Khảo sát hiện trạng và đề xuất biệp pháp quản lý CTNH ở Đồng Nai

e tai : KHO ST HIN TRNG V XUT BIN PHP QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI CHO KCN BIN HA II-
- TNH NG NAI
CHNG 1 M AU
1.1. TNH CAP THIET CUA E TAI Tnh ong Nai vi dan so tren 2 trieu ngi nam trong vung kinh te trong iem pha Nam la mot trong cac a phng co toc o o th hoa, cong nghiep hoa nhanh chong. Qua trnh phat trien kinh te tai a phng gan lien vi viec hnh thanh cac khu cong nghiep ln, thu hut rat nhieu doanh nghiep trong va ngoai nc au t. Song song vi qua trnh phat trien kinh te la s gia tang, anh hng tac ong tieu cc en moi trng, lng chat thai phat sinh ngay cang nhieu, a dang va phc tap. ac biet la chat thai nguy hai t cac hoat ong cong nghiep. V vay, ong Nai la mot trong nhng tnh cua vung kinh te trong iem pha Nam gap phai va oi au sm nhat vi chat thai nguy hai. Kha nang quan ly va x ly chat thai nguy hai cua tnh cha theo kp yeu cau thc te. Viec s dung ngay cang nhieu chung loai nguyen vat lieu va hoa chat trong san xuat cong nghiep a dan en s phat thai chat thai nguy hai vao moi trng di ca ba dang : nc thai, kh thai va chat thai ran. Do o, viec nghien cu ve chat thai nguy hai cung vi bien phap quan ly va x ly la van e can thiet va cap bach. KCN Bien Hoa II tnh ong Nai la mot khu cong nghiep tieu bieu i au Tnh vi c cau nganh nghe a dang, tap trung nhieu doanh nghiep ln vi quy trnh cong nghe hien ai, ong thi phat sinh lng chat thai GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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e tai : KHO ST HIN TRNG V XUT BIN PHP QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI CHO KCN BIN HA II- TNH NG NAI
cong nghiep nhieu va a dang co the ac trng cho nganh cong nghiep ong Nai thu nho. Do vay, viec la chon KCN Bien Hoa II lam mo hnh quan ly va e xuat la hp ly va thch hp vi tnh hnh thc te. Tren c s e xuat va ap dung thanh cong mo hnh quan ly chat thai nguy hai tai KCN Bien Hoa II co the nhan rong va ap dung cho cac KCN tren toan tnh. e tai " Khao sat hien trang va e xuat bien phap quan ly chat thai nguy hai cho KCN Bien Hoa IItnh ong Nai" se nghien cu, xay dng qui trnh quan ly CTNH ap ng c yeu cau thc te vi hy vong gop phan tham gia vao cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai tai KCN Bien Hoa II noi rieng va cac KCN tren a ban tnh ong Nai noi chung. 1.2. MUC TIEU NGHIEN CU CUA E TAI Khao sat tnh hnh hoat ong, tnh hnh quan ly va x ly chat thai nguy hai tai cac doanh nghiep trong khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa II Tnh ong Nai t o e xuat bien phap quan ly hieu qua chat thai nguy hai cho KCN Bien Hoa II. 1.3. OI TNG VA PHAM VI NGHIEN CU Pham vi nghien cu cua luan van la chat thai nguy hai tai cac doanh nghiep ang hoat ong thuoc KCN Bien Hoa II- tnh ong Nai. 1.4. NOI DUNG NGHIEN CU e at c muc tieu tren, cac noi dung nghien cu cua luan van bao gom : - Nghien cu ieu kien t nhien va ieu kien xa hoi trong khu vc thc hien e tai.
GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
- Khao sat va anh gia hien trang phat sinh CTNH va kha nang tac ong en moi trng. - Phan tch cac han che cua van ban phap luat hien hanh ve chat thai nguy hai. - Lap danh sach cac nguon thai CTNH tai KCN Bien Hoa II va xac nh mc phat thai. - anh gia hien trang cong tac quan ly CTNH tai KCN Bien Hoa II. - T ket qua nghien cu, e xuat bien phap va quy trnh quan ly CTNH hieu qua tai KCN Bien Hoa II. 1.5. PHNG PHAP LUAN VA PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU 1.5.1. Phng phap luan Chat thai nguy hai co tnh oc hai cao oi vi moi trng, do o can c quan ly mot cach nghiem ngat. a co cac quy nh t Trung ng en a phng oi vi cong tac nay nhng hieu qua cha cao. Do o, tren c s phan tch anh gia nhng van e ton tai trong cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai, a ra cac giai phap khac phuc e nham xay dng quy trnh quan ly hieu qua hn. 1.5.2. Phng phap nghien cu Nham thc hien c noi dung nghien cu a e ra, e tai a s dung mot so phng phap nghien cu chu yeu sau ay : - Phng phap thu thap, tong hp cac tai lieu co lien quan: muc tieu cua phng phap nay nham thu thap cac so lieu, tai lieu lien quan en ac iem t nhien, kinh te xa hoi cua khu vc nghien cu; cac van ban phap quy ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai; cac tai lieu; kinh nghiem thc tien tren the gii cung nh Viet Nam co GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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lien quan en chat thai nguy hai. Nguon su tam t cac tai lieu a cong bo, t cac kinh nghiem c ao tao hay qua cac chuyen tham quan, hoc hoi, t internet. - Phng phap khao sat hien trang : phng phap nay c s dung nham thu thap thong tin tong quan ve cac c s co phat sinh chat thai nguy hai trong KCN, nam bat c thc trang va nhng ton tai cua cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai trong KCN. a tien hanh khao sat thc te tai 22 doanh nghiep KCN Bien Hoa II ve hien trang quan ly CTNH. - Phng phap x ly so lieu: T ket qua ieu tra thu c, e tai s dung phan mem Excel e thong ke cac nguon phat thai, lng chat thai nguy hai phat sinh trong KCN Bien Hoa II. Tren c s o, xac nh he so phat thai chat thai nguy hai. 1.6. Y NGHA KHOA HOC, THC TIEN CUA E TAI 1.6.1. Y ngha khoa hoc Xay dng c quy trnh quan ly chat thai nguy hai hoan thien da tren ket qua phan tch hoat ong quan ly CTNH hien tai, ket hp gia cac c quan quan ly, cac to chc, n v kinh doanh va cac to chc nghien cu khoa hoc co lien quan. 1.6.2. Y ngha thc tien e tai gop phan nang cao hieu qua cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai oi vi cac KCN tren a ban tnh ong Nai noi chung va KCN Bien Hoa II noi rieng, nham thc hien muc tieu phat trien kinh te i oi vi bao ve moi trng, tien ti phat trien ben vng. 1.7. IEM MI CUA E TAI
Phan tch han che cua van ban phap luat ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai. Phan tch han che cua cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai trong KCN Bien Hoa II hien nay, xac nh c nguyen nhan c ban dan en han che trong cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai. e xuat quy trnh quan ly chat thai nguy hai cu the, kha thi nham nang cao hieu qua cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai oi vi cac KCN tren a ban tnh. 1.8. GII THIEU CAC CONG TRNH NGHIEN CU LIEN QUAN EN E TAI Van e quan ly, thu gom, phan loai, x ly chat thai ran cong nghiep a c quan tam giai quyet hau het cac quoc gia tren the gii, ac biet la cac Quoc gia phat trien nh My, Nhat, c, Phap, Ha Lan Thong thng, cac nc phat trien eu xay dng c s x ly CTNH cho mot vung nao o, nhng yeu cau ve a iem at c s x ly CTNH phai cach xa khu vc o th, t gay anh hng ti ngi dan. Theo anh gia cua cac chuyen gia moi trng, x ly tap trung CTNH se de kiem soat va tiet kiem hn nhieu so vi viec tng cong ty t x ly. Tai Viet Nam, trong thi gian gan ay, viec quan ly, thu gom, phan loai, x ly chat thai cong nghiep, ac biet la chat thai nguy hai ang la moi quan tam cua cac nha quan ly t Trung ng en a phng. Trong nam 1999, Quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg ngay 16/7/1999 cua Thu tng Chnh phu c ban hanh, ay la cong cu phap ly quan trong e quan ly chat thai nguy hai, kem theo Quyet nh nay la Quy che quan ly chat thai nguy GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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hai. Thc chat, quy che quan ly chat thai cua Viet Nam a c xay dng tren c s cong c Basel ve kiem soat van chuyen xuyen bien gii cac loai chat thai nguy hai va tieu huy chung. Tai vung kinh te trong iem pha Nam, co mot so e tai nghien cu co lien quan en chat thai nguy hai la : - Ket qua nghien cu e xuat ve xay dng he thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai cho vung kinh te trong iem pha Nam (Khoa Cong nghe moi trng va cong nghe sinh hoc- Trng ai hoc Van Lang, 2000). e nang cao hieu qua quan ly chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai, bao cao a e xuat he thong quan ly bao gom ca he thong hanh chnh, cac quy nh, luat le, giam thieu chat thai, san xuat sach hn tren c s kinh nghiem cua cac nc va phan tch cac iem can bo sung cua luat le Viet Nam. - Nghien cu ve Phan loai chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai (Khoa Cong nghe moi trng va cong nghe sinh hoc Trng ai hoc Van Lang, 2000). Tren c s kinh nghiem cua cac nc va cac qui nh, luat le cua Viet Nam ve quan ly chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai, bao cao trnh bay mot so phng phap chung va e xuat phng phap phan loai chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai phuc vu cong tac xay dng he thong thu gom, van chuyen, x ly va chon lap. - Nghien cu mot so cong nghe thch hp nham quan ly chat thai ran cong nghiep va chat thai nguy hai tai vung kinh te trong iem pha Nam (Trung tam Ky thuat Nhiet i, Trung tam cong nghe moi trng, 2000). Bao cao a trnh bay mot so bien phap thch hp e GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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quan ly chat thai ran cong nghiep va chat thai nguy hai nham cung cap c s khoa hoc va thc tien cho cac c quan quan ly moi trng e ra cac bien phap quan ly chat thai nham gop phan han che o nhiem va phong chong s co moi trng. - Qui hoach tong the ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai cho vung kinh te trong iem pha Nam (D an VIE 1702/SF, 2002). Tren c s thu thap thong tin, anh gia cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai tai cac tnh thuoc vung kinh te trong iem pha Nam, d an a xay dng chien lc va giai phap nham quan ly chat thai nguy hai phat sinh t cac nganh cong nghiep va t o e xuat c nhng phng phap thch hp cho viec x ly. Tren a ban tnh ong Nai a co mot so d an nghien cu lien quan en chat thai nguy hai nham cu the hoa quy che quan ly chat thai nguy hai cua Chnh phu va phu hp vi tnh hnh cua a phng : - ieu tra thong ke va e xuat cac giai phap x ly thuoc bao ve thc vat, hoa chat qua han s dung tren a ban tnh ong Nai (TS ang Xuan Toan - Trung tam cong nghe moi trng, 2001). - Bao cao (2582/2001/Q.CT.UBT) nham cu the hoa qui che quan ly chat thai nguy hai tren a ban tnh ong Nai (PGS.TS Nguyen Van Phc, Khoa Moi trng- Trng ai hoc Bach khoa TP. Ho Ch Minh, 2001)
CHNG 2 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP BIEN HOA II VA CHAT THAI NGUY HAI
2.1. TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP BIEN HOA II TNH ONG NAI 2.1.1. S lc ve tnh ong Nai ong Nai, co dien tch t nhien 5.894 km2, la mot tnh thuoc mien ong Nam Bo, nam trong vung kinh te trong iem pha Nam gom Tp. Ho Ch Minh, Bnh Dng, ong Nai va Ba Ra Vung Tau. ong Nai gom 11 n v hanh chnh trc thuoc: Thanh pho Bien Hoa la trung tam kinh te chnh tr, van hoa cua Tnh. Th xa Long Khanh va cac huyen Long Thanh, Nhn Trach, Thong Nhat, Vnh Cu, Xuan Loc, nh Quan, Trang Bom, Cam My . ong Nai co li the ve v tr a ly, nam trong khu vc trung tam vung kinh te trong iem pha nam, co nhieu tiem nang ve nong nghiep, at canh tac nong nghiep phan ln la at o bazan, thch hp e phat trien cac loai cay cong nghiep va cay an qua. ong Nai cung la mot trong nhng tnh dan au ca nc ve san xuat thc an gia suc va co nhieu trang trai chan nuoi qui mo cong nghiep. ay la nguon nguyen lieu quan trong cho cong nghiep che bien. ong Nai co tiem nang kha ln ve tai nguyen khoang san: co nguon nc mat rat phong phu, quan trong nhat la nguon nc song ong Nai, vi lu lng en 880 m3/s; ho Tr An co dien tch 323 km2 dung tch khoang gan 2,8 ty m3, tr lng nc ngam khoang 3 trieu m3/ngay , u cung cap cho san xuat va sinh hoat. GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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Ngoai ra ong Nai la tnh phong phu ve khoang san (a granit, a xay dng, at set, kaolin, puzlan, cat, soi, ) co ieu kien cung cap vat lieu xay dng cho cac cong trnh. ong Nai la a ban trong yeu ve kinh te, chnh tr va quoc phong an ninh, co v tr quan trong trong s phat trien cua vung kinh te trong iem pha Nam, gan ket vung ong Nam bo vi Tay nguyen. Trong chien lc phat trien vung kinh te trong iem pha Nam, ong Nai co li the phat trien cong nghiep do thanh pho Ho Ch Minh se u tien phat trien kinh te, dch vu, tai chnh va se chuyen dan cong nghiep ra vung ven o va cac a phng lan can. ong Nai co nguon nhan lc tai cho doi dao, dan so thanh th 670.000 ngi (33 % dan so), so ngi trong o tuoi lao ong 1.100.000 ngi (54 % dan so), co trnh o van hoa kha, quen vi tac phong cong nghiep, co kha nang tiep thu va thch nghi viec chuyen gia cong nghe e khong ngng nang cao hieu qua va sc canh tranh. T chu trng chnh sach cua Nha nc va nhng li the cua a phng trong hn 12 nam qua, tnh ong Nai a chon qui hoach va phat trien KCN la mo hnh phat trien kinh te trong iem cua a phng. ay cung la giai phap quan trong e thu hut manh von au t va cong nghe, nhat la nguon von nc ngoai va cong nghe tien tien cua cac nc phat trien, tng bc hoi nhap kinh te khu vc va the gii. Cac KCN c hnh thanh se tao ieu kien phat trien cong nghiep theo qui hoach, kiem soat va x ly chat thai cong nghiep, bao GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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ve moi trng sinh thai, gop phan bao ve an ninh quoc phong, nang cao hieu qua s dung at va von au t, tang nang lc xuat khau va tao them nhieu viec lam cho ngi lao ong. Muc tieu o nam trong chien lc phat trien ben vng cua a phng va gop phan quan trong vao s nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien ai hoa at nc.
Hnh 1: Bn hnh chnh Tnh ng Nai
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2.1.2. Gii thieu ve khu cong nghiep (KCN) Bien Hoa II
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KCN Bien Hoa II nam tren a phan phng Long Bnh - thanh pho Bien Hoa, oi dien vi KCN Bien Hoa I theo truc ng xa lo Sai Gon - Bien Hoa. Pha Bac va ong Bac giap KCN Amata, pha ong- ong Nam tiep giap vi khu dan c phng Long Bnh. Nam gia ba truc ng xa lo Sai Gon- Ha Noi, Quoc lo 51 i Ba Ra- Vung Tau va ng Quoc lo 15 noi lien Quoc lo 1 vi Quoc lo 51 en Long Thanh. Pha Nam tiep giap vi song ong Nai va ch cach thanh pho Ho Ch Minh 30 km nen rat thuan tien ve giao thong. Nen at nam tren mot vung oi thap a c san ui kha bang phang co o doc thoai thoai theo hng Tay Bac - ong Nam rat tot cho viec xay dng he thong thoat nc ve pha song ong Nai. KCN Bien Hoa II do Cong ty Phat trien KCN Bien Hoa (Sonadezi) lam chu au t xay dng ha tang. ay la mot trong nhng KCN hnh thanh rat sm, trc khi Nha nc ban hanh khuon kho phap ly cho viec xay dng va phat trien KCN. Khu at xay dng KCN Bien Hoa II, vao nam 1988 a c Chnh phu cho phep lap thu tuc xay dng khu che xuat. Trong qua trnh nghien cu ve d an, do nhu cau cua nhieu nha au t muon au t san xuat san pham tieu thu trong nc va xuat khau (thay va phai xuat khau toan bo san pham), tnh ong Nai a kien ngh va c Chnh phu cho phep chuyen sang thanh lap KCN tap trung va viec thu hut au t vao KCN nay bat au t nam 1991. en nam 1994, trc thi iem Chnh phu ban hanh quy che ve KCN, KCN Bien Hoa II a co 11 d an au t trong nc va 30 d an au t nc ngoai hoat ong, s dung 78,9 ha at, chiem 30 % dien tch at GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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thue toan KCN. Nguon von au t ha tang KCN Bien Hoa II thi iem nay chu yeu da vao von ong gop cua cac nha au t vao KCN. Sau khi Chnh phu ban hanh quy che KCN (Ngh nh 192/CP ngay 28-12-1998), do a co chuan b san sang t trc ve cac mat nh qui hoach, boi thng giai phong mat bang, xuc tien thu hut au t, cong ty Sonadezi a trien khai xay dng KCN Bien Hoa II vi toc o nhanh. Ngay 08/6/1995, ngay khi co Quyet nh phe duyet cua Thu tng Chnh phu tr thanh KCN tap trung i vao hoat ong vi tong dien tch 365 ha, von au t xay dng KCN la 18,5 trieu USD, Cong ty SONADEZI a tan dung thi c, tranh thu moi trng thu hut au t ang thuan li, a nhanh chong thu hut au t lap ay dien tch at cho thue. Tnh en thang 12/2000, tc la sau 5 nam thanh lap, KCN Bien Hoa II a co hn 100 d an au t, vi tong von au t 1,16 ty USD, lap ay 91 % dien tch at dung cho thue (hien nay a cho thue het 100 % dien tch at). Thanh cong cua KCN Bien Hoa II a tr thanh ong lc manh me trong qua trnh xay dng va phat trien cac KCN tren a ban tnh ong Nai. KCN Bien Hoa II la KCN mi nen c xay dng theo qui hoach kha hoan chnh. C s ha tang ve giao thong, cap ien, cap nc, thoat nc, thong tin lien lac a c hoan thanh. en thi iem thang 12/2004, KCN Bien Hoa II a thu hut c 120 d an vi tong so von au t la 1.606,5 trieu USD; 109 d an a i vao hoat ong vi von ang ky la 1.551,5 trieu USD, tong so lao ong tai KCN Bien Hoa II la 61.792 ngi.
