D211 Navigation 2
Terrestrial and Coastal Navigation
1
CM Remond Joseph R. Reyes
THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
WEEK 4
Topics:
6. Time, Speed,
and Distances
THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
CO1:
Measure the distance between two points on
a Mercator chart
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LO1.7:
Solve the problems on time, speed, and distances
traveled of a ship
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Distance = Speed x Time
Nm = Kts. x Hr.
To solve for
Speed = Distance / Time
Time = Distance / Speed
D
S T
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Sample Problems
1. If you are traveling a distance of 10 miles and need
to get to your destination within 2 hours, how fast
would you need to go?
2. If you have been sailing at 6 knots for the last 3
hours, how far have you gone?
3. If you are sailing at 7 knots and will cover 21 miles
before you arrive at the next mark, how long will it be
before you arrive at that mark?
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Answers
1. You are trying to find your speed so use the
formula for speed: S = D/T.
The distance to be covered is 10 miles and the time it
will take is 2 hours.
So, S = 10/2 = 5 knots.
A “knot” is a nautical mile per hour.
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2. You are trying to find distance, so use the formula:
D = S x T.
The speed is 6 knots and the time is 3 hours. D = 6 x
3 = 18 miles covered over the last 3 hours.
3. You are trying to find time here: T = D/S. The
distance to be covered is 21 miles and your speed is 7
knots. T = 21/7 = 3 hours before you get to the next
mark.
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ETA SAMPLE PROBLEM
Example 1
A ship leaves Port A at 0800 Hrs. on 24 July and is
heading to Port B (distance 5760 nautical miles) at an
average speed of 20 knots.
The master will need to inform his agent when the
ship will arrive at Port B, and he will need to
calculate her Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA).
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Solution:
Time to reach Port B = Distance / Speed
= 5760 nautical miles / 20 knots
= 288hrs / 24hrs = 12 days
NOTE: 1 day = 24 hrs.
ETA to port B = Sailing time + duration of voyage
= 0800 on 24 July + 12 days
th
= 0800 5 August
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THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Example 2. A ship leaves Port A at 0700 Hrs. on
21 April and is heading to Port B (distance 7020
nautical miles) at an average speed of 15 knots.
What is her Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) at
Port B?
To find her ETA at Port B, we first need to find the
time duration to reach Port B.
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Solution:
Time to reach Port B = Distance / Speed
= 7020 nautical miles / 15 knots
= 468 hrs. / 24 = 19.5 days
ETA to port B = Sailing time + duration of voyage
= 0700 hrs. on 21 April + 19.5 days
= 1900 hrs. May 10
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3. Your vessel departs Yokohama from position
Latitude 35º27.0’N, Longitude 139º39.0’E (Zone
Description -9) at 1330 hrs. on 23 July, bound for
Seattle at position Lat 47º36.0’N, Long
122º22.0’W (ZD +8). The distance by great circle
is 4,245 miles and you estimate that you will
average 13.6 knots.
What is your estimated Zone Time of arrival?
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Here is a format and step-by-step procedure to
work any ETA that requires you to cross multiple
time zones.
1. Translate the Zone Time and Date of Departure
Port to GMT and Date of Departure.
2. Calculate the elapsed time of the voyage, including
layovers, and apply it to GMT of Departure to find
the GMT and Date of Arrival.
3. Apply the reversed ZD (Zone Description) of the
Arrival Port to GMT to find the ZT and Date of
Arrival.
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1. Date & Zone Time of Departure Yokohama:
1330 Hrs. 23 July
ZD Yokohama (-9) 9
GMT Departure: 0430 Hrs. 23 July
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2. Time to reach Port B = Distance / Speed
= 4,245 N.miles / 13.6 Knots
= 312.1323529 hours / 24 hrs.
= 13.00551471 days 13 days
0.00551471 x 24 hrs. = 0.132352941 hr. 0 hr.
0.132352941 × 60 = 8 minutes 8 min
Total voyage: 13 days 00 hours 08 minutes
Added to GMT Departure: 0430 Hrs. 23 July
0438 Hrs. 05 August
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THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Total voyage: 13 days 00 hours 08 minutes
Added to GD/GMT Departure: 0430 Hrs. 23 July
GD/GMT ETA: 0438 Hrs. 5 August
3.Apply the reversed ZD of Seattle – 8
Date /Zone Time of Arrival in Seattle: 2038 Hrs. 4 August
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2. You are on a voyage from Port New York to Port San
Francisco, USA.
The distance from pilot to pilot is 5,132 miles.
