Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

National Capital Region

Batasan Hills National High School

IBP Road Batasan Hills, Quezon City

“Feasibility of Producing Bioplastic from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea

batatas) Peel and Saba banana [Musa ‘saba’ (Musa acuminata ×

Musa balbisiana)] Peel as an Additive in Producing Bioplastic“

An Individual Science Investigatory Project Presented to the Faculty of

Science Technology Engineering Program
Batasan Hills National High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

RESEARCH III

Submitted by:
Shiela Mae V. Libardo
9-STE Cepheus

Submitted to:
Mrs. Maria Teresa B. Brioso

June 21, 2022

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The people listed below deserve the researcher’s greatest respect and appreciation for

their help and support in making this study possible in any way.

First and foremost, the researcher wanted to express gratitude to our Almighty God for

providing all of the successful results and outcomes of this research, as well as for providing

strength to the researcher from the beginning to the end.

Second, to Vilma V. Libardo, Ricky F. Libardo, and Christian James V. Libardo,

the researcher's parents and older brother, who always give their best to support and motivate the

researcher to do her best throughout the study. They are also responsible for the financial support

needed by the researcher to conduct the experiment.

Third, Mrs. Maria Teresa B. Brioso, a science teacher who is also a research adviser,

for her help, time, suggestions, opinions, and feedback for the researcher’s study. Her words of

encouragement and positive attitude inspired the researcher to remain hopeful as the research

study progressed.

Fourth, the researcher would like to thank all of the panelists who provided

recommendations during their research defense. In terms of methodology and manuscript content

in general.

Finally, gratitude goes to the researcher's friend from 9 STE Perseus for assisting her

when she needed it. For addressing the researcher's questions about some of the challenges she

encountered and for sticking with her until the end of the school year to fight her struggles.
 INTRODUCTION

The background, variables, objectives, hypothesis, and significance of the study are

presented in this section, which gives an overview of the topic.

Background of the Study

Plastics are more useful than metals, papers, and other materials because of their features

such as lightness, low cost, and durability. As a result, they've been used in practically every

industrial sector. In 2015, about 300 million tons of plastic were consumed globally. The entire

planet, including the oceans, is littered with plastic waste. Furthermore, the plastic industry has

some disadvantages in terms of economic and environmental issues. Biodegradable plastics

could be a worthy substitute for petroleum-based plastics. Nowadays, lowering oil consumption

and developing an eco-friendly environment are important objectives for the environmentally

conscious. Making bioplastic will benefit the conservation of petroleum, one of the country's

natural resources. In most cases, the starch content of Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is around

80% and 60-65% of the dry matter, respectively. [2] On the other hand, researchers examined the

starch content of other banana types, including one from the ABB genomic group, which

includes the Saba banana [Musa ‘saba’ (Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana)], and found that

unripe and ripe phases had starch amounts of 27.93% and 13.33%, respectively.[9]

Variables

The Independent Variables are Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel and Saba banana

[Musa ‘saba’ (Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana)]. While the dependent variables are

flammability, biodegradability, and flexibility of bioplastics.

Objectives of the Study

The researcher aimed to produce a type of plastic that, unlike regular plastic, would not

take hundreds of years to degrade. Traditional plastic clogs canals and drainage systems, causing

severe floods and more harm. The researcher also sought to contribute to one of our country's

major issues, namely the high prevalence of plastic waste in our environment. Since the plastic is

also recyclable, it can be reused by another individual rather than thrown away. The product will

be made from Saba banana [Musa ‘saba’ (Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana)] peels and Sweet

potato (Ipomoea batatas) peels. After consuming the fruit or vegetable, Saba banana [Musa

‘saba’ (Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana)] peels and Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peels

are normally thrown away. The researcher believed that the peels could be made more valuable

and efficient, instead of contributing to the country's waste.

Hypothesis

The affirmative hypothesis of the study is, there is a significant relationship between

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel and Saba banana [Musa ‘saba’ (Musa acuminata × Musa

balbisiana)] peel as an additive in producing bioplastic.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this research is that it reduces reliance on fossil resources and, in

contrast to fossil-based polymers, it reduces dependency on fossil resources. In general, the

capacity of bioplastics to reduce a product's environmental impact is its principal advantage.

Some of the tests that were carried out are tensile strength testing, heat reaction testing, and

biodegradability testing.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section contains articles and studies that are relevant to the topic.

