LAB MANUAL

ECB 1132 – ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY

II – Semester B.E.
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Ex. Page Faculty
Date Name of the Experiment Marks
No. No. Sign

Vision, Mission, PEO’s, PO’s and PSO’s

Instructions to Students

List of Experiments

CO – PO’s / PSO’s mapping

10

Average Mark

Faculty Signature with date

Content beyond the syllabus (Additional experiments)

Ex. Page Faculty

Date Name of the Experiment Marks
No. No. Sign
 Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision

To emerge as a leader among the top institutions in the field of technical education.

Mission

1. Produce smart technocrats with empirical knowledge who can surmount the global challenges.

2. Create a diverse, fully-engaged, learner-centric campus environment to provide quality

education to the students.

3. Maintain mutually beneficial partnerships with our alumni, industry and professional

associations.

Vision and Mission of the Department

Vision

To empower the Electronics and Communication Engineering students with emerging

technologies, professionalism, innovative research and social responsibility.

Mission

1. Attain the academic excellence through innovative teaching learning process, research areas &

laboratories and Consultancy projects.

2. Inculcate the students in problem solving and lifelong learning ability.

3. Provide entrepreneurial skills and leadership qualities.

4. Render the technical knowledge and industrial skills of faculty members.

 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO1:
Core Competence: Graduate will have successful career in academia or industry
associated with Electronics and Communication Engineering.

PEO 2:

Professionalism: Graduates will provide feasible solution for challenging problems

through comprehensive research and innovation in the allied areas of Electronics and
Communication Engineering.

PEO 3:

Lifelong Learning: Graduates will contribute to the social needs through lifelong learning,
practicing professional ethics and leadership quality.

Program Outcomes (POs)

PO 1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO 2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO 3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

PO 4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO 5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
 PO 6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.

PO 7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.

PO 8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

PO 9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO 10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

PO 11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO 12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1:

Applying knowledge in various areas, like Electronics, Communications, Signal

processing, VLSI, Embedded systems etc., in the design and implementation of
Engineeringapplication.

PSO2:

Able to solve complex problems in Electronics and Communication Engineering with

analytical and managerial skills either independently or in team using latest hardware and software
tools to fulfil the industrial expectations.
Instructions to Students

1. Do not handle any equipment without reading the instructions /Instruction manuals.
2. Observe type of sockets of equipment power to avoid mechanical damage.
3. Do not insert connectors forcefully in the sockets.
4. Strictly observe the instructions given by the Teacher/ Lab Instructor.
5. After the experiment is over, the students must hand over the Bread board, Trainer kits,
wires, CRO probes and other components to the lab assistant/teacher.
6. It is mandatory to come to lab in a formal dress (Shirts, Trousers, ID card, and Shoes for
boys). Strictly no Jeans for both Girls and Boys.
7. It is mandatory to come with observation book and lab record in which previous
experiment should be written in Record and the present lab’s experiment in Observation
book.
8. Observation book of the present lab experiment should be get corrected on the same day
and Record should be corrected on the next scheduled lab session.
9. Mobile Phones should be Switched OFF in the lab session.
10. Students have to come to lab in-time. Late comers are not allowed to enter the lab.
11. Prepare for the viva questions. At the end of the experiment, the lab faculty will ask the
viva questions and marks are allotted accordingly.
12. Bring all the required stationery like graph sheets, pencil & eraser, different color pens
etc. for the lab class.
13. While shorting 2 or more wires for common connections like grounding, do not twist
wires. Use shorting link on the bread board.
 ECB1132 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

[Link] Experiment Name CO’s

1 Q point and stability analysis of BJT. CO1
2 Biasing techniques for BJT CO1
3 Design of Voltage Feedback Amplifiers CO2
4 Design of Current Feedback Amplifiers CO2
5 Design of RC Oscillators CO3
6 Design of LC Oscillators CO3
7 Design of Linear Amplifier CO4
8 Frequency response analysis of Common Emitter Amplifier CO4
9 Design of Class B Power Amplifier CO5
10 Design of Class AB Power Amplifier CO5
11 Additional Experiments: Design of Multivibrators

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes and program specific outcomes

P PSO’s
Course outcomes O
’s

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
CO 1 -Make use of Bipolar Junction
Transistors for their stability and biasing
techniques analysis.
CO2 - Design the different feedback
amplifier circuits using Bipolar Junction
Transistors
CO3 -Design different oscillators using
Bipolar Junction Transistors
CO4-Design different single stage
amplifiers circuit using Bipolar Junction
Transistors
CO5-Determine the frequency response
of the Power Amplifier Circuits using
Bipolar Junction Transistors
CO Average
 Periods/Week C
Course Code Course Title Sem Cate gory
L T P S
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
ECB1132 II PC 0 0 2 0 1
LABORATORY
Electric Circuits and Electron Devices Course
Pre-requisite Practical Learning Level BTL4
Laboratory Type
Course Objectives:
To make the student to acquire practical with the biasing, design and different applications of Bipolar Junction
Transistors
Course Outcomes:
Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to:
CO Course Outcomes
CO1 Make use of Bipolar Junction Transistors for their stability and biasing techniques analysis.
CO2 Design the different feedback amplifier circuits using Bipolar Junction Transistors
CO3 Design different oscillators using Bipolar Junction Transistors
CO4 Design different single stage amplifiers circuit using Bipolar Junction Transistors
CO5 Determine the frequency response of the Power Amplifier Circuits using Bipolar Junction Transistors

Syllabus
List of Experiments / Exercises:
1 Q point and stability analysis of BJT.
2 Biasing techniques for BJT
3 Design of Voltage Feedback Amplifiers
4 Design of Current Feedback Amplifiers
5 Design of RC Oscillators
6 Design of LC Oscillators
7 Design of Linear Amplifier
8 Frequency response analysis of Common Emitter Amplifier
9 Design of Class BPower Amplifier
10 Design of Class AB Power Amplifier
Additional Experiments / Exercises:
11 Design of Multivibrators
Total Hours 30
Learning Resources:
1 K. A. Navas, Electronics Lab Manual: VOLUME 2, 6thEdition, PHI Learning, 2015.
2 FarzinAsadi, Electric Circuits Laboratory Manual, 1st Edition, Springer Cham, 2023.
3 Herbert W. Jackson, Introduction to Electric Circuits Lab Manual, 9th Edition, OUP Canada, 2012.
Bread Board- INTERNAL STRUCTURE
 GLIMPSE ON BREAD BOARD
BREAD BOARD:

Figure below shows a common breadboard with internal connections.

The breadboard is typically a white piece of plastic with lots of tiny little holes
in it. You stick wires and component leads into the holes to make circuits. Some of
the holes are already electrically connected with each other. The holes are 0.1 inch
apart, which is the standard spacing for leads on integrated circuit dual in-line
packages.

