Unit-I 2 MARKS (Questions and Answers) : Dept. of Computer Applications

Dept.
of Computer Applications
Web Technology UNIT- I 2 MARKS(Questions and Answers)
1. List out the types of task performed by Internet. You can use the network of networks to perform the following types of tasks: Electronic Mail Research Discussion Interactive Games
2. Define Hypertext Markup languages(Feb-2010) The secret of the Internet is the separation of the act of transmission of data from the display of data. The solution was to send information alongside the data (called tags) telling the receiving computer how to display different types of information. Several methods of tagging over networks were developed based on this experience with UNIX systems to assist in data display. These coding methods, called Markup languages, travel with the data and are interpreted by the retrieving software. 3. What are the elements in html? An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag. There are 4 basic structural elements in HTML. There are Doc Type Declaration-Which defines the version of Html. HTML - Which simply states that the page is an HTML document . HEAD Which contains the document titles. BODY where the actual web page itself is contained. Program: <! DOC TYPE HTML PUBLIC.//w3c//DTD HTML 4.0//EN> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> Page title goes here</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY>Web page goes here</BODY> </HTML> 4. What is SGML?(June-2010) ` SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) is a standard for how to specify a
document markup language or tag set. Such a specification is itself a document type definition (DTD). SGML is not in itself a document language, but a description of how to specify one. It is metadata.
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SGML is based on the idea that documents have structural and other semantic elements that can be described without reference to how such elements should be displayed. The actual display of such a document may vary, depending on the output medium and style preferences. Some advantages 5. Define the term bandwidth The term Bandwidth is the capacity of the telephone lines and direct connections among computers to handle the electronic pulses required to transmit different types of information. 6. What is the function of Web Browser in our computer? A Web Browser translates what is sent over the wires into the pictures and world you onscreen as a Web Page. see
7. Define HTML.(June-2009) The Hypertext and Display tags that tell the computer how to interpret Internet documents came to be called HTML. It became the standard way to tag pages of information that traveled over the Internet via the WWW. 8. What is meant by Environment variable?(June-2009) Environment variables are a series of hidden values that the web server sends to every CGI you run. Your CGI can parse them, and use the data they send. Environment variables are stored in a hash called %ENV. DOCUMENT_ROOT The root directory of your server HTTP_COOKIEThe visitor's cookie, if one is set HTTP_HOSTThe hostname of your server HTTP_REFERERThe URL of the page that called your script
9. Define Component-based programming The newest trend in programming, called component-based programming, is extending its reaches to the World Wide Web. Components are small programs that can be fit together to form a modular, customized application in real time. The beauty of components is that they can be written in cross platform languages and rapidly compiled to work on many platforms. 10. State the two models in Web browser Basically, the battle is over two models of how Web browsers will grow.
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Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) 11. Define Java and JavaScript(June-2010) The hottest thing to hit the web is the programming language Java, which Sun Micro systems introduced to make programs portable. Web Delivered scripting, which enables you to execute programs within a browser? The scripting language based on Java is Script. 12. Define ActiveX and List out Several ActiveX Components Active X is a set of technologies that lets you create more interactive Web pages. ActiveX called Java
lets you open external programs and create active documents within another document. There are several ActiveX components used to perform different functions:
i. ActiveX Controls ii. ActiveX Documents iii. ActiveX Scripting iv. ActiveX Server Framework 13. What is Helper Application? A helper application is basically a program that cooperates with Netscape and other cannot
browsers to perform functions such as displaying the contents of files, which the browser do. Example of Helper applications for Macs and Windows are shown. 14. What is Extensible Web Publishing Framework?
