ICSE X Mathematics –IMPORTANT FORMULAE LIST

Chapter 1: Goods and services Tax

1. GST = GST rate x Selling Price
2. Selling price = Marked Price – Discount
3. If No discount, Selling price = Marked price
4. Total Bill amount including GST = Selling price + GST
5. If Intrastate (within the state) transaction 50% CGST + 50% SGST
6. If Interstate (from one state to another) Transaction 100% IGST
7. 4 GST Slabs in India are 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%

Chapter 2 Banking
( )
1. I = x
2. Maturity Value (MV) = P x n + I [ n = number of months]

Chapter 3 Shares and Dividends

1. At par MV = NV
2. Above par MV > NV
3. Below par MV < NV
%
4. MV = NV + x NV (MV > NV)
%
5. MV = NV - x NV (MV < NV)
6. MV = NV + premium in ₹
7. MV = NV – Discount in ₹
8. NV x Div % = MV x Profit %
%
9. Annual Dividend = n x NV x [ n = number of shares]
10. (Return %) Profit % = x 100
11. Investment = n x MV [number of shares x MV of 1 share]

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
 Chapter 4: Linear Inequalities
< Less than

> More than

≤ Less than or equal to

≥ More than or equal to

1. Rule 1: when a + ve term is transferred one side of an Inequation to another side of

Inequation term becomes –ve
2. Rule 2: when a - ve term is transferred one side of an Inequation to another side of
Inequation term becomes +ve
3. Rule 3: If each term of an Inequation multiplied or divided by a same +ve number the
Inequality sign remains same.
4. Rule 4: If each term of an Inequation multiplied or divided by a same -ve number the
Inequality sign reverses.
5. Rule 5: If sign of each term on both sides of an Inequation is changed the Inequality sign
gets reversed.
6. Rule 6: If both sides of an Inequation are +ve or both are –ve, then on taking their
reciprocals sign of Inequality gets reversed.

Replacement sets:

1. N: set of natural numbers {1, 2, 3, 4…..}

2. W: Set of whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ….}
3. Z or I : set of Integers { ….-2 , -1 , 0 ,1, 2, 3…..}
4. R: set of real numbers {x: x ∈ R and x<3} [written in set builder form only]

Chapter 5: Quadratic Equations

1. The standard form of a quadratic equation in x is ax 2+bx+c=0 here a, b, c are real
numbers & a≠0
2. ax2+bx=0 adfected quadratic equation
3. ax2 +c=0 is a pure quadratic equation
±√
4. Formula used to find the roots of a quadratic equation is x=
5. Discriminant of a quadratic equation is D = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
6. A quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 has
(i) Two distinct real roots, if 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 [ real and Unequal]
(ii) Two equal real roots, if 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 [real and equal]
(iii) No real roots, if 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 [Imaginary roots]
7. In the quadratic equations ax2+bx+c=0, if 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 , then the roots of the equations
are x= & x=

Chapter 7 : Proportion
a:b = c:d ⇒ = ⇒a x d = b x c [ product of extremes = product of means]

If a, b and c are in continued proportion then

1. = ⇒ b2 =ac, then b is called the mean proportional between a & c
2. c is called 3rd proportional to a and b

Properties of Proportion:
1. Invertendo:
a:b = c:d then b:a = d:c
2. Alternendo:
a:b = c:d then a:c = b:d
3. Componendo:
a:b = c:d then a+b:b = c+d:d
4. Dividendo:
a:b = c:d then a-b:b = c-d:d
5. Componendo and Dividendo:
a:b = c:d then a+b:a-b = c+d:c-d

(a+b)3 = a3+b3+3a2b+3ab2
(a-b)3 = a3-b3-3a2b+3ab2

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
 Chapter 8 Factorisation of Polynomials