A few words of caution regarding the use of the breadboard:

 Keep the power off when wiring the circuit.
 Do not strip more insulation off of the wires used than is necessary. This
can cause wires that are logically at different levels to accidentally touch
each other. This creates a short circuit.
 Do not push the wires too far into each hole in the breadboard as this
can cause two different problems.
 The wire can be pushed so far that only the insulation of the wire comes
into contact with the breadboard, causing an open circuit.
 Too much wire is pushed into the hole; it curls under and ends up
touching another component at a different logical level. This causes a
short circuit.
 Use the longer outer rows for +5V on one side and ground on the other
side. 
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATION

RB RC VCE IC
Exp No : Q point and stability Analysis of BJT
Date:
AIM
To adjust the Q point (quiescent point) of a transistor amplifier circuit to a
desired operating point using appropriate biasing techniques.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
[Link]. Name Range Quantity
1. Transistor BC107 1
2. Resistor 1 Each
Regulated power
3. (0-30)V 1
supply
Ammeter,Voltmeter,
4. 1
Multimeter
5. CRO 1Hz – 30MHz 1
6. Bread Board 1
7. Capacitor 0.1 µF 3

THEORY
1. Transistor Biasing: Transistors, especially Bipolar Junction
Transistors (BJTs), require proper biasing to operate in their active
region. Biasing involves setting up the DC operating point of the
transistor to ensure it remains in the desired region of its characteristic
curves for linear amplification. The most common biasing configuration
for a transistor amplifier is the common emitter configuration.
2. Q Point: The Q point is the operating point of the transistor when no
input signal is applied. It represents the DC bias conditions of the
transistor circuit. In amplifier circuits, the Q point should be set at a
specific location on the transistor's characteristic curves (load line) to
ensure optimal linearity and gain without distortion.
3. DC Load Line: The DC load line represents all possible DC
operating points (Q points) for the transistor. It is obtained by plotting
the transistor's collector current versus collector-emitter voltage for
various base currents. The Q point should ideally lie at the center of the
load line to provide maximum signal swing without distortion.
4. Adjusting Q Point: To adjust the Q point, biasing resistors in the
transistor amplifier circuit are modified. These resistors determine the
base bias voltage and current, which in turn affects the transistor's
operating point. By changing the values of these resistors, the bias
conditions can be adjusted to move the Q point along the DC load line to
the desired location.
5. Desired Operating Point: The desired Q point depends on the
specific requirements of the amplifier circuit. Factors such as desired
collector current, maximum swing of the output signal, and linearity
considerations influence the choice of the operating point. Typically, the
Q point is chosen to provide sufficient signal amplification while
avoiding distortion and ensuring the transistor remains in its active
region.
6. Iteration and Verification: Adjustments to the biasing resistors are
made iteratively while monitoring the Q point's location on the DC load
line. Multimeter measurements of collector current and voltage are used
to verify the Q point's position. Additionally, functional testing using
input signals and observing output waveforms ensures proper amplifier
operation at the adjusted Q point.
PROCEDURE
Procedure:

1. Setup Circuit: Construct a transistor amplifier circuit on the breadboard.

This typically involves connecting the transistor in a common emitter
configuration with appropriate biasing resistors.

2. Initial Biasing: Set up initial biasing resistors based on calculations or

circuit design. This will give you an initial Q point, which might not be at
the desired operating point.

3. Apply Power: Connect the power supply to the circuit and turn it on. Ensure
the voltage and current settings are appropriate to avoid damaging the
components.

4. Measure Q Point: Use a multimeter to measure the voltage at the collector

and emitter of the transistor. This gives you the current operating point (Q
point) on the DC load line.

5. Adjust Biasing: If the measured Q point is not at the desired location on the
load line, adjust the biasing resistors accordingly. This might involve
changing resistor values or their connections in the circuit.

6. Iterate: Repeat steps 3 to 5 until the Q point is at the desired location. This
might involve making small adjustments to the biasing resistors each time.

7. Verify Operation: Once the Q point is adjusted, verify the operation of the
circuit. You can use an oscilloscope or function generator to apply an input
signal and observe the output waveform.

8. Finalize Setup: Once satisfied with the Q point adjustment and circuit
operation, finalize the setup by securing the components and wiring on the
breadboard.

RESULT
Thus, The fixed bias circuit is designed and analyzed for different Q points.
 Exp No: 2 BIASING TECHNIQUES USING BJT
(FIXED BIAS AMPLIFIER)
Date:

AIM:

To construct a fixed bias amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link]. Name Range Quantity

1. Transistor BC107 1
2. Resistor 100 kΩ,2.2KΩ 1
3. Capacitor 2.2µ F 1
4. Regulated power supply (0-30)V 1
5. Signal Generator (0-3)MHz 1
6. CRO 30 MHz 1
7. Bread Board 1

THEORY:

In order to operate the transistor in the desired region, we have to apply an external
dc voltage of correct polarity and magnitude to the two junctions of the transistor. This is
called biasing of the transistor. When we bias a transistor, we establish certain current and
voltage conditions for the transistor. These conditions are called operating conditions or
dc operating point or quiescent point. This point must be stable for proper operation of
transistor. An important and common type of biasing is called Fixed Biasing. The circuit is
very simple and uses only few components. But the circuit does not check the collector
current which increases with the rise in temperature.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH:
DESIGN

Capacitor:
F = (1/2π)hieC1
Take F = 100Hz and hie = 1KΩ_
C1 = 1/ (2π X 1KΩ X 100) =?

Resistor:
Choose β = 200, Vcc = 10v, Ic = 2 mA, Rc =100kΩ

By applying KVL to the Input side,

Vcc – Ib Rb – Vbe = 0
Ib = Ic/ β = 2mA/200 = 10μA ,
Rb= (Vcc – Vbe )/ Ib, Rb =

By applying KVL to output side,

Vcc – IcRc – Vce = 0
Vcc = IcRc – Vce
Vce=

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set Vi =50 mv, using the signal generator.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0 Hz to
1M Hz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.

4. Plot the graph for Gain (dB) VS Frequency (Hz).

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.
TABULATION:
Keep the input voltage constant, Vin =

Frequency (in Hz) Output Voltage (in volts) Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (in dB)

CALCULATION:

OUTPUT:

1. Gain
2. Bandwidth
3. Gain Bandwidth Product

4
Viva Questions:

1. What are the requirements for biasing circuits?

 The Q-point must be taken at the Centre of the active region of the
output characteristics.
 Stabilize the collector current against the temperature variations.
 Make the q point independent of the transistor parameters.
 When the transistor is replaced, it must be of same type.
 Emitter diode should be forward bias and collector diode should be reverse biased.
 There should be a zero-signal collector current.

2. Explain about the characteristics of a transistor?

 Input characteristics: It is drawn between input voltage & input current while keeping
output voltage as a constant.
 Output characteristics: It is drawn between the output voltage &output current while
keeping input current as a constant.