The word Extensible encompasses the entire history of HTML specification development in a single thought that the specification has to hold a and support all of the new technologies driving the Web. 15. Define World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)(June-2010) The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by CERN (Centre Europen recherche Nucleaire) in Switzerland and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology pourla (MIT)
Laboratory for Computer Science to develop common protocols that enhance the interoperability and promote the evolution of the World Wide Web. There are currently 180 commercial and academic members world wide. 16. List out the goals of Underlying HTML 4.0 Interoperability
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Internationalization Accessibility Enhanced tables Compound documents Enabled Style sheets Scripting Enabled Enhance printing of entire Web Sites Maintain HTMLs ease of use. 17. Define tags Tags are the main resources for HTML authors. They define the existence of all the elements a Web page contains. Each element is said to be contained by tags. The code structure of elements is a start tag, followed by the content, if any, and the end tag. 18. Define some of the Text formatting tags: i) Heading tags: Heading tags are used to display headings in HTML document. there are six heading tags,<h1> to <h6>. ii) Paragraph <p> This indicating a paragraph in the document.ie, <p>this is paragraph1</p> iii) Line breaks <br> The <br> tag is used when you want to end a line, but dont want to start new paragraph. iv) Font the user can define the type of font he would like to use using the <font> tag. <font size=2 face=verdana>it is an example of font</font> v) Commands in HTML <!- -> The command tag is used to insert a comment in the HTML source code. a comment will be ignored by the browser and whatever we write within these tags are not displayed. <!- this is a comment> Or <!- <p> this comment tag induces <> even html elements </b></p> 19. What are the types of list?(Feb-2010) The most common HTML lists are ordered and unordered lists:
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An ordered list:
1. The first list item 2. The second list item 3. The third list item
An unordered list:

List item List item List item
<ol> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ol>
<ul> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ul>
20. Explain some table commands: Table is a collection of numbers and words arranged in rows and columns of cells. The cells of a table are specified with the tr, th, and td elements. Tr-table rows is used for defining the rows in the table Th-table heading is used for the defining heading row of a table. the next included under th is shown bold. Td-table data is used for writing numbers and words inside the cells. Caption- is used to give the title for the table. Thead-is used the <thead> tag to define a set of table header rows. Tbody-is used to divide the table into discrete sections. Tfoot- is used to define footer for a table.
21. Define Deprecated and Obsolete element When the elements are deprecated, that means that the World Wide Web Consortium recommends that you no longer use it, but use, instead, the newer solution in deprecated element. Obsolete elements, on the other hand, are no longer defined in the official HTML specification, and W3C does not require that client agents support them. 22. What is Cascading Style Sheet?(June-2009) place of the
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In January, 1997, the W3C issued a recommendation for Cascading Style Sheets in
to control Web page presentation. Style sheets are embedded directly into a page, or linked in from an external file, and provide Web page developers and authors the ability to redefine the
appearance of all elements of a certain type, a group of possibly different elements, or one specific elements. 23. Define HTML frames(Feb-2010) HTM frames lip the Web page window into separate window views, each capable of
holding a different HTML document. Used correctly, frames are a terrific technique for displaying a site map or other supporting Web p[ages, accessible from all Web pages. Used incorrectly, they waste valuable space by holding useless graphics or their content.
24. Define Frames in HTML document(Feb-2010) One of the biggest advantages of HTML is ability to divide the browser window into two or more and display individual HTML pages in each of the window. One can have the content common to all the pages like links, copyright messages, header information, in a frame and pages can be loaded in the other frames. This can be achieved using frameset and frame tags. The <frameset> tag specifies in that ratio should the window be divided and the <frame> tag links the source document with the frame. Example: <frameset rows=25%,50%,25%> <frame src=header.html> <frame src=content.html> <frame src=footer.html> </frameset> 25. Define Frame attributes: The frame tags has the following attributes Name-specifies the name of the frame. Src-specifies the source of the file to be displayed in the frame Scrolling-specifies whether
scrolling is allowed in a page or not- possible values are yes, no, auto.
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No resize-specifies that the frame size is not realizable by the user. Frame border-specifies whether a frame has border or not-possible values are 0 and 1.
