TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Ayala Blvd corner San Marcelino St. Ermita Manila

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS

Graphics Department

MODULE IN: PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 2

GROUP 2: MEMBERS

DOMINGO, JUSTINE ANN P.

DE JESUS, KYLE KRISTIAN E.

DEL ROSARIO, FIONA NOREEN

DIONG, NATAZIA RECHELLE L.

LAREZA, JOHN RUPERT M.

WEDNESDAY 8AM-11AM

1ST Semester 2024-2025

PROF. MARCELINA P. PUGA

 MISSION

The mission of TUP is stated in Section 2 of P.D. No. 1518 as follows:

The University shall provide higher and advanced vocational, technical, industrial,
technological and professional education and training in industries and technology, and in
practical arts leading to certificates, diplomas and degrees. It shall provide progressive
leadership in applied research, developmental studies in technical, industrial, and
technological fields and production using indigenous materials; effect technology transfer in
the countryside; and assist in the development of small-and-medium scale industries in
identified growth centers.

VISION

TUP: A premier state university with recognized excellence in engineering and

technology education at par with leading universities in the ASEAN region.
 TUP HYMN

MUSIC BY PROF. ROMEO P. VERAYO, SR.

Filipino Version

by Prof. Emerita R. Verayo

Kami sa 'yo'y nagpupugay TUP

Ang 'yong tanglaw, liwanag sa aming landas

Diwa mo'y ginto, pusong wagas

Alay naming sa iyo'y lahat ng hirap

Buong pag-ibig at paglilingkod na ganap

Kay dami ng anak na 'yong pinagyaman

Dahil sa 'yo ngayo'y haligi ng bayan

Moog ka ng laya at dangal

Teknolohikal na Unibersidad ng Pilipinas

Bantayog ka ng lahi naming minamahal.

 English Version

Lyrics by Dr. Milagros F. Lomotan

Hail to you, Alma Mater, hail TUP

Your sons unite, and labor dignity uphold,

Strong minds, mighty hearts priceless that gold

These we offer you and all mankind

Hail oh hail -

Across the seas we'll toil for you,

Alma Mater dear

They're nation builders all, alumni ever true

Workers of note, trail blazers, artists

Selfless souls, men and women free

We honor thee

Technological University of the Philippines

Beloved school we honor you forever more!

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Technological University of The Philippines Mission and Vision …… 2

II. Technological University of The Philippines Hymn ………….………… 3-4

III. Guidelines on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in

Architectural Practice ……………………………………………………….. 6-8

IV. ETHICS AND CONDUCT IN ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH ……………. 9-10

V. LEADERSHIP IN ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH …………………………. 11-12

VI. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 545 RESEARCH ……………………………………... 13-16

VII. ARCHITECTS NATIONAL CODE OF ETHICS RESEARCH …………...... 17-18

VIII. THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES ……… 19-24

 Guidelines on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in
Architectural Practice
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 2

Architectural practice is guided by international standards to ensure professionalism, ethical

conduct, and effective leadership. Below is an elaboration of key principles and policies
related to ethics, conduct, and leadership in architecture and industrial design:

1. Professional Standards

• Competence and Expertise: Architects must maintain high standards of

technical knowledge and continually develop skills through education and practice.
• Global Best Practices: Adhere to internationally recognized frameworks such
as the International Union of Architects (UIA) standards and ISO standards for design and
construction.
• Client and Public Interest: Balance client needs with the welfare of the public
and the built environment.
• Sustainability: Incorporate sustainable practices that address environmental,
economic, and social concerns.

2. Policy on Ethics and Conduct

Ethics and professional conduct ensure integrity in architectural practice. Key elements
include:

A. Integrity and Honesty

• Act with honesty in all professional dealings, including contracts, financial

agreements, and project execution.
• Avoid conflicts of interest or disclose them promptly when they arise.

B. Respect for Stakeholders

• Treat clients, collaborators, and the public with respect and fairness.
• Ensure informed consent and transparent communication in all projects.
C. Confidentiality

• Protect client information and intellectual property.

• Avoid unauthorized use of proprietary designs or concepts.

D. Cultural Sensitivity

• Respect the cultural and historical context of projects.

• Avoid designs that harm or marginalize cultural heritage or communities.

E. Accountability

• Take responsibility for the social, economic, and environmental impact of

designs.
• Ensure compliance with local laws, building codes, and international
regulations.