3. What is an amplifier?

An amplifier is a device which produces a large electrical output of similar characteristics to that of
the input parameters.

4. What are transistors?

Transistors: Three terminal devices that can function as electronic switches or as signal amplifiers.
They are current operated devices with high input impedance and low output impedance. Since it
transfers current from a high to a low resistance region, it was named bipolar.

5. What is Biasing?

In order to operate transistor in the desired region we have to apply external dc voltages of correct
polarity and magnitude at the two junctions of the transistor.

6. Why the BJT is called as current controlled device?

BJT is a current controlled device because the output characteristics of BJT are determined by the
input current. In a p-n junction i.e base-emitter junction in BJT the change in voltage (Vbe) is
produced only after the change in base current.

7. Why BJT is called bipolar?

The transistor action is due to the movement of both electrons and holes. So, it is called bipolar. But
in FET devices there is only one polarity (either e or p). So, they are called unipolar.

5
8. What are the three regions of a transistor?

A BJT consists of three differently doped semiconductor regions: the emitter region, the base
region and the collector region. These regions are, respectively, p type, n type and p type in a PNP
transistor, and n type, p type and n type in an NPN transistor.

9. Define –Stability Factor

Stability factor is defined as the rate of change of collector current IC with respect to the
collector base leakage current ICBO keeping both VBE and the current gain βconstant.
Sʹ=𝜕𝐼𝑐𝜕𝐼𝑐𝑜, withβ,VBE constant
Stability factor indicate the degree of change in operating point due to variation in
temperature. Sʹ = 𝜕𝐼𝑐𝜕𝑉𝐵𝐸, with β, ICO constant Sʹʹ=𝜕𝐼𝑐𝜕𝛽|, with VBE,ICO constant

10. Why do you fix the operating point in the middle of the dc load line?

In order to get the faithful amplification of the signals, operating point had to be fixed in the
middle of the dc load line.

RESULT:

Thus the fixed bias amplifier circuit was constructed and the frequency response characteristics were
plotted.

6
[Link].3
DESIGN OF VOLTAGE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
Date:

Aim:

To design and test the voltage shunt feedback amplifier and calculate the following
parameter with a n d without feedback.

1. Bandwidth
2. Cutoff frequencies

Apparatus Required:

[Link] Name of the component Range Quantity

1 Transistor BC107 1

2 Resistors 56kΩ,12kΩ, 2.2kΩ,470Ω 1,1,1,1

3 Capacitors 2.2µf,47µf 2,1

4 Power supply (0-30)V 1

5 Function generator (0- 1

3)MHz
6 CRO (0-30)MHz 1

7 Bread board - 1

8 Connecting wires Single stand wire As required

Theory:
In voltage shunt feedback amplifier, the feedback signal voltage is given to the base of the
transistor in shunt through the base resistor RB. This shunt connection tends to decrease the input
resistance and the voltage feedback tends to decrease the output resistance. In the circuit RB
appears directly across the input base terminal and output collector terminal. A part of output is
feedback to input through RB and increase in IC decreases IB. Thus negative feedback exists in
the circuit. So this circuit is also called voltage feedback bias circuit. This feedback amplifier is
known a trans resistance amplifier. It amplifies the input current to required voltage levels. The
feedback path consists of a resistor and a capacitor.
Block Diagram:

WITHOUT FEEDBACK

WITH FEEDBACK:
Design:

Assumptions: VCC = 10v, VE = VCC/10 = 1V, VCE = VCC / 2 = 5; RL = 100Ω,

fL=1KHz. Since IB is very small compare with Ic , IE ~ Ic = 2mA, AV = 30; hfe= 120, S
=5, hie=1.56 KΩ, Rleff= 234Ω, RB1 = 56K Ω, RB2 =12K Ω,D=29

1. Calculation of RE:

RE = VE / IE = 500 Ω=470Ω

VB = VCC.RB1 / RB1 + RB2

VB = 1.3V

2. Calculation of RC :

Vcc= IcRc+ VCE + IERE

IC IE

Rc= 2KΩ=2.2K Ω

3. Calculation of RB:

RB = RB1 RB2

RB1 = 56K Ω

RB2 =12K Ω

RB = 9.88K

4. Calculation of Input impedance Zi :

ZI = hie RB

ZI = 1.34K Ω

5. Calculation of Output impedance Z0 :

Z0 = Rc=2K Ω
Model Graph:

Procedure:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the input voltage to a fixed value. Measure the output voltages for the various input
Frequencies.
Calculate the voltage gain in dB for each input frequency.
3. Plot the Graph: Frequency in Hz Vs Gain in [Link] the amplifier with feedback..
4. Then the feedback element i.e. feedback resistor and capacitor is removed to get the circuit
without feedback.
5. The Steps (1, 2, and 3) are repeated for the amplifier without feedback.

Tabulation / Observation:

WITHOUT FEEDBACK: Vin =

[Link] Frequency( HZ) Output Voltage in Volts Voltage gain Voltage gain in dB
WITH FEEDBACK: Vin =

[Link] Frequency in HZ Output Voltage in Volts Voltage gain Voltage gain in dB

Calculations:

Result:

Thus the frequency response characteristics of voltage shunt feedback amplifier were obtained

With Feedback Without Feedback

Lower cutoff Frequency f L

Upper cutoff Frequency f H

Bandwidth
Viva Questions:

1. Define voltage shunt feedback.

A fraction of output voltage is supplied in parallel with the input voltage through the
feedback network. The feedback signal is proportional to the output voltage

2. L i s t the properties of negative feedback.

[Link] feedback reduces the gain ii. Distortion is very much reduced

3. L i s t the components of feedback amplifier?

The components
are i. sampling
network,
ii. Feedback network,
and iii. mixer network.

4. S h o w the expression for input and output resistance of voltage series feedback
Amplifier.
Input resistance with feedback, Rif = Ri/(1+βA)
Output resistance with feedback, Rof =
Ro/(1+βA)

5. List the characteristics of feedback amplifier?

Desensitivity
Nonlinear
distortion Noise
distortion
Frequency
distortion
[Link].4
DESIGN OF CURRENT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
Date:

Aim:

To design and test the current series feedback amplifier and calculate the following parameter
with & without feedback.

1. Bandwidth
2. Cutoff frequencies

Apparatus Required:

[Link] Name of the component Range Quantity

1 Transistor BC107 1

2 Resistors 56kΩ,12kΩ, 2.2kΩ,470Ω 1,1,1,1

3 Capacitors 2.2µf,47µf 2,1

4 Power supply (0-30)V 1

5 Function generator (0- 1

3)MHz
6 CRO (0-30)MHz 1

7 Bread board - 1

8 Connecting wires Single stand wire As required

Theory:
The current series feedback amplifier is characterized by having shunt sampling and series
mixing. In amplifiers, there is a sampling network, which samples the output and gives to the feedback
network. The feedback signal is mixed with input signal by either shunt or series mixing technique.
Due to shunt sampling the output resistance increases by a factor of ‘D’ and the input resistance is also
increased by the same factor due to series mixing. This is basically transconductance amplifier. Its
input is voltage which is amplified as current.
 Block Diagram:

WITHOUT FEEDBACK

WITH FEEDBACK:
Design:

Assumptions: VCC = 10v, VE = VCC/10 = 1V, VCE = VCC / 2 = 5; RL = 100Ω, fL=1KHz.