Related Literature

Extraction

Starch, along with cellulose, protein, oils and lipids, inorganic salts, and other

compounds, can be found in plants. The extraction of starch from plant seeds, roots, or tubers is

known as starch extraction. Physical separation is used throughout the starch extraction process,

gradually separating cellulose, protein, and other non-starch substances to produce a pure and

white starch powder. The starch in raw material and finished starch powder have the same

chemical structure. The extraction of starch requires a large amount of water. Cleaning the raw

materials, crushing them, and separating them are all done in water. The two key basics for a

starch processing plant are that it is insoluble in water and that "the proportion of starch is larger

than water and other contaminants.

Starch-based Bioplastics

Complex blends of starch with biodegradable plastics such as PLA, PBAT, PBS, PCL,

and PHAs make up starch-based plastics. Water resistance, processing characteristics, and

mechanical capabilities are all improved when starch is blended with plastics. Trays made of

starch are not translucent. Other packaging materials Loose-fill foams for transportation packing

commonly use starch-based materials. Another use is in serving ware like cups, plates, and

silverware. Biodegradable films were created using starch as a matrix and wheat and corn hulls

for reinforcement. It was discovered that adding hulls to the starch matrix increased its modulus,

tensile strength, and impact strength at the expense of its elongation

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

Sweet potato peels, which are generally discarded in food service, can be transformed

into high-value functional meals with significant phenolic content and antioxidant activity. In

2010, the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) was the world's third-largest producer of root and

tuber crops. It was discovered to be a great new source of natural health-promoting ingredients

for the functional food sector. Sweet potato roots and leaves contain physiologically active

chemicals that have therapeutic potential as antioxidants and may benefit human health

Saba banana [Musa ‘saba’ (Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana)]

Bananas are not only a good supply of starchy staple food, but they may also be good for

human health. It contains phytonutrients such as vitamins and phenolic compounds of various

types. Free, soluble conjugated (esterified), and insoluble-bound phenolic chemicals can all be

found in plants. In various in vitro antioxidant experiments, research studies have indicated that

bound phenolics have a much better antioxidant potential than free phenolics. Plant cells contain

insoluble bound phenolics that are covalently attached to cell wall components such as cellulose,

pectin, and structural proteins and can be liberated during acidic or alkaline hydrolysis. The

health-protective effects of these phenolic compounds are connected to their beneficial impact as

a source of natural antioxidants. The protective system prevents the development of chronic and

degenerative diseases by preventing the production of free radical species and repairing oxidative

damage

Tensile Strength Test

Tensile testing is one of the most frequent mechanical testing methods for determining

the behavior of a sample while an axial stretching force is applied. To establish a material's
tensile qualities, these tests can be carried out in either ambient or controlled (heating or cooling)

conditions. Tensile testing is used to evaluate the maximum load (tensile strength) that a material

or product can withstand on a variety of materials, including metals, plastics, elastomers, paper,

composites, rubbers, textiles, adhesives, films, and so on. Tensile testing can be done with either

a load or an elongation value

Biodegradability Test

Industry laboratories utilize laboratory test methods to determine biodegradability, an

important parameter for assessing a substance's ecological characteristics. Biodegradability plays

an important role since a degradable chemical has no long-term damage to the environment. The

wide range of biodegradation processes found in nature and in technical plants for the treatment

of waste water and solid waste has resulted in a huge set of test techniques based on various test

principles

Review of Related Study

Three researchers from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Mepco Sclenk

Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, 626005, India, conducted a study titled "Corn and

Rice Starch-Based Bio-Plastics as Alternative Packaging Materials." The development of

biodegradable plastics for both industrial and commercial uses is significant nowadays due to the

detrimental environmental implications of synthetic plastics. Various starch-based composites

have been developed for various applications by researchers. The researchers are investigating

corn and rice starch-based bioplastics for packaging applications in this study. Bioplastics of

various compositions, including corn and rice starch, glycerol, citric acid, and gelatin, are

produced. After adding rice starch, the tensile characteristics improved. Water absorption and
solubility, on the other hand, were reduced. The best sample was evaluated for thickness testing,

biodegradability qualities, SEM, hydrophilicity, thermogravimetric analysis, and bioplastic

sealing properties based on these findings. The findings demonstrate that rice and corn-based

thermoplastic starch are suitable for packaging applications.

