfsoIf, how cnn If soo form Is nof
jusfIfIod.
Horo If Is oxInInod. Thnf Is nof so. If mny bo nskod why
Tho oyo Is omfy of Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy. If Is omfy of nnofhor's
subsfnnfInIIfy. Iorm Is nIso sImIInrIy omfy nnd fho romnInIng
sonso shoros nro nIso sImIInr.
In fhIs cnso, fho oyo Is omfy of Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy. Whnf
Is cnIIod Ifs own subsfnnfInIIfy Is fho oyo IfsoIf. If fho oyo doos nof
soo IfsoIf, how cnn If soo form SInco whnf doos nof soo IfsoIf cnnnof
soo form oIfhor, fho oyo Is InsubsfnnfInI, fhnf Is wIfhouf InfrInsIc
boIng. So If Is oxInInod.
Moroovor, form Is InsubsfnnfInI Innsmuch ns whnf doos nof
nonr Is nof form. Tho romnInIng sonso shoros nro nIso sImIInr.
Through fhIs rocoss, fho romnInIng sonso shoros nro soon fo bo
wIfhouf subsfnnfInIIfy, fhnf Is wIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng.
Moroovor, !IV. Whon ono sonso shoro Is conjoInod fhrough
confncf, fhon fho ofhors nro omfy. Tho omfy nIso doos nof doond
uon fho nonomfy. Tho nonomfy foo doos nof doond uon fho
omfy.
Whon ono sonso shoro Is unIfod wIfh confncf, fho ofhors nro
omfy. Whnf Is omfy nIso doos nof doond uon fho nonomfy.
Tho nonomfy nIso doos nof doond uon fho omfy.
Moroovor, !V. Tho fhroo whIch nro nonoxIsfonf nnd
unondurIng In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng do nof nrfIcInfo In
conjuncfIon. Iocnuso fhoro Is no confncf of fhnf nnfuro, fhoroforo,
fooIIng Is nof oxIsfonf.
Tho fhroo objocf, orgnn nnd conscIousnoss fhnf nro non
oxIsfonf nnd unondurIng In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng do nof nrfIcInfo
In conjuncfIon. Iocnuso fhoro Is no conjuncfIon, fhoro Is no confncf
of fhnf nnfuro fhnf Is, of fho nnfuro of conjuncfIon. In ofhor words,
fhoro Is no confncf orIgInnfod from If conjuncfIon. Thus If Is
oxInInod. Iocnuso fhoro Is no confncf, fooIIng Is nonoxIsfonf.
32

Moroovor, !VI. oondonf uon fho Innor nnd oufor sonso
shoros, conscIousnoss orIgInnfos. Thus fhoro Is no conscIousnoss.
173
If Is omfy IIko n mIrngo nnd nn IIIusIon.
SInco conscIousnoss orIgInnfos doondonf uon fho Innor nnd
oufor sonso shoros, fhoro Is consoquonfIy nIso no conscIousnoss.
Thnf Is, If Is omfy IIko n mIrngo nnd nn IIIusIon.
If mny bo fhoughf horo fhnf conscIousnoss fhnf Is fho ngonf
of conscIousnoss Is oxIsfonf. Thnf Is nIso nof jusfIfIod. If mny bo
nskod why
Horo If Is snId. If Is rocInImod fhnf nII Is Imormnnonf.
Through fho domonsfrnfIon fhnf nII Is Imormnnonf, nonomfInoss
Is nIso ImIIcIfIy domonsfrnfod.
Horo If Is oxInInod !VIII. AII Is Imormnnonf buf
Imormnnonco or ormnnonco novor oxIsfod. If nn onfIfy oxIsfod, If
wouId bo Imormnnonf or ormnnonf buf how Is If so oxIsfonf
Horo, whnf Is monnf by fho convonfIonnI oxrossIon nII Is
Imormnnonf shouId bo undorsfood In fho corrocf orsocfIvo,
bocnuso Imormnnonco or ormnnonco novor oxIsfod. If nn onfIfy
oxIsfod, If wouId bo Imormnnonf or ormnnonf, buf how Is such
nn onfIfy oxIsfonf Thnf Is If Is nonoxIsfonf. So If Is oxInInod.
Horo If Is snId. As If Is oxfonsIvoIy domonsfrnfod In fho
cnnonIcnI dIscoursos, nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro
oxIsfonf.
Horo If Is oxInInod. !IX. Iorn from fho condIfIons
nffrncfIon, rouIsIon nnd orror nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon
orIgInnfo. Thoroforo, nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro non
oxIsfonf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.
SInco doondonf uon fho condIfIon of nffrncfIon, fho
condIfIon of rouIsIon nnd fho condIfIon of orror, nffnchmonf,
nvorsIon nnd doIusIon orIgInnfo, fhoroforo nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd
doIusIon nro nonoxIsfonf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.
Moroovor, !X. Iocnuso rognrdIng If n sIngIo gIvon objocf
nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon occur, fhoroforo, fhoy
nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro roducod from ImngInnfIon.
174
ImngInnfIon nIso Is orfocfIy nonoxIsfonf.
Iocnuso rognrdIng jusf ono objocf, nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd
doIusIon occur, fhoroforo nffnchmonf nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro
roducod from ImngInnfIon. Moroovor, such ImngInnry
consfrucfIons nro nIso unronI, so fho ImngInnry consfrucfIons whIch
roduco nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro nIso orfocfIy non
oxIsfonf.
33
If mny bo nskod, how nro fhoy nonoxIsfonf
Horo If Is oxInInod. !XI. Tho objocf of ImngInnfIon Is nof
oxIsfonf. WIfhouf fho objocf of ImngInnfIon, how Is ImngInnfIon
oxIsfonf Thoroforo, sInco fhoy nro orIgInnfod from condIfIons, fho
objocf of ImngInnfIon nnd ImngInnfIon nro omfy.
Thnf whIch Is fho objocf of ImngInnfIon Is nonoxIsfonf.
WIfhouf fho objocf of ImngInnfIon, how couId ImngInnfIon oxIsf
SInco fhoy nro orIgInnfod from condIfIons, fho objocf of ImngInnfIon
Is nIso omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng nnd ImngInnfIon Is IIkowIso
omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
34