Since IB is very small compare with Ic , IE ~ Ic = 2mA, AV = 30; hfe= 120,S =5, hie=1.56 KΩ,
Rleff= 234Ω, RB1 =
56K Ω, RB2 =12K Ω,D=29

1. Calculation of RE:

RE = VE / IE = 500 Ω=470Ω

VB = VCC.RB1 / RB1 + RB2

VB = 1.3V

2. Calculation of RC :

Vcc= IcR c+ VCE + IERE

IC IE

Rc= 2KΩ=2.2K Ω

3. Calculation of RB:

RB = R B1 RB2

RB1 = 56K Ω

RB2 =12K Ω

RB = 9.88K

4. Calculation of Input impedance Zi :

ZI = hie RB

ZI = 1.34K Ω

5. Calculation of Output impedance Z0 :

Z0 = Rc=2K Ω
Model Graph:

Procedure:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the input voltage to a fixed value. Measure the output voltages for the various input
frequencies .Calculate the voltage gain in dB for each input frequency
3. Plot the Graph: Frequency in Hz Vs Gain in dB for the amplifier with feedback.

4. Then the feedback element i.e. feedback resistor and capacitor is removed to get the circuit
without feedback.
5. The Steps (1, 2, and 3) are repeated for the amplifier without feedback.

Tabulation / Observation:
WITHOUT FEEDBACK: Vin =

[Link] Frequency in HZ Output Voltage in Volts Voltage gain Voltage gain in dB

WITH FEEDBACK: Vin =

[Link] Frequency in HZ Output Voltage in Volts Voltage gain Voltage gain in dB

Calculations:

Result:

Thus the frequency response characteristics of current series feedback amplifier were
obtained.

With Feedback Without Feedback

Lower cutoff Frequency fL

Upper cutoff Frequency fH

Bandwidth
Viva Questions:
1. Define feedback?

A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined
with the normal input signal. This is known as feedback.

2. Define positive feedback?

If the feedback signal is in phase with input signal, then the net effect of the feedback will
increase the input signal given to the amplifier. This type of feedback is said to be positive
or regenerative feedback.

3. Define negative feedback?

If the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal then the input voltage applied
to the basic amplifier is decreased and correspondingly the output is decreased. This type
of feedback is known as negative or degenerative feedback.

4. Define sensitivity?

Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of percentage change in voltage gain with

feedback to the percentage change in voltage gain without feedback.

5. What are the types of feedback?

[Link]-series feedback ii. Voltage-shunt series [Link]- series feedback
[Link]- shunt feedback

6. Define current series feedback.

A fraction of output current is supplied in series with the input current through the
feedback network. The feedback signal is proportional to the output current.

7. What is the disadvantage of introducing negative feedback amplifier.

Negative feedback reduces the gain of the amplifier.

8. Write the expression for input and output resistance of current series feedback
Amplifier.
Input resistance with feedback,
Rif = Ri(1+βA) Output resistance with
feedback, Rof = Ro(1+βA)
[Link].5
RC Phase Shift Oscillator
Date:

Aim:

To design RC phase shift oscillator and compare the practical frequency

with theoretical frequency.

Apparatus Required:

[Link] Name of the component Range Quantity

1 Transistor BC107 1

2 Resistors 56kΩ,12kΩ, 2.2kΩ,470Ω, 6.8KΩ 1,1,1,1,3

3 Capacitors 0.01µf,47 µf 3,1

4 Power supply (0-30)V 1

5 CRO (0-30)MHz 1

6 Bread board - 1

7 Connecting wires Single stand wire As required

Theory:

In the RC phase shift oscillator, the required phase shift of 180˚ in the feedback loop
from the output to input is obtained by using R and C components, instead of tank circuit. Here a
common emitter amplifier is used in forward path followed by three sections of RC phase
network in the reverse path with the output of the last section being returned to the input of the
amplifier. The phase shift Ф is given by each RC section Ф=tanˉ1 (1/ωrc). In practice R-value is
adjusted such that Ф becomes 60˚. If the value of R and C are chosen such that the given
frequency for the phase shift of each RC section is 60˚. Therefore at a specific frequency the total
phase shift from base to transistor’s around circuit and back to base is exactly
360˚ or 0˚. Thus the Barkhausen criterion for oscillation is satisfied
Block Diagram:

Design:

Assumptions: VCC = 10v, VE = VCC/10 = 1V,

VCE = VCC / 2 = 5; RL = 100Ω, fL=1 KHz.

Since IB is very small compare with Ic , IE ~ Ic = 2mA,

AV = 30; hfe= 120, S =5,

hie=1.56 KΩ, Rleff= 234Ω,

RB1 = 56K Ω, RB2 =12K Ω, D=29

1. Calculation of RE:

RE = VE / IE = 500 Ω=470Ω

VB = VCC.RB1 / RB1 + RB2

VB = 1.3V

2. Calculation of RC :

Vcc= IcR c+ VCE + IER E

IC IE

Rc= 2KΩ=2.2K Ω
3. Design of Tank circuit:

Given frequency = 1KHZ and assume C = 0.01µF

Design Equation: Frequency f = 1 / (2пRC√6) => R = 6.8K Ω

Model Graph:

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.

Tabulation / Observation:

Designed Observed
[Link] Output voltage in Volts Time period (ms) frequency frequency
in in

(KHz) (KHz)
Calculations:

Result:

Thus the RC phase shift oscillator was constructed as per the design and the
. performance was verified.

Designed frequency = 1 KHz

Obtained frequency =
1. What are the different types of oscillators?
Sinusoidal oscillator
Relaxation oscillator
Negative resistance oscillator
Feedback oscillator
LC oscillator
RC Phase shift oscillator.

2. Define frequency oscillation.

When the signal level increases, the gain of the amplifier is decrease at
a particular value of output, the gain of the amplifier is reduced exactly equal
to 1/β then the output voltage remain constant at frequency is called frequency
oscillation.

3. Name two low frequency Oscillators

1 . RC phase shift.
2 . Wein bridge Oscillator

4. What is Barkhausan Criterion?

The conditions for oscillator to produce oscillation are given by
Barkhausan criterion. They are: (i). the total phase shift produced by the
circuit should be 3600 or 00 (ii).The Magnitude of loop gain must be greater
than or equal to 1. i.e. . 1≥ β‫׀‬. A‫׀‬

5. What is the application of RF phase shift oscillator?

It is used for amplification, phase shifting and oscillation.

