PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL JEDDAH ENGLISH SECTION
English Department Middle School Session 2024-2025
First Term
Word Classes Overview
• Nouns: Words that name people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., rabbit, school, happiness).
• Pronouns: Words that replace nouns to avoid repetition (e.g., he, she, it, they).
• Adjectives: Words that describe nouns or pronouns (e.g., happy, large, red).
• Verbs: Words that show action, state of being, or give commands (e.g., run, is, have, must).
• Adverbs: Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very, silently).
• Prepositions: Words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a
sentence (e.g., in, on, at).
• Conjunctions: Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or).
• Interjections: Words that express strong emotion or surprise (e.g., wow, ouch, oh).
1. Nouns
• Common Nouns: Name general items (e.g., mug, city, car).
• Proper Nouns: Name specific items and always start with a capital letter (e.g., London, Sarah, Eiffel
Tower).
• Abstract Nouns: Name ideas, qualities, or feelings (e.g., love, bravery, freedom).
• Collective Nouns: Name groups of people or things (e.g., team, flock, bunch).
• Countable Nouns: Nouns that can be counted (e.g., apple, car, book). They can be singular or plural
(apple/apples).
• Uncountable Nouns: Nouns that cannot be counted individually (e.g., water, rice, music). They are
always singular and often refer to substances, concepts, or masses.
2. Pronouns
• Personal Pronouns: Replace specific people or things (e.g., I, you, he, she).
• Possessive Pronouns: Show ownership (e.g., my, your, his, her).
• Reflexive Pronouns: Refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g., myself, yourself, themselves).
• Demonstrative Pronouns: Point out specific things (e.g., this, that, these, those).
• Relative Pronouns: Begin a subordinate clause and refer to a noun mentioned earlier (e.g., who, whom,
which, that).
• Interrogative Pronouns: Used to ask questions (e.g., who, whom, what, which, whose).
• Indefinite Pronouns: Refer to non-specific people or things (e.g., someone, anybody, everything).
3. Adjectives
• Descriptive Adjectives: Describe qualities (e.g., beautiful, tall, sweet).
• Quantitative Adjectives: Describe quantity (e.g., few, many, several).
• Demonstrative Adjectives: Point out specific nouns (e.g., this, that, these, those).
• Comparative Adjectives: Compare two nouns (e.g., happier, taller).
• Superlative Adjectives: Compare three or more nouns (e.g., happiest, tallest).
• Possessive Adjectives: Indicate ownership (e.g., my, your, his, her).
4. Verbs
• Action Verbs: Show physical or mental action (e.g., run, think, jump).
• Linking Verbs: Connect the subject to more information (e.g., is, seem, become).
• Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs): Help the main verb express tense, mood, or voice (e.g., have, do, will).
Examples: She is running. They have finished.
• Modal Verbs: Express necessity, possibility, permission, or ability (e.g., can, could, may, might, must,
shall, should, will, would). Examples: You must finish your homework. She can swim very well.
• Imperative Verbs: Used to give commands or make requests. The subject is usually implied (e.g., Stop,
Go, listen). Example: Close the door.
• Irregular Verbs: Verbs that do not follow the regular-ed ending pattern for past tense (e.g., go/went,
have/had).
5. Adverbs
• Manner: How something is done (e.g., quickly, slowly).
• Place: Where something happens (e.g., here, there).
• Time: When something happens (e.g., now, later, soon).
• Frequency: How often something happens (e.g., always, never, often).
• Degree: To what extent something happens (e.g., very, quite, almost).
6. Prepositions
• Place: Indicate location (e.g., in, on, under).
• Time: Indicate time (e.g., at, during, after).
• Direction: Indicate movement or direction (e.g., to, from, towards).
• Cause/Reason: Indicate cause or reason (e.g., because of, due to).
7. Conjunctions
• Coordinating Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance (e.g., for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, so).
• Subordinating Conjunctions: Connect a dependent clause to an independent clause (e.g., because,
although, if).
• Correlative Conjunctions: Work in pairs to connect words or phrases (e.g., either...or, neither...nor).
8. Interjections
• Examples: Words or phrases used to express strong emotion or surprise (e.g., Wow! Ouch! Hey!) in
sentences like: Oh no! I forgot my homework! or Wow, that’s amazing!