26. What is INTERNET? It is a conglomeration of computers linked by a myriad(thousands) of networks into a baffling, decentralized global network. 27. What is INTRANET? It is a corporations version of an internet an internal internet of that firm. 28. Specify the Purpose of CGI?(June-2009) CGI, the Common Gateway Interface, defines a standard for communication between HTTP servers and other programs, so that the content of a web page can come from a program, rather than from a static HTML page. CGI programs can be written in any language - CGI is not a programming language. CGI programs allow the web site to be interactive, rather than merely a digital pamphlet. 29. What are the Services Of Internet? ELECTRONIC MAIL: To pass messages, to send and receive short bursts of text, pictures, sounds and moving images between two points anywhere in the world. RESEARCH: Most people connect to internet is to perform research. The technology that performs searches is called GOPHER. NEWSGROUPS:A group of people who are receiving and responding to lists of messages about their pet subjects via a List server. CHATTING: The ability to send and receive messages in real-time. INTERACTIVE GAMES: The capability of playing computer games in real-time.
30. What does extensible means? This word encompasses the development of HTML. 31. What is W3C? (June-2010) W3C was founded by CERN(Centre European pour la recherch Nucleaire) in Oct 1994, to manage the evolution of the World Wide Web and its design components. W3C Organised: it is organized three domains 1. USER INTERFACE: Dealing with web content and design. 2. TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY: dealing with security, privacy, copyrights, intellectual property rights and self-censorship.
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3. ARCHITECTURE: dealing with infrastructure, such as addressing, object technology. 32. Explain the types of META DATA? BASE LINK META STYLE
33. What Is Css1 Standard?(Feb-2010) Style sheets are embedded directly into a page, or linked in from an external file and provide web page developers and authors the ability to redefine the appearance of all elements of a certain type, a group of possibly different elements, or one specific element. ForIns: Style sheet embedded into the head section of the web page. <STYLE type = text/CSS> H1{color :red: font-family:Arial; margin:1.0in} </STYLE> With this stylesheet setting, all H1 elements within the document are set to use the new style. 34. What are html forms? HTML form elements was the first extension to HTML. Form is not a visual element. It is a container, contain one or more buttons, text boxes or other form elements. The form elements can be used to access information from the reader and the process that information within the web page. The information can also be sent to a CGI or web server application for further processing. 35. What is HTML Frames? HTML frames slip the web page window into separate window views, each capable of holding a different HTML document. Used correctly, frames are a terrific technique for displaying a site map or other supporting web pages, accessible from all web pages. Used incorrectly, they waste valuable space by hodlding useless graphics or other content. 36. Define DTD.(June-2009) Document Type Definition (DTD) is a set of markup declarations that define a document type for SGML-family markup languages (SGML, XML, HTML). DTDs were a precursor to XML schema and have a similar function, although different capabilities. DTDs use a terse formal syntax that declares precisely which elements and references may appear where in the document of the particular type, and what the elements contents and attributes are. DTDs also declare entities which may be used in the instance document.
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37. HTML Elements(Feb-2010) An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag: Start tag * <p> <a href="default.htm" > <br /> Element content This is a paragraph This is a link End tag * </p> </a>
* The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.