6. What are the essential parts of an Oscillator?

i. Tank circuit (or) Oscillatory circuit.
ii. Amplifier (Transistor amplifier)
iii. Feedback Circuit

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of RC phase shift Oscillator?

Advantages
It is best suited for generating fixed frequency signals in the audio frequency
range.
Pure sine wave output is possible.
Disadvantages
It is ideal for frequency adjustment over a wide range
It requires a high β transistor to overcome losses in the network.
8. Give the expression for frequency of oscillation of a RC phase
shift oscillator.
f = 1 / (2пRC√6)
9. What is Oscillator circuit?
A circuit with an active device is used to produce an alternating current is
called an oscillator circuit.

10. How does an oscillator differ from an amplifier?

Oscillators:
They are self-generating circuits. They generate waveforms like sine, square and
triangular waveforms of their own. Without having input signal.
It has infinite gain
Oscillator uses positive feedback
Amplifiers:
They are not self-generating circuits. They need a signal at the input
and they just increase the level of the input waveform.
It has finite gain.
Amplifier uses negative feedback.
[Link].6
Colpitts Oscillator
Date:

Aim:

To design and construct a Colpitts oscillator for a given frequency.

Apparatus Required:

[Link] Name of the component Range Quantity

1 Transisto BC107 1
r
2 Resistors 56kΩ,12kΩ, 470Ω, 2.2kΩ 1,1,1,1

3 Capacitor 0.01µf,47 µf, 2.2 µf 2,1,2

s
4 Power supply (0-30)V 1

5 Inductor Box - 2

6 CRO (0- 1
30)MHz
7 Bread board - 1

8 Connecting wires Single stand wire As required

Theory:

A Colpitts oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley oscillator. In the Colpitts

circuit, two capacitors and one inductor determine the frequency of oscillation. The oscillator

derives its initial output from the noise signals present in the circuit. After considerable time,

it gains strength and thereby producing sustained oscillations. It has two major parts namely –

amplifier part and feedback part. The amplifier part has a typically CE amplifier with voltage

divider bias. In the feedback path, there is a CLC network. The feedback network generally

provides a fraction of output as feedback.

Block Diagram:

Design:
Assumptions: VCC = 10v, VE = VCC/10 = 1V, VCE = VCC / 2 =

5; RL = 100Ω. Since IB is very small compare with Ic , IE ~ Ic

= 2mA, AV = 30; hfe= 120, hie=1.56 KΩ,

Rleff= 234Ω, RB1 = 56K Ω, RB2 =12K Ω,

fo=20KHz, C1=0.01µf, C2=0.01µf

1. Calculation of RE:
RE = VE / IE = 500 Ω=470Ω
VB = VCC.RB1 / RB1 + RB2
VB = 1.3V

2. Calculation of RC :
Vcc= IcR c+ VCE + IERE

IC IE
Rc= 2KΩ=2.2K Ω

3. Calculation of capacitor:
f = 20 KHz, C1=0.01µf, C2=0.01µf

L=5mH
Model Graph:

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.

Tabulation / Observation:

Designed Observed
[Link] Output voltage in Volts Time period (ms) frequency frequency
in in

(KHz) (KHz)

Calculations:

Result:

Thus the RC phase shift oscillator was constructed as per the design and the performance was
verified
.
Designed frequency = 1 KHz

Obtained frequency =
 Viva Questions:

1. Explain the concept of positive feedback?

The feedback is a property which allows to feedback the part of the output, to
the same circuit as its input. Such a feedback is said to be positive whenever the
part of the output that is fed back to the amplifier as its input, is in phase with the
original input signal applied to the amplifier.

2. What is the difference between open loop and closed loop gain of the
circuit?
Open loop gain
The gain of the amplifier is ratio of output to input when no feedback is
used is
called open loop gain
Closed loop gain
The ratio of the output to input, considering the overall effect of the feedback
is called closed loop gain.

3. What is meant by resonant Circuit Oscillators?

LC Oscillators are known as resonant circuit oscillator because the frequency

of operation of LC Oscillator is nothing but a resonant frequency of tank circuit or
LC tank circuit produces sustained Oscillation at the resonant circuit oscillator.

4. Write down the general applications of

oscillators. a) As a local oscillator in radio
receivers.
b) In T.V receivers.
c) In signal generators.
d) As clock generation for logic
circuits. e) AM and FM transmitters.
f) In phase lock loops.

5. From where starting voltage for the oscillator is derived?

Every resistance has some free electrons. Under the influence of room
temperature, these free electrons move randomly in various directions. In such a
movement of the free electrons generate a voltage called noise voltage, across the
resistance. Such noise voltage provides the starting voltage for the oscillator.

6. How to obtained Colpitts oscillator form basic form of LC oscillator?

Using X1 and X2 as capacitors and X3 as inductors, Colpitts oscillator from
basic form of LC oscillator is obtained.

7. Write down the advantages, disadvantages and applications of colpitt’s oscillator

Advantages
Simple construction.
It is possible to obtain oscillations at very high
frequencies. Disadvantages:
It is difficult to adjust the feedback as it demands change in capacitor
values. Poor frequency stability.
8. What did you understand by the term stability of an Oscillator? (Or) Define stability
of an
Oscillator. (Or) Why is amplitude stabilization required?

The frequency stability of an Oscillation is a measure of its ability to maintain the

required frequency as precisely constant as possible over along period of time
interval.

9. What are the advantages of crystal Oscillators over other Oscillator?

To maintain the output frequency of an oscillator at a constant value, a crystal
maybe used to control the frequency of oscillation.

10. Why in practice A β is kept greater than unity?

To amplify small noise voltage present, so that oscillations can start, A β is
kept initially greater than unity.
Exp No:7
DESIGN OF LINEAR AMPLIFIER
Date:

AIM:

To construct a linear amplifier and observe the waveform and to

Compute maximum output power and efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link]. Name Range Quantity

1. Transistor CL100 1
2. Resistor 56K, 2.2K,12K,470 Each 1
3. Capacitor 2.2 µF 1
4. Signal Generator (0-3)MHz 1
5. CRO 30MHz 1
6. Regulated power supply (0-30)V 1
7. Bread Board 1
THEORY:
The linear power amplifier is said to be Class A amplifier if the Q point and
the input signal are selected such that the output signal is obtained for a full input
signal cycle.
For all values of input signal, the transistor remains in the active region and never
enters into cut-off or saturation region. When an a.c signal is applied, the collector
voltage varies sinusoidally hence the collector current also varies [Link]
collector current flows for 3600 (full cycle) of the input signal. i e the angle of the
collector current flow is 3600 .