3. Leadership in Architecture/Industrial Design

Leadership in architectural and industrial design focuses on driving innovation, fostering

collaboration, and promoting ethical practices. Core elements include:

A. Vision and Innovation

• Promote a forward-thinking approach that embraces creativity and new

technologies.
• Encourage experimentation within ethical and regulatory boundaries.

B. Collaborative Leadership

• Foster interdisciplinary collaboration among architects, engineers, designers,

and other stakeholders.
 • Lead teams with clarity and inspire excellence through mentorship and
guidance.

C. Advocacy and Representation

• Act as advocates for sustainable urban development and improved living

environments.
• Represent the profession positively in public discourse and policymaking.

D. Mentorship and Education

• Contribute to the development of emerging professionals through mentorship

and active participation in education.
• Share knowledge to strengthen the profession and promote its values
globally.

E. Adaptability and Resilience

• Lead efforts to address challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and

resource scarcity.
• Adapt to evolving technologies, materials, and societal needs to remain
relevant and effective.

4. Alignment with Global Principles

• UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Align practices with goals such

as sustainable cities (SDG 11), climate action (SDG 13), and responsible consumption (SDG
12).
• UIA Accord on Recommended International Standards: Follow
recommendations for ethical, professional, and sustainable architectural practices
worldwide.

By adhering to these guidelines, architects and industrial designers can uphold the highest
levels of professionalism, ethical integrity, and leadership, ensuring their work positively
impacts society and the environment.
 ETHICS AND CONDUCT IN ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 2

Ethics and conduct in architecture refer to the professional principles, standards, and values
that guide architects in their practice. These ethical guidelines ensure that architects serve the
public interest, act responsibly, and maintain a high level of integrity in their work. Here are
key aspects of ethics and conduct in architecture.

1. Public Health, Safety, and Welfare

- Architects have a responsibility to ensure that their designs promote the safety, health,
and well-being of the public. This includes adhering to building codes, regulations, and
standards.
- They should avoid designing structures that could pose a danger to occupants,
workers, or the environment.

2. Honesty and Integrity

- Architects must conduct themselves with honesty and transparency in all dealings with
clients, contractors, and other stakeholders.
- They should not engage in fraudulent activities, misrepresentations, or conflicts of
interest.
- Architects must provide clear and truthful communication about the scope of their work,
timelines, and budgets.

3. Competence and Professional Development

- Architects are expected to only undertake projects that align with their skills, expertise,
and experience. If a project exceeds their capabilities, they should collaborate with others or
seek guidance from more experienced professionals.
- They should maintain and enhance their professional knowledge and skills through
continuous learning and staying updated with industry trends, technologies, and regulations.

4. Confidentiality
- Architects must protect the confidentiality of client information, proprietary data, and
business-sensitive materials. This ensures trust between the architect and their clients and
prevents misuse of information.

5. Fair Treatment and Non-Discrimination

- Architects should treat all individuals with fairness and respect, regardless of race,
gender, age, religion, nationality, disability, or other protected characteristics.
- They must ensure that their practice is inclusive and avoids any discriminatory
practices in their designs or dealings with clients.
6. Environmental Responsibility
- Architects should be mindful of the environmental impact of their designs and strive to
incorporate sustainable practices, energy-efficient designs, and eco-friendly materials. - They
should advocate for sustainable development and the preservation of natural resources.

7. Professionalism and Collaboration

- Architects must collaborate with other professionals (engineers, contractors,
consultants) in a respectful and ethical manner, ensuring that the interests of clients are upheld
and that the work meets the highest professional standards.
- They should avoid unfair competition and should not undermine the reputation of other
professionals in the industry.

8. Conflict of Interest
- Architects must avoid situations where their personal interests conflict with their
professional duties. They should disclose any potential conflicts of interest and act in the best
interest of their clients and the public.

9. Client and Project Management

- Architects must ensure that their contracts with clients are clear and fair, with well-
defined terms regarding scope, deliverables, and compensation.
- They should keep clients informed about the progress of the project and any
challenges that arise.