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Hnh 2 : Khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa II
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Hnh 3 : Ban o mat bang tong the KCN Bien Hoa II
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Bang 1 : Phan nganh- Ty trong von au t trong KCN Bien Hoa II (Phan theo nganh kinh te cap 1 va cap 2)
So D a n
TT
NGANH KINH TE
M A NG KT D 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 34 36 . E 40 . F 45 . G
VON ANG KY (USD)
CONG NGHIEP CHE BIEN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 San xuat thc pham va o uong San xuat cac san pham thuoc la, thuoc lao Det, si San xuat trang phuc, thuoc va nhuom da long thu Thuoc, s che da; san xuat va li, tui xach, yen nem Che bien go va SX SP t go, tre, na (tr ging, tu, ban, ghe) San xuat giay va san pham t giay San xuat hoa chat va cac san pham t hoa chat San xuat cac san pham t cao su va plastic San xuat cac san pham t chat khoang phi kim loai khac San xuat cac san pham t kim loai (tr may moc thiet b) San xuat may moc thiet b cha c phan vao au San xuat thiet b van phong va may tnh San xuat may moc va thiet b ien cha c phan vao au San xuat xe co ong c, r mooc SX ging tu, ban ghe, nhac cu, dung cu the thao, o dung gia dung CONG - NGANH CN CHE BIEN SX VA PHAN PHOI IEN, KH OT VA NC SX va phan phoi ien, kh ot, hi nc, nc nong CONG - NGANH SX, PP IEN, KH OT VA NC XAY DNG 1 Xay dng CONG - NGANH XAY DNG SA CHA XE CO ONG C, MOTO, XE MAY, O DUNG CA NHAN VA GIA NH
8 1 6 13 5 1 2 15 11 2 14 6 1 8 4 4 10 1
282.236.31 0 11.466.666 219.200.00 0 60.973.795 68.512.431 4.225.000 30.874.500 142.063.90 0 88.299.329 33.519.341 125.126.60 4 103.624.84 1 7.650.000 280.040.45 9 80.977.160 10.684.662 1.549.474. 998
1 1
20.334.000 20.334.00 0 9.843.878 9.843.878
4 4
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e tai : KHO ST HIN TRNG V XUT BIN PHP QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI CHO KCN BIN HA II- TNH NG NAI Ban, bao dng va sa cha xe co ong c va mo to, xe may; ban le nhien lieu, ong c CONG - NGANH THNG NGHIEP VAN TAI, KHO BAI VA THONG TIN LIEN LAC Van tai ng bo, ng ong CONG - NGANH K.DOANH TAI SAN & DV T VAN CAC H.ONG L.QUAN EN KD T.SAN & DV T VAN Cac hoat ong lien quan en kinh doanh bat ong san Cac hoat ong kinh doanh khac cha phan vao au CONG - NGANH K.DOANH TAI SAN & DV T VAN 2 2 TONG CONG
50 . I 60 . L 71 74 .
6 6
6.873.330 6.873.330
2 2
1.304.342 1.304.342
1 2
2 4 6 12 0
18.709.720 18.709.72 0 1.606.540. 268
Nguon: Ban Quan ly cac KCN ong Nai - 2006 2.2. TONG QUAN VE CHAT THAI NGUY HAI (CTNH) 2.2.1. Cac nh ngha ve CTNH Khai niem ve thuat ng Chat thai nguy hai (Hazardous Waste) lan au tien xuat hien vao thap nien 70 cua the ky trc tai cac nc Au My, sau o m rong ra nhieu quoc gia khac. Sau mot thi gian nghien cu phat trien, tuy thuoc vao s phat trien khoa hoc ky thuat va xa hoi cung nh quan iem cua moi nc ma hien nay tren the gii co nhieu cach nh ngha khac nhau ve chat thai nguy hai trong luat va cac van ban di luat ve moi trng. Chang han nh : - Chat thai nguy hai la chat co oc tnh, an mon, gay kch thch, hoat tnh, co the chay, no ma gay nguy hiem cho con ngi va ong vat ( nh ngha cua Philipine). - Chat thai nguy hai la nhng chat ma do ban chat va tnh chat cua chung co kha nang gay nguy hai en GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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sc khoe con ngi va/hoac moi trng, va nhng chat nay yeu cau cac ky thuat x ly ac biet e loai bo hoac giam ac tnh nguy hai cua no (nh ngha cua Canada). - Ngoai chat phong xa va chat thai y te, chat thai nguy hai la chat thai (dang ran, long, ban ran, va cac bnh cha kh) do hoat tnh hoa hoc, oc tnh, no, an mon hoac cac ac tnh khac, gay nguy hai hay co kha nang gay nguy hai en sc khoe con ngi hoac moi trng bi chnh ban than chung hay khi c do tiep xuc vi chat thai khac ( Theo UNEP, 1985). - Trong ao luat RCRA ( Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1976: ao luat ve thu hoi va bao ton tai nguyen ) cua My: chat thai ( cac dang ran, long, ban ran, va cac bnh kh) co the c coi la CTNH khi : + Nam trong danh muc CTNH do Cuc Bao ve Moi trng Hoa ky EPA (Environment Protec Americant) a ra ( gom 4 danh sach). + Co mot trong 4 ac tnh ( khi phan tch) do EPA a ra gom chay no, an mon, phan ng va oc tnh. Cac phan tch e th' nghiem nay cung do EPA quy nh. + c chu nguon thai ( hay nha san xuat ) t cong bo la chat thai nguy hai. Ben canh o, chat thai nguy hai con gom cac chat gay oc tnh oi vi con ngi lieu lng nho. oi vi cac chat cha co cac chng minh cua nghien cu dch te tren con ngi, cac th nghiem tren ong vat cung co the c dung e c oan tac dung oc tnh cua chung len con ngi.
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Tai Viet Nam, xuat phat t nguy c bung no viec phat sinh chat thai nguy hai t qua trnh cong nghiep hoa cua at nc, ngay 16/07/1999, Thu tng Chnh phu a ky quyet nh ban hanh Quy che quan ly chat thai nguy hai so 155/1999/Q-TTg ( thng c goi tat la quy che 155), trong o tai ieu 2, Muc 2 Chat thai nguy hai c nh ngha nh sau : CTNH la chat thai co cha cac chat hoac hp chat co mot trong cac ac tnh gay nguy hai trc tiep ( de chay, de no, lam ngo oc, de an mon, de lay nhiem va cac ac tnh gay hai khac), hoac tng tac chat vi chat khac gay nguy hai en moi trng va sc khoe con ngi. Nc My la mot ien hnh c anh gia cao ve tnh hieu qua trong quan ly chat thai ran cong nghiep va chat thai nguy hai. My he thong cac van ban phap ly ve moi trng c xay dng rat chat che. Luat Bao ton va Khoi phuc Tai nguyen My (RCRA) ban hanh nam 1976 quy nh am bao nguyen tac kiem soat chat thai t luc phat sinh cho en ni chon lap cuoi cung. Trong cac ieu luat ve moi trng, co s lu y ac biet oi vi chat thai nguy hai. Cac chu nguon thai chat thai nguy hai phai tuan thu nghiem ngat cac quy nh cua phap luat t khau thu gom, ton tr, phan loai, van chuyen cho en x ly, tieu huy. C quan Bao ve Moi trng My (EPA) lam nhiem vu giam sat chat che tng khau mot, ong thi a ra nhng quy nh cu the oi vi cac oi tng lien quan nh sau: Quy nh oi vi cac chu thai CTNH: cac chu thai phai t lap bao cao thong ke anh gia ve chat thai cua c s mnh va ang ky so hieu chat thai nguy GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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hai vi EPA. Neu thi gian ton tr CTNH tai c s qua 90 ngay, th c s phai xin cap giay phep ton tr. Trong thi han ton tr phai chu s giam sat cua EPA va phai ap ng ay u yeu cau quy nh cua EPA ve thung cha, nhan hieu va bien bao. Ngoai ra, chu thai con phai chuan b san sang phng an ng pho s co moi trng co the xay ra. Quy nh oi vi c s van chuyen CTNH: cac c s van chuyen phai co giay phep cua EPA. e am bao van chuyen an toan CTNH t cac nguon phat sinh en ni chon lap, EPA quy nh cac ben tham gia gom chu thai, chu van chuyen va chu x ly phai co bien ban xac nhan khoi lng van chuyen. Quy nh oi vi c s x ly, ton cha va chon lap CTNH: phai co giay phep cua EPA, tc la c s phai co u nang lc ve chuyen mon, cong nghe, mat bang, v tr va trang thiet b can thiet e ton tr, x ly va tieu huy an toan cac loai CTNH, am bao ngan nga hieu qua s ro r, that thoat CTNH ra moi trng trong qua trnh hoat ong. ong thi cac c s nay phai thc hien viec giam sat moi trng va bien phap ng cu s co phu hp. Nh vay, cac chat co mot trong cac ac tnh nguy hai sau c xac nh la chat thai nguy hai : - Chat de chay : chat co nhiet o bat chay < 60 oC, chat co the chay do ma sat, t thay oi ve hoa hoc. Nhng chat de chay thng gap nhat la cac loai nhien lieu (xang, dau, gas, ), ngoai ra con co cadmium, cac hp chat hu c nh benzen, etylbenzen, toluen, hp chat hu c co cha clo, GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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- Chat co tnh an mon: la nhng chat trong nc tao moi trng pH < 3 hay pH > 12,5; chat co the an mon thep. Dang thng gap la nhng chat co tnh acid hoac baz. - Chat co hoat tnh hoa hoc cao: cac chat de dang chuyen hoa hoa hoc; phan ng manh liet khi tiep xuc vi nc; tao hon hp no hay co tiem nang gay no vi nc; sinh cac kh oc khi tron vi nc; cac hp chat cyanur hay sulfit sinh kh oc khi tiep xuc vi moi trng acid; de no hay tao phan ng no khi co ap suat va gia nhiet; de no hay phan ng ieu kien chuan; cac chat no b cam. - Chat co tnh oc hai: nhng chat ma ban than no co tnh oc ac thu c xac nh qua cac bc kiem tra. Chat oc hai gom: cac kim loai nang nh thuy ngan (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Asernic (As), Ch (Pb) va cac muoi cua chung; Dung moi hu c nh Toluen (C6H5CH3), benzen (C6H6), acetol (CH3COCH3), Chloroform, Cac chat co hoat tnh sinh hoc (thuoc sat trung, tr sau, hoa chat nong dc); Cac chat hu c rat ben trong ieu kien t nhien neu tch luy trong mo m en mot nong o nhat nh th se gay benh (PCBs). - Chat co kha nang gay ung th va ot bien gen: dioxin (PCDD), Asen, Cadmium, Benzen, cac hp chat hu c co cha Clo. So sanh cac nh ngha neu tren, nh ngha ve CTNH cua Viet Nam cung tng t nh nh ngha cua cac quoc gia My, Canada, Philippin, a nhan manh en tnh chat nguy hai cua mot so loai chat thai, cho du c thai ra vi khoi lng nho th CTNH cung co kha nang GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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gay anh hng ang ke en moi trng va sc khoe con ngi. Theo quy nh tai Quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg, chat thai nguy hai c chia thanh nhng danh muc sau : (1) Danh muc A : Danh muc cac chat thai nguy hai (CTNH), trong o bao gom : - A1 (A1020 A1180) : Kim loai va chat thai cha kim loai - A2 (A2020 A2050) : Cac chat thai chu yeu cha hp chat vo c nhng co the cha kim loai hay vat lieu hu c. - A3 (A3010 A3190) : Cac chat thai chu yeu cha hp chat hu c, nhng co the cha cac kim loai hoac cac chat vo c. - A4 (A4010 A4160) : Cac chat thai co the cha ca chat hu c va vo c. (2). Danh muc B : Danh muc cac chat thai khong phai la CTNH, trong o bao gom: - B1 (B1020 B1240) : Kim loai va chat thai cha kim loai - B2 (B2020 B2120) : Cac chat thai chu yeu cha chat vo c, co the cha cac kim loai hoac cac chat hu c. - B3 (B3020 B3140) : Cac chat thai chu yeu cha chat hu c, co the cha cac kim loai hoac cac chat vo c. - B4 (B4020 B4030) : Cac chat thai, co the cha ca cac thanh phan vo c va hu c. 2.2.2. Phan loai CTNH
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Tuy theo muc ch ng dung, CTNH co the c phan loai theo nhng cach khac nhau nh sau : - Theo kha nang x ly; - Theo muc ch an toan khi van chuyen va/ hoac ton tr hay tnh chat chat thai; - Theo tnh oc hai; - Theo tnh tng hp gia cac chat thai; - Theo loai hnh cong nghiep tao ra chat thai. Phan loai theo kha nang x ly CTNH : e phuc vu cho cong tac xay dng he thong x ly, viec phan loai CTNH theo kha nang x ly la thch hp nhat. Bang cach nay, CTNH co the phan thanh cac loai sau : - Chat thai t qua trnh xi ma/ chat thai cha kim loai/ chat thai cha cyanide; - Acid; - Kiem; - Chat thai vo c; - Chat phan ng; - Sn, nha; - Dung moi hu c; - Chat thai t qua trnh det nhuom; - Dau m, chat thai nhiem dau; - Bao b nhiem CTNH; - Hoa chat hu c; - Thuoc tr sau; - Chat thai t san xuat giay va bot giay. Phan loai theo tnh chat cua cac chat thai : Nham bao am an toan khi van chuyen va/hoac ton tr, he thong phan loai CTNH theo tnh chat chat GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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thai la hp ly chat. bang cach nay, CTNH c phan thanh cac loai nh sau : - Chat co tnh no : la nhng chat ran hoac long ma t no co kha nang gay phan ng hoa hoc tao ra kh mot ieu kien nhat nh ve nhiet o va ap suat vi toc o nhat nh co kha nang pha huy moi trng xung quanh. - Chat long co kha nang boc chay : la nhng chat long hoac hon hp cac chat long, hoac chat long cha chat ran dang huyen phu hoac dung dch (nh sn, vecni, ) phat ra hi co kha nang boc chay nhiet o khong vt qua 60,5oC theo phng phap coc kn (close- cup test) hoac khong vt qua 65,5oC theo phng phap coc h (open- cup test). - Chat ran co kha nang boc chay : la nhng chat ran khong ke chat co tnh no trong ieu kien van chuyen co the chay c hoac gop phan gay chay do s ma sat. - Chat thai co kha nang chay t phat : la nhng chat co kha nang phat nhiet ieu kien thng trong qua trnh van chuyen hoac khi tiep xuc vi khong kh va co kha nang bat la. - Chat tiep xuc vi nc tao ra cac kh co kha nang boc chay. - Chat oxy hoa gop phan ot chay cac chat khac. - Cac chat peroxides hu c khong ben nhiet. - Cac chat gay ngo oc cap tnh : la nhng chat co kha nang gay chet hoac gay nguy hai en sc khoe cua conngi khi tiep xuc qua da hoac ho hap. - Chat lay nhiem. GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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- Chat co tnh an mon - Chat oc. Phan loai theo mc o oc hai : Theo mc o oc hai, CTNH co the c phan thanh 6 loai sau : Mc o oc Lieu lng oc (g chat oc/kg trong lng vat 1 2 3 4 5 6 Khong oc t oc Trung bnh oc Rat oc Cc oc th nghiem) > 15 5,0 15 0,5 5,0 0,05 0,5 0,005 0,05 < 0,005
Nguon: 1990
Manahan,
Phan loai theo tnh tng hp cua chat thai : Tnh tng hp cua chat thai vi cac chat thai khac cung nh vat lieu cua thung cha la mot trong nhng yeu to quan trong trong qua trnh ton tr, van chuyen cung nh x ly va thai bo CTNH. Hnh sau ay trnh bay tom tat nhng phan ng co the xay ra khi cac chat phan ng tiep xuc vi nhau va co the gay chay no. Bang 2 : Tnh tng hp cua cac CTNH
1 Cac acid vo c co tnh oxy 2 hoa Xut H 2 E: NO 1
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e tai : KHO ST HIN TRNG V XUT BIN PHP QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI CHO KCN BIN HA II- TNH NG NAI 3 4 Hydrocarbon thm Dan xuat halogen cua chat hu c 5 6 7 8 9 Kim loai Kim loai oc hai Chat beo Phenol va Cresol Tac nhan oxy hoa 10 manh Tac nhan kh manh 11 Nc va hon hp 12 cha nc Cac chat phan ng vi nc H F GT H GT H E S H GF H S H F H F H F H H F GF H S H F 5 6 7 8 9 H F H F GT 4 3 F: CHAY GF: KH CO KHA NANG BOC CHAY GT: KH OC HAI H: PHAT NHIET S: HOA TAN CHAT OC HAI
H F E GF GT 11 10
Khong c phep tron lan vi bat c hoa chat hoac chat thai nao
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Nguon: Sinh vien thc hien (SVTH) Phan loai theo loai hnh cong nghiep : Viec phan loai chat thai theo nganh cong nghiep ong vai tro quan trong trong viec khao sat thanh phan va khoi lng CTNH. Cac nganh cong nghiep phat sinh CTNH bao gom : 1. Cong nghiep hoa chat : san xuat acqui cac loai, pin hoa hoc, hoa chat, mc in, vecni, sn va keo dan, dung moi, bot tret, in hoa vai, xa phong, chat tay ra, dau goi, kem anh rang, my pham, nha tong hp va cac san pham t nha, dc pham, phan hoa hoc, diem, GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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san pham t cao su nh sam lop xe, e giay, cong nghiep vat lieu mi. 2. Cong nghiep dau mo : loc dau; hoa dau va loc hoa dau; che bien dau nhn; kh hoa long. 3. Cong nghiep det, nhuom : det; nhuom. 4. Cong nghiep da va san pham t da : thuoc da; giay dep. tui xach. 5. Cong nghiep san xuat cac san pham go : go xay dng; go gia dung. 6. Cong nghiep bot giay va giay : giay viet, giay carton, giay ve sinh, giay vang ma, giay nhom; San xuat bao b. 7. Cong nghiep khai khoang, luyen kim va vat lieu xay dng : luyen kim, xi ma, ximang, tam lp va vat lieu xay dng, knh xay dng. 8. Cong nghiep che tao may : san xuat linh kien ien, thiet b ien, ien t, thiet b, dung cu van phong, xe may, xe ap, ti vi, tu lanh, may ieu hoa nhiet o, dung cu y te, quang hoc, ong ho. 9. Cong nghiep nong nghiep va che bien thc pham : dau thc vat, che bien sa, ru, bia va cac loai nc giai khat, tra, ca phe, thuoc la, che bien nc cham, che bien thuy san, nong san; che bien hat ieu, o hop, rau qua ong lanh, m an lien, bot ngot; che bien tinh bot, bun tau, che bien thc an gia suc, san xuat ng.
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Hnh 4 : Hnh anh Chat thai nguy hai