Pre-Lab Viva Questions

1. What is linear amplifier?

Class A power amplifier is one in which the output current flows for the entire cycle of the
AC input supply. Hence the complete signal present at the input is amplified at the output.
2. What is an power amplifier?
A Power amplifier is an electronic device which provides sufficient power to an output load
to drive a speaker or other power device, typically a few watts to tens of watts. ... To match the input
signal shape with larger amplitude, power amplifier takes the energy from the power supply &
controls the output.
3. Why do we need power amplifier?
Amplifier circuits form the basis of most electronic systems, many of which need to produce
high power to drive some output device. Voltage and current amplifiers can make use of small

1
transistors and do not draw large amounts of power from the power supply in order to amplify
signals by often, very large amounts.

4. What are the different types of amplifiers?

 Power Amplifier.
 Audio Frequency Amplifier.
 Intermediate Frequency Amplifier.
 R.F. Amplifier.
 Ultrasonic Amplifier.
 Operational Amplifier.

5. What are the application of power amplifier?

Power Amplifier. Power amplifiers are used in broadcast transmitters, wireless transmitters
and high audio systems. Bipolar transistors are used for these applications. Power output and
efficiency are mostly considered in power amplifications.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH

2
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set Vi =50 mv, using the signal generator.
[Link] the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 10 Hz to 1M
Hz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
[Link] the graph; Gain (dB) vs Frequency(Hz).

DESIGN OF R1 & R2:

Voltage drop across RE = VRE = 1V

Drop across VBE = 0.7V
Drop across the resistance R2 = VBE +VRE = VR2

VR2=1.7V ;

R2 = 10KΩ
VCCR2 / (R1 + R2 ) = VR2 10*12KΩ/(R1+10KΩ)=1.7V
R1=?

OUTPUT

3
 RESULT:

Thus the Class A power amplifier was designed and its waveform was Observed.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
[Link] are the disadvantages of Class –A amplifier?
One of the main disadvantage of power amplifiers and especially the Class A amplifier is
that their overall conversion efficiency is very low as large currents mean that a considerable amount
of power is lost in the form of heat. Percentage efficiency in amplifiers is defined as the r.m.s.
[Link] is the maximum efficiency of Class A amplifier?
The theoretical maximum efficiency of a Class A power amplifier is 50%. In practical
scenario, with capacitive coupling and inductive loads (loud speakers), the efficiency can come
down as low as 25%. This means 75% of power drawn by the amplifier from the supply line is
wasted.
[Link] is class A audio amplifier?
Class A Amplifiers. The simplest type of audio amplifiers is Class A. Class A amps have
output transistors that conduct (i.e., do not fully turn off), irrespective of the output signal
waveform.A Class A audio amp is typically associated with high linearity but low efficiency.

4. Why Class A amplifier is cooler with load than without load?

An amplifier is cooler when it conducts because then its internal resistance is quite small so
power loss across it is significantly small.A class A amplifier outputs a DC biased signal. Thus when
there is no input signal, there is still a steady state current which only serves to heat up the circuit.

[Link] is pure class A amplifier?

Pure Class A refers to an amplifier that runs in Class A right up to its rated maximum power.

4
 Exp No:08
FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF COMMON
Date: EMITTER AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To construct a common emitter amplifier with voltage divider bias and to plot its frequency response
Characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Name Range Quantity

.

1. Transistor BC 107 1
2. Resistor 56kΩ,12kΩ,2.2kΩ,470Ω 1
3. Capacitor 2.2µ F 1
4. Function Generator (0-3)MHz 1
5. CRO 30MHz 1
6. Regulated power supply (0-30)V 1
7. Bread Board 1

THEORY:

Amplification is the process of increasing the strength of signal. Amplifier is the devices that provide

amplification without appreciably altering the original signal. BJTs are frequently used as amplifier. It is a current

amplifier having three terminals. Base Emitter and collector. The small current into base controls the large current

flows collector to Emitter this makes it possible to obtain a large amplification of voltages by taking output from

arrestor in parallel with collector. In this arrangement the output taken from collector to Emitter and input is applied

between base and emitter. Common Emitter amplifier with large voltage divider circuit consists of one capacitor at

input.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Design :
Drop across Re (Vre) is assumed to be 1V.
Drop across Vce with the supply of 10V is given by 10V –1V = 9V
Assume equal drops across I cRc and Vce
So IcRc = Vrc = 9/2 = 4.5V Assume IC = 2 mA,
Rc = Vrc / Ic = 4.5V /2mA = ?
Vre = 1V, Ie ≈I c = 2mA RE = Vre/I e = 1V/2mA =?

Design of R1 and R2:

Drop across Vbe = 0.7V
R2 (Vr2) = Vbe + Vre = 1.7V
Assume R2 = 12 KΩ Vr2 = Vcc.R2/ (R1+R2)
R1 = (10 X 12) / (1.7)} – 10) = ?

Design of input & output capacitor:

Take F = 100Hz and R=hie = 1KΩ
 F=1/2πRC
C1 =?

MODEL GRAPH

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set Vi =50 mv, using the signal generator.

3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0 Hz to 1M Hz in regular steps and note
down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph; Gain (dB) vs Frequency(Hz).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

3
TABULATION
Keep the input voltage constant, Vin =

Frequency Output Voltage Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin)

(in Hz) (in volts) (in dB)

CALCULATION:

4
 OUTPUT:

1. Gain

2. Bandwidth

3. Gain Bandwidth product

RESULT:

Thus the voltage divider bias amplifier was designed and its frequency response characteristics
were plotted.

Viva Questions:

1. What is operating point?

For the proper operation of the transistor a fixed level of current and voltages are required.
This values of currents and voltages defined at a point at which the transistor operate is called
operating point.

2. Why do we choose q point at the center of the load line?

The operating point of a transistor is kept fixed usually at the center of the active region in
order that the input signal is well amplified. If the point is fixed in the saturation region or the cut off
region the positive and negative half cycle gets clipped off respectively

3. What is the significance of the arrow-head in the transistor symbol?

Arrow head is always marked on the emitter. The direction indicated the conventional
direction of current flow (from emitter-to-base in case of p-n-p transistor and from base-to-emitter in
case of n-p-n transistor). Generally no arrow head is marked for collector since its reverse leakage
current is always opposite to the direction of emitter current.

4. What are ‘emitter injection efficiently’ and ‘base transport factor’ and how do they influence the
transistor operation?
The ratio of current of injected carriers at emitter junction to the total emitter current is called
the emitter junction efficiency. The ratio of collector current to base current is known as transport
factor i.e. β* = IC/IB. The larger the value of emitter injection efficiency, the larger the injected
carriers at emitter junction and this increases the collector current. The larger the β* value the larger
the injected carriers across collector junction and hence collector current increases.

5. Which of the transistor currents is always the largest? Which is always the smallest? Which two
currents are relatively close in magnitude?
The emitter current IE is always the largest one. The base current IB is always the smallest. The
collector current IC and emitter current IE are relatively close in magnitude.

5
6. Why collector is made larger than emitter and base?

Collector is made physically larger than emitter and base because collector is to dissipate
much power.