10. Accountability and Transparency

- Architects should take responsibility for their work and decisions. They must also be
transparent about their design process and the challenges faced during the course of a project.
- They should be willing to admit mistakes, correct errors, and take corrective actions
when necessary.
 LEADERSHIP IN ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 2

Leadership in architecture involves guiding, influencing, and inspiring teams to create designs
that not only meet functional needs but also elevate the built environment. Architectural
leaders are responsible for shaping the vision, fostering collaboration, and driving innovation
within the field. This requires a mix of technical expertise, creativity, strategic thinking, and
interpersonal skills. Here’s a breakdown of what leadership in architecture entails:

1. Visionary Thinking

• Leaders in architecture set a clear vision for projects, ensuring alignment with
broader goals like sustainability, cultural relevance, and community impact.
• They anticipate future trends in design, technology, and urbanism to create
forward-thinking solutions.

2. Collaboration and Team Building

• Successful architectural projects depend on multidisciplinary collaboration,

involving engineers, urban planners, landscape designers, and stakeholders.
• Architectural leaders foster an inclusive environment where ideas are shared,
challenges are addressed, and innovation thrives.

3. Client and Stakeholder Engagement

• Architects act as mediators between clients, communities, and regulatory

bodies.
• Effective leaders translate client needs into design solutions while balancing
aesthetic, environmental, and functional considerations.

4. Sustainability and Ethical Responsibility

• Modern architectural leadership prioritizes sustainability, minimizing

environmental impact through green building practices and materials.
• Leaders advocate for ethical practices, ensuring equitable access to well-
designed spaces.

5. Adaptability in Technology

• With rapid advancements in tools like BIM (Building Information Modeling),

parametric design, and AI, architectural leaders embrace technology to enhance design
efficiency and precision.
• They guide teams in adopting and integrating these technologies into
workflows.
6. Mentorship and Professional Development

• Architectural leaders nurture the growth of younger professionals by sharing

knowledge, offering guidance, and encouraging continuous learning.
• They cultivate future leaders by delegating responsibilities and fostering a
culture of empowerment.

7. Balancing Creativity and Pragmatism

• Leadership in architecture requires balancing bold creative ideas with the

practical constraints of budget, time, and constructability.
• Leaders maintain a firm grasp of the technical and regulatory aspects to ensure
feasibility.

8. Resilience and Problem Solving

• Architectural leaders face challenges such as tight deadlines, complex design

constraints, and evolving client demands.
• They remain calm under pressure and guide teams toward effective solutions.

9. Advocacy and Public Impact

• Architectural leaders advocate for the value of design in creating better cities,
enhancing quality of life, and addressing global challenges like urbanization and climate
change.
• They engage in thought leadership by contributing to public discourse through
writing, lectures, or participation in professional organizations.

Examples of Leadership in Action:

• Architectural Visionaries: Frank Lloyd Wright's organic architecture or Zaha

Hadid's fluid forms demonstrate bold vision.
• Sustainability Champions: Bjarke Ingels leads innovative sustainable
designs, like the Copenhagen power plant with a ski slope.
• Community Advocates: Shigeru Ban's work with disaster-
relief architecture shows leadership in addressing societal needs.
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 545 RESEARCH
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 2

Republic Act No. 545: An Overview

Republic Act No. 545, titled “An Act to Regulate the Practice of Architecture in the Philippines,”
is a pivotal piece of legislation that governs the professional practice of architecture in the
Philippines. Initially enacted in 1950 and later amended, the law ensures that architectural
services are performed by qualified, licensed professionals. Below is a detailed discussion of
its provisions, purpose, and implications.

1. Purpose of RA 545

The primary objectives of RA 545 are:

• Professional Regulation: To regulate the practice of architecture and protect the public
from unqualified practitioners.

• Promote Competence: To ensure that architects are properly educated, trained, and
licensed to design structures that meet safety, aesthetic, and functional standards.

• Ethics and Integrity: To establish a code of conduct for architects and uphold ethical
practices in the profession.

• Public Safety: To safeguard the public by ensuring that only competent professionals
undertake architectural projects.

2. Key Provisions

RA 545 outlines the following key elements:

A. Definition of the Practice of Architecture

The law defines the scope of architectural practice to include:

• Design, planning, and supervision of building construction.

• Preparation of architectural plans, specifications, and estimates.

• Consultation, research, and technical services related to architecture.

B. Licensing and Registration

1. Qualifications for Architects:

• Must be a Filipino citizen.

• At least 21 years of age.

• Graduate of a recognized architectural program.

• Pass the licensure examination administered by the Professional Regulation

Commission (PRC).