1. Remainder Theorem:
If f(x) a polynomial in x, is divided by (x-a), the remainder = f (a)

2. Factor Theorem:
If f(x) a polynomial in x , is divided by (x-a), the remainder = f(a) & if remainder f(a) = 0
then x-a is a factor of the polynomial f(x)

Chapter 9 : Matrices
1. Horizontal lines are called rows
2. Vertical lines are called column
3. The order of matrix = number of rows (m) x number of columns (n)
The order of the matrix is written by m x n

Types of Matrices

1. Row Matrix : A matrix which has only one row is called row matrix
[a, b , c ] is a row matrix of order 1 x 3
2. Column Matrix : A matrix which has only one column is called column matrix
𝑎
𝑏 is column matrix of order 3 x 1
𝑐
3. Square Matrix: A matrix which has an equal number of rows and column is called
square matrix
𝒂 𝒃
is square matrix of order 2 x 2
𝒄 𝒅
4. Rectangular Matrix: A matrix in which numbers of rows are not equal to the number of
columns is called rectangular matrix
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
is rectangular matrix of order 2 x 3
𝒅 𝒆 𝒇
5. Zero or Null matrix: A matrix in which each element of a matrix is zero is called zero or
null matrix
𝟎 𝟎
is null matrix of order 2 x 2
𝟎 𝟎
Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
6. Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix which has all the elements zero each except those in
the principal diagonal is called a diagonal matrix
𝟓 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 is a diagonal matrix of order 3 x 3
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
7. Unit or Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which each element of its principal
diagonal is unity is called a Unit or identity Matrix.
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 is a unit or Identity matrix of order 3 x 3
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

Matrix Algebra:
1. Addition of matrices: Two matrices can be added together if they are of same order.
2. Addition of matrices is commutative A + B = B + A
3. Addition of matrices is associative (A + B) + C = A + (B + C )
4. If A + X = B then X = B - A
5. Subtraction of matrices: Two matrices can be subtracted if they are of same order.
6. Additive Identity: Null matrix is called additive Identity in matrices
7. Additive Inverse: Additive Inverse of matrix A is –A
8. Multiplication of matrices: Two matrices A and B can be multiplied [AB] only if
number of columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B
A mxn x B nxp = C mxp
9. Unit matrix I is called as Identity matrix for multiplication. AI = IA = A
10. If A, B & C are 3 matrices which are compatible for multiplication, ABC = A (BC)
BAC = B (AC), CAB = C (AB)
11. AB ≠ BA Product of matrices is not commutative
12. (AB)C = A(BC) product of matrices is associative
13. If AB = 0 it is not necessary that A = 0 or B = 0
14. If A = 0 or B = 0 then AB = BA = 0
15. A(B+C) = AB+ BC
16. (A+B)C = AC + BC
17. A(B-C) = AB-BC
18. (A-B)C = AC-BC
19. (A+B)(A-B) ≠ A2-B2

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
 Chapter 10: Arithmetic Progression
1. An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers in which each term can be
obtained by adding a certain number to its preceding term
2. General form of arithmetic progression a, (a + d), (a + 2d)…. a + (n − 1) d
3. If d > 0 it is an increasing AP , d<0 it is an decreasing AP
4. If d=0, all the terms of the AP are same.
5. n th term of arithmetic progression tn= a + (n − 1)d
6. If an AP has only n terms, its nth term is the last term l = a + (n − 1)d
7. nth term from last of an AP is l - (n − 1)d
8. If m times of mth term = n times of nth term, then its (m+n) th term is zero.
9. Common difference of AP, d = a2− a1 or d=
10. Sum of first n terms of an AP 𝑆 = [ 2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
11. Sum of first n terms of an AP 𝑖𝑠 𝑆 = [ 𝑎 +tn ]
12. Sum of first n terms of an AP 𝑖𝑠 𝑆 = [a+l ]
( )
13. The sum of first n positive integers 𝑆 =
14. The sum of first n odd natural numbers 𝑆 = 𝑛
15. The sum of first n even natural numbers 𝑆 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
16. In any Arithmetic progression 𝑎 = 𝑆 -𝑆
17. When the sum of 3 consecutive terms of an AP are given, take the terms as (a-d) , a ,
(a+d)
18. When the sum of 4 consecutive terms of an AP are given, take the terms as (a-3d), (a-
d), (a+d), (a+3d)
19. When the sum of 5 consecutive terms of an AP are given, take the terms as (a-2d) , (a-
d), a , (a+d), (a+2d)
20. When the sum of 6 consecutive terms of an AP are given, take the terms as (a-5d),(a-
3d),(a-d) , a , (a+d),(a+3d),(a+5d)
21. If a,b,c are in AP then their arithmetic mean b is given by or a+c = 2b