The results indicate that the samples made from corn and rice starches are more

biodegradable than currently used plastics. The addition of citric acid extends the material's shelf

life and improves its mechanical qualities. The bioplastics have an average thickness of 0.25 mm

(250 microns). On average, the moisture content is 13.2%. Water is 11.9% soluble in it. The

sample has a biodegradability of 48.7% and takes 15 days to degrade. The bioplastics' maximum

tensile strength was discovered to be 12.5 MPa.

The water contact angle was found to be 70°. According to the results of the

aforementioned tests, bioplastics can be used as packing materials and as an alternative to LDPE

and HDPE plastic bags. Due to the general bioplastic's achieved qualities, it would be fascinating

to make polybags out of it at a reduced cost. The study of the hybridization of proposed starch

materials with other biomaterials and plasticizers would be an interesting aspect of this

research

METHODOLOGY

The study's materials, methodology, and testing are all included in this section.

Materials

The materials used in this study are 1 chopping board, 1 knife, 1/2 kg of sweet potato

peel, 1/2 kg of Saba banana peel, 900 ml of water. 75 ml of glycerol, 120 g of starch, 90 ml of
vinegar, 1 pan, 1 spoon, 1 piece of aluminum foil, 5 Tupperware containers, 3 pieces of acrylic

sheet, 2 pieces of cheese cloth, 1 bowl, 1 blender, 106 marbles, 3 plant pots with loam soil, 1

shovel, 1 lighter, 2 tea towels, 2 types of weighing scale, 1 pitcher, 1 cup, 4 bulldog clips, and 1

bag of calypso plastic.

Preparation of Materials

The materials stated are needed for this research to be conducted. The researcher

collected leaf samples from Commonwealth, Quezon City. And some of the materials are owned

by the researcher, while the other is also bought in Commonwealth, Quezon City.

Peeling of Sweet potato

The sweet potato will be scrubbed under flowing water while being washed. The sweet

potato will next be dried with a tea towel to remove any extra moisture. The woody parts of the

sweet potato will be chopped off with a knife. The non-dominant hand will handle the sweet

potato while the dominant hand will hold the knife. The researcher will then create a small

incision into the sweet potato skin and begin removing the peel by carefully pushing the knife

under the skin. From the root to the tip, the knife will be guided down the sweet potato.

Peeling of Saba banana

The Saba banana's top and bottom ends will be chopped off, and it will then be sliced

from one end to the other. The knife will then be twisted and lifted off one part of the Saba

banana slice. The knife will next be twisted to widen the sliced area. The researcher's thumb will

be inserted into the slit and will begin pressing the peel away from the top to the bottom,
removing the first layer. The peel of the Saba banana will be pushed off in the second, third,

fourth, and final layers.

Extraction of Saba banana peels and Sweet potato peels as starch

The researcher will place the sweet potato and saba banana peels in a blender and crush

them easily. The researcher will wait a few moments to ensure that all of the sweet potato and

banana peels have been smashed appropriately. The smashed sweet potato and banana peels will

be placed in a bowl by the researcher. The researcher will add some water and thoroughly mix it.

The crushed sweet potato and banana peels will next be separated from the water using a cheese

cloth. The water will be kept cool in a Tupperware container for three hours. The researcher will

then replace the water at least three times until the desired result is achieved.

Bioplastic Making

Due to its better mechanical qualities and strong water solubility, glycerol will be utilized

as a plasticizer, with a range of 18 to 25%, though it can go up to 36 percent. The glass transition

temperatures were found to be unaffected by glycerol content. The starch will be added to the

water and stirred until it dissolves. In a pan, the researcher will combine the dissolved starch,

vinegar, and glycerol. After that, the mixture will be heated in a pan for 15 minutes while being

constantly stirred. After that, it will be placed on a chafing dish that includes aluminum foil and

uniformly spread. The liquid will dry out in 3–4 days, and the cast film will be removed.

Tensile Strength Test

The researcher will attach each sample to the bowl using the bulldog clip. Then, there

will be a cup above the sample. The cup above the bioplastic will be filled with marbles until the

bioplastic tears or breaks. The number of marbles the sample can withstand will be recorded.
Heat Reaction Test

The samples will be put to the test to see if it can withstand the heat. The researcher will

test the bioplastic by burning it with a lighter to observe how it reacts.

Biodegradability Test

A medium-sized plant container with loam soil, a hand shovel, and the bioplastic product

were all that were required by the researcher. The bioplastic will be buried in the soil for around

30 days. A weighing scale will be used to weigh the bioplastic before and after the experiment.
 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

This section contains the investigation's findings as well as the testing results. Data is

presented in tables, which are followed by written explanations and analysis.

