N AV 2

Bachelor of Science in Marine

Transportation
 Te r r e s t r i a l a n d
Coastal Navigation 2
PRELIM WEEK 1

The Sailings
 CO1. Apply the different “ sailing”
Course methods in order to determined the
required course, distance and position
Outcome
Topic/s: 1. Course Overview
2. The Sailings
3. Parallel Sailing
 At the end of the lesson the students
would be able to:

1.1 Outline of the course and

Learning other requirements
2.1 Explain the significance of
outcomes sailing methods in navigation
2.2 Identify the different
measurements used in
navigational “sailings” triangles
 At the end of the lesson the students
would be able to:

3.1 Describe the appropriate use

Learning of “parallel sailing” method in
navigation
outcomes 3.2 Apply “ parallel sailing”
method in order to determine the
required course, distance and/or
position
CONTENTS
01 Course Overview

02 The Sailings

03 Parallel Sailing
 01
The Sailings
Grading System
1.1 Outline of the course and other
requirements
It depends on the institution.
EXPECTATIONS
???
02
Parallel
Sailing
 The Sailings
02 2.1 Explain the significance of sailing methods in
navigation

Navigation is the art or science of

determining the ship’s or aircraft
and/or directing the movement of a
ship or aircraft from one position to
another
Sailings
Dead reckoning involves the
determination of one’s present or future
position by projecting the ship’s course
and distance run from a known position.
Sailings
A closely related problem is that finding the course
and distance from known point to another. For short
distances, these problems are easily solved directly
on charts, but for trans-oceanic distances, a purely
mathematical solution is often a better method.
Sailings
Collectively, these methods are called the sailings.
 03
Plane Sailing
3.1 Describe the Appropriate use of “ Parallel sailing” method in
navigation

IMAGE SOURCE: https://astronavigationdemystified.com

 Parallel Sailing
03 3.1 Describe the appropriate use of “parallel
sailing” method in navigation

• By parallel sailing, we mean traveling from one

location to another along a line of latitude. This
indicates that one would be traveling directly west
or east [270° (T) or 090° (T)].
 Parallel Sailing
03
3.1 Describe the appropriate use of “parallel
sailing” method in navigation

• As the meridians converge towards the

poles, the distance between them along a
parallel of latitude diminishes. As the
latitude increases, the distance reduces.
 Parallel Sailing
03
3.1 Describe the appropriate use of “parallel
sailing” method in navigation

• As a result, the distance traveled along a specific

latitude is referred to as "Departure" and is measured in
nautical miles.
3.1 Describe the Appropriate use of “ Parallel sailing” method in
navigation

Parallel Sailing
 is the inter-conversion of departure and difference
of longitude when a vessel is proceeding due East
or due West.
Parallel Sailing
 is used to find the
distance between
two positions on
the same latitude.
Parallel Sailing
Departure (Dep)
 distance
measured along a
parallel of latitude
between any two
meridians.
3.2 Apply “ parallel sailing “ method in order to determine the
required course , distance and/or position
Parallel Sailing Formula
C - Centre of the
Earth
L1L2 - Parallel of
latitude
EQ - Equator
AB - Difference of
Longitude
NS - Earth's axis
GF - Departure
Sample Problems:
1. Find the distance to steam between the two
positions:

A: 35° 20’N 015° 31’W

B: 35° 20’N 025° 50’W
Sample Problems:
1. Find the distance to steam between the two
positions:

DLo = 25° 50′ W − 15° 31′ W

= 10° 19′ W
= 619′
Sample Problems:
1. Find the distance to steam between the two
positions:

Dep = DLo × Cos (Lat)

= 619′ × Cos 35° 20 ′
= 505′

Distance = 505 nm
Sample Problems:
2. A vessel steams along latitude 30° S. from
longitude 171° W to longitude 178° E. Find the
distance.

In this case, the vessel is crossing meridian 180°.

Sample Problems:
2. A vessel steams along latitude 30° S. from
longitude 171° W to longitude 178° E. Find the
distance.

DLo = (180° - 171° W) + (180° - 171° E)

= 11°
= 660′
Sample Problems:
2. A vessel steams along latitude 30° S. from
longitude 171° W to longitude 178° E. Find the
distance.
Dep = DLo × Cos (Lat)
= 660′ × Cos 30°
= 571.6′
Distance = 571.6 nm
 Parallel Sailing
03
A vessel in position  50°00’N,  004°00’W steers course
090° for a distance of 90 miles. Find the position arrived.
Diagram:
A= 004°00’W B=?

090°T, 90 miles

A B

Vessel travels 090°T, Departure is same as distance travelled

 Parallel Sailing
03
Equation: Dep=cos lat x Dlo
Solution: Dep
Dlo =
cos lat
90 miles 1°
Dlo= ×
cos 50 ° 60 miles
Dlo=002 ° 20 ’ E
= +
= 004°00’W +
= 001°40’W
Answer:
Position arrived =  50°00’N ,  001°40’ W
Exercises:
1. A ship travelled from a position A: lat. 50˚ 25’ N,
long. 048˚ 20’W and reached B: lat. 50˚ 25’ N, long.
038˚ W. Find the distance covered by her.
Exercises:
2. A ship travelled from a position A: lat. 56˚ 56.6’ N,
long. 040˚ 15’W and started steering 270˚ T and
covered distance of 120 nm. Find the arrival position.
Exercises:
3. In what latitude will a departure of 275 nm
correspond to a DLo of 006˚ 15’ ?
Exercises:
4. In latitude 49˚ 10’ the departure between two
meridians is given as 350 nm. Find the DLo.
Summary
• Parallel Sailing Meaning and Formula
• Parallel Sailing Problems
Reference
1. -T1- Bowditch, N. The American Practical
Navigator.2002. National Imagery & Mapping Agency.
Maryland.p.346
2. Table A-II/1 Function 1: Navigation at the operational
level
3. CMO No.67 series of 2022: Revised PSG for BS Marine
Transportation and BS Marine Engineering
Programs
 Summary
• Outline Of the Course and other requirements
• Significance of sailing methods in navigation
• The different measurements used in navigational “ sailing”
triangles
• Parallel sailing
END OF TOPIC