Moroovor, !XII. Iocnuso of fho orcofIon of fho ronI, fhoro Is
no Ignornnco orIgInnfod from fho four orronoous vIows. SInco fhnf
Ignornnco Is nonoxIsfonf, voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo. Tho
romnInIng consfIfuonfs nro nIso sImIInr.
Thus, bocnuso of fho comrohonsIon of fho ronI, Ignornnco
orIgInnfod from fho four orronoous vIows doos nof orIgInnfo. SInco If
Is nonoxIsfonf, wIfhouf If, Ignornnco, voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo.
SImIInrIy, fho romnInIng consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon do nof orIgInnfo.
Moroovor, !XIII. Whnf orIgInnfos doondonf uon fhnf,
orIgInnfos from fhnf. WIfhouf fhnf, If doos nof orIgInnfo. InfIfIos
nnd nononfIfIos ns woII ns comoundod fncfors nnd
uncomoundod fncfors nro onco nnd 5/"7#'&.
Whnf orIgInnfos doondonf uon fhnf orIgInnfos from fhnf
nnd If doos nof orIgInnfo wIfhouf fhnf. InfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos
nro onco nnd comoundod fncfors nnd uncomoundod fncfors nro
onco nnd 5/"7#'&.
Moroovor !XIV n. InfIfIos orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd
condIfIons nro Imufod fo bo ronI.
Thnf Is consIdorIng, vIowIng, ImufIng nnd nrohondIng
173
If Is omfy IIko n mIrngo nnd nn IIIusIon.
SInco conscIousnoss orIgInnfos doondonf uon fho Innor nnd
oufor sonso shoros, fhoro Is consoquonfIy nIso no conscIousnoss.
Thnf Is, If Is omfy IIko n mIrngo nnd nn IIIusIon.
If mny bo fhoughf horo fhnf conscIousnoss fhnf Is fho ngonf
of conscIousnoss Is oxIsfonf. Thnf Is nIso nof jusfIfIod. If mny bo
nskod why
Horo If Is snId!" If Is rocInImod fhnf nII Is Imormnnonf.
Through fho domonsfrnfIon fhnf nII Is Imormnnonf, nonomfInoss
Is nIso ImIIcIfIy domonsfrnfod.
Horo If Is oxInInod !VIII. AII Is Imormnnonf buf
Imormnnonco or ormnnonco novor oxIsfod. If nn onfIfy oxIsfod, If
wouId bo Imormnnonf or ormnnonf buf how Is If so oxIsfonf
Horo, whnf Is monnf by fho convonfIonnI oxrossIon nII Is
Imormnnonf shouId bo undorsfood In fho corrocf orsocfIvo,
bocnuso Imormnnonco or ormnnonco novor oxIsfod. If nn onfIfy
oxIsfod, If wouId bo Imormnnonf or ormnnonf, buf how Is such
nn onfIfy oxIsfonf Thnf Is If Is nonoxIsfonf. So If Is oxInInod.
Horo If Is snId. As If Is oxfonsIvoIy domonsfrnfod In fho
cnnonIcnI dIscoursos, nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro
oxIsfonf.
Horo If Is oxInInod. !IX. Iorn from fho condIfIons
nffrncfIon, rouIsIon nnd orror nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon
orIgInnfo. Thoroforo, nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro non
oxIsfonf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.
SInco doondonf uon fho condIfIon of nffrncfIon, fho
condIfIon of rouIsIon nnd fho condIfIon of orror, nffnchmonf,
nvorsIon nnd doIusIon orIgInnfo, fhoroforo nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd
doIusIon nro nonoxIsfonf In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng.
Moroovor, !X. Iocnuso rognrdIng If n sIngIo gIvon objocf
nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon occur, fhoroforo, fhoy
nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro roducod from ImngInnfIon.
174
ImngInnfIon nIso Is orfocfIy nonoxIsfonf.
Iocnuso rognrdIng jusf ono objocf, nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd
doIusIon occur, fhoroforo nffnchmonf nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro
roducod from ImngInnfIon. Moroovor, such ImngInnry
consfrucfIons nro nIso unronI, so fho ImngInnry consfrucfIons whIch
roduco nffnchmonf, nvorsIon nnd doIusIon nro nIso orfocfIy non
oxIsfonf.
33
If mny bo nskod, how nro fhoy nonoxIsfonf
Horo If Is oxInInod. !XI. Tho objocf of ImngInnfIon Is nof
oxIsfonf. WIfhouf fho objocf of ImngInnfIon, how Is ImngInnfIon
oxIsfonf Thoroforo, sInco fhoy nro orIgInnfod from condIfIons, fho
objocf of ImngInnfIon nnd ImngInnfIon nro omfy.
Thnf whIch Is fho objocf of ImngInnfIon Is nonoxIsfonf.
WIfhouf fho objocf of ImngInnfIon, how couId ImngInnfIon oxIsf
SInco fhoy nro orIgInnfod from condIfIons, fho objocf of ImngInnfIon
Is nIso omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng nnd ImngInnfIon Is IIkowIso
omfy In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
34