Chapter 11: Geometric Progressions

1. In GP common ratio (r) is obtained by dividing any term of it by its preceding term
2. General Term of GP, tn = arn-1
3. If the GP has n terms only its nth term is its last term, Last term (l) = arn-1

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
4. If a, b and c are in GP then = ⇒ b2=ac
5. If each term of GP is multiplied / divided by the same non-zero number the resulting
series is also a GP
6. The series obtained by taking the reciprocals of the terms of a GP are also a GP
7. If each term of a GP is raised to the same non-zero number, the resulting series is also
GP

Sum of n terms of a GP:

1. When r = 1, Sn = n x a
( )
2. When |𝑟|<1, Sn =
( )
3. When |𝑟|>1, Sn =

Geometric Mean between a & b:

G = √ab

Chapter 12: Reflection

1. If a point P(x, y) is given x is called abscissa and y is called ordinate.
2. (x, 0) is a point on x axis
3. (0, y) is a point on y axis
4. Line y=0 means x axis
5. Line x = 0 means y axis
6. Mx means reflection in the x axis
7. My means reflection in the y axis
8. Mo means reflection in the origin
9. Reflection in the x axis Mx(x, y) = (x,-y)
10. Reflection in the y axis My (x, y) = (-x, y)
11. Reflection in the origin Mo(x, y) = (-x,-y)
12. Invariant point: Any point that remains unaltered under a given transformation is
called an Invariant point.
13. A (0, y) is invariant under reflection in the y axis
14. (0, 0) is invariant under reflection in the x axis, y axis and origin
15. B(x, 0) is invariant under reflection in the x axis.

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
 Chapter 13 Section and Mid-point formula
1. Section formula : The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment
joining the points A(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) and B(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) internally in the ratio m : m are (

, )
2. Section formula : The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment
joining the points A(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) & B(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) internally in the ratio k: 1 are ( , )
3. Points of trisection: If points P and Q lie on the line segment AB and divide it into three
equal parts AP = PQ = QB , then P and Q are called points of trisection of AB.
P divides AB in the ratio 1:2 and Q divides AB in the ratio 2:1
4. Mid-point formula: The coordinates of the mid-point of the line segment joining the
points A(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) & B(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) are ( , )
𝐱𝟏+𝐱𝟐+𝐱𝟑 𝐲𝟏 𝐲𝟐 𝐲𝟑
5. Centroid of a Triangle = ( , )
𝟑 𝟑
6. Distance between the points P(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) & Q(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) is
PQ = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦 ) or

PQ = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦 )

7. Distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin is given by PQ = 𝑥 + 𝑦

8. Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
9. Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other and are at rights to each other.