2. Licensure Examination:

• The Board of Architecture conducts the examination covering architectural design,

planning, and related technical subjects.

• Only successful examinees are registered and granted licenses to practice.

C. Role of the Board of Architecture

• The Board supervises the practice of architecture and ensures compliance with the
law.

• It sets the standards for education, examination, and practice.

• The Board has the authority to revoke or suspend licenses for violations of RA 545 or
unethical practices.

D. Exclusivity of Practice

• Only registered and licensed architects are allowed to use the title “Architect” and
practice architecture.
• Unauthorized practice by unlicensed individuals is punishable under the law.

E. Architectural Ethics

• Architects must uphold integrity, public welfare, and professional responsibility.

• The law emphasizes fair competition and prohibits malpractices such as plagiarism
and misrepresentation.

3. Penalties and Violations

RA 545 imposes penalties for violations, including:

• Practicing architecture without a license.

• Misrepresentation or falsification of documents related to architectural practice.

• Non-compliance with safety, building codes, or other legal requirements.

Penalties include fines, imprisonment, or both, depending on the severity of the violation.

4. Amendments and Updates

RA 545 was later amended by Republic Act No. 9266, known as the “Architecture Act of 2004.”
Key updates include:

• Modernizing the scope of the practice to reflect advancements in technology and

construction methods.

• Strengthening penalties for unauthorized practice and ethical violations.

• Enhancing the role of the Board of Architecture to adapt to global standards.

5. Significance and Implications

RA 545 plays a crucial role in shaping the architecture profession in the Philippines by:

• Protecting public interest through stringent regulation of architectural services.

• Elevating the professional status of architects.

• Ensuring that structures are safe, functional, and aesthetically pleasing.

• Promoting the continuous development of Filipino architects to compete globally.

6. Impact on the Architecture Profession

RA 545, along with its amendments, establishes a clear framework for professional growth
and accountability in architecture. It serves as the foundation for maintaining the quality of
architectural services in the Philippines and aligning with international standards.
 ARCHITECTS NATIONAL CODE OF ETHICS RESEARCH
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 2

Architects National Code of Ethics, which provides a framework of principles and standards to
guide architects in their professional practice. This code can be adapted to specific national
contexts while reflecting universal values.

Architects National Code of Ethics

1. General Principles

1. Integrity and Honesty

Architects must conduct their professional activities with honesty, fairness, and integrity,
ensuring trustworthiness in all dealings.
2. Respect for the Public and Society
Architects should contribute to the welfare of society by creating designs that prioritize public
safety, health, and well-being while considering the cultural and social context.
3. Commitment to Sustainability
Architects are responsible for incorporating environmentally sustainable practices in their
work, aiming to reduce harm to the planet and promote long-term ecological balance.

2. Professional Responsibility

1. Client Interests
Architects must prioritize their clients’ needs and interests within the bounds of professional
responsibility, ensuring clear and honest communication.
2. Duty to the Profession
Promote the integrity and reputation of the architectural profession by upholding high
standards of conduct and discouraging unethical practices such as plagiarism,
misrepresentation, or bribery.
3. Competence and Learning
Continuously improve professional skills and knowledge, adapting to
advancements in technology, materials, and design methodologies.

3. Public and Environmental Responsibility

1. Social Equity
Designs should be inclusive, respecting and addressing the needs of diverse communities and
demographics.
2. Safety and Accessibility
Ensure designs meet or exceed safety standards and are accessible to all individuals,
including those with disabilities.
 3. Sustainability
Commit to reducing the environmental impact of designs by using sustainable materials,
energy-efficient systems, and green building practices.

4. Relationships with Colleagues

1. Collaboration
Foster a spirit of collaboration, respect, and teamwork within the profession and with related
disciplines.
2. Fair Competition
Engage in fair and respectful competition, avoiding practices that undermine others in the
profession.
3. Mentorship and Support
Support the development of emerging architects by sharing knowledge, offering mentorship,
and promoting professional growth.

5. Compliance with Laws and Standards

1. Legal Adherence
Architects must comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and codes governing architectural
practice.
2. Conflict of Interest
Disclose any conflicts of interest and avoid situations where personal interests could
compromise professional judgment.
3. Intellectual Property
Respect intellectual property rights by appropriately crediting original creators and not
misusing proprietary work.