Moroovor, !XII. Iocnuso of fho orcofIon of fho ronI, fhoro Is
no Ignornnco orIgInnfod from fho four orronoous vIows. SInco fhnf
Ignornnco Is nonoxIsfonf, voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo. Tho
romnInIng consfIfuonfs nro nIso sImIInr.
Thus, bocnuso of fho comrohonsIon of fho ronI, Ignornnco
orIgInnfod from fho four orronoous vIows doos nof orIgInnfo. SInco If
Is nonoxIsfonf, wIfhouf If, Ignornnco, voIIfIons do nof orIgInnfo.
SImIInrIy, fho romnInIng consfIfuonfs of Infordoondonf
OrIgInnfIon do nof orIgInnfo.
Moroovor, !XIII. Whnf orIgInnfos doondonf uon fhnf,
orIgInnfos from fhnf. WIfhouf fhnf, If doos nof orIgInnfo. InfIfIos
nnd nononfIfIos ns woII ns comoundod fncfors nnd
uncomoundod fncfors nro onco nnd !"#$%&'.
Whnf orIgInnfos doondonf uon fhnf orIgInnfos from fhnf
nnd If doos nof orIgInnfo wIfhouf fhnf. InfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos
nro onco nnd comoundod fncfors nnd uncomoundod fncfors nro
onco nnd !"#$%&'.
Moroovor !XIV n. InfIfIos orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd
condIfIons nro Imufod fo bo ronI.
Thnf Is consIdorIng, vIowIng, ImufIng nnd nrohondIng
175
fhom fo bo ormnnonf onfIfIos, !XIV. b Thnf Is rocInImod fo bo
Ignornnco by fho Irocofor. Irom If, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs
orIgInnfo.
Moroovor, !XV. Iocnuso of fho orcofIon of fho ronI, of
onfIfIos ns omfy, Ignornnco doos nof orIgInnfo. Jusf fhnf Is fho
cossnfIon of Ignornnco, fhoroforo, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs conso.
Tho nonorIgInnfIon of Ignornnco occurs bocnuso of fho
comIofo nnd orfocf comrohonsIon of onfIfIos ns omfy In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng, jusf ns fhoy nro In fncf. Thnf Is fho cossnfIon of
Ignornnco. Thoroforo, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs conso.
If mny bo nskod why !XVI. Comoundod fncfors nro IIko n
fnIry cIfy, nn IIIusIon, n mIrngo, n bubbIo of wnfor, fonm nnd IIko n
dronm nnd fho cIrcIo of fho whIrIIng fIrobrnnd.
SInco, If oxfonsIvoIy oxnmInod, comoundod fncfors nro IIko
nn IIIusIon, n mIrngo nnd n fnIry cIfy, fhoroforo, If fhoy nro vory woII
comrohondod fo bo omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, Ignornnco doos
nof orIgInnfo. Jusf fhnf Is fho cossnfIon of Ignornnco. Thoroforo, fho
fwoIvo consfIfuonfs conso.
!XVII. o onfIfy whnfsoovor Is oxIsfonf In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
In fhIs cnso, n nononfIfy nIso Is nonoxIsfonf. InfIfIos nnd non
onfIfIos orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons nro omfy.
If soughf, uIfImnfoIy no onfIfy whnfsoovor Is oxIsfonf In Ifs
InfrInsIc boIng. In fhIs cnso, fhoro Is nIso no nononfIfy whnfsoovor.
InfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons nro
omfy.
!XVIII. SInco nII onfIfIos nro omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng,
fho Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon of onfIfIos Is nrfIcuInrIy
domonsfrnfod by fho IncomnrnbIo I&1$#,&1&.
SInco nII onfIfIos nro omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhIs
by fho I&1$#,&1&.
ossIbIIIfIos.
Irom fho uIfImnfo sfnndoInf nII InfordoondonfIy
orIgInnfod onfIfIos nro omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. So If Is snId
176
fhnf fhoro Is no ofhor frufh fhnn fhIs. Tho IIossod Iuddhn, roIyIng
uon convonfIonnI usngo, In uIfImnfo suchnoss, ImngInod nII
ossIbIIIfIos wIfhouf oxcofIon.
35