Chapter 14: Equation of a line

1. Inclination of a line is the angle θ , if measured in anticlockwise direction θ is positive
and if measured in clockwise direction θ is negative
2. Inclination of the line is called its slope = m
3. m = tan 𝜃
4. m= or m=
5. If the lines are parallel, slopes are equal m1 = m2
6. If the lines are perpendicular m1 x m2 = -1
7. Condition for collinearly of three paints: If 3 points A,B & C are collinear then Slope of
AB = Slope of BC
Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
8. If x intercept of point P is a, then point P (a, 0)
9. If y intercept of point P is b, then point P (0, b)
Equation of the line
10. Slope-intercept form: When slope of the line and y intercept are given
y = mx +c, where m is the slope and c is the y intercept
Point slope form: when slope of the line and a point on it are given
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
11. Two points form: When coordinates of two points are given
m= and y – y1 = m (x – x1)
12. Two intercept form:
+ = 1 , where a is the x intercept and b is the y intercept.
13. Equally inclined lines: tan θ = +1 and tan θ = -1

Chapter 15 Similarity
1. Congruent figures are always similar whereas similar figures are not necessarily
congruent
2. AAA or (AA) Similarity postulate: If two triangles have atleast two pairs of
corresponding angles equal, the triangles are similar.
In ΔABC and ΔDEF, if ∠A = ∠D and ∠B = ∠E, then by AA, ΔABC ~ ΔDEF
3. SAS Similarity postulate: If one angle of triangle is equal to any angle of the other
triangle & in both the triangles, the sides the equal angles are in proportion then the
triangles are similar
In ΔABC and ΔDEF, if ∠A = ∠D and = , then by SAS ΔABC ~ ΔDEF
4. SSS Similarity postulate: If two triangles have their three pairs of corresponding sides
proportional then the triangles are similar
In ΔABC and ΔPQR, if = = , then by SSS, ΔABC ~ ΔPQR
5. Basic Proportionality Theorem: A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides
the other two sides proportionally.
If in a Δ ABC, DE is parallel to BC then =
6. Areas of two triangles:
If ΔABC ~ ΔDEF
= = =
7. Median divides the triangle into two triangles of equal areas

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
 Map and Models

1. Scale factor k = = =
k>1 ⇒ the transformation is enlargement
k<1 ⇒ the transformation is reduction
k =1 ⇒ the transformation is identity (same size)
2. k2 =

3. k3 =

Chapter 16: Loci

1. The locus of a point equidistant from two given points is the perpendicular bisector of
the line joining the two points.
2. The locus of a point equidistant from two intersecting straight lines consists of straight
lines which bisect the angles between the given points.
3. The point of intersection of 3 medians of a triangle ABC is called centroid of the triangle.
4. The Centroid divides the median in the ratio 2:1
5. The point of intersection of bisectors of interior angles of a triangle is called in centre &
is equidistant from the sides of the triangle.
6. The point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of three sides of a triangle is called
circum centre & is equidistant from the vertices of the triangle.
7. The point of intersection of perpendiculars drawn from the vertices of a triangle to the
opposite sides is called ortho centre.
8. In an equilateral triangle, Centroid = in centre = circum centre = ortho centre.

Chapter 17: Circles

1. Chord: The line segment joining any two points on the circumference of the circle
2. A straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to bisect a chord, which is not a
diameter, is at right angles to the chord.
3. Perpendicular to a chord from the centre of the circle bisects the chord.

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
4. There is only one circle which passes through three given points which are not in
straight line
5. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre
6. Chords of a circle equidistant from the centre of the circle are equal.
7. An arc is a part of the circumference of a circle
8. Segment: A segment is the part of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord.

Important properties in solving circles examples:

1. The angle which an arc of a circle subtends at the centre is double that which it
subtends at any point on the remaining part of the circumference.
2. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal
3. The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
4. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
5. The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.

Chapter 18: Tangents and Intersecting chords

1. The tangent at any point of a circle and radius through this point are perpendicular to
each other.
2. The lengths of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal
3. If two circles touch each other, the point of contact lies on the straight line through the
centres.
4. If two chords of a circle intersect internally or externally then the product of the lengths
of their segments is equal PA x PB = PC x PD
5. If a chord and a tangent intersect externally, then the product of their lengths of the
segments of the chord is equal to the square of the length of the tangent from the point
of contact to the point of intersection. PA x PB = PT2
6. The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is equal to an
angle in the alternate segment.