2.2.3. Tac ong cua CTNH oi vi moi trng GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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CTNH co the gay tac hai nghiem trong en moi trng sinh thai va sc khoe cong ong mc o kho lng trc neu khong c quan ly, x ly hp ly. Tren the gii, co the ke mot so trng hp ien hnh ve tac hai cua CTNH nh sau : - Love Canal, New York c biet en nh mot bieu tng cho s o nhiem moi trng do chat thai nguy hai. ay la ieu then chot nay dan en s ra i ao luat Superfund vao nam 1980 Hoa Ky. Vao nhng thap nien 1940 - 1950, oan kenh nay b phong toa e cac cong ty hoa chat dung lam bai thai chat thai nguy hai. Sau o, oan kenh nay c lap va chuyen giao cho chnh quyen e xay dng trng hoc va khu dan c. Vao nhng nam cuoi cua thap nien 1970, thng xuyen phat hien co mui hoa chat, ket qua phan tch cho thay co s lien quan gia benh tat tre em khu vc nay vi nhieu dang hoa chat (trong o co dioxin). - Times Beach : cung la mot s kien noi tieng tng t Love Canal nhng trng hp o nhiem nay c gay ra do dioxin.Vao nhng nam cuoi thap nien 1960 va au 1970, nha may gan thanh pho St. Louis pha lan dau va nc e phun ngan bui. Tuy nhien, sau o phat hien c nhieu sinh vat b chet va ngay ca khi a boc bo phan at pha tren, sinh vat van tiep tuc chet. Ket qua phan tch cho thay sinh vat chet do tac ong cua dioxin ngam vao at. - Minamata, Nhat Ban, thuy ngan vo c c dung trong cong nghiep san xuat acetaldehyde, mot chat c ban cua cong nghiep hoa chat. Thuy ngan nay theo ng nc thai chay ra vnh gan o va cac sinh vat GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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ay bien an phai. Ca va cac sinh vat bien khac dan dan b nhiem thuy ngan va cuoi cung ngi dan vung nay cung b nhiem metilen thuy ngan do an ca gay nen cac benh te liet, que quat cho hn 20% dan so song tai thanh pho nay va khong the cha tr c, sau nay c biet en nh benh Minamata. Benh c phat hien lan au tien vao nam 1956 nhng thuy ngan thai ra bien khong ngng lai cho en tan nam 1968. Tuy nhien ngay ca khi viec thai thuy ngan ra bien a ngng lai, tang nc ay bien van con cha mot lng ln thuy ngan. Qua nhng bai hoc ve CTNH ke tren, ta nhan thay chat thai nguy hai co tac ong en an toan va sc khoe con ngi : Van e an toan : Chat thai nguy hai anh hng en van e an toan do tnh chat de chay no, hoat tnh hoa hoc cao, gay an mon, cac chat nguy hai co the anh hng trc tiep en tnh mang cua con ngi. Ngoai ra, chat thai nguy hai con pha huy vat lieu nhanh chong. Do o, chung gian tiep co anh hng en an toan va sc khoe con ngi. Nhng moi nguy hai tac ong len cong ong va moi trng : - Nguy c chay : chay sinh ra tac ong chnh vi con ngi la gay phong do nhiet o cao, gay to thng da, lam mat oxy gay ngat. Cac tac ong nay co the dan en t vong oi vi con ngi va ong vat. Chay lam pha huy vat lieu dan en pha huy cong trnh. Mot so chat de chay hay san pham sinh ra t qua trnh chay la chat oc nen gay o nhiem moi trng kh, nc, at. GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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- Nguy c no : no la cac phan ng hoa hoc xay ra cc nhanh, giai phong ra mot lng kh rat ln tao ap suat cao cuc bo cho vung khong kh xung quanh. Ngoai ra, bao b cua chat no cung gop phan gay tac hai. Khi no, vo b xe vun va ban ra xung quanh, co the gay thng tch cho nhng oi tng nam trong tam ban cua chung. - Cac phan ng hoa hoc : cac phan ng hoa hoc an mon vat lieu, lam hong hay sup o cong trnh.. An mon, chay da, anh hng en phoi va mat. Chat gay o nhiem khong kh, nhiem oc nc, gay o nhiem at. Van e sc khoe con ngi : Chat nguy hai gay ton thng cho cac c quan trong c the, kch thch, d ng, gay oc cap tnh va man tnh, co the gay ot bien gen, lay nhiem, roi loan chc nang te bao dan en cac tac ong nghiem trong cho con ngi va ong vat nh gay ung th, anh hng en s di truyen. Con ngi khi tiep xuc vi chat thai nguy hai co the bieu hien nhiem oc qua cac trieu chng lam sang va roi loan chc nang nh sau : - Bieu hien ng tieu hoa : tang tiet nc bot hay kho mieng, kch thch ng tieu hoa, non, tieu chay, chay mau ng tieu hoa, vang da. - Bieu hien ng ho hap : tm tai, th nong, ngng th, phu phoi. - Bieu hien roi loan tim mach : mach cham, mach nhanh, tru mach, ngng tim. - Cac roi loan than kinh, cam giac va ieu nhiet : hon me, kch thch va vat va, nhc au nang, chong
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mat, iec, hoa mat, co gian ong t, tang giam than nhiet. - Roi loan bai tiet : vo nieu Ben canh cac anh hng oc hai oi vi sinh vat song, CTNH co the gay h hai khong kh, nc va at. Chat thai tham nhap vao khong kh co the lam giam chat lng khong kh mot cach trc tiep hay gian tiep thong qua viec tao thanh cac chat o nhiem th cap. Cac chat oc hai hoa tan, l lng hay noi tren mat nc co the can tr viec s dung nguon nc va anh hng en cac sinh vat nc. at b anh hng bi CTNH co the bien oi cac tnh chat vat ly, hoa hoc va kha nang dinh dng oi vi cay trong. V du at b anh hng cua nc muoi am ac t nganh hoa dau co the tr nen khong thch hp oi vi s phat trien cua cay trong va do vay at nay b can coi va de dang b xoi mon. 2.2.4. Gii thieu mot so bien phap x ly CTNH Khi a trien khai cac bien phap giam thieu, tan dung chat thai, lng chat thai giam i ang ke nhng van con ton tai trong moi trng. Do o, van can phai tien hanh x ly, thai bo chat thai mot cach an toan. Cac qua trnh x ly co the chia thanh nhng nhom sau : - X ly c hoc. - Cac qua trnh hoa ly. - Cac qua trnh sinh hoc. - Cac qua trnh x ly nhiet. - Chon lap.
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2.2.4.1. X ly c hoc X ly c hoc thong thng c dung e x ly s bo chat thai. V du, chat thai ran hay ong cuc can phai c ap thanh nhng hat nho trc khi c hoa tan e x ly hoa hoc. Tng t, chat thai hu c dang ran phai c bam va nghien nho va cuoi cung c tron vi nhng chat thai hu c khac trc khi ot. Qua trnh bam tron va nghien cac loai chat thai trc khi em ot nay la rat quan trong e co the ot co hieu qua bi v chat thai c bm vao lo at phai thoa man nhng ac trng rieng cho mot qua trnh chay hoan toan. 2.2.4.2. X ly hoa/ ly X ly hoa ly la phng phap thong dung nhat e chuyen hoa cac chat thai vo c nguy hai thanh cac chat t nguy hai hn hay khong nguy hai. Cac qua trnh x ly hoa ly la n gian va co gia thanh kha thap. Chung co the c tien hanh ngay tai cac nguon thai vi vai tro la mot giai phap x ly cuoi ng ong hoac nh la mot phan trong he thong x ly ong bo chat thai qui mo. Cac ky thuat bao gom : hap thu kh, chng cat, x ly bang trch ly bay hi, oxyhoa hoa hoc, dong ti han, mang. On nh hoa ran la qua trnh lam tang cac tnh chat vat ly cua chat thai, giam kha nang phat tan vao moi trng hay lam giam tnh oc hai cua chat gay o nhiem .ay la qua trnh co nh chat thai khong the GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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x ly c na trong mot khoi be tong va sau o c chon tai nhng bai chon lap c qui nh cho chat thai nguy hai. Trong thc te cac chat con lai sau nhng qua trnh x ly hoa hoc thng co ham lng cac oxyt kim loai nang cao va co the cha cac sulfit kim loai. Trong ieu kien kiem nhe th nhng chat nay khong tan, nhng trong moi trng chung chung van co the b tai hoa tan neu gap ieu kien trung tnh hay acid nhe. Neu nhng can thai nay c co nh hoa th cac kim loai nang nay khong the tai that thoat vao moi trng tham ch trong ieu kien co acid nhe. He thong x ly hoa ly gom co cac be phan ng (hoac lien tuc hoac theo me tuy thuoc von au t) a nang vi dung tch c tnh toan phu hp vi tai lng chat thai phat sinh. Cac be phan ng nay c at trong mot khu vc co be ngan cach, co khoang nap tren nh bnh phan ng va cau thang e co the a nhng vat dang ran vao trong be phan ng ong thi e lam ve sinh ben trong. Cac be phan ng nay c s dung cho nhieu qua trnh hoa ly nh : - Oxy hoa chat thai cyanur bang natri hypochloride. - Kh Cr VI bang cac chat thai co tnh kh hay natri Metabisulfit. - Ket tua cac kim loai nang. - Trung hoa. - Pha nhu dau/ nc bang acid. Khi phu hp th se dung mot chat thai nay e x ly cac chat thai khac, v du kiem thai se c dung e trung hoa acid thai va x ly cac dung dch acid an GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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mon thai co ham lng sat cao co the dung e kh Cr VI. Tuy nhien can phai co acid va kiem d tr e am bao can bang vi khoi lng chat thai i vao he thong x ly. Moi mot me chat thai a c x ly xong se c bm vao cac bon cha bun e loc. Cung co the bm trc tiep bun t be phan ng en cac may loc ep tuy thuoc tnh hnh x ly va dang chat thai x ly cu the. e x ly bun cua qua trnh x ly hoa ly, can thiet phai trang b cac may x ly bun (ban au khi von au t thap co the trang b may ep loc nhieu ngan dang loc khung ban : cac ngan ep co the c che tao t tam thep va vai loc polypropylene). Nc loc sau khi x ly bun se phai c bm vao be cha tam thi tai tram x ly nc thai.
2.2.4.3. Cac qua trnh sinh hoc X ly chat thai bang phng phap sinh hoc la s dung vi sinh vat e phan huy va bien oi chat hu c trong chat thai nham giam cac nguy c cua no oi vi moi trng. Trong quan ly CTNH, viec x ly chat hu c nguy hai co the thc hien c neu x dung ung loai vi sinh vat va kiem soat qua trnh hp ly. Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh sinh hoc bao gom : - Nguon nang lng va nguon c chat : nguon nang lng co the la c chat, phan ng oxyhoa kh cua chat vo c va chat hu c. Con nguon Cacbon (c chat) co the la CO2 va chat hu c. GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
36
- Qua trnh Enzym. - Tnh co the phan huy sinh hoc cua c chat. - Tnh c che va oc tnh cua c chat oi vi Vi sinh vat. - Cong ong Vi sinh vat. Trong x ly sinh hoc, viec kiem soat va duy tr lng Vi sinh vat la rat quan trong, co anh hng ln en hieu qua x ly. Cac yeu to ky thuat anh hng en qua trnh can phai kiem soat bao gom : - Chat nhan ien t. - o am. - Nhiet o. - pH. - Tong chat ran hoa tan ( < 40.000 mg/L ). - Chat dinh dng. - Loai be. - Nguon Cacbon. Cac loai he thong x ly : he thong x ly CTNH bang phng phap sinh hoc co the chia thanh cac loai sau : - Cac he thong thong thng : bun l lng, hieu kh, k kh. - X ly tai nguon : dung x ly nc ngam va nc o nhiem. - X ly bun long : dun x ly bun vi ham lng can t 5 50%. - X ly dang ran : x ly bun va chat ran co o am thap. 2.2.4.4. Cac qua trnh x ly nhiet
37
ay la ky thuat x ly chat thai nguy hai co nhieu u iem hn cac ky thuat x ly khac c x dung e x ly CTNH khong the chon lap ma co kha nang chay. Phng phap nay c ap dung cho tat ca cac dang chat thai ran, long, kh. Thong thng c s dung e x ly chat thai hu c nguy hai. e x ly bang ot co the dung hoac la nhng lo ot rac thai nguy hai chuyen dung hoac co the li dung qua trnh phan huy trong nhng qua trnh cong nghiep nhiet o cao neu thoa man mot so yeu cau cong nghe va khong anh hng en chat lng cua san pham. V du ve qua trnh nay la viec s dung lo xi mang quay. Noi chung chat thai c x ly bang qua trnh ot thong qua s nhiet phan a tng c s dung oi vi mot so dang chat thai cu the. Ve ban chat ot la mot qua trnh oxy hoa chat thai nhiet o rat cao. e ot chay hieu qua chat thai trong lo ot phai co 4 yeu cau c ban, au tien la oxy e cung cap cho qua trnh chay (bang cach a vao mot lng d kh chay vao buong ot), sau o la 3 yeu to : thi gian lu (time), nhiet o chay (temperature) va cng o xao tron hay s ong nhat (turbulance) nh c minh ha bang hnh tam giac di ay :
38
THI GIAN
NHIET O
XAO TRON
Kh sinh ra t qua trnh chay (oxy hoa) phai c duy tr u lau trong lo ot sao cho am bao qua trnh chay (oxy hoa) a c thc hien mot cach hoan toan (thong thng t nhat la 4 giay), ong thi nhiet o trong vung chay nay cung phai u cao (thong thng cao hn 1000oC hay 1100oC oi vi PCB). Cuoi cung can phai co mot qua trnh tron lan tot cac kh va kh chay trong moi trng chay xoay. Cac qua trnh x ly nhiet trong lo chuyen dung c s dung cho nhieu chat thai hu c. He thong thiet b e x ly nhiet noi chung rat at ca ve mat au t ban au lan chi ph van hanh. V vay nhng c s x ly nhiet bang lo ot chuyen dung nh the nay thong thng phai la mot phan cua ca he thong ong bo x ly chat thai nguy hai tai khu x ly chat thai tap trung qui mo. Nhng thiet b ot chuyen dung thng co nhng thanh phan sau : - He thong nhan chat thai va bao quan chat thai. - He thong nghien va phoi tron chat thai.
39
- He thong cap chat thai, chat long, bun va chat ran. - Buong ot s cap. - Buong ot th cap. - Thiet b lam nguoi kh hay noi hi chay bang nhiet nh e giam nhiet o. - He thong ra kh. - Quat hut e hut kh va khong kh vao lo khi duy tr ap suat am. - Ong khoi. Nhng dang lo ot khac nhau thay oi chu yeu ve buong ot s cap, thong thng nhat la dang lo quay va dang cua he thong x ly kh c s dung. Buong ot lo quay rat c ong, nhng loai lo ot s cap khac la lo ot co nh (chu yeu dung cho ot cac chat thai ran, phan ln la chat thai benh vien), lo bm chat long (ten cua loai lo ham y la c thiet ke cho chat thai long va bun mn) va loai lo tang soi. Co hai dang he thong ra kh c s dung pho bien la ra kho va ra t. trong he thong ra kho, bun voi c bm vao luong kh lo nong. Hi nc se bay i, con lai nhng hat voi se hap thu va trung hoa cac kh acid. Voi se c thu vao nhng tui loc ln ma ay ch co kh lo i qua c, ong thi tiep tuc qua trnh trung hoa kh acid va tach hat ran. Trong he thong ra kh t, dung dch kiem se c phun vao kh acid. He thong ra kh thong thng c ket hp gia venturi va thap phun.
40
Cac lo ximang co hieu qua cao oi vi viec phan huy cac chat hu c nguy hai do nhieu tnh chat quan trong nh sau : - S dung cong nghe lo quay. - Nhiet o cao ti 2000oC. - Thi gian lu dai 4 6 giay 1800oC. - c thiet ke theo kieu dong xoay -> tron lan tot (turbulence). - Co moi trng kiem trong buong lo. Nhng tnh chat c ban khac la co mot moi trng lo mang tnh kiem rat manh am bao hap phu va trung hoa cac kh acid vi hieu suat cao. Chon lap cuoi cung mang tnh hp ly ve moi trng la ieu rat quan trong bi v tat ca cac qua trnh x ly bao gi cung tao ra mot lng nhat nh chat thai ran can phai em chon lap cuoi cung. ong thi trong thc tien hoat ong cong nghiep cung san sinh khoi lng chat thai ran va nhao ch co the c phep em chon lap ma khong the x ly hoa ly hay ot c. Chat thai can thiet trc khi c chon lap phai c on nh hoa. Thiet b on nh hoa ran dung e on nh ve mat vat ly nhng chat con lai sau x ly va nhng chat thai ran khac trc khi em chon lap. 2.2.4.5. Bai chon lap chat thai nguy hai Chat thai nguy hai sau khi c x ly se c chon lap tai cac bai chon lap chat thai nguy hai.
41
Hnh 5 : Bai chon lap CTNH
Hnh 6 : Bai chon lap CTNH Giang ien
CHNG 3 KET QUA KHAO SAT HIEN TRANG PHAT SINH CHAT THAI NGUY HAI TAI KCN BIEN HOA II
3.1. THANH PHAN, KHOI LNG CHAT THAI NGUY HAI PHAT SINH T HOAT ONG CUA CAC DOANH NGHIEP TAI KCN BIEN HOA II 3.1.1. Lng CTNH phat sinh t cac c s san xuat Tuy thuoc vao nganh nghe san xuat, san lng san pham ma loai va lng chat thai nguy hai phat sinh GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
42
tai cac doanh nghiep rat khac nhau. Qua thu thap so lieu tai mot so nha may ang hoat ong (22/120) trong KCN Bien Hoa II cho thay cac nha may phai chu ap lc chung ve x ly chat thai, nhat la oi vi mot so nganh cong nghiep co chat thai kho x ly (chi ph cao) th van con rat kho khan e at c tieu chuan qui nh. Bang 3 : Cac dang cong nghiep chnh trong KCN Bien Hoa II ST T
1
Dang cong nghiep