38. Compare GET and POST Methods of HTML Form(June-2009)

The main difference between GET and POST is how the form data is passing. Both are used for passing form field values. All the values which is submitted by the GET method will be appended to the URL. Where as POST method send the data with out appending the URL(hidden) In GET Method we can bookmark the URLs where as in POST method its not possible. In GET Method there is a limit for passing the data from one page to another(ie 256 characters according to w3c standards) But in POST we can send large amount of data Compared to POST get is Faster POST is more secure than get method If you refresh the page , POST method shows an annoying alert box Some firewalls doesn't allow POST methods. All the informations which is passed by GET method will be stored in webserver (log file) but in POST we can not
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Web Technology 16 MARKS(Questions and Answers)
1. Explain about HTML with necessary syntax and example (June-2009) Unlike procedural programming languages such as C, FORTRAN, COBOL and Pascal, HTML is a markup language that specifies the format of text that is displayed in a Web browser such as Microsofts Internet Explorer or Netscapes Communicator. Write HTML in its source-code form. We create HTML documents by typing them in with a text editor (e.g., Notepad, Wordpad, via, emacs, etc.), saving the documents with either an .html or .htm file-name extension. HTML comments. HTML document creators insert comments to improve markup readability and describe the content of a document. Comments also help other people read and understand an HTML documents markup and content. Comments do not cause the browser to perform any action when the user loads the HTML document into the Web browser to view the document. HTML comments always start with . Each of HTML examples includes comments that specify the figure number and file name, and provide a brief description of the examples purpose. Subsequent examples include comments in the markup, especially to highlight new features. <html > <head> <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Welcome</title> </head> <body> <p>Welcome to HTML!</p> </body> </html>
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Fig 1.1 First HTML example. Headers Some text in an HTML document may be more important than others. For example, the text in this section is considered more important than a footnote. HTML provides six headers, called header elements, for specifying the relative importance of information. <html > <head> <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Headers</title> </head> <body> <h1>Level 1 Header</h1> <h6>Level 6 header</h6> </body></html>
Fig 1.2 Header elements h1 through h6. <font> TAG The <font> element is deprecated in HTML 4.01. The <font> tag specifies the font face, font size, and font color of text. <font size="3" color="red">This is some text!</font> <font size="2" color="blue">This is some text!</font> <font face="verdana" color="green">This is some text!</font> HTML <form> Tag The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form for user input. The <form> element can contain one or more of the following form elements:
<input>
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<textarea> <button> <select> <option> <optgroup> <fieldset> <label>
An HTML form is used to pass data to a server. Tip: The <form> element is a block-level element, and browsers create a line break before and after a form. <form action="form_action.asp" method="get"> First name: <input type="text" name="fname" /><br /> Last name: <input type="text" name="lname" /><br /> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form> HTML <frame> Tag The <frame> tag defines one particular window (frame) within a <frameset>. Each <frame> in a <frameset> can have different attributes, such as border, scrolling, the ability to resize, etc. <frameset cols="25%,50%,25%"> <frame src="frame_a.htm" /> <frame src="frame_b.htm" /> <frame src="frame_c.htm" /> </frameset> HTML <img> Tag The <img> tag defines an image in an HTML page. The <img> tag has two required attributes: src and alt. Note: Images are not technically inserted into an HTML page, images are linked to HTML pages. The <img> tag creates a holding space for the referenced image.
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" height="42" width="42" />
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<input> tag The <input> tag is used to select user information. <input> elements are used within a <form> element to declare input controls that allow users to input data. An input field can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. <form action="form_action.asp" method="get"> First name: <input type="text" name="fname" /><br /> Last name: <input type="text" name="lname" /><br /> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form> <object> tag The <object> tag defines an embedded object within an HTML document. Use this element to embed multimedia (like audio, video, Java applets, ActiveX, PDF, and Flash) in your web pages. <object width="400" height="400" data="helloworld.swf"></object>