Chapter 19: Constructions

1. Angle between the radius and tangent at the point of contact is 90°
2. Tangents drawn to a circle from an exterior point are always equal in length PA = PB

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
3. The point of intersection of bisectors of interior angles of a triangle/polygon is called
in-centre
4. The point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of sides of a triangle/polygon is
called circum centre
5. Interior angle of the regular hexagon = ( ) x 90° = ( ) x 90° = 120°

Chapter 20: Cylinder, Cone and Sphere

Solid Cylinder: ( r = radius of base and h= height)

1. Area of cross section = πr

2. Circumference = 2πr
3. Curved surface area =CSA = 2πrh
4. Total surface area = TSA = 2πr(r + h)
5. Volume V = πr h

Hollow Cylinder: (r = internal radius, R = external radius and h= height)

6. Area of cross section = π(R − r )

7. External Curved surface area = 2πRh
8. Internal Curved surface area = 2πrh
9. Total surface area = TSA = 2πRh + 2πrh + 2 π(R − r )
10. Volume V = π(R − r )h

Cone: (r = radius of base, h = height, l = slant height)

11. Area of base = πr

12. Curved surface area = CSA = πrl
13. Total surface area = TSA = πr(l + r)
14. Volume = V = πr h
15. Slant height of a cone l=√r + h

Sphere: (radius = r)

16. Surface area = 4πr

17. Volume V = πr

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
Spherical Shell: (R = external radius and r = internal radius)

18. Volume = V = π(𝑅 − r )

Hemisphere: (r = radius)

19. Curved Surface area: CSA = 2πr

20. Total surface area: TSA = 3πr
21. Volume = V = πr

Cube: (side = a)

22. Lateral surface area = 4 a

23. Total surface area = 6 a
24. Volume = a

Cuboid: (length = l , breadth = b and height = h)

25. Lateral surface area = 2h (l+b)

26. Total surface area = 2(lb+bh+hl)
27. Volume = lxbxh

Conversion of solids /melting

Volume of one solid = n x volume of another solid

Chapter 21: Trigonometrical Identities

The trigonometric ratios of acute angle ∠A in the given right angles:

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
 Trigonometric ratios of acute angle ∠A
sin A = cos A = tan A =

cosec A = sec A = cot A =

Reciprocals of Trigonometric ratios

sin A = cos A = tan A =

cosec A = sec A = cot A =

Quotient Relations:

1. Tan A =
2. cot A =

Square Relations:

1. Sin2A + Cos2A = 1
2. Sin2A = 1 - Cos2A
3. Cos2A = 1 - Sin2A
4. 1+ tan2A = sec2A
5. Sec2A- tan2A=1
6. tan2A=1- Sec2A
7. Sec2A- tan2A= (Sec A+ tan A) (Sec A- tan A)=1
8. 1+ cot2A = cosec2A
9. Cosec2A- cot2A=1
10. Cot2A = cosec2A - 1
11. Cosec2A- cot2A= (cosec A+ cot A) (cosec A- cot A)=1
12. 1 - Cos2A = (1+cos A) (1-cosA)
13. 1 - sin2A = (1+sin A) (1-sin A)
14. SinA = √1 − cos A
15. CosA = √1 − sin A

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
Trigonometric ratios of some standard angles :

∠A 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

Sin A 0 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑 1
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
Cos A 1 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 0
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
Tan A 0 𝟏 1 √𝟑 ND
√𝟑
Cosec A ND 2 √𝟐 𝟐 1
√𝟑
Sec A 1 𝟐 √𝟐 2 ND
√𝟑