The speed of advance is 13.5 knots.
You estimate 32 hours for bunkering at Colon and 14 hours
for the Panama Canal transit.
If you take departure at 0600 hours(ZD +4) on May 16, what
is your ETA(ZD +7) at San Francisco?
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1.Date & Zone Time of Departure New York, USA :
0600 hours May 16
ZD New York : +4
GMT Departure New York: 1000 hours May 16
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2. Time to reach Port of San Francisco, USA.
(steaming time) = Distance / Speed
= 5,132 miles / 13.5 knots.
= 380.14814815 / 24
= 15.83950617 15 days
0.83950617 x 24 = 20 hrs.
0.37037037 x 60 = 9 min
Total voyage: 15 days 20 hrs. 9 min
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Total voyage: 15 days 20 hrs. 9 min
Added to GMT Departure: 1000 hours May 16
GD/GMT ETA: 3009 hrs. May 31
Apply the reversed ZD San Francisco –7
D/Zone T. Arrival San Francisco : 2309 hrs. May 31
bunkering 32 hrs. +
Panama Canal transit 14 +
(NOTE: Any Delays: always +)
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Zone Time Arrival San Francisco : 2309 hrs. May 31
bunkering 32 hrs. +
Panama Canal transit 14 +
(NOTE: Any Delays: always +) 46 hrs. delay
46 hrs. /24 = 1 day
0. 91666667 x 24 = 22 hrs.
Apply the delays to Zone Time Arrival 2309 hrs. May 31
22 1 day
ZT arrival = 2109 hrs. June 2
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THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Note: Should you not remember the number of days
in a given month, the Nautical Almanac has a calendar
on Page 5.
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On the other hand, you should remember that:
Thirty days have September,
April, June and November;
Thirty-one the other Months
Except in February, twenty-eight.
But in leap year we assign
February, twenty-nine.
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What Happens When You Cross the Dateline?
When you cross the International Date Line going
east, you subtract a day, and if you cross the line
going west, you add a day.
Depending on which time zone the country
follows, the time difference on either side of the
line is not always 24 hours.
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WEST EAST
ADD 1 SUBTRACT
DAY 1 DAY
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THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
True direction
True north
The navigational compass
The true bearing
Relative bearing
The position by bearing and distance-notation
• Position of an object from an observer
• Position from an object
True course
True heading
The direction of the ship’s head on a gyro compass (gyro course)
The direction of the ship’s head on a magnetic compass (compass course)
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Direction on Earth
In navigation, direction is expressed as the angular
difference in degrees from a reference direction, usually
true North - for absolute direction - or the ship's heading
(keel line) - for relative direction.
True North - corresponds to the direction pointing
towards the geographical North Pole. This is equivalent
with the "upward" direction of the local meridian.
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Magnetic North - is the (horizontal) direction of the
local magnetic flux lines. This is not necessarily the
direction of the magnetic north pole. Even in moderate
latitudes, the difference between the magnetic North
direction and true North may be up to 20 degrees.
Compass North - is the geographical direction the
north side of the compass needle points to. This is
basically the same direction as magnetic North with
some additional component which depend on the
magnetic environment of the compass.
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THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
The difference between true North and magnetic North is
called variation.
Variation is different for each location on the Earth and is
mentioned on the compass rose on each nautical chart.
The amount of variation slightly changes with time due to
the slow migration of the Earth's magnetic poles.
The annual change of variation is also recorded on the
nautical chart.
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THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
The difference between magnetic North and compass
North is called deviation.
Deviation is the magnetic influence of the immediate
environment upon the compass.
It is usually caused by the steel or iron aggregates
installed on the ship. Especially on steel ships the
deviation may be considerable.
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Course (C) - is the horizontal direction in which a vessel
is steered or intended to be steered.
True course or true heading is expressed as angular
distance from true North clockwise from 000° through
360°.
Magnetic course refers to magnetic north.
Compass course refers to the compass north direction,
which is influenced by variation and deviation.
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THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
In navigation only the "true heading" and "compass
course" have a practical meaning:
True heading is the course used in the chart (when wind
and current course deviations are negligible) and compass
course is the course the helmsman will be steering while
using the navigation compass.
Strictly used, course applies to the direction through the
water. However wind, sea and current may defer a vessel
from it's intended course with respect to the Earth.
THE MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Course-over-ground (COG) - is the direction a vessel is
travelling referring to a fixed point (e.g. the surface of the
Earth). A course line is drawn in the chart extending from
the current position in the direction of the
course-over-ground.
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END
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