2. Explain <frameset> tag and analyze how it useful does? The FRAMESET element is a frame container for dividing a window into rectangular subspaces called frames.In a Frameset document, the outermost FRAMESET element takes the place of BODY and immediately follows the HEAD. The FRAMESET element contains one or more FRAMESET or FRAME elements, along with an optional NOFRAMES element to provide alternate content for browsers that do not support frames or have frames disabled. A meaningful NOFRAMES element should always be provided and should at the very least contain links to the main frame or frames. The ROWS and COLS attributes define the dimensions of each frame in the set. Each attribute takes a comma-separated list of lengths, specified in pixels, as a percentage, or as a relative length. A relative length is expressed as i* where i is an integer. For example, a frameset defined with ROWS="3*,*" (* is equivalent to 1*) will have its first row allotted three times the height of the second row. EXAMPLES: <FRAMESET ROWS="70%,30%" COLS="33%,33%,34%"> <FRAME NAME="Photo1" SRC="Row1_Column1.html"> <FRAME NAME="Photo2" SRC="Row1_Column2.html"> <FRAME NAME="Photo3" SRC="Row1_Column3.html"> <FRAME NAME="Caption1" SRC="Row2_Column1.html"> <FRAME NAME="Caption2" SRC="Row2_Column2.html"> <FRAME NAME="Caption3" SRC="Row2_Column3.html">
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<NOFRAMES> <BODY> <H1>Table of Contents</H1> <UL> <LI> <A HREF="Row1_Column1.html">Photo 1</A> (<A HREF="Row2_Column1.html">Caption</A>) </LI> <LI> <A HREF="Row1_Column2.html">Photo 2</A> (<A HREF="Row2_Column2.html">Caption</A>) </LI> <LI> <A HREF="Row1_Column3.html">Photo 3</A> (<A HREF="Row2_Column3.html">Caption</A>) </LI> </UL> </BODY> </NOFRAMES> </FRAMESET> When pixel lengths are used, they should always be combined with a relative length to handle various window sizes. Pixel lengths should only be used when the frame consists primarily of images or other objects with a fixed size in pixels. Due to their ability to adapt to different window sizes, percentages and relative lengths are generally preferred. Examples: <frameset cols="25%,*,25%"> <frame src="frame_a.htm" /> <frame src="frame_b.htm" /> <frame src="frame_c.htm" /> </frameset> The FRAME Element: The frame element defines one particular window within a frameset collection. In a typical frameset construction, one frame might be used for the purposes of navigation, with another frame used for presenting content . The links in the navigation frame would be targeted to load content in the other frame by using a target attribute that matches the destination frames name attribute. Each individual frame in a frameset can have different behaviors/appearance, such as scrolling, the ability to resize the frame boundaries and border style.
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3. Explain about images in detail. (Feb-2010) The examples discussed so far demonstrated how to mark up documents that contain only text. However, most Web pages contain both text and images. In fact, images are an equal, if not essential, part of Web-page design. The two most popular image formats used by Web developers are Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. Users can create images using specialized pieces of software such as Adobe PhotoShop Elements and Jasc Paint Shop Pro5 (www.jasc.com). Images may also be acquired from various Web sites, such as gallery. Yahoo.com.
Figure demonstrates how to incorporate images into Web pages. Use an img element to insert an image in the document. The image files location is specified with the img elements src attribute. In this case, the image is located in the same directory as this HTML document, so only the images file name is required. Optional attributes width and height specify the images width and height, respectively. The document author can scale an image by increasing or decreasing the values of the image width and height attributes. If these attributes are omitted, the browser uses the images actual width and height. Images are measured in pixels (picture elements), which represent dots of color on the screen. The image in Fig. is 183 pixels wide and 238 pixels high. <html > <head> <title>Internet and WWW How to Program Welcome </title> </head> <body> <table> <p><img src = "xmlhtp.jpg" height = "238" width = "183" alt = "XML How to Program book cover" /> <img src = "jhtp.jpg" height = "238" width = "183" alt = "Java How to Program book cover" /> </p>
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<table> </body> </html>
Figure: Special Characters and More Line Breaks When marking up text, certain characters or symbols (e.g., <) may be difficult to embed directly into an HTML document. Some keyboards may not provide these symbols, or the presence of these symbols may cause syntax errors. For example, the markup <p>if x < 10 then increment x by 1</p> results in a syntax error because it uses the less-than character (<), which is reserved for start tags and end tags such as <p> and </p>. HTML provides special characters or entity references (in the form &code;) for representing these characters. We could correct the previous line by writing <p>if x < 10 then increment x by 1</p> which uses the special character < for the less-than symbol. Figure demonstrates how to use special characters in an HTML document. For a list of special characters, see Appendix A, Special Characters. <html > <head> <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Contact Page </title> </head> <body>   <p> Click
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<a href = "mailto:deitel@deitel.com">here </a> to open an e-mail message addressed to deitel@deitel.com. </p> <hr />  <p>All information on this site is <strong>©</strong> Deitel <strong>&</strong> Associates, Inc. 2002.</p>     <p><del>You may download 3.14 x 10<sup>2</sup> characters worth of information from this site.</del> Only <sub>one</sub> download per hour is permitted.</p> <p>Note: <strong>< ¼</strong> of the information presented here is updated daily.</p> </body> </html>
Figure: Inserting special characters into HTML