ien, ien t
So doanh nghiep
5
Nguyen lieu chnh

Bang mach, ch, linh kien, bo mach, vo nha, Sat, gang, nhom, ton tam, kem, ong, thau, nhom, nha Nhieu loai khac nhau
Gia cong c kh
28
Dc pham, lien quan en bien hoa thc chat Che
15
4 5 6 7
9 11 19 33 120
Cac loai nguyen lieu Nha hat Vai si, da, vai, e cao su, . . . Nhieu loai khac nhau
pham Gia cong nha May mac,da giay, det si Khac Tong
Nguon: Ban Quan ly cac KCN ong Nai-2006 T bang tren ta co the nhan thay KCN Bien Hoa II tap trung nganh nghe a dang. Cac nganh c kh, may mac, det si, da giay, dc pham, nganh nghe lien quan en hoa chat chiem ty le cao trong tong so cac nganh nghe au t vao KCN.
43
Khc (33 d n)
in, in t (5 d n)
Gia cng c kh (28 d n)
Dc phm, Ha cht (15 d n) May mc, da giy, dt si (19 d n) Gia cng nha (11 d n)
Ch bin thc phm (9 d n)
Hnh 7 : Cac nganh cong nghiep trong KCN Bien Hoa II Theo so lieu t ho s ang ky CTNH cua doanh nghiep KCN Bien Hoa II trong nam 2006, thanh phan va tong khoi lng CTNH phat sinh c trnh bay tai Bang 4. Bang 4 : Thanh phan, khoi lng CTNH phat sinh t hoat ong san xuat cua cac doanh nghiep KCN Bien Hoa II a ang ky ho s quan ly CTNH
ST T Ten doanh nghiep Khoi lng CTNH (tan/thang) 33.16
Thanh phan Bun thai cong nghiep, x ch, dau nht, mc in, thung ung hoa chat, gie lau, Bo mach, x ch, bong neon, dung moi hu c, dau nht, can sn, bao b cha dung moi, gie lau, X ch, dung moi hu c, dau nht, bot phu sn, bao b, gie lau, Dau nht, dung moi hu c, bui da, sn PU, sn nc, keo, gie lau 44
Fujitsu 1 Muto 2 Mabuchi motor 3 4 Tae Kwang Vina
9.71
2.49 14.2
Sanyo Dong Sung
1.2 2.95
6 Shinkwang 7 8 NM Bao b CP Cty Vingal 9 Philips 10 Shingpong Daewoo 11 12 Tung Kuang 1.07 0.22 15.38 17.18
35 lt
40
Nuplex Resins
27.56
13 14 15
Boramtek Rooshing
560 lt 0.22
Nestle 16 17
0.62
Viet Tng
0.71
dnh hoa chat, Hp chat keo, Resin premix, dau nht, Dau m khoang, keo thai, nc ve sinh bon san xuat keo, thung cha, Can dau may, can nha PU, da ong vat, dung moi hu c, can mau, can sn, gie lau. Bao b, thung cha, gie lau. Bun thai cong nghiep, x t be ma, bao b, thung cha, gie lau, dung dch acid thai, Ch vun, bong neon, dau khoang thai, bot huynh quang, mc in, gie ve sinh cong nghiep, bao b, Dau FO thai, dung moi hu c khong halogen hoa thai, cac chat halogen hu c thai, bao b, thung cha hoa chat, gie lau. Thung cha dau nht Nc thai t phan ng trung ngng nha ankyd, ba nhu tng t cong oan loc san pham nha, bun thai cong nghiep, Xylen/nc, bao b, thung cha hoa chat, gie lau ve sinh cong nghiep. Nht phe thai Bao b, thung cha Hoa chat thai, acqui thai, bong huynh quang, dung moi thai, dau nht, hop ng mc in, acid va kiem thai, gie lau Vun ch thai, dung moi 45
Syngenta 18 Showpla 19 Thuoc la N 20 Chan nuoi CP 21 Cargill 22 Tong cong
5.2
2.1
0.3
1.11
0.42 176
hu c, dau thong, thung cha keo- dung moi, gie lau Nc thai nhiem thuoc bao ve thc vat, bao b nhiem thuoc BVTV Pin, bung acqui, bong neon, dau nht, can ba sn, mc in, dung moi hu c, bao b, thung cha, gie lau Bong en ien t, dau nht, bao b thung cha, gie lau Can dau FO, hp chat hu c khong halogen, dung dch acid, kiem thai, bao b, thung cha, gie lau, Bong neon, nht thai, dung moi hu c, bao b, gie lau, dau khoang,
Nguon: S Tai nguyen va MT Tnh ong Nai, 2006 T cac bang so lieu tren cho thay, chat thai nguy hai phat sinh t cac doanh nghiep KCN Bien Hoa II rat a dang va phc tap, nguon xuat phat chu yeu t cac doanh nghiep co nganh nghe san xuat nh sau : - ien, ien t : 3 doanh nghiep (Fujitsu, Viet Tng, Philips). - Gia cong c kh : 5 doanh nghiep (Mabuchi, Sanyo, Vingal, Tung Kuang, Baramtek). - Gia cong nha : 3 doanh nghiep (Muto, Bao CP, Showpla). - Da, giay : 3 doanh nghiep (Tae Kwang, Shinkwang, Rooshing). - Dc pham, lien quan en hoa chat : 4 doanh nghiep (Dong Sung, Syngenta, Nuplex Resins, Shinpong Daewoo).
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- Che bien thc pham, thc an gia suc : 4 doanh nghiep (Nestle, Thuoc la N, Chan nuoi CP, Cargill). Trong cac loai CTNH, lng bun thai cha kim loai nang chiem ty le ln va kha nang tai che, tai ln hn cac loai CTNH khac. oi vi CTNH la cac dung moi hu c, lng CTNH phat sinh kha ln nhng do nhom chat thai nay co kha nang tai che, tai s dung cao nen ty le chat thai a vao x ly cuoi cung se thap hn. Qua ket qua khao sat thc te cac doanh nghiep, so sanh gia cac doanh nghiep trong nc va ngoai nc (ac biet la doanh nghiep t nhan) th cho thay co s khac biet rat ln ve nhan thc oi vi chat thai nguy hai, cung nh viec tuan thu cac yeu cau theo Quy che quan ly CTNH. oi vi cac doanh nghiep nc ngoai co quy trnh cong nghe hien ai, cong tac quan ly CTNH c quan tam va thc hien mot cach nghiem tuc, ngi phu trach cong tac nay c ao tao c ban va co kien thc chuyen mon trong lnh vc nay. 3.1.2. Lng CTNH phat sinh t KCN Bien Hoa II (phan theo nhom CTNH) Qua ket qua khao sat ho s ang ky quan ly chat thai cua doanh nghiep: tong so chat thai nguy hai c ang ky tai KCN Bien Hoa II la 176 tan/thang. Chat thai nguy hai phat sinh t cac n v cong nghiep trong KCN rat a dang, nguon phat sinh chu yeu t cac doanh nghiep san xuat giay da, ien-ien t, thuoc bao ve thc vat, c kh, ... Trong o nganh c kh, giay da, ien ien t chiem t le rat ln, cu the nh sau : GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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dung la rat thap do vay oi hoi van e au t x ly
- Nhom 1: Ma so A1 t A 1010 en A1180 bao gom cac chat thai kim loai hay co cha cac kim loai nang nh Arsenic, Cadmium, Ch, Thuy ngan, Crom ... va cac chat thai (nc thai, bun thai) t cac cong nghe san xuat kim loai nh ma, ien phan, tay ra be mat kim loai, tinh che kim loai, san xuat cac chi tiet ien, ien t, chat xuc tac ong clorua va hp chat cyanua thai, cac thiet b, chi tiet ien va ien t cha thuy ngan, thuy tinh, PCB... Tong lng phat sinh 64 tan/thang, chiem t le 36,15%. S d loai chat thai nhom nay chiem ty le ln la do chu yeu t lng bun thai t cac he thong x ly nc thai, ac biet la t cong ty Fujitsu. - Nhom 2 : Ma so A2 t A2010 en A2050 bao gom cac chat thai vo c nhng co the cha kim loai hay vat lieu hu c nh chat thai thuy tinh t cac en cathode va thuy tinh hoat tnh, hp chat flo vo c, cac chat xuc tac thai, amiang thai ... Tong lng phat sinh 1,0331 tan/thang, chiem t le thap (0,59 %). - Nhom 3 : Ma so A3 t A3010 en A3170 bao gom chu yeu cac chat thai hu c t qua trnh san xuat nha ng, dau mo, cac loai dau khoang thai, chat truyen nhiet thai cha PCBs, cac chat thai cha Cr6+ hoac cac chat diet sinh vat, cac loai hoa chat nh phenol, dung moi thai hu c, cac chat thai t qua trnh san xuat, ong goi va s dung nha, mu, chat hoa deo, keo va chat ket dnh, can nha thai .. tong lng phat sinh 35 tan/thang, chiem t le 19,77 %. - Nhom 4 : Ma so A4 t A4010 en A4160 bao gom cac chat thai co lan cac chat hu c va vo c bao gom cac chat thai y te, chat thai dc pham, hoa chat GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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bao ve thc vat, hoa chat bao quan go, cac chat thai t qua trnh san xuat va s dung mc, pham nhuom, chat mau, sn, quang dau, vecni... cac chat thai co tnh no, tnh axit hoac kiem thai, cac hoa chat oc hai...Tong lng phat sinh 77 tan/thang, chiem t le 43,5 %. Lng chat thai nhom nay chiem ty le cao chu yeu do cac loai chat thai nh thung cha hoa chat, can sn, mc in, dau nht thai, gie ve sinh,
Nhm CT NH cha cht hu c v v c (77 tn/thng)
Nhm CT NH kim loi v cha kim loi (64 tn/thng)
Nhm CT NH cha cht hu c ln hp cht v c (35 tn/thng)
Nhm CT NH cha cht v c ln hp cht hu c (1.0331tn/thng)
Hnh 8 : Ty le cac nhom chat thai nguy hai.
3.1.3. He so phat thai CTNH tai cac doanh nghiep KCN Bien Hoa II Tren c s cac so lieu thu thap c ve viec phat sinh CTNH t cac n v san xuat kinh doanh tai KCN Bien Hoa II, co the tam tnh he so phat thai CTNH phat sinh nh sau :
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Tong lng CTNH He so phat thai CTNH = Cong suat san xuat Nguon : sinh vien thc hien
Bang 5 : He so phat thai CTNH tai cac doanh nghiep KCN Bien Hoa II.
ST T Ten doanh nghiep Cong suat n v CTNH phat sinh (tan/tha ng) 33.16 0.71 1.07 nh mc phat sinh CTNH
n v tnh
So lng Nganh ien, ien t Fujitsu Viet Tng Philips Nganh c kh 2511618 2000000 375000 1666666 7 21667 445000 417 833
1 2 3
sp/th sp/th sp/th
0.0132 0.0003 0.0028
tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/10.000 sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp lt CTNH/sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/sp tan CTNH/ 1.000
4 5 6 7 8
Mabuchi motor Sanyo Boramtek Tung Kuang Cty Vingal Nganh nha
sp/th sp/th sp/th tan sp/th tan sp/th
2.49 1.2 560 lt 40 15.38
0.0014 0.0571 0.0012 0.0960 0.0184
9 10 11
Showpla NM Bao b CP Muto Nganh giay, da
5416667 204 300000 500000 10.000 200000
sp/th tan sp/th sp/th sp/th sp/tha ng sp/tha
2.1 0.22 9.71
0.0004 0.0010 0.0323
12 13 14
Tae Kwang Vina Shinkwang Rooshing
14.2 17.18 0.22
0.0284 0.0017 0.0011
50
e tai : KHO ST HIN TRNG V XUT BIN PHP QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI CHO KCN BIN HA II- TNH NG NAI ng Dc pham, hoa chat 15 16 17 18 tan 27.56 sp/th tan Dong Sung 500 2.95 sp/th Shingpong sp/tha 3000 35 lt Daewoo ng lt/tha Syngenta 123330 5.2 ng Che bien thc pham, thc an gia suc tan Nestle 634 0.62 sp/th 2333333 Thuoc la N goi/th 0.3 3 tan Chan nuoi CP 25000 1.11 sp/th tan Cargill 25000 0.42 sp/th Nuplex Resins 1192 0.0231 0.0059 0.0035 0.0422 tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/tan sp lt CTNH/sp tan CTNH/1000 lt sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/10.000 sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp sp
19 20 21 22
0.0009 0.0001 0.0444 0.0168
Nguon: Sinh vien thc hien Ket luan : Qua Bang 5 cho ta thay he so phat thai CTNH khac nhau gia cac n v cung nhom nganh nghe, ieu nay chng to s khac nhau ve phat sinh CTNH phu thuoc vao trnh o cong nghe san xuat, quy trnh cong nghe san xuat cang hien ai th lng Chat thai nguy hai thai ra cang giam va ngc lai (trng hp cong ty Fujitsu va Viet Tng, cong ty Chan nuoi CP va Cong ty Cargill, ). S phat sinh chat thai nguy hai con phu thuoc vao loai hnh san pham, phng thc s dung nguyen vat lieu, 3.1.4. D bao khoi lng phat sinh CTNH tai KCN Bien Hoa II Qua cac noi dung a trnh bay phan tren, ch co 22/120 doanh nghiep KCN Bien Hoa II ang ky ho s quan ly CTNH, do o cha the anh gia chnh xac lng CTNH phat sinh thc te tai KCN. Tren c s he so phat thai a c tnh toan tai Bang 5 va cong suat san xuat GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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cua cac doanh nghiep, co the tnh toan khoi lng CTNH phat sinh tai KCN Bien Hoa II cua cac doanh nghiep bang cong thc nh sau: Tong lng CTNH = Cong suat san xuat x He so phat thai CTNH Nguon : sinh vien thc hien Ket qua tnh toan khoi lng CTNH cua cac doanh nghiep KCN Bien Hoa II c trnh bay tai Bang 6. Bang 6 : Tong khoi lng CTNH tai cac doanh nghiep KCN Bien Hoa II.
ST T Ten doanh nghiep Nganh ien, ien t 1 Oriental Nganh c kh Ong thep Sai Gon Yng Hua JFT Metecno Gia cong va DV Thep SG AMC Bluescope Lysagt Sun Netsuren Lap may 45-4 Nganh nha Arkema Mica Lucky Star Furniweb 39,000 sp/tha ng sp/tha ng sp/tha ng tan/th ang tan/th ang tan/th ang tan/th ang tan/th ang tan/th ang sp/tha ng tan/th ang tan/th ang tan/th 0.002 8 0.057 1 0.057 1 0.096 0 0.096 0 0.096 0 0.096 0 0.096 0 0.096 0 0.000 4 0.001 0.001 0.001 tan CTNH/1000 sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/tan 1.09 Cong suat n v tnh He so pha t thai Lng CTNH (tan/tha ng)
n v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5,833 45,833 500 200 50 319 100 627
0.33 2.62 48.00 19.20 4.80 30.62 9.60 60.19
1 2 3 4
882 235 95 25
0.0004 0.24 0.10 0.02
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e tai : KHO ST HIN TRNG V XUT BIN PHP QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI CHO KCN BIN HA II- TNH NG NAI ang sp/tha ng sp/tha ng sp/tha ng tan/th ang tan/th ang tan/th ang sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/ 1.000 sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/tan sp tan CTNH/tan sp
Tajan Nganh giay, da Bely Rostaing Nganh dc pham, hoa chat Nippon Paint Urai Pharnich Intertrade TONG
543,333
0.000 4 0.028 4 0.028 4 0.023 1 0.023 1 0.023 1
0.22
2 3
6,666 83,333
0.19 2.37
1 2 3
2,916 2,362 63
67.36 54.56 1.44 302.95
Nguon : Sinh vien thc hien Ket luan: Tong khoi lng chat thai nguy hai cua cac doanh nghiep KCN Bien Hoa II phu thuoc vao cong suat san xuat cua tng doanh nghiep va he so phat thai cua nganh nghe ma doanh nghiep o san xuat. 3.2. HIEN TRANG THU GOM, QUAN LY VA X LY CHAT THAI NGUY HAI TAI KCN BIEN HOA II. 3.2.1. Quy nh chung ve quan ly CTNH tren a ban tnh Thc hien Quyet nh so 155/1999/Q-TTg ngay 16/7/1999 cua Thu tng Chnh phu ve Quy che quan ly CTNH, tnh ong Nai a trien khai tap huan quy che va thc hien viec ang ky chu nguon thai CTNH en cac doanh nghiep theo bieu mau cua Quy che. Tren c s cac bieu mau do doanh nghiep ang ky, S Tai nguyen va moi trng tien hanh kiem tra va hng dan cac doanh nghiep thc hien viec quan ly CTNH tai n v theo ung quy che a ban hanh. en nay, so lng doanh nghiep c cap so ang ky chu nguon thai CTNH tai KCN Bien Hoa II la 22/120 doanh nghiep. Cac GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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n v nay cung thc hien nghiem tuc che o bao cao quan ly CTNH tai c s hang nam. Qua qua trnh thc hien va nam bat c cac van e kho khan, vng mac trong viec thc hien Quy che quan ly CTNH oi vi cac doanh nghiep, S Tai nguyen va Moi trng a kien ngh, tham mu cho UBND Tnh ban hanh Quy nh an toan ve thu gom, lu gi, van chuyen, x ly va tieu huy CTNH (Quyet nh so 2582/2001/Q.CT.UBT cua UBND Tnh) va tao ieu kien thuan li cho cac doanh nghiep trong viec ap dung Quy che quan ly CTNH. Ben canh o, tnh cung a tien hanh xay dng d an x ly CTNH (100 ha) tai xa Giang ien, huyen Trang Bom nham hoan thien he thong quan ly CTNH tai tnh ong Nai. D an x ly CTNH cua tnh ong Nai c UBND Tnh giao cho cong ty Phat trien KCN Bien Hoa (Sonadezi) trien khai thc hien d an th nghiem 2,1 ha xay dng khu x ly chat thai cong nghiep, bao gom ca chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai. Noi dung d an bao gom cum x ly hoa ly va lo ot at tai nha may x ly nc thai KCN Bien Hoa II (Tp. Bien Hoa) va khu x ly chat thai cong nghiep vi dien tch 100 ha at tai xa Giang ien, huyen Trang Bom, trong o bao gom kho lu gi, khu chon lap, cum x ly chat thai m rong, phong th nghiem. D kien khi d an i vao hoat ong se tiep nhan CTNH nh bun, can, tro x cong nghiep, cac chat thai co cha kim loai nang, chat thai cha amiang, dung moi, hoa chat khong co kha nang tai che va cac loai CTNH khac. Hien nay, cong ty Sonadezi a tien hanh nhan lu
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gi CTNH cho cac n v co nhu cau tren a ban tnh vi so lng khoang 400 tan CTNH/nam. 3.2.2. Ket qua khao sat hien trang quan ly CTNH (thu gom lu gi) tai cac doanh nghiep KCN Phan ln cac CTNH phat sinh eu c phan loai va thu gom ngay t nguon. Tai mot so doanh nghiep, chat thai long (chu yeu la hoa chat thai) c thu gom theo tng nhom rieng, cac thung cha hoa chat nguyen lieu sau khi s dung het c dung e cha cac hoa chat thai va co xoa nhan nguyen lieu in tren bao b hoac bun thai cong nghiep c thu gom va cac thung cha hoac bao nha.
Hnh 9 : Thung cha CTNH
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Hnh 10 : Khu vc cha CTNH Chat thai sau khi thu gom t nguon c cac chu nguon thai lu gi tam thi trong khuon vien nha may trc khi c giao cho n v x ly di nhieu hnh thc khac nhau : bun thai c thu gom va cac thung cha hoac bao nha va e ngoai tri, co che phu ben tren, hoa chat thai sau khi thu gom c lu gi va kho cha co tng bao va mai che hoac cho vao container trong, bien bao ghi ro khu vc cha chat thai cu the, nhan vien lam viec tai khu vc nay cung c trang b cac phng tien bao ve ca nhan nh o bao ho, thiet b cu hoa, thiet b ve sinh ca nhan va cac thiet b an toan khac va co cac tai lieu chi chep cu the ve lng chat thai nay. 3.2.3.
nguy hai Ve hoat ong thu gom van chuyen chat thai
Tren a ban tnh ong Nai co 03 c s co chc nang thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai. Ngoai ra, con co s tham gia cua 05 n v thu gom, van chuyen chat thai nguy hai ang ky GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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tai Tp. Ho Ch Minh ang hoat ong tren a ban KCN Bien Hoa II noi rieng va tnh ong Nai noi chung : Cong ty TNHH Moi trng Xanh, Cong ty TNHH Tan c Thao, DNTN Le Hoang Tuan, Cong ty TNHH Thao Thuan va Cong ty co phan Moi trng Viet Uc. Cac n v nay thu gom va van chuyen ve thanh pho Ho Ch Minh phan loai, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai. Trong qua trnh kiem tra thc te tai cac doanh nghiep KCN Bien Hoa II, nhan thay co n v thc hien cong tac thu gom, van chuyen CTNH nhng cha c c quan chc nang cap phep (trng hp cong ty Quoc Viet thu gom CTNH tai cong ty Tung Kuang). nh ky hang nam, cac n v eu c S Tai nguyen va Moi trng Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh xac nhan va nghiem thu ve moi trng oi vi hoat ong thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai. Tuy cac n v nay eu cha xay ra s co nghiem trong ve moi trng trong qua trnh hoat ong nhng a so van cha thc hien nghiem tuc trong viec phan loai, thu gom, van chuyen chat thai nguy hai. 3.2.4. Ve hoat ong lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai Tren a ban tnh hien nay co 03 doanh nghiep : X nghiep dch vu Khu cong nghiep SONADEZI, DNTN Tan Phat Tai va Benh vien Lao va Benh phoi ong Nai co chc nang ve thc hien cong tac lu gi, x ly va tieu huy CTNH (rieng Benh vien Lao va Benh phoi ong Nai ch co chc nang x ly chat thai y te). Ve c ban, cac n v nay eu a thc hien che o bao cao nh ky, chng trnh giam sat chat lng moi trng.
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Tuy nhien, cac n v neu tren con nhieu ton tai bat cap nh cong oan phan loai, thu gom, van chuyen, chat thai nguy hai cha c x ly triet e, qua trnh hoat ong x ly, tieu huy khong hoan toan am bao cac yeu cau ve bao ve moi trng theo quy nh. Ngoai tr trng hp va lu gi CTNH. Viec phat trien cong nghiep vi toc o cao se phat sinh lng chat thai nguy hai ngay cang nhieu. Trong khi o nang lc thu gom va x ly con rat han che, chat thai sinh hoat hien ang con phai x ly chung vi chat thai cong nghiep khong oc hai. Hien nay giai phap x ly oi vi hau het chat thai nguy hai cua cac doanh nghiep la giao cho cac c s tai sinh tai che hoac cho cac n v co chc nang x ly. Nhn chung, ve mat quan ly va x ly chat thai nhng nam gan ay. 3.2.5. Ve cong tac quan ly nha nc tren a ban 3.2.5.1. Cong tac tham nh va cap So ang ky quan ly chu nguon thai CTNH en nay, S Tai nguyen va Moi trng ong Nai a tien hanh tham nh cac doanh nghiep phat sinh chat thai nguy hai trong qua trnh san xuat, trong o a cap So ang ky quan ly chu nguon thai chat thai nguy hai cho 22 (trong tong so 120) doanh nghiep tai KCN Bien Hoa II. hien nay tai cac doanh nghiep KCN a co s chuyen bien ro ret, ang ke trong X nghiep dch vu Khu cong nghiep Sonadezi ch thc hien chc nang thu gom, van chuyen
