General Physics (Phys 1011)

Chapter 5: Oscillations and Wave

Gezahegn S.D.
gezahegn.sufa@dbu.edu.et
https://sites.google.com/view/gezahegnsufa/

28 Auguest, 2021

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 1 / 33

Periodic and Oscillatory Motion

Periodic Motion
+ It is a motion that repeats itself after equal time intervals.
Examples:
a mass attached to a spring,
a swinging pendulum
the motion of the earth about the sun.

Oscillatory Motion
+ It is a periodic motion in which the body moves along the same
path to and fro about a definite point, equilibrium position.
+ There will be a restoring force directed towards equilibrium
position or mean position.
+ The mean position is a stable equilibrium position.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 2 / 33

Periodic and Oscillatory Motion

Types of oscillatory motion

There are two types of oscillatory motion: linear oscillation and
circular oscillation.

Linear oscillation Circular oscillation

mass spring system. simple pendulum.
solid sphere in a cylinder (If
fluid column in a U-tube.
solid sphere rolls without
floating cylinder. slipping).
circular ring suspended on a
body dropped in a tunnel
nail.
along earth diameter.
balance wheel of a clock.
strings of musical
Rotation of the earth around
instruments.
the sun.
Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 3 / 33
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

+ SHM is a special type of oscillatory motion caused by a restoring

force which obeys Hooke’s law.
+ To be SHM, the force needs to obey Hooke’s Law
Example: Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring
+ Suppose a block of mass m,
attached to one end of a
spring, of constant k, and
oscillating in a horizontal
frictionless floor

+ Assuming the net force on the

block is the spring force
which obeys Hooke’s law:

Fs = −kx
Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 4 / 33
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Example: Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring

+ The minus sign shows the
force is acting opposite to the
displacement and tries to
restore the block back to its
equilibrium position.
+ As x is positive, Fs is
negative and as x is negative,
Fs is positive
+ As the object moves toward
the equilibrium position, Fs
and a decrease, and become
zero at equilibrium
+ v is maximum at equilibrium.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 5 / 33

Simple Harmonic Motion

Example: Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring

+ Period, T - is the time
required to complete one full
cycle of oscillation.
+ Frequency, f - is the
number of complete cycles
per unit time.
1
f=
T
+ Amplitude, A - is the maximum displacement of the oscillator
from the equilibrium position.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 6 / 33

Simple Harmonic Motion

Example: Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring

+ If the mass starts at x = A at t = 0, then the equation of motion:

x(t) = A cos(ωt); where ω = 2πf is the angular frequency

+ The velocity of the mass on a spring

dx d
v(t) = = [A cos(ωt)] = −Aω sin(ωt)
dt dt
+ The acceleration of the mass on the spring
dv d
a(t) = = [−Aω sin(ωt)] = −Aω 2 cos(ωt)
dt dt
+ The maximum values of the velocity and acceleration are:

vmax = Aω and amax = Aω 2 (1)

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 7 / 33
Simple Harmonic Motion

Example: Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring

+ From Newton’s 2nd law and Hooke’s Law:

F = −kx = ma
k
a = − x
m
2
d x k
= − x
dt2 m
+ An object moves with SHM whenever its acceleration is
proportional to its position and is oppositely directed to the
displacement from equilibrium.
+ Substituting the equations of motion for x and a gives us
k
−Aω 2 cos(ωt) = − A cos(ωt)
m
Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 8 / 33
Simple Harmonic Motion

Example: Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring

+ Solving for the angular frequency yields
s
k
ω=
m

Thus, the frequency (from ω = 2πf ):

s
1 1 k
f= ω=
2π 2π m

and the period r

1 m
T = = 2π
f k
+ The period and frequency depend only on the mass of the particle
and the force constant of the spring, and not the amplitude
Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 9 / 33
Simple Harmonic Motion

Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator

+ Suppose a block sliding on a frictionless system collides with a
light spring. Then the total mechanical energy of the system

1
Emech = mvi2
2

spring is partially compressed

1 1
Emech = mv 2 + kx2
2 2

spring is fully compressed

1
Emech = kA2
Gezahegn S.D
2 General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 10 / 33
Simple Harmonic Motion

Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator

+ The spring force is conservative and the total energy of the system
remains constant.
+ Thus, the total mechanical energy at any arbitrary point x will be
given by:
1 1 1
mv 2 + kx2 = kA2
2 2 2
hence, the velocity of the object at any position in its motion
s
k 2
v=± (A − x2 )
m

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 11 / 33

Simple Harmonic Motion

Example
A 200g mass vibrates horizontally without friction at the end of a
horizontal spring for which k = 7.0N/m. The mass is displaced 5.00cm
from equilibrium and get released.
a. Find its maximum speed.
b. Find its speed when it is displaced 30cm from equilibrium.
c. What is its acceleration in each of these cases?