!XX. Tho docfrIno of fho worId Is nof dosfroyod. In ronIIfy, no
fncfor nf nII Is domonsfrnfod. of comrohondIng fho rocInmnfIon
of fho I&1$#,&1&, ordInnry ooIo nro consoquonfIy nfrnId of fho
Ivon fho fncfors whIch nro oxInInod nccordIng fo fho
convonfIons of fho worId nro nof dosfroyod. In ronIIfy, n fncfor Is
novor domonsfrnfod. Thus, nof knowIng fho monnIng of
Infordoondonco nnd nof comrohondIng fho rocInmnfIon of fho
I&1$#,&1&, fho Ignornnf, fhoroforo, nro nfrnId of fho unsuorfod
nnd unImngInnbIo frufh, fhnf Is fho sIgnIoss.
!XXI. Tho wny of fho worId, "doondonf uon fhIs, fhnf
orIgInnfos", Is nof nognfod. Whnf Is InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod Is
wIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng, so how doos If oxIsf ThIs Is orfocf
corfIfudo.
Tho ordor of fho worId, fhnf Is, "doondonf uon fhIs, fhnf
orIgInnfos", Is nof nognfod. SInco whnf Is InfordoondonfIy
orIgInnfod, Is wIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng, how doos whnf Is nonoxIsfonf
oxIsf ThIs rhoforIcnI quosfIon oxrossos corfIfudo.
36

!XXII. Ono who hns fnIfh, who dIIIgonfIy sooks fho uIfImnfo,
nof roIyIng uon nny domonsfrnfod fncfor, IncIInod fo subjocf fho
wny of fho worId fo ronson, nbnndonIng boIng nnd nonboIng
nffnIns onco.
Ono who hns fnIfh, who dIIIgonfIy sooks fho uIfImnfo, nof
roIyIng uon nny domonsfrnfod fncfor, who Is IncIInod nnd wIIIIng fo
subjocf fho ordor of fho worId fo ronson, nbnndonIng boIng nnd non
boIng nffnIns onco.
!XXIII. HnvIng comrohondod nnronf condIfIonnIIfy, fho
nof of fnIso vIows Is swof nsIdo. ConsoquonfIy, nbnndonIng
nffnchmonf, doIusIon nnd nngor, wIfhouf sfnIn, ono suroIy ronchos
5/"7#'&.
175
fhom fo bo ormnnonf onfIfIos, !XIV. b Thnf Is rocInImod fo bo
Ignornnco by fho Irocofor. Irom If, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs
orIgInnfo.
Moroovor, !XV. Iocnuso of fho orcofIon of fho ronI, of
onfIfIos ns omfy, Ignornnco doos nof orIgInnfo. Jusf fhnf Is fho
cossnfIon of Ignornnco, fhoroforo, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs conso.
Tho nonorIgInnfIon of Ignornnco occurs bocnuso of fho
comIofo nnd orfocf comrohonsIon of onfIfIos ns omfy In fhoIr
InfrInsIc boIng, jusf ns fhoy nro In fncf. Thnf Is fho cossnfIon of
Ignornnco. Thoroforo, fho fwoIvo consfIfuonfs conso.
If mny bo nskod why !XVI. Comoundod fncfors nro IIko n
fnIry cIfy, nn IIIusIon, n mIrngo, n bubbIo of wnfor, fonm nnd IIko n
dronm nnd fho cIrcIo of fho whIrIIng fIrobrnnd.
SInco, If oxfonsIvoIy oxnmInod, comoundod fncfors nro IIko
nn IIIusIon, n mIrngo nnd n fnIry cIfy, fhoroforo, If fhoy nro vory woII
comrohondod fo bo omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, Ignornnco doos
nof orIgInnfo. Jusf fhnf Is fho cossnfIon of Ignornnco. Thoroforo, fho
fwoIvo consfIfuonfs conso.
!XVII. o onfIfy whnfsoovor Is oxIsfonf In Ifs InfrInsIc boIng.
In fhIs cnso, n nononfIfy nIso Is nonoxIsfonf. InfIfIos nnd non
onfIfIos orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons nro omfy.
If soughf, uIfImnfoIy no onfIfy whnfsoovor Is oxIsfonf In Ifs
InfrInsIc boIng. In fhIs cnso, fhoro Is nIso no nononfIfy whnfsoovor.
InfIfIos nnd nononfIfIos orIgInnfod from cnuso nnd condIfIons nro
omfy.
!XVIII. SInco nII onfIfIos nro omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng,
fho Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon of onfIfIos Is nrfIcuInrIy
domonsfrnfod by fho IncomnrnbIo !"#$%&"#".
SInco nII onfIfIos nro omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng, fhIs
by fho !"#$%&"#".
ossIbIIIfIos.
Irom fho uIfImnfo sfnndoInf nII InfordoondonfIy
orIgInnfod onfIfIos nro omfy In fhoIr InfrInsIc boIng. So If Is snId
176
fhnf fhoro Is no ofhor frufh fhnn fhIs. Tho IIossod Iuddhn, roIyIng
uon convonfIonnI usngo, In uIfImnfo suchnoss, ImngInod nII
ossIbIIIfIos wIfhouf oxcofIon.
35