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Cac doanh nghiep tren (22 doanh nghiep) a thc hien che o bao cao nh ky ve tnh hnh quan ly chat thai nguy hai nh ky, chng t giao nhan chat thai nguy hai, nhat ky quan ly chat thai nguy hai; ay la mot trong nhng ieu kien bat buoc e cac Chu nguon thai thc hien viec gia han ang ky So ang ky quan ly chat thai nguy hai nh ky hang nam. 3.2.5.2. Cong tac tham nh va cap giay phep hoat ong thu gom, van chuyen lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai S Tai nguyen va Moi trng ong Nai a tien hanh tham nh hn 15 doanh nghiep co chc nang hoat ong thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai, trong o a cap Giay phep quan ly chat thai nguy hai (thu gom, van chuyen) cho 05 doanh nghiep ong tren a ban Tp. Ho Ch Minh, bao gom : Cong ty TNHH Moi trng Xanh, Cong ty TNHH Tan c Thao, DNTN Le Hoang Tuan, Cong ty TNHH Thao Thuan va Cong ty CP Moi trng Viet Uc ; cap Giay phep quan ly chat thai nguy hai (thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai) cho 03 doanh nghiep ong tren a ban tnh ong Nai, bao gom: X nghiep dch vu Khu cong nghiep Sonadezi, DNTN Tan Phat Tai va Benh vien Lao va Benh phoi ong Nai. Trong qua trnh hoat ong thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai, cac n v nay eu a thc hien tng oi ay u cac yeu cau ve bao ve moi trng, cu the nh: thc hien ung hng dan ve ang ky danh muc a iem, trang thiet b, danh muc chat thai c phep thu gom, van chuyen, GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai; thc hien che o bao cao nh ky 06 thang/lan ve tnh hnh quan ly chat thai nguy hai tai c s; thc hien chng trnh giam sat ve bao ve moi trng trong qua trnh x ly, tieu huy chat thai nguy hai va a c s xac nhan cua c quan quan ly nha nc ve bao ve moi trng a phng. 3.3. NHAN XET, ANH GIA CONG TAC THC HIEN QUAN LY CTNH Theo qui nh tai Quy che quan ly CTNH ban hanh theo Quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg ngay 16/7/1999 cua Thu tng Chnh phu, he thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai co the c mo ta nh sau :
C quan quan ly
ang ky chu nguon thai CTNH
Chat thai nguy hai
Chu nguon thai CTNH
Thu gom, van chuyen CTNH
Chu thu gom, van chuyen CTNH
Chi chu:
X ly, tieu huy CTNH : Thc hien
Chu x ly, tieu huy CTNH
: Quan ly : Trach nhiem lien quan Hnh 11 : He thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai theo quy nh tai Quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg Theo s o tren, trach nhiem cua tng oi tng se la : GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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(1) Chu nguon thai CTNH : - ang ky chu nguon thai CTNH. - Thu gom, phan loai CTNH tai nguon. - Ky hp ong vi cac n v co chc nang e thu gom, van chuyen va x ly CTNH. - Chu trach nhiem ve CTNH cua n v t nguon thai cho en ni tieu huy cuoi cung. - Bao cao tnh hnh quan ly CTNH nh ky vi c quan quan ly. (2) Chu thu gom, van chuyen CTNH : - ang ky chc nang vi c quan quan ly. - Thu gom, van chuyen ung so lng va chung loai CTNH ghi trong chng t CTNH. - Hoan tat cac thu tuc ve chng t CTNH. - S dung cac phng tien thu gom ung theo chung loai CTNH. - Chuyen giao CTNH cho cac chu lu gi, x ly, tieu huy CTNH c ch nh trong chng t CTNH. - Bao cao vi c quan quan ly theo ung mau va thi han qui nh trong So ang ky. (3) Chu lu gi, x ly va tieu huy CTNH : - ang ky chc nang vi c quan quan ly. - S dung cac phng tien, bien phap, cong nghe lu gi, x ly tieu huy CTNH phu hp vi giay phep hoat ong do c quan quan ly qui nh. - Tiep nhan va x ly cac CTNH c chuyen giao theo ung cac chng t CTNH. - Hoan tat cac thu tuc ve chng t CTNH.
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- ao tao nhan vien ky thuat tham gia hoat ong lu gi, x ly, tieu huy ap ng ung cac yeu cau cua c quan quan ly. - Bao cao nh ky vi c quan quan ly. Tren c s Quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg ngay 16/7/1999 cua Thu tng Chnh phu ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai, Uy ban nhan dan tnh ong Nai a ban hanh Quyet nh 2582/2001/Q.CT.UBT nham cu the hoa qui che quan ly chat thai nguy hai tren a ban tnh. Viec quan ly CTNH c thc hien ung theo trnh t hng dan tai Quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg. 3.3.1. Ket qua at c qua thi gian thc hien quy che quan ly CTNH tai KCN Bien Hoa II Qua thi gian trien khai thc hien quy che quan ly chat thai nguy hai theo nhng qui nh cu the tai cac van ban phap quy hien hanh, ve c ban, cong tac quan ly nha nc ve chat thai nguy hai tai KCN Bien Hoa II cung a c at c mot so ket qua sau : - a tien hanh anh gia c mot cach cu the mat nh tnh noi chung va tng oi ve mat nh lng noi rieng cac loai chat thai nguy hai phat sinh trong qua trnh san xuat cua cac doanh nghiep trong KCN. - a tien hanh tham nh va cap so ang ky quan ly chu nguon thai chat thai nguy hai cho 22 doanh nghiep; tham nh va cap giay phep thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai cong nghiep va chat thai nguy hai cho 8 doanh nghiep (trong o co 05 doanh nghiep tai Tp. Ho Ch Minh va 03 doanh nghiep tai ong Nai); a bat au trien khai xay dng th nghiem cac mo - un chon lap chat thai cong nghiep
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tren dien tch 2,1 ha trong tong so 100 ha tai khu lien hp x ly chat thai cong nghiep thuoc xa Giang ien, huyen Trang Bom do Cong ty phat trien khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa (SONADEZI) lam chu au t. - Thong qua cac chng trnh bao ve moi trng, cac c quan thong tin ai chung, a pho bien rong rai en cong ong doanh nghiep. Doanh nghiep a nhan thc c tam quan trong trong viec kiem soat hoat ong phat sinh chat thai cong nghiep trong san xuat, qua o t kiem soat va giam sat chat thai nguy hai cho en khi chung c x ly, tieu huy hoan toan nham bao ve moi trng cung nh nang cao uy tn thng hieu san pham cua chnh doanh nghiep tren th trng quoc te. - Tng bc kiem soat c s luan chuyen chat thai theo chu ky c hoach nh : thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai t chu nguon thai en cac n v x ly, tieu huy. - Chat thai nguy hai co kha nang tai sinh phuc vu cho cac loai hnh san xuat khac nh: dung moi hu c, dau khoang, bao b thung cha chat thai nguy hai,... a c tan dung mot cach triet e, thong qua cac n v co chc nang tai s dung chat thai nguy hai. 3.3.2. Cac van e con ton tai Ben canh nhng ket qua at c, cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai trong thi gian qua van con mot so ton tai, co the neu mot cach khai quat nh sau : Ve nhan s - Tai doanh nghiep : qua t doanh nghiep co nhan s co chuyen mon ve chat thai nguy hai e co the nhan GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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nh chnh xac chat thai nh the nao la nguy hai. Van e nay gay kho khan cho doanh nghiep trong luc ke khai CTNH va kho khan cho c quan quan ly trong luc tham nh t khai CTNH cua doanh nghiep (bang ke khai khong ung, phai ton nhieu thi gian hng dan, khao sat). - Tai c quan quan ly (S Tai nguyen va Moi trng) : co nhan s chuyen mon ve hoa chat nhng so lng t (2/8 ngi). Cong tac quan ly CTNH Mat nhieu thi gian cho viec ang ky, khao sat tat ca cac nguon thai phat sinh. Thieu kinh ph e xac nh tnh nguy hai cua chat thai. Cong tac quan ly hien nay c thc hien bang so sach, cha co bien phap khoa hoc. Cac c quan quan ly nha nc cha co bien phap hu hieu buoc doanh nghiep phai ke khai cac nguon phat sinh chat thai (chu yeu da vao nhan thc cua doanh nghiep), viec kiem tra, giam sat con han che. C s ha tang x ly CTNH C s ha tang e x ly chat thai nguy hai con thieu thon, khong ap ng nhu cau x ly chat thai. Hien nay, x ly chat thai nguy hai chu yeu la thu hoi, tai s dung va lu gi ch chon lap, cha thc hien c cac phng phap x ly khac mot cach pho bien.
Cong tac kiem tra, giam sat
Che o kiem tra, giam sat, cng che thi hanh luat le cha u manh, thieu s phoi hp gia cac nganh co lien quan.
Cong tac tuyen truyen, nang cao nhan thc
cho doanh nghiep
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Thieu au t kinh ph cho cac hoat ong nang cao nhan thc cho doanh nghiep KCN. Co rat t cac n v khoa hoc (Vien nghien cu, Trng ai hoc) tham gia vao cong tac quan ly CTNH e t o co nhng e tai, cong trnh nghien cu chuyen sau ve CTNH. 3.3.2.1. Mot so iem han che cua cac van ban quy pham phap luat ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai a. Han che cua Quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg ngay 16/7/1999 Thu tuc ang ky quan ly chat thai nguy hai cua chu nguon thai va cac loai giay phep ve moi trng cho hoat ong thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi, x ly va tieu huy CTNH khong tng thch vi thu tuc cap phep (phu luc 2A, 2B) , ac biet la cac noi dung the hien phan khai chung cua bieu mau hng dan (V du phai xac nh thanh phan cua CTNH bao gom nhng chat g). Danh muc chat thai nguy hai cha quy nh cu the trong viec xac nh : - Gii han nguy hai cua tng loai chat thai nguy hai. Mot so ch tieu nh Hg, Pb, cao. Do o hon hp CTNH cha nhng chat nay khong c xep vao loai CTNH neu ham lng con nam trong gii han nhng thc te lai co tnh oc hai cao, ieu nay gay kho khan cho cong tac quan ly. - Kho xac nh chat thai nguy hai va khong nguy hai trong viec ang ky quan ly CTNH (gia cac chat thai thuoc danh muc danh muc B, gia cac chat thai danh muc A va danh muc B). GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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- Mot so noi dung chu thch cua danh muc chat thai nguy hai cha ay u trong cong tac khai bao ang ky chu nguon thai CTNH. - Danh muc chat thai khong nguy hai khong the hien ma hang muc B4010. V vay khong the tham khao, oi chieu c vi danh muc chat thai nguy hai tng ng A4070 (the hien cac dang chat thai t qua trnh san xuat va s dung mc, pham nhuom, chat mau, sn, quang dau, vecni..). Quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg quy nh CTNH phai c giao cho n v co chc nang thu gom, x ly. Quy nh nay khong cho phep trao oi CTNH nh la nguon nguyen lieu. Quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg c ban hanh vao nam 1999, en nay a qua thi gian 6 nam trien khai thc hien nhng van cha co s thay oi cho phu hp vi tnh hnh thc te. b. Han che cua Quy che quan ly CTNH cua ong Nai (do UBND Tnh ban hanh) Quy che quan ly CTNH cua Tnh (ban hanh kem theo Quyet nh so 2582/2001/Q.CT.UBT ngay 30/7/2001) nham cu the hoa quy che cua Trung ng e thc hien tren a ban a phng. Ngoai mot so iem han che a neu nh tren, Quy che cua Tnh con co mat han che ve to chc thc hien quan ly CTNH He thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai trong KCN qua bo hep: Cac n v chc nang cha tham gia ay u, ch co s tham gia chu yeu cua S Tai nguyen va Moi trng, cac n v phat sinh, thu gom, van chuyen va x ly chat thai. Quy trnh cha c thong nhat va phan GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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nh chc nang cha ro rang. Thieu vai tro cua Ban Quan ly cac KCN (la n v co trach nhiem quan ly trc tiep cac KCN) va s tham gia rong rai cua cac nganh chuyen mon khac. 3.3.2.2. Cac van e ton tai ve cong tac quan ly nha nc trong qua trnh trien khai thc hien Quy che quan ly chat thai nguy hai T le ang ky quan ly chat thai cua chu nguon thai con thap : 19% (22/120 doanh nghiep), nen viec anh gia ve tnh hnh phat sinh CTNH con cha at o chnh xac cao. Cha tien hanh cac hoat ong tham nh, anh gia hieu qua cac cong trnh x ly, tieu huy chat thai nguy hai nham am bao cac tieu ch ve bao ve moi trng trong qua trnh hoat ong thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai. Cha co cac tieu ch, tieu chuan e xem xet anh gia cac giai phap x ly chat thai nguy hai theo Quy che Quan ly chat thai nguy hai, cu the nh : tieu ch e xac nh chat thai c tiep nhan vao bai chon lap an toan sau khi a qua cong oan x ly hoa ly, tieu ch e xac nh nguyen tac ot tieu huy (tieu chuan kh thai, tham nh cong nghe ot,...), tieu ch e tan thu, tai s dung kim loai nang,... Cha ban hanh hng dan xay dng phng an chi ph x ly lien quan en chat thai nguy hai, tao c s phap ly e quan ly thong nhat cac van e lien quan en viec kiem soat chat thai nguy hai. Hien nay, quy trnh quan ly CTNH ang c ap dung tng bc, kho tranh khoi co nhng bat cap trong GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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cong tac kiem tra, giam sat. oi vi nhng n v thc hien nghiem tuc quy nh ve quan ly CTNH, tat ca eu phai tuan thu che o kiem tra nh ky va nghiem ngat. oi vi nhng n v cha thc hien ung quy nh ve quan ly CTNH, cac c quan quan ly Nha nc thieu nhan s e kiem tra, giam sat va co bien phap bat buoc cac n v nay phai thc hien ung quy nh. Cong tac quan ly nha nc ve CTNH cha c thc hien tot, khong co s tach biet gia cac nhiem vu phan loai, thu gom, van chuyen, tieu huy x ly. Quy nh nay khong chat che dan en viec tao ke h trong cong tac quan ly, nhat la oi vi nhng n v co chc nang thu gom, van chuyen, tieu huy x ly CTNH, nhng loai chat thai co the s dung c a vao s dung, phan con lai b thai bo khong kiem soat, gay nen s thai bo lan lon gia chat thai sinh hoat va CTNH vao bai thai chat thai sinh hoat. 3.3.2.3. Cac van e ton tai trong hoat ong ang ky va quan ly chat thai nguy hai cua cac doanh nghiep Cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai tai cac doanh nghiep ngoai nhng ket qua at c con mot so ton tai khach quan nh sau : - Hau het cac doanh nghiep cha hnh thanh c oi ngu can bo chuyen trach ve moi trng noi chung va quan ly chat thai nguy hai noi rieng. Cong tac quan ly moi trng hau het van con la cong tac kiem nhiem, cha co bo phan quan ly moi trng rieng biet, so doanh nghiep co bo phan chuyen trach ve moi trng rat t. V vay gap nhieu kho khan trong cong tac khai GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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bao, ang ky quan ly chat thai nguy hai do nhan s lam cong tac moi trng tai doanh nghiep a so eu khong co chuyen mon. Ben canh o, hau het cac doanh nghiep s nhan thc c cac tac ong tiem tang va nhng ieu can thiet trong quan ly CTNH noi chung di mc chap nhan c rat nhieu, bao gom cac tieu ch c ban nh : nhan thc ve chat thai nguy hai, thao tac tren CTNH, ke hoach khac phuc khi co s co ngo oc, hoa hoan, chay no, Viec quan ly moi trng (trong o co van e quan ly chat thai) tai cac cong ty a co chng ch ISO c thc hien tot hn nhng n v cha co ISO. - Viec thc hien ang ky chu nguon thai con cha ay u, ch mot so t doanh nghiep co ISO 14000 thc hien tot. - Hnh thc x ly chat thai chu yeu tai a so doanh nghiep la giao cho cac n v co chc nang x ly. Viec tai sinh va tai s dung c ap dung tai doanh nghiep cha pho bien va quan tam ung mc. - Cong tac thu gom, phan loai chat thai tai nguon cha thc hien triet e tai cac doanh nghiep. V vay, qua trnh kiem soat chat thai nguy hai tai doanh nghiep ngay t nguon phat sinh cho en khi chung c tieu huy hoan toan la cong viec het sc kho khan va phc tap, van con tnh trang mua ban, trao oi chat thai nguy hai di dang hang hoa thng mai (phe lieu cong nghiep) dien ra pho bien tai cac doanh nghiep. Co hien tng chat thai nguy hai (bong en, gie lau nhiem dau, ) c thai bo chung vi chat thai ran sinh hoat.
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- Doanh nghiep thieu thong tin ve cac n v co chc nang x ly chat thai nguy hai, khong co nhng kenh thong tin cu the e co the chon la mot oi tac thch hp thc hien x ly. 3.3.2.4. Cac van e ton tai trong hoat ong thu gom, van chuyen lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai - Tng t nh cac doanh nghiep la cac chu nguon thai chat thai nguy hai. Cac n v thu gom, van chuyen lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai tren a ban Tnh con mot so ton tai nhat nh, cu the nh : cong nghe x ly chat thai nguy hai khong ong bo : qua khao sat thay cac doanh nghiep nc ngoai co cong nghe hien ai hn nen lng CTNH phat sinh t hn va cong nghe x ly tot hn; hieu qua va am bao an toan ve phng moi trng trong qua trnh van hanh he thong x ly; trang thiet b phng tien van chuyen khong am bao an toan ve phng dien ky thuat : cac cong ty chuyen trach trong viec thu gom, van chuyen CTNH cha co xe chuyen dung phuc vu e am bao an toan; ngi ieu khien phng tien cha c trang b nhng kien thc c ban e khac phuc s co moi trng trong trng hp xay ra tai nan giao thong, chay no, ac biet, cha co giai phap x ly oi vi cac dang chat thai sau qua trnh tai che, tieu huy (nh tro, bun thai cha oc to kim loai nang a hoa ran,...). - Thieu cac van ban phap quy hng dan ve ky thuat e thc hien x ly CTNH, v du nh tieu chuan ve chon lap chat thai, tieu chuan ve kh thai sau x ly,
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Do o, thiet ke cong nghe cua mot d an x ly CTNH gap nhieu tr ngai trong qua trnh phe duyet d an. - Mc gia x ly CTNH cao (neu x ly at yeu cau ve bao ve moi trng), khach hang kho chap nhan c do cac n v x ly cha nhan c nhng chnh sach u ai cua Nha nc (chang han nh bien phap mien thue VAT) danh cho loai hnh au t nay. - n v x ly CTNH thng gap kho khan trong viec trien khai thc hien cac bien phap x ly. ien hnh la trng hp Cong ty Phat trien KCN Bien Hoa (Sonadezi) a hoan tat hang muc bai chon lap CTNH xa Giang ien nhng cha the tien hanh chon lap chat thai do lng CTNH hien co qua t, khong u e m o chon lap. Mat khac, cac c quan quan ly nha nc cha co bien phap hu hieu e buoc cac doanh nghiep phat sinh CTNH phai giao cho n v x ly theo ung quy nh. oi vi CTNH dang ran nh bun thai t cac he thong x ly nc thai cha kim loai nang (As, Pb, Ni, Cr, Hg, ) th bien phap x ly hien nay van ch la lu gi tai kho cha cua Cong ty Sonadezi va phan bo rai rac tai cac doanh nghiep gay kho khan cho cong tac quan ly. Trong thi gian ti khi khu lien hiep x ly chat thai i vao hoat ong, se tien hanh x ly chon lap theo quy nh.
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CHNG 4: E XUAT BIEN PHAP QUAN LY CHAT THAI NGUY HAI