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4. Explain how to create forms with HTML. A form is an area that can contain form elements. Form elements are elements that allow the user to enter information (like text fields, text area fields, drop-down menus, radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.) in a form. A form is defined with the <form> tag. <form> <input> <input> </form> Input The most used form tag is the <input> tag. The type of input is specified with the type attribute. The most commonly used input types are explained below. Text Fields Text fields are used when you want the user to type letters, numbers, etc. in a form. <form> First name: <input type="text" name="firstname"> <br> Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname"> </form>How it looks in a browser: First name: Last name: Note that the form itself is not visible. Also note that in most browsers, the width of the text field is 20 characters by default. Radio Buttons Radio Buttons are used when you want the user to select one of a limited number of choices. <form>
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<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male"> Male <br> <input type="radio" name="sex" value="female"> Female </form> How it looks in a browser: Male Female Note that only one option can be chosen. Checkboxes Checkboxes are used when you want the user to select one or more options of a limited number of choices. <form> I have a bike: <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike"> <br> I have a car: <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car"> <br> </form> How it looks in a browser: I have a bike: I have a car:
The Form's Action Attribute and the Submit Button When the user clicks on the "Submit" button, the content of the form is sent to another file. The form's action attribute defines the name of the file to send the content to. The file defined in the action attribute usually does something with the received input. <form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">
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Username: <input type="text" name="user"> <input type="submit" value="Submit"></form> How it looks in a browser:
Submit
Username:
If you type some characters in the text field above, and click the "Submit" button, you will send your input to a page called "html_form_action.asp". That page will show you the received input. 5. What are the various merging multimedia controls and PLUG-INS? (May/June-2010) A plug-in (plugin, addin, add-in, addon, add-on or snap-in; but see extension) is a computer program that interacts with a host application (a web browser or an email client, for example) to provide a certain, usually very specific, function "on demand". Applications support plugins for many reasons. Some of the main reasons include: enabling third-party developers to create capabilities to extend an application, to support features yet unforeseen, to reduce the size of an application, and to separate source code from an application because of incompatible software licenses. Examples of applications and their plug-ins include: Email clients use plug-ins to decrypt and encrypt email (Pretty Good Privacy) Graphics software use plug-ins to support file formats and process images (Adobe Photoshop) Media players use plug-ins to support file formats and apply filters (foobar2000, GStreamer, Quintessential, VST, Winamp, XMMS) Packet sniffers use plug-ins to decode packet formats (OmniPeek) Remote sensing applications use plug-ins to process data from different sensor types (Opticks) Software development environments use plug-ins to support programming languages (Eclipse, jEdit, MonoDevelop) Web browsers use plug-ins to play video and presentation formats (Flash, QuickTime, Microsoft Silverlight, 3DMLW)
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Some digital mixing consoles allow plug-ins to extend features such as reverberation effects, equalization and compression. Mechanism Example Plug-In Framework The host application provides services which the plug-in can use, including a way for plug-ins to register themselves with the host application and a protocol by which data is exchanged with plugins. Plug-ins are dependent on these services provided by the host application and do not usually work by themselves. Conversely, the host application is independent of the plug-ins, making it possible for plug-ins to be added and updated dynamically without changes to the host application. For example, a network switch may ship with an unoccupied but non-standard port to accommodate various optional physical layer connectors, while games and productivity applications often use plug-in architectures which allow original and third-party publishers to add functionality. Manufacturers can use plug-ins to create vendor lock-in by limiting upgrade options to only those available from or endorsed by the original manufacturer. IBM's Micro Channel Architecture, technically superior to Industry Standard Architecture as a way to add components to IBM PCs, largely failed to gain wide support due to the difficulty in getting certification for third-party devices. The Microsoft Flight Simulator series is famous for its aircraft add-ons. Plug-ins and Extensions Plug-ins are slightly different from extensions, which modify or add to existing functionality. The main difference is that plug-ins generally rely on the host application's user interface and have a well-defined boundary to their possible set of actions. Extensions generally have fewer restrictions on their actions, and may provide their own user interfaces. They sometimes are used to decrease the size of the host application and offer optional functions. Mozilla Firefox and related software use Add-on as an inclusive term for a category of augmentation modules that are subdivided into plug-ins, themes, search engines and a well-developed extension system which reduces the feature creep that plagued the Mozilla Application Suite.