!XX. Tho docfrIno of fho worId Is nof dosfroyod. In ronIIfy, no
fncfor nf nII Is domonsfrnfod. of comrohondIng fho rocInmnfIon
of fho !"#$%&"#", ordInnry ooIo nro consoquonfIy nfrnId of fho
Ivon fho fncfors whIch nro oxInInod nccordIng fo fho
convonfIons of fho worId nro nof dosfroyod. In ronIIfy, n fncfor Is
novor domonsfrnfod. Thus, nof knowIng fho monnIng of
Infordoondonco nnd nof comrohondIng fho rocInmnfIon of fho
!"#$%&"#", fho Ignornnf, fhoroforo, nro nfrnId of fho unsuorfod
nnd unImngInnbIo frufh, fhnf Is fho sIgnIoss.
!XXI. Tho wny of fho worId, "doondonf uon fhIs, fhnf
orIgInnfos", Is nof nognfod. Whnf Is InfordoondonfIy orIgInnfod Is
wIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng, so how doos If oxIsf ThIs Is orfocf
corfIfudo.
Tho ordor of fho worId, fhnf Is, "doondonf uon fhIs, fhnf
orIgInnfos", Is nof nognfod. SInco whnf Is InfordoondonfIy
orIgInnfod, Is wIfhouf InfrInsIc boIng, how doos whnf Is nonoxIsfonf
oxIsf ThIs rhoforIcnI quosfIon oxrossos corfIfudo.
36

!XXII. Ono who hns fnIfh, who dIIIgonfIy sooks fho uIfImnfo,
nof roIyIng uon nny domonsfrnfod fncfor, IncIInod fo subjocf fho
wny of fho worId fo ronson, nbnndonIng boIng nnd nonboIng
nffnIns onco.
Ono who hns fnIfh, who dIIIgonfIy sooks fho uIfImnfo, nof
roIyIng uon nny domonsfrnfod fncfor, who Is IncIInod nnd wIIIIng fo
subjocf fho ordor of fho worId fo ronson, nbnndonIng boIng nnd non
boIng nffnIns onco.
!XXIII. HnvIng comrohondod nnronf condIfIonnIIfy, fho
nof of fnIso vIows Is swof nsIdo. ConsoquonfIy, nbnndonIng
nffnchmonf, doIusIon nnd nngor, wIfhouf sfnIn, ono suroIy ronchos
'()*%+".

177
Notes

Part One

Section One
l
!nmnnnn, K.V.,A0g0rjuno's IhIIosohy, IhnrnfIyn VIdyn Irnknshnn, VnrnnnsI,
IndIn, l9?l, .25
2
!huInbhndrn Is nIso known ns fho MnhnsIddhn Snrnhn
3
Tnknkusu, J., Tr. A !ocord of fho IuddhIsf !oIIgIon ns IrncfIcod In IndIn nnd fho
MnIny ArchIoIngo A 6?l695 by ITsIng, MunshIrnm MnnohnrInI, oIhI, IndIn,
l966, . l62