4.1. KE HOACH QUAN LY CTNH CHO KCN BIEN HOA II 4.1.1. Muc tieu Tang cng hieu qua quan ly CTNH cho KCN Bien Hoa II. Tren c s o se cung cap mot quy trnh quan ly CTNH ng dung rong rai tai cac KCN khac tren ia ban tnh ong Nai. 4.1.2. Noi dung thc hien Kiem tra, giam sat cong tac trien khai thc hien quy che quan ly CTNH nham giam thieu toi a CTNH vao moi trng, khuyen khch ap dung cac giai phap tai sinh, tai che va trao oi chat thai. 4.2. E XUAT QUY TRNH QUAN LY CTNH Muc tieu quan ly : - Thiet lap danh sach CTNH ay u va ro rang lam c s phap ly cho viec quan ly. - Nam vng va luon cap nhat danh muc cac nguon phat thai va lng phat thai. - Thu gom triet e, phan loai CTNH va van chuyen mot cach an toan. GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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- Quan ly viec tai che chat thai mot cach chat che. - La chon a iem va xay dng phng tien x ly phu hp. - Bat buoc cac doanh nghiep co CTNH phai x ly ung qui nh. - Trien khai viec thu ph x ly hp ly.
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4.2.1. Quy trnh quan ly CTNH tai cac KCN Quy trnh quan ly CTNH c e xuat theo s o sau :
Cong ty A
Trao oi chat thai
Cong ty B
Nguon CTNH: - ang ky - Phan loai - Thu gom - Lu gi
Chu nguon thai
S Tai nguyen va Moi trng
Ban Quan ly cac Khu cong nghiep
Van chuyen CTNH
n v van chuyen
Lu gi CTNH X ly CTNH Ghi chu:
n v x ly
Uy quyen Bao cao Thc hien Quan ly Trach nhiem va ngha vu lien quan
Hnh 12 : Quy trnh quan ly chat thai nguy hai
Quy trnh quan ly CTNH e xuat tren ay c trien khai mot cach cu the nh sau : 4.2.1.1. Chu nguon thai CTNH GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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Trach nhiem cua chu nguon thai CTNH nh sau : - ang ky chu nguon thai CTNH. - Phan loai CTNH ngay t nguon thai. - Lu gi an toan cac CTNH trc khi chuyen giao CTNH cho cac n v thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi, x ly, tieu huy. ang ky chu nguon thai CTNH vi c quan quan ly : Cac doanh nghiep KCN co phat sinh CTNH phai tien hanh ang ky chu nguon thai CTNH vi c quan quan ly. oi vi cac d an au t mi, thu tuc ang ky la mot ieu kien e xet cap giay phep san xuat kinh doanh. Khi tien hanh thu tuc ang ky, chu nguon thai CTNH ang ky theo mau n xin ang ky (mau n c e xuat tai phan Phu luc). Ho s ang ky CTNH : - n xin ang ky chu nguon thai CTNH. - Giay phep au t hoac bao cao tien kha thi a c phe duyet. - Ban ang ky at tieu chuan moi trng (hoac bao cao TM). - Bao cao chi tiet liet ke CTNH (ay la mot tieu ch trong bao cao giam sat moi trng nh ky). - Ke hoach phong chong s co moi trng do anh hng cua CTNH cu the tai doanh nghiep. 4.2.1.2. Chu thu gom, van chuyen CTNH Trach nhiem cua chu thu gom, van chuyen CTNH nh sau : - ang ky chu thu gom, van chuyen CTNH.
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- Thu gom, van chuyen ung so lng va chung loai CTNH (ghi trong chng t CTNH kem theo). - Chuyen giao CTNH cho cac chu lu gi va x ly, tieu huy theo chng t CTNH. a. ang ky vi c quan quan ly Cac chu thu gom, van chuyen CTNH phai co ho s xin ang ky nh sau : - n xin ang ky thu gom van chuyen CTNH (theo mau). - Ho s phng tien van chuyen. - Ke hoach ng cu s co moi trng. - Tuyen ng va thi gian thu gom CTNH. b. Cac quy nh an toan trong viec thc hien cong tac thu gom, van chuyen CTNH Khi van chuyen CTNH, phng tien van tai can phai c gan dau hieu canh bao co noi dung va hnh thc phu hp vi tnh chat, ac tnh cua tng loai CTNH e thong bao rang ang chuyen ch CTNH. Cac dau hien canh bao c quy nh cu the tai Quy che quan ly CTNH. Trong khi van chuyen CTNH phai mang theo bo tai lieu gom co : - Chng t CTNH. - Ban hng dan va quy trnh x ly khi co s co khan cap xay ra. - Giay ang ky/Giay phep thu gom va van chuyen CTNH. (1). Van chuyen CTNH a c ong goi :
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- Cac loai phng tien e van tai: xe tai va xe tai nho co thung (Box van), xe tai co thanh (Flatbed truck), xe tai container tieu chuan (Container truck). - Neu s dung xe tai co thanh e van chuyen CTNH a c ong goi san th xe phai c che phu bang vai cha hay vai bat khong tham nc khi tren xe a chat hang, khi o, hay khi van chuyen. - Cac thiet b dung cu tr giup cho viec xep d, len xuong phng tien, di chuyen cac thung CTNH phai c trang b cung phng tien van tai. Cac thiet b nay phai phu hp, khong gay h hong cho thung cha CTNH khi thao tac. (2). Van chuyen CTNH ran, e ri : - Cac loai phng tien e van chuyen : xe tai container tieu chuan (Container truck), xe thu gom chat thai chuyen dung (Skip truck), xe ben (Tipping truck). - Xe container tieu chuan c s dung e van chuyen loai CTNH nay phai c thiet ke sao cho CTNH cha trong c an toan, khong b ri vai khi nang ha, khi chuyen ch va khi d container khoi xe. Neu container la loai h nap th phai c che phu bang vai bat hay vai nha. - Xe thu gom chat thai chuyen dung : xe phai c thiet ke va duy tu bao dng sao cho chat thai c cha an toan, khong ri vai khi van chuyen. Neu xe la loai h nap th phai c che phu bang vai bat hay vai nha. - Xe ben: thung xe phai c thiet ke va duy tu bao dng sao cho CTNH cha c an toan va khong b ri vai trong khi van chuyen. Chat ghai tren xe phai c GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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phu bat hoac vai nha khong tham nc trong qua trnh van chuyen. (3). Van chuyen CTNH long, e ri : - Cac phng tien van tai : Xe xtec (Tanker), xe tai co xitec thao lap c (Demountable tank). - Thanh xitec cua xe xitec hoac xe xitec thao lap c phai c ket cau hoac sn phu bang loai vat lieu chu c s tac ong cua CTNH long c chuyen ch. - Cac van cua xitec phai c duy tr tnh trang tot sao cho khong e CTNH long b ro r ra moi trng. (4). Van chuyen CTNH long, de chay : Moi phng tien van tai va cac thiet b tr giup kem theo dung van chuyen CTNH long de chay phai c thiet ke, cau tao va bao ve sao cho ieu kien hoat ong bnh thng khong gay ra nguon phat sinh tia la hay nguon nhiet va han che c en mc thap nhat viec phat sinh s co. 4.2.1.3. Chu lu gi, x ly CTNH Trach nhiem cua chu lu gi, x ly CTNH nh sau : - ang ky chu lu gi, x ly CTNH. - Tiep nhan va x ly CTNH t cac chu nguon thai, thu gom, van chuyen tren c s hp ong ky gia hai ben, kem theo ay u chng t CTNH. a. ang ky vi c quan quan ly oi vi cac chu lu gi, x ly va tieu huy CTNH a hoat ong trc khi co quy che quan ly CTNH : Khi tien hanh thu tuc ang ky, cac chu lu gi, x ly va tieu huy CTNH phai lap ho s gi en S Tai nguyen va Moi trng nh sau : - n xin ang ky theo mau. GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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- Giay phep au t (hoac Giay chng nhan ang ky kinh doanh). - Bao cao TM a c duyet. - Bao cao kiem ke CTNH hang nam va chng t quan ly CTNH. - Danh muc cac phng tien lu gi, x ly hoac tieu huy CTNH va ho s cac ch so ky thuat cua chung. - Thuyet minh ke hoach phong chong va ng cu s co moi trng oi vi cac chu lu gi, x ly va tieu huy CTNH mi : Cac chu lu gi, x ly va tieu huy CTNH mi phai xin giay phep hoat ong quan ly CTNH. Ho s ang ky cap phep bao gom : - n xin ang ky theo mau. - Bao cao tien kha thi ca d an a c duyet. - Ban ang ky at tieu chuan moi trng (hoac bao cao TM). - Danh muc cac phng tien lu gi, x ly hoac tieu huy CTNH va ho s cac ch so ky thuat cua chung. - Thuyet minh ke hoach phong chong va ng cu s co moi trng. b. Cac qui nh an toan trong viec lu gi CTNH ch x ly Khu vc lu gi tam thi va lau dai chat thai eu can phai c thiet ke ung cach thc da tren ban chat ac trng cua chat thai nguy hai. V du : Neu chat thai co tnh chat de chay th khu vc lu gi phai c thiet ke vi khong gian u rong GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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thuan tien cho xe phun nc dap chay tiep can va phong nga am chay lan toa khi s co hoa hoan xay ra. Cac chat thai khac loai khong c lu gi canh nhau ma phai ngan cach bang tng hoac khoang trong tuy thuoc vao tnh chat cua cac chat thai ke nhau o. Khu vc lu gi phai thoat nc tot nham tranh nc rac nhiem ban cac chat nguy hai tham nhap vao nc mat hay nc ngam. Nc thoat t khu vc lu gi phai c tch lai trong ho chan (ho ga), c x ly ung cach (tuy theo tnh chat cua cac chat thai c lu gi) trc khi thai ra ngoai. Khu vc lu gi chat thai nguy hai phai c xay tng bao, tng nay phai gi lai c chat thai nguy hai khi b o tran, hay gi lai c nc dap chay phun ta t xe cha chay khi co s co hoa hoan xay ra. Sc cha (dung tch) nc cua khu vc nay tuy thuoc vao tnh chat va khoi lng chat thai c lu gi o, thng la khoang 3 -.5 m3/tan chat thai c lu gi oi vi khu vc lu gi rong va cao hn oi vi khu vc lu gi hep. Neu khu vc lu gi c che lp th phai c thong gio tot va neu co the th s dung anh sang t nhien tot hn chieu sang nhan tao. Neu can lap at cac thiet b ien trong khu vc lu gi th phai can than khi la chon thiet b, ac biet la neu chat thai nguy hai c lu gi o la chat de chay va bay hi. Thiet b ien can phai co chat lng phu hp vi cac tieu chuan quoc te. Khu vc lu gi chat de chay cung can phai xem xet en bien phap phong chong set. GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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Khu vc lu gi phai c quan ly tot nham han che en mc thap nhat cac s co o, tran chat thai, cac hoat ong khong c phep khac, ong thi phai gi gn an ninh cho khu vc e phong nga ngi la xam nhap vao. Nhan vien lam viec trong khu vc lu gi chat thai nguy hai can phai c bao ve thch hp khi tiep xuc vi chat thai nguy hai. Phng tien bao ho nh quan ao, mu bao hiem, knh bao ho, gang tay cao su can phai c cung cap e s dung. Cac thiet b dung trong trng hp cu nguy khan cap nh mat na phong hi oc, may ho hap, o dung cap cu, voi nc hoa sen, v.v cung can phai d b san. Neu chat thai c lu gi trong cac thung th ch xep chong cac thung cha len nhau vi mot so lng gii han cho phep c kiem soat, va gia cac hang thung cha phai co u khoang trong e thiet b van chuyen va ngi co the i lai c. Phai lu y ac biet e co s phan lap thch hp cac thung cha cac loai chat thai nguy hai khac nhau. Dan mot bien bao ro rang trong khu lu gi e phong nga cac va cham, xo ay khong can thiet co the dan en s co tran, ro r va cac h hai khac. Phai co mot bo tai lieu ghi chi tiet chat thai g c lu gi, lu gi au, ... Bo tai lieu nay phai c bao quan va cap nhat so lieu, luon san sang e nhng ngi co trach nhiem co the xem c ngay, hoac san sang khi co yeu cau phuc vu cho giai quyet s co khan cap. (1). Lu gi chat thai ran, e ri : GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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Chat thai nguy hai dang ran, e ri phai c lu gi trong ni c xay kn, co mai che tot e ngan nga nc ma xam nhap vao. Khu vc lu gi phai c thiet ke he thong cong, be thu gom e thu gom nc rac, nc r ra t khu lu gi khong cho chay thang ra ngoai. (2). Lu gi chat thai long, e ri : (a). Thung, ket, be cha : Chat thai nguy hai long, e ri can phai c lu gi trong cac thung, ket, be cha kn co cau truc phu hp. Cac thung, ket, nay phai c bao ngan lai trong cac bon cha. Cac thung, ket cha cac chat thai khac nhau phai c at trong cac khu bon tach biet. (b). Bon cha : Moi bon cha phai co kch thc cha ng c mot the tch t nhat bang 110% the tch cua thung ln nhat trong bon o. Trong bon phai co mot ho ga (ho chan) e thu gom chat long b tran va trang b kem theo mot he thong bm phu hp. Mat trong cua bon phai c trang phu bang loai vat lieu ben chu c s tac ong cua cac chat long lu gi trong cac thung, ket at trong bon o. Bon cha phai c gi gn sach se va tranh b nhiem ban do nc ma ri vao. Khong c e nc ma tch ong lai trong bon cha. Neu bon c lap at cac van xa th cac van nay phai luon ong lai, tr khi bon c don ra hay thao nc theo ke hoach c tru lieu va phai ong van lai sau khi thc hien xong quy trnh cong viec. (c). Giam sat :
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Bon va cac thung cha trong bon phai c thanh tra giam sat thng ky e am bao luon an toan, ket qua thanh tra phai c ghi lai va lu gi. Cac he thong kiem soat, ng cap va cac hang muc khac tng t phai e cach xa cac thung cha chat thai trong cac bon. c. X ly chat thai nguy hai oi vi moi mot nhom chat thai, co the ap dung mot hoac vai phng phap x ly va tieu huy sau ay : - Tai s dung (dau, dung moi, kim loai). - Thieu huy (ot trong lo ximang hoac lo chuyen dung). - X ly vat ly, hoa hoc (oxy hoa kh, hieu chnh o pH, on nh hoa, phan tach). - Chon lap (hp ve sinh, chon lap an toan). Gii thieu ve kha nang ng dung cac qua trnh tai sinh oi vi mot so dong CTNH. Bang 7. Kha nang ng dung cac qua trnh tai sinh oi vi mot so CTNH
Cac dong chat thai nguy hai hoaCac chat hu c b clorine kim loaiCac chat long co cha chat hu cCac chat long co cha Cac chat thai nhiem dau Cac dung moi phi halogen Cac chat hu c khac Cac dung moi halogen Dang chat thai Cac chat hoat hoa
Cac chat an mon
at nhiem ban
Chat long
Hap phu bang than Chng cat
x x x x x
x x
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Chat kh
Cyanides
PCBs
Cac qua trnh x ly
Chat ran/bun
e tai : KHO ST HIN TRNG V XUT BIN PHP QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI CHO KCN BIN HA II- TNH NG NAI Thu hoi bang ien Thuy phan Trao oi ion Trch ly Mang Thoi khong kh va hi Boc hi mang mong Trch ly xuc tac
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x x x x
Sinh vien thc hien
Nguon :
Gii thieu ve kha nang ng dung cac qua trnh x ly vat ly va hoa hoc oi vi mot so dong CTNH.
Bang 8. Kha nang ng dung cac qua trnh x ly vat ly va hoa hoc oi vi mot so CTNH
Cac dong chat thai nguy hai hoaCac chat hu c b clorine kim loaiCac chat long co cha chat hu cCac chat long co cha Cac chat thai nhiem dau Cac dung moi phi halogen Cac chat hu c khac Cac dung moi halogen Dang chat thai Cac chat hoat hoa
Cac chat an mon
at nhiem ban
Chat long
Phan ly/ Loc Ket tua hoa hoc On nh Oxy hoa/kh hoa hoc Tien
x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
84
Chat kh
Cyanides
PCBs
Cac qua trnh x ly
Chat ran/bun
e tai : KHO ST HIN TRNG V XUT BIN PHP QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI CHO KCN BIN HA II- TNH NG NAI bay hi Ozon hoa Bay hi Betong hoa Bao boc cach ly
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x x
Nguo n : Sinh vien thc hien
Gii thieu ve kha nang ng dung cac qua trnh x ly nhiet oi vi mot so dong CTNH.
Bang 9.
Kha nang ng dung cac qua trnh thieu
ot oi vi mot so CTNH
Dang chat thai Chat thai lay nhiem Cac chat hoat hoa
Cac dong chat thai nguy hai hoaCac chat hu c b clorine kim loaiCac chat long co cha chat hu cCac chat long co cha Cac chat thai nhiem dau Cac dung moi phi halogen Cac chat hu c khac Cac dung moi halogen
Cac chat an mon
at nhiem ban
Chat long
Phun chat long Cac lo quay Tang chat long
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x
85
Chat kh
Cyanides
PCBs
Cac qua trnh x ly
Chat ran/bun
e tai : KHO ST HIN TRNG V XUT BIN PHP QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI CHO KCN BIN HA II- TNH NG NAI Cac lo hi Cac lo xima ng Oxy hoa t Oxy hoa nhiet vi la Tron vi nha n g Thuy tinh nau chay Nc ti han Plasma Nhiet phan Cac bo phan di ong Cac qua trnh cong nghie p Thieu ot chat thai nhie m trung x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
Sinh vien thc hien 4.2.2. e xuat ve c che chnh sach quan ly CTNH 4.2.2.1. Chnh sa, bo sung Quy che quan ly CTNH cua Tnh GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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Nguon :
Quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg cua Trung ng ve ban hanh quy che quan ly CTNH la quy nh chung c ap dung tren toan quoc, do vay con mot so han che va vng mac khi ap dung do tng a phng co nhng ieu kien ac thu rieng. Tren c s nhng quy nh tai Quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg, tnh ong Nai a ban hanh Quy nh an toan ve thu gom, lu gi, van chuyen, x ly va tieu huy CTNH (Quyet nh so 2582/2001/Q.CT.UBT cua UBND Tnh) va tao ieu kien thuan li cho cac doanh nghiep trong viec ap dung Quy che quan ly CTNH. Tuy nhien, e thc hien quy trnh quan ly CTNH mot cach khoa hoc va nang cao hieu qua cua cong tac quan ly, can thiet phai ieu chnh Quy che cua a phng (Quyet nh so 2582/2001/Q.CT.UBT cua UBND Tnh) theo hng co s tham gia ay u cac nganh chc nang, chu y bo sung trach nhiem va tham quyen cua Ban Quan ly cac KCN. Xay dng quy che phoi hp gia cac nganh lien quan trong cong tac quan ly chat thai, ac biet chu trong viec quan ly chat thai nguy hai phat sinh t cac KCN tap trung. Quy che quan ly CTNH nhat thiet phai co s tham gia cua cac nganh : (1). S Tai nguyen va Moi trng : - Chu trach nhiem quan ly chung ve chuyen mon. - Thc hien cong tac cap so ang ky CTNH, cac loai giay phep thu gom, van chuyen, x ly CTNH oi vi nhng n v nam ngoai KCN. - Tham nh cac d an x ly, chon lap CTNH. - Kiem tra, giam sat qua trnh phat sinh va x ly CTNH. GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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(2). Ban Quan ly cac KCN : Quy che can thiet phai nang cao vai tro cua Ban Quan ly cac KCN (n v quan ly trc tiep cac KCN) trong cong tac quan ly CTNH, cu the : S Tai nguyen va Moi trng uy quyen cho Ban Quan ly cac KCN (n v quan ly trc tiep cac KCN) thc hien cac cong tac quan ly ve CTNH trong KCN. Thc hien cac cong tac : - Cap So ang ky chu nguon thai, chu thu gom van chuyen, chu tieu huy x ly CTNH. - Kiem tra viec thc hien cac quy nh ve quan ly CTNH trong KCN. Ban Quan ly cac KCN co trach nhiem bao cao nh ky (3 thang/lan) ve S Tai nguyen va Moi trng tnh hnh thc hien cong tac quan ly CTNH trong cac KCN. (3). S Giao thong van tai : S Giao thong van tai la n v co chc nang quy hoach cac tuyen ng e van chuyen CTNH. (4). Nganh Cong an : ay la n v chu trach nhiem quan ly trong qua trnh van chuyen CTNH t ni phat sinh en ni lu gi, hoac x ly cuoi cung. 4.2.2.2. To chc thc hien va e xuat nhan s thc hien cong tac quan ly CTNH C cau to chc va so lng nhan s e xuat e thc hien cong tac quan ly CTNH nh sau :
Tai doanh nghiep :
Mot (01) Lanh ao cong ty va mot (01) nhan s co chuyen mon, hieu biet ve CTNH trc tiep thc hien cong viec (thc hien cac thu tuc kiem ke, ang ky chu GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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nguon thai CTNH; theo doi viec thu gom, x ly CTNH, ...). T ay se hnh thanh mot mang li nhan s, co the nam vng va cung cap thong tin ve CTNH cua tng doanh nghiep trong trng hp can thiet.
Tai c quan quan ly :
- S Tai nguyen va Moi trng : hnh thanh mot bo phan chuyen ve quan ly chat thai (trong o bao gom ca CTNH), thc hien cac cong tac tham nh, cap phep va kiem tra viec thc hien quy nh ve CTNH. Nhan s tuy thuoc vao khoi lng cong viec va a ban thc hien. - Ban Quan ly cac KCN : hnh thanh bo phan quan ly moi trng (trong o co CTNH), thc hien cac cong tac tham nh, cap phep va kiem tra viec thc hien quy nh ve CTNH tai cac KCN. So lng nhan s e xuat: hai (02) ngi phu trach mot (01) KCN. 4.2.3. e xuat cac bien phap kinh te ho tr quan ly CTNH Ben canh cac cong cu ve luat le, cac cong cu kinh te se ho tr ac lc cho s thanh cong cua he thong quan ly, v du nh: thue chat thai, chnh sach tai tr cho cong tac phong nga CTNH, tai tr cho nhng nghien cu ve tai che va x ly CTNH, giam thue va co nhng chnh sach u tien cho nganh nghe x ly CTNH, ... Mot trong nhng bien phap kinh te e thc hien quan ly CTNH la trao oi thong tin dan en viec thanh lap "th trng trao oi, tai che chat thai". ay la mot chng trnh giup giam thieu, tai s dung va tai che cac chat thai phat sinh t cong nghiep. Nguyen tac c ban la xac nh c nguon thai cuoi cung cua mot GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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n v phu hp e lam nguyen lieu tho hoac tai che thanh cac san pham ng dung cho n v khac. Cac bc e xay dng "th trng trao oi chat thai" : - Nghien cu va xem xet th trng chat thai hien co. - Phat trien ke hoach hoac hng dan ve viec trao oi hoac tai che chat thai gia cac nganh cong nghiep vi nhau. - Thc hien ke hoach chuyen oi, tai s dung chat thai gia cac nganh. - Giam sat nhng cai tien va lap ke hoach m rong nhng chng trnh a thc hien co hieu qua. Cac nganh cong nghiep tham gia vao th trng trao oi chat thai se at c nhng li ch ve kinh te va li ch moi trng. Cac li ch kinh te bao gom : - Giam chi ph quan ly chat thai cho cong nghiep. - Giam chi ph mua nguyen lieu tho cho ngi s dung cuoi cung. - Cai thien li nhuan va nang cao hieu qua hoat ong cua cac n v tai che. Li ch ve moi trng gom : - Gia tang s bien oi cac chat thai oc hai va nguy hiem trc khi en cong oan x ly cuoi cung dan en giam rui ro phat thai chung va moi trng. - S dung nguyen lieu mot cach tiet kiem va hieu qua. - Ngan nga o nhiem va giam thieu chat thai tac ong en moi trng. GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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4.2.4. e xuat bien phap nham tang cng hieu qua cong tac quan ly CTNH 4.2.4.1. Bien phap buoc doanh nghiep phai thc hien ang ky quan ly CTNH - Thc hien theo yeu cau cua Phieu at tieu chuan moi trng, phai lap bao cao giam sat chat lng moi trng nh ky, trong o tien hanh ang ky chu nguon thai vi c quan quan ly nha nc ve moi trng tai a phng e c cap So ang ky chu nguon thai CTNH. Neu doanh nghiep khong thc hien, tien hanh x phat vi pham hanh chnh theo quy nh. - Doanh nghiep cha c cap So ang ky chu nguon thai CTNH khong c hng nhng quyen li sau : - Khong c giao CTNH cho n v x ly. - Khong c phe duyet khi tang von, tang cong suat va m rong san xuat. 4.2.4.2. Tang cng cong tac thanh, kiem tra - Triet e thc hien cong tac ke khai CTNH oi vi tat ca cac doanh nghiep KCN tren a ban tnh ong Nai. - Ban hanh cac bien phap che tai va kien quyet x ly oi vi nhng n v khong tuan thu nghiem tuc cac quy nh ve quan ly CTNH. - Xem xet en kha nang cong bo rong rai cac hanh vi vi pham ve quan ly CTNH tren phng tien thong tin ai chung. ieu nay se gay anh hng en thng hieu cua doanh nghiep, bat buoc doanh nghiep phai thc hien nghiem tuc cac quy nh cua phap luat.
91
CHNG 5 KET LUAN - KIEN NGH