Cot A ND √𝟑 1 𝟏 0
√𝟑

Chapter 22: Heights and Distances

1. Angle of elevation: Angle made by the line of sight to an elevated object with the
horizontal (when looking up) is called angle of elevation
2. Angle of depression: Angle made by the line of sight when looking down at an object
with the horizontal (when looking down) is called angle of depression.
3. Always Angle of elevation = Angle of depression.
4. In a right Triangle ABC if ∠A = 𝜃 is an acute angle then

(i) Height h = Tan θ x d

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
 (ii) Distance d = cot θ x h
(iii) Slant height x = or x =

Chapter 23: Graphical representation (Statistics)

Histogram: is a two dimensional graphical representation of continuous frequency
distribution

(i) Scales chosen for both axes need not be same.

(ii) Class marks on the x axis and frequency on the y axis.
(iii) Construct rectangles with class marks as base and frequency as height.

Less than Ogive (or less than cumulative frequency curve):

(i) Construct a cumulative frequency table with the given data

(ii) Write the coordinate points
(iii) Mark the actual class limits along x axis
(iv) Mark the cumulative frequencies of respective classes along y axis
(v) Plot the points corresponding to cumulative frequency at each upper limit point
(vi) Join the points plotted by a free hand curve.

Chapter 24: Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, median &

Mode)
Mean:
∑
1. Arithmetic mean of ungrouped data x̅ =
2. Arithmetic mean of tabulated data:
Mid-point or Class Mark =
Formula to find the mean of tabulated Data
∑
(i) Direct Method: Mean x̅ = ∑
∑
(ii) Assumed mean / short cut Method: Mean x̅ = A + ∑
[ Where d = x- A]
∑
(iii) Step deviation Method: Mean x = A + [ ∑ ] x i [ Where t = ]

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
Median: Median is the middle term of a set of variables when variables are arranged in
ascending or descending order.

Median of raw data:

If n is odd, Median = ( ) th term

If n is even, Median =

Median of tabulated data:

1. Draw the ogive for the given data

2. Use ogive and find the value of ( ) th or( ) th term which is the median.

Quartiles: are those values of the variate which divide the total set of data in four equal
parts.

(i) Lower Quartile (Q1) = ( ) th or ( )th term depending whether n is even or odd
( ) th
(ii) Upper Quartile (Q3) = ( ) th or ( ) term depending whether n is even or odd
(iii) Inter Quartile Range = Q3 – Q1

Mode: is the value which occurs most frequently in a set of observations. It is the point of
maximum frequency.

Mode can be found out by using histogram.

Chapter 25 : Probability
( )
1. Probability of an event P(E) =
( )
(i) Here n(E) is the number of outcomes favourable to E
(ii) n(S) is the number of all possible outcomes [ Sample Space]
2. The probability of a sure event ( or certain event) is 1
3. The probability of an impossible event is 0
4. The probability of an event P(E) is a number such that 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
5. The event having only one outcome is called an elementary event
6. The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1
7. If E and E are complementary events then P(E) + P(E) = 1
Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085
8. (Probability of not E )P(E) = 1- P(E)
9. If a coin is tossed once then the sample space S= { H ,T} ; n(S) = 2 1 = 2
10. If two coins are tossed simultaneously then the sample space S={HH ,HT ,TH ,TT} ;
n(S)= 22 = 4
11. If three coins are tossed simultaneously then the sample space S={HHH ,HHT ,HTH
,HTT,THH,THT,TTH,TTT } ; n(S)= 23 = 8
12. If a die is thrown once then the sample space S={1,2,3,4,5,6} ; n(S) = 6
13. If two unbiased dice are thrown simultaneously then the total number of outcomes
n(S) = 62 = 36
14. Number of vowels = 5 & number of consonants = 21 in English Aphabets
15. Number of prime numbers from 1 to 50 are 15
16. Number of prime numbers from 1 to 100 are 25
17. Number of prime numbers from 1 to 200 are 46

Akshar Academy, #569, 4th main road, 4th block, 3rd Phase, Kathriguppe, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru – 560085