Section Two
l
Sugnfn Is nn oIfhof of fho Iuddhn monnIng ono who hns gono woII fo fho furfhor
shoro of fho oconn of worIdIy oxIsfonco.
2
AccordIng fo IndInn fhoughf A0gos nro cronfuros whIch ossoss bodIos fhnf nro hnIf
humnn nnd hnIf snnko. Thoy nro boIIovod fo dwoII In fho onrfh nnd fo InfIuonco
rnInfnII, rofocf wonIfh, ofc.
3
Tho commonfnry IndIcnfos fhnf fhIs rofors fo fho roof dIscIIInos of n monk ns
monfIonod In fho VInnyn
4
Tho sovon suns nrIso nf fho ond of n gronf noon nol0/olpo). Inch of fhoso noons Is
rosIdod ovor by Ifs own humnn Iuddhn.
5
Tho oIghfoon oorfuno condIfIons whIch nro nocossnry for fho rncfIco of hnrmn
nro
l froodom from fho ronIm of fho hoIIs,
2 froodom from fho ronIm of fho hungry ghosfs,
3 froodom from fho ronIm of nnImnIs,
4 froodom from fho ronIm of IongIIvod gods
5 froodom from boIng n horofIc,
6 froodom from boIng n bnrbnrInn,
? froodom from boIng n fooI,
8 froodom from boIng whoro fhoro Is no fonchIng from n Iuddhn,
9 fo hnvo gnInod n humnn bIrfh,
l0 fo hnvo gnInod bIrfh In n confrnI ronIm whoro fho Snmghn oxIsfs,
ll fo ossoss sound orgnns,
l2 fo bo froo from ncfIons whIch confIIcf wIfh fho hnrmn,
l3 fo hnvo fnIfh In fho HoIy hnrmn,
l4 fho ndvonf of n Iuddhn In fho worId,
l5 fho oxIsfonco of fho fonchIng of fho uro roIIgIon,
Notes
178

l6 fho confInuIfy nnd sfnbIIIfy of fho uro roIIgIon,
l? boIng n boIIovor nnd foIIowor of fho Iuddhn's fonchIng nn
l8 hnvIng n IovIng nnd comnssIonnfo honrf.
6
Broln0 rofors fo fho gods of fho shoro of form nnd fho formIoss shoro.
?
To soo n moro dofnIIod oxInnnfIon of fho monnIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon,
soo grjunn's Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon confnInod In fhIs book.
8
Tho IuddhnfIoId of fho Iuddhn AmIfbhn Is cnIIod fho Hny !nnd, eu/l0to/i).

Part Two

l
od. VnIdyn, I.!., IuddhIsf SnnskrIf Toxfs, no. l?
2
Asnngn nnd Vnsubnndhu, MndhynfnvIbhgn nnd MndhynfnvIbhgnbh;yn l.llb
3
Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, Sfnnzn III
4
IbId. Sfnnzn IV
5
TIbofnn no bo nId, SnnskrIf etoIl0to, Is horo dIsfInguIshod from fho TIbofnn
rnnzIn SnnskrIf rnkjfI. AIfhough fho form, rnnzIn cnn nIso bo rondorod ns
etoIl0to fo fho docfrIno of Svnbhvnvdn ndhorod fo by ono schooI of MnforInIIsfs.
6
TIbofnn somscnn, SnnskrIf snffvn, IIfornIIy monns "ono ondowod wIfh
conscIousnoss or mInd" Is usod horo In fho sonso of "SoIf" or "Suromo SoIf"
?
TIbofnn dnggIbn, SnnskrIf 0/ni,o, Is fho gonIfIvo cnso of soIf. Thus If cnn bo
frnnsInfod mIno or fhnf orfnInIng fo n soIf. f rofors fo fho sychohysIcnI fncfors
dhnrmns or nggrognfos sknndhns ns If cnn bo rondIIy undorsfood from Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, XVIII.
8
Thnf Is nn ncf of monfnI ImosIfIon. Onco ngnIn, fho roIo of monfnI funcfIons In fho
forgIng of fho bond bofwoon cnuso nnd offocf Is omhnsIzod.
9
A crysfnI usod In fho mnnnor of n mngnIfyIng gInss fo conconfrnfo fho sun's rnys.

Part Three

l
XXV
2
Tho Mndhynmnkn nnd Modorn Wosforn IhIIosohy, IhIIosohy Insf nnd Wosf
3
VIgrnvyvnrfnn
4
29 & 63
5
Tho bonodIcfory Sfnnzn fo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny nIso rofors fo
fho Iuddhn ns fho fonchor of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd cIosoIy rosombIos fho
Sfnnzn horo.

177
Notes

Part One

Section One
l
!nmnnnn, K.V.,!"#"$%&'('s IhIIosohy, IhnrnfIyn VIdyn Irnknshnn, VnrnnnsI,
IndIn, l9?l, .25
2
!"#$%&'#&()& Is nIso known ns fho MnhnsIddhn Snrnhn
3
Tnknkusu, J., Tr. A !ocord of fho IuddhIsf !oIIgIon ns IrncfIcod In IndIn nnd fho
MnIny ArchIoIngo A 6?l695 by ITsIng, MunshIrnm MnnohnrInI, oIhI, IndIn,
l966, . l62