5.1. KET LUAN Cac KCN ong Nai bc au a phat huy hieu qua, ong gop to ln cho qua trnh phat trien a phng va ca nc. Du la mot iem sang ve phat trien KCN, nhng cac KCN ong Nai van con boc lo nhieu han che ve cong tac quan ly moi trng, ac biet la cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai, lam anh hng qua trnh phat trien, nhat la yeu cau phat trien ben vng ang at ra ngay cang quyet liet hn. Tac ong cua chat thai nguy hai en moi trng la van e quan trong, can phai co chien lc, bien phap giai quyet ngay va phong nga trc khi qua muon. Thc te cho thay trong thi gian qua, lng CTNH phat sinh t cac doanh nghiep KCN cha c thong ke, thu gom, GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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x ly va kiem soat chat che. Cac c quan chc nang a ban hanh nhieu van ban phap quy quy nh ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai nhng cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai tai cac KCN eu cha c thc hien ung bai ban, co nhieu van e trong van ban cha thc s phu hp vi ieu kien thc te. ieu quan trong nhat oi vi cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai hien nay la xay dng c mot quy trnh quan ly hoan thien, ap dung bien phap quan ly ket hp vi khoa hoc ky thuat theo khuon kho cua phap luat. e xuat quy trnh quan ly chat thai nguy hai: a e cap en cac yeu cau can thiet cua tng cong oan trong quy trnh quan ly oi vi cac oi tng chu nguon thai, chu thu gom, van chuyen CTNH, chu x ly, tieu huy CTNH. e xuat thu tuc ang ky, thiet lap he thong ke khai ay u- van chuyen- lu gi cung nh gii thieu kha nang ng dung cac qua trnh tai sinh, qua trnh x ly oi vi mot so dong CTNH. 5.2. KIEN NGH .5.2.1. oi vi cac c quan quan ly nha nc - ay manh cong tac thu hut au t s dung cong nghe t gay o nhiem, tai s dung chat thai, t ton nang lng tao ra san pham, t khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien. Giam thieu chat thai va x ly tot chat thai la tieu ch canh tranh nhau gia cac doanh nghiep va canh tranh tren th trng the gii. - Uy ban nhan dan Tnh ban hanh chnh sach u ai cho nhng d an au t nganh nghe x ly o nhiem: u ai ve gia thue at, ho tr vay von u ai, ... Co che o khen thng xng ang, ong vien nhng n v thc GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau
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hien tot cong tac quan ly CTNH cung nh co bien phap x phat, chan chnh nhng n v cha thc hien nghiem tuc. - S Tai nguyen va Moi trng xem xet va ra soat Quy che quan ly chat thai nguy hai e trnh Uy ban nhan dan tnh ieu chnh, bo sung nham phu hp vi ieu kien thc te hien nay e cac n v co the trien khai thc hien ong bo va hieu qua. Chu y nang cao vai tro cua Ban Quan ly cac KCN (n v quan ly trc tiep cac KCN) trong cong tac quan ly moi trng, bao gom ca quan ly chat thai nguy hai tai cac KCN tren a ban Tnh nham tang cng hieu qua cong tac quan ly vi cac noi dung cu the nh sau: + ay manh cong tac tham nh thu tuc cap giay phep ang ky chu nguon thai, giay phep lien quan en hoat ong thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi, x ly va tieu huy chat thai nguy hai tai cac KCN tren a ban tnh. + Kien quyet x ly cac hanh vi vi pham trong lnh vc khai bao, ang ky, quan ly va x ly chat thai cong nghiep noi chung va chat thai nguy hai noi rieng tai cac doanh nghiep nham tng bc a cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai vao ne nep. + Trien khai chng trnh hp tac ve bao ve moi trng vi vi cac n v co lien quan: S Tai nguyen va moi trng cac a phng, cac to chc kinh te, hiep hoi cac nha au t, trng hoc, cac vien nghien cu, ... - C quan quan ly thng xuyen m cac lp tap huan cho cac doanh nghiep bo sung kien thc ve chat
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thai nguy hai. Thng xuyen pho bien, cap nhat quy nh ve moi trng cho doanh nghiep KCN. 5.2.2. oi vi cac n v co chc nang thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi va x ly CTNH - Hnh thanh oi ngu can bo chuyen trach ve moi trng. - Thc hien tot cong tac tap ket, phan loai chat thai ngay tai nguon phat sinh. - Thc hien nghiem tuc Quy che quan ly chat thai nguy hai: nh ang ky quan ly CTNH, hp ong vi n v co chc nang e thu gom, van chuyen, lu gi va x ly tieu huy CTNH, quan ly CTNH ngay t nguon phat sinh cho en khi chung c x ly tieu huy hoan toan. - Tng bc cai thien va nang cap cac he thong tai che, x ly CTNH am bao at tieu chuan moi trng quy nh.
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Khảo sát hiện trạng và đề xuất biệp pháp quản lý CTNH ở Đồng Nai