6. Accountability and Enforcement

1. Accountability to Clients and Society

Accept responsibility for the outcomes of professional decisions and actions, whether for
private clients or public projects.
2. Ethical Reporting
Report unethical behavior or practices that jeopardize public safety, violate laws, or
compromise the profession’s integrity.
3. Disciplinary Action
Accept disciplinary measures for violations of this code, ensuring consistency and fairness in
upholding ethical standards.
 THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 2

The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines is officially known as Republic Act No. 8293,
enacted on June 6, 1997, and took effect on January 1, 1998. It is the principal law governing
intellectual property rights (IPR) in the Philippines. This law establishes the framework for the
protection, enforcement, and administration of intellectual property rights in the country.
RA 8293 protects the following:
1. Copyrights: Literary, artistic, and derivative works (e.g., books, music, films, software).

2. Trademarks: Logos, symbols, or names distinguishing goods or services.

3. Patents: Inventions, utility models, and industrial designs.

4. Trade Secrets: Confidential business information.

5. Layout Designs: Integrated circuit designs.

6. Geographical Indications: Products linked to specific locations.

It ensures creators, inventors, and brand owners have exclusive rights to their work.

What is the main function of IPO?

The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293) functions
as a comprehensive legal framework to protect and enforce intellectual property rights
(IPRs) in the Philippines. It supports innovation, creativity, and fair competition by defining
rights, responsibilities, and enforcement mechanisms for various forms of intellectual property.

Functions of the Intellectual Property Code

1. Establishes Legal Protection for Intellectual Property

o Protects the rights of creators, inventors, and brand owners over their
intellectual creations, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets,
industrial designs, and more.

2. Promotes Innovation and Creativity

o Encourages individuals and businesses to develop new ideas, inventions, and

creative works by providing legal assurance that their efforts will be
safeguarded.

3. Defines and Regulates IP Rights

o Specifies the scope, duration, and limitations of various intellectual property

rights, ensuring clarity and legal certainty.

4. Provides Mechanisms for IP Registration

o Streamlines the process for securing patents, trademarks, copyrights, and

other IP rights through the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines
(IPOPHL).
 5. Facilitates Enforcement of IP Rights

o Establishes procedures to address infringement, counterfeiting, and piracy,

including remedies such as injunctions, damages, and penalties.

6. Promotes Fair Competition

o Prevents unauthorized use or imitation of intellectual property, ensuring

businesses can compete fairly in the marketplace.

7. Aligns Philippine IP Laws with International Standards

o Complies with global treaties and agreements, such as the TRIPS Agreement
(TradeRelated Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), fostering international
cooperation and trade.

8. Supports Economic Growth

o Enhances the commercialization of intellectual property, attracting investment

and contributing to the development of knowledge-based industries.

9. Encourages Technology Transfer

o Regulates licensing and technology transfer agreements to ensure equitable

benefits for all parties involved.

10. Safeguards Moral and Economic Rights

o Protects creators' moral rights (e.g., attribution and integrity of their work) and
ensures they benefit financially from their creations.
By balancing the interests of rights holders, consumers, and society, the Intellectual
Property Code helps foster a culture of respect for intellectual property while promoting
sustainable economic development. Organizational Structure of IPOPHL
1. Director General (DG)

• The top official responsible for the overall management and operations of IPOPHL.
• Ensures the implementation of IP laws, policies, and programs.

2. Deputy Director Generals (DDG)

• Two deputies assist the Director General in managing the office:

o DDG for Operations: Focuses on IP registrations, grants, and services.
o DDG for Administration and Support Services: Oversees administrative
functions, HR, and logistics.
3. Bureaus under IPOPHL

Each bureau specializes in specific areas of intellectual property protection

and enforcement: a. Bureau of Patents (BOP)
• Handles applications and grants of patents, utility models, and industrial designs.
b. Bureau of Trademarks (BOT)
 • Oversees the registration of trademarks and service marks.
c. Bureau of Copyright and Related Rights (BCRR)

• Administers copyright registration and ensures protection for creators.

d. Bureau of Legal Affairs (BLA)

• Resolves IP disputes and conducts mediation.

• Handles complaints, oppositions, and cancellations related to IP rights.
e. Documentation, Information, and Technology Transfer Bureau (DITTB)

• Provides IP information and manages databases.

• Promotes technology transfer and assists in commercializing innovations.
f. Bureau of Innovation and Business Development (BIBD)

• Promotes the use of IP for business growth and innovation.