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 12 / 33

Simple Harmonic Motion

Solution
From conservation law, we have: 21 mv 2 + 21 kx2 = 12 kA2
Where m = 0.200kg, k = 7.0N/m, and x = 0.050cm. Solving for v
gives:
s
k 2
v= (A − x2 )
m
(a) The speed is maximum when x = 0; that is, when the mass is
passing through the equilibrium position:
s s
k 7.0N/m
vmax = A × = (0.050m) = 0.30m/s
m 0.200kg

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 13 / 33

Simple Harmonic Motion

Solution

Which yields a = 0 when the mass is at x = 0 and a = 1.1m/s2 when

x = 0.030m

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 14 / 33

Simple Harmonic Motion

Example
A 0.545 kg object connected to a light spring with a spring constant of
20.5 N/m oscillates on a frictionless horizontal surface.
a. Find the period of its motion.
b. Calculate the total energy of the system and the maximum speed
of the object if the amplitude of the motion is 3.00 cm.
c. What is the maximum acceleration of the block?
d. What is the velocity of the object when displacement is 2.00 cm?
e. Compute the kinetic and potential energies of the system when the
displacement is 2.00 cm.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 15 / 33

Simple Harmonic Motion

Solution
a. We will determine the angular frequency from its definition.
s r
k 20.5
ω= = = 6.1331 rad/s
m 0.545
2π 2π
T == ≈ 1.024s
ω 6.1331
b. The total energy E and the maximum velocity are respectively:
1 1
E = kA2 = (20.5)(0.03)2 ≈ 9.23 × 10−3 J
2 2
vmax = Aω = (0.03)(6.1331) ≈ 0.184 m/s

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 16 / 33

Simple Harmonic Motion

Solution
c. maximum acceleration

amax = Aω 2 = (0.03)(6.1331)2 ≈ 1.13 rad/s2

d. The velocity of the object when the displacement x is equal to

0.0200 m is: p
v = ω A2 − x2 ≈ 0.137 m/s
e. When the displacement is equal to 0.0200 m, the kinetic energy
and potential energy are respectively:
1
K = mv 2 ≈ 5.13 × 10−3 J
2
1
U = kx2 = 4.10 × 10−3 J
2
Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 17 / 33
Simple Harmonic Motion

The Simple Pendulum

+ It consists of a large mass
(bob) suspended by a light
string from a rigid support.
+ A stationary pendulum has
its string in a vertical position
with the bob hanging straight
down. This is known as the
pendulum’s equilibrium
position (since if left
undisturbed, the pendulum
will remain in this position).
+ Oscillations are set up in a
pendulum by displacing the
bob from its equilibrium
positions and releasing
Gezahegn S.D it. Physics (Phys 1011)
General 28 Auguest, 2021 18 / 33
Simple Harmonic Motion

The Simple Pendulum

+ The only forces acting on the
bob are the force of gravity
(i.e., the weight of the bob)
and tension from the string.
+ The mass of the string is
assumed to be negligible as
compared to the mass of the
bob.
+ The restoring force causing
the pendulum to oscillate
harmonically is the tangential
component of the gravity
force
FT = −mg sin θ
Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 19 / 33
Simple Harmonic Motion

The Simple Pendulum

+ In general, the motion of a
pendulum is not simple
harmonic. However, for small
angles, it becomes simple
harmonic.
+ for small oscillations, s = Lθ
and sin θ ≈ θ
FT = −mg sin θ ≈ −mgθ
Thus, FT = − mg


L s
This equation follows the
general form of Hooke’s force
law FT = −ks, with
k = mg/L.
Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 20 / 33
Simple Harmonic Motion

The Simple Pendulum

+ Therefore,qfor small angles,
ω = Lg
q
1 g
f= 2π L
q
T = 2π Lg
+ the period of a simple
pendulum doesn‘t depend on
the mass, but only on the
pendulum‘s length and on the
free-fall acceleration.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 21 / 33