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Khảo sát hiện trạng và đề xuất biệp pháp quản lý CTNH ở Đồng Nai

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e tai : KHO ST HIN TRNG V XUT BIN PHP QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI CHO KCN BIN HA II-

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

Hnh 1: Bn hnh chnh Tnh ng Nai

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

2.1.2. Gii thieu ve khu cong nghiep (KCN) Bien Hoa II

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

Hnh 2 : Khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa II

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

Hnh 3 : Ban o mat bang tong the KCN Bien Hoa II

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

VON ANG KY (USD)

20.334.000 20.334.00 0 9.843.878 9.843.878

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

18.709.720 18.709.72 0 1.606.540. 268

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

Hnh 4 : Hnh anh Chat thai nguy hai

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

Hnh 5 : Bai chon lap CTNH

Hnh 6 : Bai chon lap CTNH Giang ien

Dang cong nghiep

Nguyen lieu chnh

Dc pham, lien quan en bien hoa thc chat Che

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

Gia cng c kh (28 d n)

Fujitsu 1 Muto 2 Mabuchi motor 3 4 Tae Kwang Vina

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

Sanyo Dong Sung

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

Syngenta 18 Showpla 19 Thuoc la N 20 Chan nuoi CP 21 Cargill 22 Tong cong

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

dung la rat thap do vay oi hoi van e au t x ly

Nhm CT NH cha cht hu c v v c (77 tn/thng)

Nhm CT NH kim loi v cha kim loi (64 tn/thng)

Nhm CT NH cha cht hu c ln hp cht v c (35 tn/thng)

Nhm CT NH cha cht v c ln hp cht hu c (1.0331tn/thng)

Hnh 8 : Ty le cac nhom chat thai nguy hai.

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau

sp/th sp/th sp/th

0.0132 0.0003 0.0028

sp/th sp/th sp/th tan sp/th tan sp/th

2.49 1.2 560 lt 40 15.38

0.0014 0.0571 0.0012 0.0960 0.0184

Showpla NM Bao b CP Muto Nganh giay, da

5416667 204 300000 500000 10.000 200000

sp/th tan sp/th sp/th sp/th sp/tha ng sp/tha

2.1 0.22 9.71

0.0004 0.0010 0.0323

Tae Kwang Vina Shinkwang Rooshing

14.2 17.18 0.22

0.0284 0.0017 0.0011

GVHD : Ths. Le Th Vu Lan SVTH : Le Th Minh Chau