7. Why the width of the base region of a transistor is kept very small compared to other regions?

Base region of a transistor is kept very small and very lightly doped so as to pass
most of the injected charge carriers to the collector.

8. Why emitter is always forward biased?

Emitter is always forward biased w.r.t base so as to supply majority charge carriers to the base.

9. Why collector is always reverse-biased w.r.t base?

Collector is always reverse-biased w.r.t based as to remove the charge carriers from the
base- collector junction.
10. Why CE configuration is most popular in amplifier circuits?

CE configuration is mainly used because its current, voltage and power gains are quite
high and the ratio of output impedance and input impedance are quite moderate.

6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (WITH CROSS OVER DISTORTION):

MODEL GRAPH:
Exp No:9 DESIGN OF CLASS B POWER AMPLIFIER

Date:

AIM:
To construct a Class B complementary symmetry power amplifier and observe the waveform
with cross-over distortion.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link]. Name Range Quantity

1. Transistor CL100, CK100 1,1

2. Resistor 56kΩ,2.2 kΩ ,1 kΩ 2,1,1
3. Capacitor 1µF 3
4. Signal Generator (0-3)MHz 1
5. CRO 30MHz 1
6. Regulated power supply (0-30)V 1
7. Bread Board 1

THEORY:
A power amplifier is said to be Class B amplifier if the Q-point and the input signal are selected
such that the output signal is obtained only for one half cycle for a full input cycle. The Q-point is
selected on the X-axis. Hence, the transistor remains in the active region only for the positive half
of the input signal. There are two types of Class B power amplifiers: Push Pull amplifier and
complementary symmetry amplifier. In the complementary symmetry amplifier, one n- p-n and
another p-n-p transistor is used. The matched pair of transistor are used in the common collector
configuration. In the positive half cycle of the input signal, the n-p-n transistor is driven into active
region and starts conducting and in negative half cycle, the p-n-p transistor is driven into
conduction. However there is a period between the crossing of the half cycles of the input signals,
for which none of the transistor is active and output, is zero.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Observe the waveforms and note the amplitude and time period of the input signal and
distorted waveforms.

3. Draw the waveforms for the readings.

TABULATION:

Waveform Amplitude(v) Time period(ms)

Viva Questions

1. What is a Class B amplifier?

Class B amplifier is a type of power amplifier where the active device (transistor) conducts only for
one half cycle of the input signal. That means the conduction angle is 180° for a Class B amplifier.
Even though it improves the power efficiency, it creates a lot of distortion.

2. What is complementary symmetry push pull amplifier?

Complementary Symmetry Power Amplifiers. In most applications where AC power is driving a
load, a complementary symmetry (push-pull) power amplifier is employed. This amplifier usually
has a voltage gain of one, and a large current gain. When the input voltage is less the -0.7V, the npn
is off and the pnp is on.

3. What is the difference between Class A and Class B amplifier?

Class A Amplifier. The main role of class-A bias is to keep amplifier free from distortion by keeping
signal waveform out of the non-linear region which exists between 0V and 0.6V. The figure-
1 depicts class A amplifier bias characteristics. Class A is used for low to medium power
output stages.

4. What are Class B amplifiers used for?

In order to minimize the disadvantages and achieve low distortion, high efficiency and high output
power, the push-pull configuration is used in this class B amplifier.
5. What are the Applications Class B amplifiers?

 The class B amplifiers are used in low-cost design

 This amplifier is more significant than the class A amplifier
 The class B amplifier suffers from the bad distortion if the signal level is low

6. What is the advantage of push pull amplifier?

Advantages of push pull amplifier are low distortion, absence of magnetic saturation in the coupling
transformer core, and cancellation of power supply ripples.

7. What is meant by Power amplifier?

The stage which develops and feeds sufficient power to the load handling the large signals is called
large signal amplifier or Power amplifier. It is also called audio amplifier or audio frequency (A.F
power amplifiers).

RESULT:
Thus the class B Power amplifier is constructed and its output waveform is obtained.
 Exp No:10
CLASS AB POWER AMPLIFIER
Date:

AIM:
To design and construct a Class AB power amplifier and observe the waveforms and
compute maximum output power and efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Name Range Quantity

.
1. Transistor CL100 / CK100 2
2. Resistor 12kΩ, 1 kΩ, 10kΩ 2,2,2
3. Capacitor 1µF 3
4. Diode IN4007 2
5. Signal Generator (0-3)MHz 1
6. CRO 30MHz 1
7. Regulated power supply (0-30)V 1
8. Bread Board 1

THEORY:

Both the Class B amplifier and the Class AB amplifier have a push-pull output stage comprising of two
power transistors (or FET’s) which are configured in such a way as to reconstruct the full 360 o input
waveform at the output with or without [Link] purpose of any amplifier is to produce an output which
follows the characteristics of the input signal but is sufficiently large enough to supply the needs of the load
connected to it. We have seen that the power output of an amplifier is the product of the voltage and current,
(P = V*I) applied to the load, while the power input is the product of the DC voltage and current taken from
the power supply.

Although the amplification of a Class A amplifier, (where the output transistor conducts 100% of the
time) can be high, the efficiency of the conversion from the DC power supply to an AC power output is
generally quite poor at less than 50%. However if we modify the Class A amplifier circuit to operate in Class
B mode, (where each transistor conducts for only 50% of the time) the collector current flows in each
transistor for only 180 o of the cycle. The advantage here is that the DC-to-AC conversion efficiency is much
higher at around 75%. However, the Class B configuration results in crossover distortion of the output signal
which could be unacceptable.

The Class AB Amplifier is a combination of class A and class B. For small power outputs both output
devices conduct and the amplifier operates as a class A amplifier. If the amplifier is biased into Class B, and
the bias is increased further for large current outputs, it will enter into class AB mode. That is, class AB
configuration shares the characteristics of the other two classes and is achieved by pre-biasing the two
transistors in the amplifiers output stage.
Each output transistor conducts between 180o and 360o of the time depending on the amount of load current
output and pre-biasing arrangement allowing the amplifier output stage to operate as a Class AB amplifier.

Biasing a Class AB Amplifier

A Class AB amplifier can be made from a standard Class B push–pull stage by biasing both switching
transistors into slight conduction, even when no input signal is present. This small biasing arrangement
ensures that both transistors conduct simultaneously during a very small part of the input waveform by more
than 50 per cent of the input cycle, but less than 100 per cent.
The 0.6 to 0.7V (one forward diode volt drop) dead band that produces the crossover distortion effect in Class
B amplifiers is greatly reduced by the use of suitable biasing. The pre-biasing of the transistor devices can be
achieved in a number of different ways using either a preset voltage bias, a voltage divider network, or by
using a series connected diode arrangement.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Observe the waveforms and note the amplitude and time period of the input signal and
distorted waveforms.
3. Connections are made with diodes.
4. Observe the waveforms and note the amplitude and time period of the input signal and
output signal.
5. Draw the waveforms for the readings.
6. Calculate the maximum output power and efficiency.