• Conducts outreach programs and supports startups and MSMEs.
4. IP Rights Enforcement Office (IEO)

• Responsible for enforcement and anti-counterfeiting activities.

• Works with law enforcement agencies to combat IP violations.
5. Administrative, Financial, and Support Units

• Administrative Services Division: Manages HR, logistics, and general office

administration.
• Financial Management Division: Handles the budget, accounting, and financial
operations.
6. Regional and Satellite Offices

• Ensures accessibility of IPOPHL services across the Philippines through regional

branches and satellite offices.
7. IP Academy

• A specialized unit that provides training and education on intellectual property laws,
rights, and management.
RIGHTS OF PATENTEES

Rights Conferred by Patent. - 71.1. A patent shall confer on its owner the following
exclusive rights:

(a) Where the subject matter of a patent is a product, to restrain, prohibit and prevent any
unauthorized person or entity from making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing that
product;

(b) Where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to restrain, prevent or prohibit any
unauthorized person or entity from using the process, and from manufacturing, dealing in,
using, selling or offering for sale, or importing any product obtained directly or indirectly from
such process.
71.2. Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession the
patent, and to conclude licensing contracts for the same.

OWNERSHIP COPYRIGHT

Subject to the provisions of this section, in the case of original literary and artistic
works, copyright shall belong to the author of the work;

Joint authorship works have co-authors as original copyright owners, governed by co-
ownership rules if no agreement exists. If parts can be used separately, each author owns the
copyright in their part.

In the case of work created by an author during and in the course of his employment,
the copyright shall belong to:

(a) The employee, if the creation of the object of copyright is not a part of his regular duties
even if the employee uses the time, facilities and materials of the employer.

(b) The employer, if the work is the result of the performance of his regularly-assigned
duties, unless there is an agreement, express or implied, to the contrary.
If commissioned work, The copyright belongs to the creator, even though the
commissioning party owns the work, unless there is a written agreement that states otherwise.

Audiovisual work copyright belongs to the producer, scenario author, music composer,
film director, and adapted work. Producers can exercise copyright for exhibition, except for
collecting performing license fees for incorporated musical compositions.

INFRINGEMENT

• Criminal Penalties. - 217.1. Any person infringing any right secured by provisions
of Part
IV of this
Act or aiding or abetting such infringement shall be guilty of a crime
punishable by:

• (a) Imprisonment of one (1) year to three (3) years plus a fine ranging from Fifty
thousand pesos
(P50,000) to One hundred fifty thousand pesos (P150,000) for the first
offense.

• (b) Imprisonment of three (3) years and one (1) day to six (6) years plus a fine
ranging from One
 hundred fifty thousand pesos (P150,000) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000) for the second offense.

• (c) Imprisonment of six (6) years and one (1) day to nine (9) years plus a fine
ranging from five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000) to One million five hundred thousand pesos
(P1,500,000) for the
third and subsequent offenses.

CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

The Civil Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 386), enacted in 1949, is the
primary legal framework for private law in the country. It regulates matters such as persons,
family relations, property, obligations, contracts, and succession. The Code is divided into four
books:

1. Persons – covers legal status, citizenship, and family relations.

2. Property – governs ownership, possession, and use of property.

3. Modes of Acquiring Ownership – discusses ways to acquire property, including

contracts and inheritance.

4. Obligations and Contracts – regulates agreements, rights, and duties in

relationships.

HISTORY OF CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Influenced by the Spanish ‘Codigo Civil’, which first enforced in 1889 in the
Philippines.
• Remain effective until American occupation.
• In 1947, Pres. Roxas created a new Code Commission.
• The final draft was completed by December 1947.
• It was submitted in the congress which enacted in into law through Republic Act
386.
• Enacted and signed in June 18, 1949
• The code took effect in 1950

ARTICLE 32: 6 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

1. Right to Equality: Guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the
laws.

2. Right to freedom: Includes the freedom of speech and expression, assembly,

association, movement, residence, and profession.
3. Right Against Exploitation: Prohibits human trafficking, forced labor, and child labor

4. Right to Freedom of Religion: Ensures freedom of conscience and the right to

practice, profess, and propagate any religion.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights: Protects the rights of cultural, religious, and
linguistic minorities.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies: Allows individuals to approach the courts to

enforce their fundamental rights.