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Plug-in frameworks The following plug-in frameworks are organized by programming language and can be used by software developers to add plug-in capability their application. C++ FxEngine Framework - a dataflow processing Framework Qt Plug-Ins - part of TrollTech's Qt Framework Delphi TMS Plug-in Framework Java Java Plug-in Framework (JPF), a plug-in mechanism adapted from Eclipse's plug-in mechanism from its pre-OSGi era. Rich Client Platform (RCP), platform for applications adapted from Eclipse , applications are written as plugins and may themselves have further plug-ins Python Setuptools The Twisted Plug-in System Sprinkles Envisage .NET AL Platform Mono Add-ins - an add-in framework for .NET and Mono Code Project .NET Based Plug-in Framework NET Add-In Team Blog Plux.NET - A Platform for Building Plug-in Systems Under .NET Visual Assist
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6. Explain Detail about CSS?(Jan-2010) Css: cascading style sheets: In jan 1993, w3c issued a recommendation for cascading stylesheets in order to control web page presentation.
Css1 standard: style sheets are embedded directly into a page, or linked in from an external file and provide web page developers and authors the ability to redefine the appearance of all elements of a certain type, a group of possibly different elements, or one specific element. Forins: style sheet embedded into the head section of the web page. <style type = text/css> h1{color :red: font-family:arial; margin:1.0in} </style> With this stylesheet setting, all h1 elements within the document are set to use the new style. Including style sheets: style sheet definitions has four different techniques,i.e., 1. Including a style sheet in the documents head section. 2. Linking in a style sheet stored externally. 3. Importing in a style sheet stored externally. 4. Including in an inline style sheet definition directly in an html elements Including style sheet in the documents head section: There is more than one technique we can use to include stylesheets within our web pages. To embed style sheets directly into the head of the web page and provide settings foe all of the elements within the web page. For ins: <style type = text/css>  <p class = someclass> --</p> <h1 class = other class> -- - - - -</h1> <p class = otherclass> in this code, two classes are created, one specifically for paragraphs and named someclass, the other for any element and named otherclass. Syn: optional tag name, followed by a period, followed by the class name. If the tag name is not given, the class can be applied to several elements. Using the id style sheet specifier: Using the id specifier does imply adding styles to individual elements. Both navigator and ie is supported this specifier. It uses a pound sign(#) instead of the period. <style type = text/css> p#someid {color:red; margin.left:1.5in} #otherid { color : blue: font-size :18pt} </style> ---</p> <h1 id = otherid> - - - - </h1> <p id = otherid> Creating an overall look for the web page: It describes applying attribute changes to impact the entire document. The body tag is the tag specifier to use when applying stylesheets to an entire document page. Background color and image and setting the page margins are among the more common attribute used with the body tag. <style type=text/css> Body {margin:0.3 in; color:darkgreen; Background color : white; background image:url(back1.jpg)}
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</style> Creating a watermark for the web page: a watermark is an image that remains in a fixed position on the page, regardless of how much the reader scrolls vertically or horizontally. <style type = text/css> <! - - body {margin : 0.5in 0.5 in; color :darkorchid; background . Color : white; background . Image : url (watermark . Background . Repeat : no repeat; background . Attachment : fixed; jpg); background . Position : 50% 50%} --> </style> Modifying font nad text appearance: Modify several aspects of both the font of the text layout. Adjust the font color, the font family, style and size. Convert the text to display small caps. It has lot of attributes to control there properties. Font and text css1 properties: Css1 attributes font font family font style font variant(changes) font size
sample value italic bold 18pt arial times new roman arial oblique small, caps larger
7. Explain detail about Advanced Layout and Positioning with Style Sheets. Css positioning attributes: Css positioning abbreviated as cssp or css-p is based on a draft recommendation co-created by netscape and microsoft and covers the state positioning of elements within a web page. Being able to position elements two dimensionally, we can also layer elements, hide or display them or even alter the elements clipping area. All standards, recommendations and drafts undergoing review by the w3c at This includes the draft recommendation paper titled, positioning html elements with cascading stylesheets, co-authored by scott isaacs of microsoft and scott furman of netscape and edited by robert stevalv of hewlett-packard. Positioning images and other elements: Images have had some positioning capability, with the hspace and vspace img attributes, and can be aligned with the align attribute.