1. What is the result of the tensile strength test of the following set-up?
A. Control set-up: a. Sample 1
B. Experimental set-up: a. Sample 1, b. Sample 2, c. Sample 3

AVERAGE

Experimental set-up Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 (mass)

Tensile Strength Test 56.7 grams 76.1 grams 109.7 grams 80.83 grams

AVERAGE

Control set-up Sample 1 (mass)

Tensile Strength Test 93.7 grams 93.7grams

Table 1: Tensile Strength Test

This table shows the tensile strength test results for three samples. The control set-up

withstands 93.7 grams of marbles, compared to the average mass of the experimental set-up,

which is 80.83 grams. Based on the data, Sample 3 has the highest numerical data in the

experimental set-up, being able to withstand 109.7 grams.

This implies that Sample 3 is the strongest bioplastic sample in the experimental set-up

and is stronger compared to the sample in the control set-up. With sample 3 having the highest

quantity of starch present (60 grams), it might be the reason why it is the strongest. Where the

starch of both peels is effective as an additive.

 2. What is the result of the heat reaction test of the following set-up?
A. Control set-up: a. Sample 1
B. Experimental set-up: a. Sample 1, b. Sample 2, c. Sample 3

Experimental set-up Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Heat Reaction 11.93 seconds 20.35 seconds 2 minutes & 31.67

Test seconds

Control set-up Sample 1

Heat Reaction Test 10.56 seconds

Table 2. Heat Reaction Test

Table 2 shows the results of how each sample reacted to heat. Starting with Sample 1 at

11.93 seconds, its time is doubled in Sample 2 at 20.35 seconds. Sample 3 is the highest, with 2

minutes and 31.67 seconds. When compared to the result of the control set-up, it is the lowest

among all samples, lasting 10.56 seconds.

Indicating once again that Sample 3, having the highest quantity of starch, is the most

effective in heat resistance. Also, based on the data above, the starch from Sweet Potato

(Ipomoea batatas) peel and Saba banana [Musa‘saba’ (Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana)] peel

is more resistant to heat.

3. How long does it take for the following set-up to biodegrade?

A. Control set-up: a. Sample 1
B. Experimental set-up: a. Sample 1, b. Sample 2, c. Sample 3
 Experimental set-up

Biodegradability Test Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Original Weight 5.2 grams 7.5 grams 8.0 grams

Final Weight 2.5 grams 4.0 grams 5.5 grams

Control set-up

Biodegradability Test Sample 1

Original Weight 1.7 grams

Final Weight 1.2 grams

Table 3. Biodegradability Test

This implies the biodegradability test of all the samples. The control set-up has the least

changes compared to the samples in the experimental set-up. where the changes in the

experimental set-up range from 2.5 to 3.5. Sample 3 has the biggest change in terms of weight.

Based on the table, the sample from the control set-up is the least biodegradable. All of

the samples in the experimental set-up are sustainable and eco-friendly. This is due to the peels

that are an organic additive to bioplastic.

 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This section contains the study's conclusions and recommendations, which are based on

the data gathered from the results and analysis.

Conclusions

The researcher can conclude that Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Peel and Saba banana

[Musa'saba' (Musa acuminata Musa balbisiana)] Peel can be an additive to the production of

bioplastics. And the greater the quantity of starch from these peels, the more effective it is.

proving that sample 3 has the most successful result in all the testing. It is the strongest among

all samples, the most resistant to heat, and the most biodegradable.

Recommendations

With the data from the conclusion in mind, the researcher recommends that further

studies be based on this to test more of the samples in different perspectives. Moreover,

implementing the Sweet Potato Peel and Saba Banana Peel as an additive to all forms of plastic.

For the future studies that will use this research as a guide, the researcher recommends extending

the time or day for the biodegradability test in the control set up. Instead of 20 days, it should be

at least 30 days to achieve more accurate results. The researcher also recommends further studies

to conduct a solubility test, which will evaluate if the bioplastic will dissolve in a liquid solvent.

Furthermore, try these peels not only on plastic but also on other forms of materials.
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 APPENDICES

1. Picture of Methodology

Peeling of Sweet Potato Peeling of Saba Banana

Extraction of Saba Banana Peels Bioplastic Making

and Sweet Potato Peels as Starch

Tensile Strength Test Heat Reaction Test

Biodegradability Test
ISEF FORMS