Section Two
l
Sugnfn Is nn oIfhof of fho Iuddhn monnIng ono who hns gono woII fo fho furfhor
shoro of fho oconn of worIdIy oxIsfonco.
2
AccordIng fo IndInn fhoughf !"#(s nro cronfuros whIch ossoss bodIos fhnf nro hnIf
humnn nnd hnIf snnko. Thoy nro boIIovod fo dwoII In fho onrfh nnd fo InfIuonco
rnInfnII, rofocf wonIfh, ofc.
3
Tho commonfnry IndIcnfos fhnf fhIs rofors fo fho roof dIscIIInos of n monk ns
monfIonod In fho VInnyn
4
Tho sovon suns nrIso nf fho ond of n gronf noon )(*"+(,-(*. Inch of fhoso noons Is
rosIdod ovor by Ifs own humnn Iuddhn.
5
Tho oIghfoon oorfuno condIfIons whIch nro nocossnry for fho rncfIco of hnrmn
nro
l froodom from fho ronIm of fho hoIIs,
2 froodom from fho ronIm of fho hungry ghosfs,
3 froodom from fho ronIm of nnImnIs,
4 froodom from fho ronIm of IongIIvod gods
5 froodom from boIng n horofIc,
6 froodom from boIng n bnrbnrInn,
? froodom from boIng n fooI,
8 froodom from boIng whoro fhoro Is no fonchIng from n Iuddhn,
9 fo hnvo gnInod n humnn bIrfh,
l0 fo hnvo gnInod bIrfh In n confrnI ronIm whoro fho Sn+ghn oxIsfs,
ll fo ossoss sound orgnns,
l2 fo bo froo from ncfIons whIch confIIcf wIfh fho hnrmn,
l3 fo hnvo fnIfh In fho HoIy hnrmn,
l4 fho ndvonf of n Iuddhn In fho worId,
l5 fho oxIsfonco of fho fonchIng of fho uro roIIgIon,
Notes
178

l6 fho confInuIfy nnd sfnbIIIfy of fho uro roIIgIon,
l? boIng n boIIovor nnd foIIowor of fho Iuddhn's fonchIng nn
l8 hnvIng n IovIng nnd comnssIonnfo honrf.
6
.$(*)" rofors fo fho gods of fho shoro of form nnd fho formIoss shoro.
?
To soo n moro dofnIIod oxInnnfIon of fho monnIng of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon,
soo ,"-").$/&'s Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon confnInod In fhIs book.
8
Tho IuddhnfIoId of fho Iuddhn AmIf"bhn Is cnIIod fho Hny !nnd, /&+*"0(123.

Part Two

l
od. VnIdyn, I.!., IuddhIsf SnnskrIf Toxfs, no. l?
2
Asn0gn nnd Vnsubnndhu, 1&(#2"/3&45'#"-& nnd 1&(#2"/3&45'#"-&'#"62& l.llb
3
Tho Honrf of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon, Sfnnzn III
4
IbId. Sfnnzn IV
5
TIbofnn no bo nId, SnnskrIf /0(4*"0(, Is horo dIsfInguIshod from fho TIbofnn
rnnzIn SnnskrIf rnk5fI. AIfhough fho form, rnnzIn cnn nIso bo rondorod ns
/0(4*"0( fo fho docfrIno 789:4&'#"4&4"(& ndhorod fo by ono schooI of MnforInIIsfs.
6
TIbofnn somscnn, SnnskrIf snffvn, IIfornIIy monns "ono ondowod wIfh
conscIousnoss or mInd" Is usod horo In fho sonso of "SoIf" or "Suromo SoIf"
?
TIbofnn dnggIbn, SnnskrIf "1)26(, Is fho gonIfIvo cnso of soIf. Thus If cnn bo
frnnsInfod mIno or fhnf orfnInIng fo n soIf. f rofors fo fho sychohysIcnI fncfors
dhnrmns or nggrognfos sknndhns ns If cnn bo rondIIy undorsfood from Tho
IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, XVIII.
8
Thnf Is nn ncf of monfnI ImosIfIon. Onco ngnIn, fho roIo of monfnI funcfIons In fho
forgIng of fho bond bofwoon cnuso nnd offocf Is omhnsIzod.
9
A crysfnI usod In fho mnnnor of n mngnIfyIng gInss fo conconfrnfo fho sun's rnys.

Part Three

l
XXV
2
Tho Mndhynmnkn nnd Modorn Wosforn IhIIosohy, IhIIosohy Insf nnd Wosf
3
;5-)&42"4&)3&/<
4
29 & 63
5
Tho bonodIcfory Sfnnzn fo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny nIso rofors fo
fho Iuddhn ns fho fonchor of Infordoondonf OrIgInnfIon nnd cIosoIy rosombIos fho
Sfnnzn horo.
Notes
179

6
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, I.3
?
IbId. VII. 34
8
I.o. fho InnnImnfo unIvorso
9
Horo fho ronIms nro fIvo rnfhor fhnn sIx bocnuso fho ronIms of gods nnd domIgods
nro counfod ns ono.
l0
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, VII. l6
ll
IbId. XXV. l9 & 20
l2
Doronon0rgo Is ono of fho fIvo nfhs found In fho AIlieono,0lon/0ro nnd
ofhor foxfs.
l3
A forfhrIghf docInrnfIon of fho honomonnI rImncy of concIousnoss.
l4
Tho nrohonsIon of concIousnoss ns fho soIfsubjocforsonnIIfy.