Wave and Its Characteristics

Terminologies in Wave
+ Wave is a disturbance from normal or equilibrium condition that
travels, or propagates, carrying energy and momentum through
space without the transport of matter.
Examples: sound waves, wave on a string, seismic waves, and
electromagnetic waves.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 22 / 33

Wave and Its Characteristics

Terminologies in Wave
+ Crests/Troughs: are positions in a wave with maximum
displacements above/below the equilibrium position.
+ Amplitude (A): is the maximum displacement from the
equilibrium position.
+ Displacement (y): is position of a wave from equilibrium
position at any time.
+ Wave length (λ): distance between any two consecutive points
which are in phase.
+ Period (T): is the time taken by a wave to move one wave length.
+ Frequency (f): number of oscillations performed per unit time.
+ Speed (v): is constant in a medium provided the medium is
homogeneous.
v = λf
Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 23 / 33
Wave and Its Characteristics

Types of waves
Waves can be categorized as Mechanical and Electromagnetic waves
based on the need of material medium for its propagation.

Mechanical Waves Electromagnetic (EM) waves

+ are waves produced by the + produced by accelerated
oscillation of particles of a charged particles and can
mechanical medium and need propagate through both
a medium for propagation. material medium & vacuum.
+ Examples: water waves, + Examples: Light, radio & TV
sound wave, waves in strings waves, micro waves, x-rays,
etc. etc.
+ All EM waves in vacuum
propagate with speed
c = 3.0 × 108 m/s.
Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 24 / 33
Wave and Its Characteristics

Types of waves
Waves can also be categorized as transverse and longitudinal waves
based on the way they are propagating.
+ Transverse Wave - is a wave where particles of the disturbed
medium oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave motion.
Can travel through vacuum - does not need particles to
transfer energy
Examples: water waves, waves on strings, and all EM waves.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 25 / 33

Wave and Its Characteristics

Types of waves
+ Longitudinal Wave - is a wave where particles of the disturbed
medium oscillate parallel to the direction of wave motion.
Can’t travel through a vacuum-needs particles to transfer
energy
Example: sound wave

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 26 / 33

Wave and Its Characteristics

The Doppler Effect

+ It refers to the change in wave frequency during the relative
motion between a wave source and its observer.
+ It can be described as the effect produced by a moving source of
waves in which there is an apparent upward shift in frequency for
observers towards whom the source is approaching and an
apparent downward shift in frequency for observers from whom
the source is receding.
+ It is important to note that the effect does not result because of an
actual change in the frequency of the source.
+ The Doppler Effect can be observed for any type of wave; water
wave, sound wave, light wave, etc.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 27 / 33

Wave and Its Characteristics

The Doppler Effect: Example

An ambulance car receding from a girl and approaching to a boy.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 28 / 33

Wave and Its Characteristics

The Doppler Effect: Example

+ The observed frequency due to Doppler Effect is:
v±vo
 
fo = fs
v∓vs
fo is frequency of observer +vo and −vs refer to motion
fs is the actual frequency of one towards the other.
v0 is observer velocity
vs is source velocity −vo and +vs refer to motion
v speed of sound of one away from the other.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 29 / 33

Characteristics of Waves

Reflection of Waves - whenever

a traveling wave reaches a
boundary, part or all of the wave
bounces back. This Phenomenon
is called reflection.

Refraction of wave - It is the

change in direction of a wave
passing from one medium to
another caused by its change in
speed.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 30 / 33

Characteristics of Waves

Diffraction of wave

+ It is the spreading of waves

around obstacles.
+ Diffraction takes place with
sound; with EM radiation,
such as light, X-rays, and γ
rays; and with very small
moving particles such as
atoms, neutrons, and
electrons.
+ One consequence of
diffraction is that sharp
shadows are not produced.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 31 / 33

Characteristics of Waves

Interference of wave
+ It is the net effect of the combination of two or more wave trains
moving on intersecting or coincident paths.
+ The effect is that of the addition of the amplitudes of the
individual waves at each point affected by more than one wave.

Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 32 / 33

Characteristics of Waves

Resonance
+ It is the increase in amplitude
of oscillation of an electric or
mechanical system exposed to
a periodic force whose
frequency is equal or very
close to the natural
undamped frequency of the
system.

+ It is a phenomenon in which an external force or a vibrating

system forces another system around it to vibrate with greater
amplitude at a specified frequency of operation. The frequency at
which the second body starts oscillating or vibrating at higher
amplitude is called the resonant frequency of the body.
Gezahegn S.D General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 Auguest, 2021 33 / 33