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Understanding Central Tendency and Variability

The document provides an overview of statistical concepts, including descriptive measurements, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and measures of variability (range, variance, standard deviation). It distinguishes between parameters calculated from populations and statistics calculated from samples. Examples are given to illustrate how to calculate these measures using ungrouped data.

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9 views15 pages

Understanding Central Tendency and Variability

The document provides an overview of statistical concepts, including descriptive measurements, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and measures of variability (range, variance, standard deviation). It distinguishes between parameters calculated from populations and statistics calculated from samples. Examples are given to illustrate how to calculate these measures using ungrouped data.

Uploaded by

akicat520
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Statistics

Descriptive Measurements
measures calculated from population are
called parameters
measures calculated from sample are
called statistics
Symbols Pop. Para Sample Stat.
Mean  x
Std Dev  s
Size N n

Statistics Page 1
Measures of Central
Tendency
 arithmetic mean N
n

x  xi
pop. mean,   i 1
i
sample mean, x  i 1
n N

– example
xi : {8, 6, 5, 5, 7, 4, 5, 9, 7, 4} (ungrouped data)
mean =

– unique; affected by extreme data

Statistics Page 2
Measures of Central Tendency
 median for ungrouped data
– middle value of the ordered observations
– take (n+1)/2 th observations if n is odd
– take mean of n/2th and (n/2+1)th
observations if n is even
– Example
xi : {8, 6, 5, 5, 7, 4, 5, 9, 7, 4}
ordered xi :

median =

Statistics Page 3
Measures of Central Tendency
 mode
– observation with the greatest frequency
– bimodal, trimodal or not exist
– Example
xi : {8, 6, 5, 5, 7, 4, 5, 9, 7, 4}
mode =

Statistics Page 4
Measures of Variability
 range
– difference between the largest and
smallest observations
– affected by the extreme data
– Example
xi : {8, 6, 5, 5, 7, 4, 5, 9, 7, 4} Range =

 variance and standard deviation


– standard deviation is the square root of
n
variance
sample  ( xi  x ) 2
, s2  i 1
variance n
Statistics Page 5
Measures of Variability
N
 ( xi   )
2
pop.
, 2  i 1

variance N
– example using the data for calculating std
dev

xi : {8, 6, 5, 5, 7, 4, 5, 9, 7, 4} (ungrouped data)

Statistics Page 6
Mean, Weighted Mean

Statistics Page 7
Statistics Page 8
Statistics Page 9
Statistics Page 10
Example

Statistics Page 11
Statistics Page 12
Combining sets of data

Statistics Page 13
Combining sets of data

Statistics Page 14
Statistics Page 15

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