Model Graph:
Circuit Diagram:

TABULATION:

Waveform Amplitude(v) Time period(ms)

 Viva Questions:
1. What is power amplifier?

Power amplifier amplifies a weak signal until sufficient power to operate output device such as loudspeaker.

2. Compare small signal and large signal amplifier?

3. What are the features of power amplifier?

i. Impedance matching to deliver maximum power to the load.

ii. Need power transistors to withstand large voltages and current.
iii. Power amplifiers are bulk.
iv. Harmonic distortions occur due to non-linear character of transistors.

4. Define circuit efficiency.

It is defined as the ratio of output ac power to the input dc power. It is also known as Figure of merit.

5. What is meant by class of amplifier?

Amplifier classes represent the amount of output signal variation over one cycle of operation when excited by
a sinusoidal input signal.
6. What is meant by cross over distortion?

In Push Pull operation of Class B amplifiers, the output waveform is not a perfect sinusoidal waveform. The
output waveform will be as shown in Figure. The drive signal applied to class B transistor must reach a
certain minimum level before its collector current is properly in active region.

7. Differentiate push pull and complementary symmetry class B amplifier.

8. What are the types of distortion.

i. Amplitude distortion

ii. Frequency distortion

iii. Delay or phase shift distortion

iv. Cross over distortion

9. What is power MOSFET?

Power MOSFET is a special type of MOSFET designed to handle high power levels.

Power MOSFET are commonly used power devices due to the following advantages.

i. Low gate drive power

ii. Fast switching speed

iii. Parallel operation

10. Compare Class A, Class B, Class AB power amplifiers.

11. What is the advantage of push pull amplifier?

Advantages of push pull amplifier are low distortion, absence of magnetic saturation in the coupling
transformer core, and cancellation of power supply ripples.

12. List the application of large signal amplifiers.

The position of the quiescent point on the load line decides the class of operation of the power
amplifier. The various classes of the power amplifiers are, Class A, Class B, Class C and Class AB.

RESULT:
Thus design and construct a Class AB power amplifier is done and observed the
waveforms, then measured the output frequency.
CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
[Link].1 Design of Monostable Multivibrator
Date

AIM:
To design, construct the Monostable multivibrator & test the performance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link]. Name Range Quantity

1. Transistor BC547 2
2. Resistor 1k,20k,10k Each 2
3. Capacitor 0.1u.1u Each 2
4. Regulated power supply (0-30)V 1
5. Signal Generator (0-3)MHz 1
6. CRO 30 MHz 1
7. Bread Board 1

THEORY:
Multivibrator is basically a two stage amplifier in which output of one amplifier
is fedback to the input of the other. At any particular instant, one transistor is ON and the
other will be in OFF.

Classifications:
1. Astable or free running
2. Monostable or one shot
3. Bistable or Flip Flop

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:
A multivibrator in which one transistor is always conducting and the other is
non-conducting is called a monostable multivibrator. It has only one stable state. It can not
generate square wave of its own. Only external pulse will cause it to generate the square
wave.

Monostable Multivibrators are also called on-shot multivibrators. They have one stable
state and one monostable state, where a trigger (external signal) is required to enter the
monostable state and return to the stable state. The circuit is primarily used as a timer,
where the user will determine the response period.

There are two states in a monostable multivibrator: one permanent, which is stable, and
one temporary, which is the quasi-stable state. A trigger pulse applied to the monostable at
the right time changes its state from stable to quasi-stable state. A monostable
multivibrator can not produce a square wave of its own like stable multivibrators because
they remain in the quasi-stable state for a predetermined interval.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

V1
6V

R2
R1 R3 C1 1K
1K 10K

0.1u

C2 R4

0.1U
10K

Q1 Q2
BC547 BC547

R5
C3 20K
1U

V1 = 5 V3
V2 = 0 V2
TD = 0
TR = 1ns -1.5V
TF = 1ns
PW = 20us
PER = 40us
0 0 0 0
TABULATION:

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

[Link] Output Amplitude in Volts Time period in ms

1 VC1
2 VB1
3 VC2
4 VB2

MODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the voltage to a fixed value.
3. Measure the amplitude and time period.
4. Plot the Graph .

RESULT:

Thus the Monostable multivibrator were designed and its output was verified.
Viva Questions:

1. What are flip flops ?

Ans: It is an electronic circuit (a bistable multivibrator) that has two stable states and
thereby is capable of serving as one bit of memory.

2. What is a multivibrator ?

Ans: A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of sample two

state systems such as oscillators, timers and flip-flops. It is characterized by two
amplifying devices (transistors, electron tubes or other devices) cross coupled by resistors
and capacitors. The most common form is the stable or oscillating type, which generates a
square wave- the high level of harmonics in its output is what gives the multivibrator its
common name.

3. What is the purpose of multivibrator ?

Ans: The multivibrator is one form of relaxation oscillator, the frequency of which may be
controlled by external synchronizing pulses.

4. What is an astable multivibrator called so ?

Ans: There is no stable state where the circuit can come to rest, so this circuit is known as
an astable multivibrator.

5. Why is an monostable multivibrator called so ?

Ans: The monostable circuit has only one stable state (output low) hence the name
monostable.

6. What is an astable multivibrator ?

Ans: Astable multivibrator is a two stage switching circuit in which the output of the first
stage is fed to the input of the first stage and vice versa. The output of both the stages are
complementry. It has two stable states and switches back and forth from one state to
another, remaining in state for a time depending upon the discharging of the capacitive
circuit.

7. What is a monostable multivibrator ?

Ans: Monostable multivibrator often called a one shot multivibrator is a pulse generating
circuit in which the duration of this pulse is determined by the RC network connected
externally to the 555 timer.

8. What is the purpose of monostable multivibrator ?

Ans: A monostable device, on the other hand, is only able to hold in one particular state
indefinitely. Its other state can only be held momentarily when triggered by an external
input.

9. Give some examples of multivibrator.

Ans: The flip-flop is a free running multivibrator.

10. Mention the applications of multivibrator.

Ans: It finds applications in a variety of systems where square waves or timed intervals are
required. Simple circuits tend to be inaccurate since many factors affect their timing, so
they are rarely used where very high precision is required.

11. What is the principle of monostable multivibrator ?

Ans: All monostable multivibrators are timed devices. That is, their unstable output state
will hold only for a certain minimum amount of time before returning ti its stable state.

12. How does a monostable multivibrator work in terms of the astable multivibrator ?

Ans: Like the astable multivibrator, one transistor conducts and the others cut-off when
the circuit is energized.

13. What is the disadvantage of an astable multivibrator ?

Ans: When the astable m/v was first energized, it was impossible to predict which
transistor would initially go to cut-off because of circuit symmetry.

14. What are the different types of multivibrator circuits?

Ans: There are three types of m/v circuits: Astable, Monostable, Bistable.