Part Four

l
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, V
2
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. XVIII
3
IbId., ch. V
4
IbId., ch.XVII
5
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, XXXIIIX!III
6
IbId. X!X!II
?
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch.XXV. l9 & 20
8
IbId., ch. III & ch. IV
9
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, !II
l0
Tho objocfIon robnbIy rocoods from n Aoi,0,i/o who hoIds fhnf nognfIon ImIIos
fho ronIIfy of fho nognfum. !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons, XI, XII, !XI &!XII
ll
Soo !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons, I & XXI
l2
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. I, VII & XX
l3
Soo IbId., ch. XXIII
l4
Soo IbId., ch. V. 6, ?, 8 & ch. XV
l5
Tho form "consoquonfIy" IndIcnfos fho roducfIo nd nbsurdum
l6
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, XIX
l?
An objocfIon from fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs
l8
l9
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. XXV
20
Tho confonfIon of fho !onIIsfs
Notes
180

2l
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. V
22
ThIs IndIcnfos fho oxIsfonco of n sysfom of vnrInbIos In fho IogIc of grjunn
23
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. XIX
24
Tho osIfIon of fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs
25
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch VII
26
ThIs Is n roforonco fo fho fhroo mnrks
2?
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny , ch XVII
28
grjunn IndIcnfos fho Imorfnnco of fho concofIon of InfonsIonnI fonchIng,
I.o.,fonchIng whIch hns nn uIforIor uroso
29
An nnfIcInfIon of fho SoJJlornopa;ori/o fhoory of orcofIon
30
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. III. 2
3l
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, III
32
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. III & IV nnd !ofufnfIon of
ObjocfIons, XXXff
33
An nnfIcInfIon of Asnngn's nnnIysIs of fho nmbIvnIonco of objocfs
34
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. XVIII. 5
35
Soo IbId., ch. XXIV. l8 &l9
36
IbId., ch.XXIV.l0 & ch. XXV. 24

Notes
179

6
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, I.3
?
IbId. VII. 34
8
I.o. fho InnnImnfo unIvorso
9
Horo fho ronIms nro fIvo rnfhor fhnn sIx bocnuso fho ronIms of gods nnd domIgods
nro counfod ns ono.
l0
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, VII. l6
ll
IbId. XXV. l9 & 20
l2
!"#$"%"&'#(" Is ono of fho fIvo nfhs found In fho )*+,-"&".'/"01'#" nnd
ofhor foxfs.
l3
A forfhrIghf docInrnfIon of fho honomonnI rImncy of concIousnoss.
l4
Tho nrohonsIon of concIousnoss ns fho soIfsubjocforsonnIIfy.

Part Four

l
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, V
2
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. XVIII
3
IbId., ch. V
4
IbId., ch.XVII
5
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, XXXIIIX!III
6
IbId. X!X!II
?
Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch.XXV. l9 & 20
8
IbId., ch. III & ch. IV
9
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, !II
l0
Tho objocfIon robnbIy rocoods from n 2",.'.,1"3 who hoIds fhnf nognfIon ImIIos
fho ronIIfy of fho nognfum. !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons, XI, XII, !XI &!XII
ll
Soo !ofufnfIon of ObjocfIons, I & XXI
l2
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. I, VII & XX
l3
Soo IbId., ch. XXIII
l4
Soo IbId., ch. V. 6, ?!"8 & ch. XV
l5
Tho form "consoquonfIy" IndIcnfos fho roducfIo nd nbsurdum
l6
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, XIX
l?
l8
l9
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. XXV
20
Tho confonfIon of fho !onIIsfs
Notes
180

2l
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. V
22
ThIs IndIcnfos fho oxIsfonco of n sysfom of vnrInbIos In fho IogIc of #$%$&'()*
23
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. XIX
24
Tho osIfIon of fho IuddhIsf !onIIsfs
25
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch VII
26
ThIs Is n roforonco fo fho fhroo mnrks
2?
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny , ch XVII
28
#$%$&'()* IndIcnfos fho Imorfnnco of fho concofIon of InfonsIonnI fonchIng,
I.o.,fonchIng whIch hns nn uIforIor uroso
29
An nnfIcInfIon of fho 4"55+"#&"6789"#:1" fhoory of orcofIon
30
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. III. 2
3l
ImfInoss Tho Sovonfy Sfnnzns, III
32
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. III & IV nnd !ofufnfIon of
ObjocfIons, XXXff
33
An nnfIcInfIon of Asn+gn's nnnIysIs of fho nmbIvnIonco of objocfs
34
Soo Tho IoundnfIon Sfnnzns of fho MIddIo Wny, ch. XVIII. 5
35
Soo IbId., ch. XXIV. l8 &l9
36
IbId., ch.XXIV.l0 & ch. XXV. 24

The Wisdom of Nagarjuna

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