Physiological Psych LECTURE NOTES FOR CH 13: Hormones

Hormones influence sex in 2 fundamentally different ways: 1. Developmental: By influenceing the development from conception to sexual maturiety of the anatomical, physiological and Behavioral Characteristics that distinguish one as male and female. 2. Activaitonal: By activating the reproduction-related Behavior of Sexually Mature Adults. The Brain Continues to develop into the Late Teens

Endoctrine Glands: are The oragans whose primary function appears to be the Release of hormones. Other organs (the stomach, liver, Intestine & Body Fat) Also release hormones into general circulation and are also part of the endoctrine System. There Are 2 types of Glands: 1. Exocrine Glands: (Sweat Glands) release theire chemicals into DUCTs which carry them to their Targets Mostly Found on the Surface of the Body 2. Endocrine Glands: (Ductless Glands): Release the Their Chemicals (HORMONES) DIRECTLY into the Circulatory System. Once released from a Endocrine Gland, a Hormone travels via the Circulatory System until it reaches the Targets on which it exerts its force. (other endocrine Glands or Sites in the Nervous system).

Gonads: are referred to both Men and Womens testes and overies. The primary function of each is the production of sperm Cells or Ova. Each of these cells contain only half the # of the 23 chromosome pairs

A fertilized Ovum is Called A Zygote. Contains all the info for creating a person. The Y chromosome is shaped like an X but SMALLER than the X-chromosone.

There are 3 Classes of Hormones: 1. Amino Acid Derivative Hormones: Hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from an Amino Acid Molecule. (EX: Epinephrine- Is released from the Adrenal Medulla, and synthesized from Tyrosine). 2. Peptide Hormones & Protein Hormones: Chains of Amino Acids. Peptide Hormones: are SHORT chains, Protein Hormones: Are LONG Chains 3. Steroid Hormones: Are hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol a type of fat molecule All Hormones that influence Sexual Development & Activation of Adult Sexual Behaviors are STEROID HORMONES.

Steroid Hormones: Can Influence cells by binding to receptors in Cell Membranes (which is common for other types of hormones) BUT because they are small & Fat Soluble, they often effect cells by binding to receptors in the Cytoplasm or Nucleus, and thus DIRECTLY influence GENE EXPRESSION All Steroid Hormones Tend to Have the MOST DIVERSE & LONG LASTING Effects on Cellular Function. Amino Acid and Peptide hormones affect Gene Expression Less commonly by the same method of steroid hormones and by Less Direct Mechanisms. The Gonads Release Steroid Hormones. They both release the same hormones but do so in different Quantities. 2 Main Classes of Gonadal Hormones are: Androgens: Testosterone is the most common androgen Estrogens: Estradiol is the Most Common Estrogen. Gonadotropin Is the Pituitary Tropic Hormone That travels through the Circulatory System to the Gonads, Where it stimulates the Release of Gonadal Hormones. The pituitary gland is 2 glands -> Posterior & Anterior Pituitary: Post - Eventually becomes the thing that dangles off the Hypothalamus. Ant Develops from the same tissue that developed into the roof of the mouth. *NOTE* Anterior Pituitary Gland is the MASTER GLAND Extra Terms: Mamawawa: Assumption that means men are men and women are women, meaning that their differences are mutually exclusive .