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Images and other html elements have also been positioned within a web page using html tables. With css, the position attribute is set to a value of absolute, which means that the element is positioned exactly, regardless of how any other element is positioned exactly, regardless of how any other element is positioned.
Creating page columns and using html tables and css positioning together: Web developers and authors use html tables to create columnar contents. Css positioning to create multi-column web page content. The basic page: It demonstrates creating a client-side imagemap. To create the original page layout used tables to control the placement of the image menus at the top, and tables to control the positioning of the content. Creating the columns: The web page content is split in a logical place, creating two div blocks: first half of the content.
- one for the
-one for the second. The style settings for each block are embedded directly into the blocks rather than into the stylesheet in the head section. <div style = position : absolute; left:0.2in; top : 0.2in; width : 4.5%> <div style = position : absolute; left : 47%; top : 0.2in; width : 45%> The page is loaded, so the results can be checked.
Creating the imagemap sidebar: The columns are created with width but not height. With this approach, the height of the div blocks increases automatically to fit the height necessary for the content. However, a problem is that we have no idea where to position the block containing the imagemap and the block for the content at the end of the page. We could dynamically access the positions and heights of the blocks, using script and move the imagemap block to the correct position. There is not a trick for positioning elements within a page, except to try different positions and see if they fit.
Converting an existing table-based web page:
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Before css positioning was implemented within either navigator or internet explorer, tables were used to format a web page.
8. Explain detail about Frames And Framesets. (Feb-2010) Html frames: html frames slip the web page window into separate window views, each capable of holding a different html document. used correctly, frames are a terrific technique for displaying a site map or other supporting web pages, accessible from all web pages. Used incorrectly, they waste valuable space by hodlding useless graphics or other content. Creating and working with frames: frame windows are made from more than one html file. One file contains the frameset definition including which source file make up the frames and how much space each will occupy. this file also contains the noframe element, if the frameset element is used. The frameset element: frameset is the frame parent file, which is creating the two frames. the frameset elements attributes are rows, which sets the number of rows, each frame within the frameset will occupy, and columns, which sets the width of each frame. Nested framesets: framesets that contain other frameset. <html> <frameset rows = *,250> <frame src = main.htm> <frameset cols = 225,225, *> <frame src = cinnebar1.jpg> <frame src = barritel.jpg> <frame src = cerussitel1.jpg> </frameset> </html> Accessing external references from frames: Disadvantage: back or forward buttons using frames have seldom worked correctly with frame based content. Question is did he/she want to go to the page previous in the frame page or before the frameset window. To work around this problem, these are techniques to redirecting links. The link elements (a , link), image map(area) and form elements all share an attribute called target. This target attribute contains the location of the browser window that holds the loaded web page or contents. Reserved keywords as the target attribute value: Blank: loads page to new unnamed window.
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Self: loads page to current frame or window. Parent loads page to parent window if frame or to current window. Top loads page to original window, or if current window is original window, to current window. Inline frames with iframe: html 4.0 created a new frame element called the inline frame, which uses the tags, <iframe> and </iframe> inline frames have the same attributes regular frames have, except that each inline frame window is embedded within a web page and attributes are specified directly for the frame window. Each inline frame has a width and a height specified in inches or pixels. Iframe supports the target and align attributes.
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<ol> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ol>

<ul> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ul>

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38. Compare GET and POST Methods of HTML Form(June-2009)

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<table> </body> </html>

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Figure: Inserting special characters into HTML

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