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(Ch 1

Science Panel 2024

Sekolah Seri Puteri
Cyberjaya
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 Chapter 1:
Introduction to Science
1. De nition: Science is the systematic study of nature and the physical world through observation and experimentation.
Fields of Science:
• Biology: Study of living organisms.
• Physics: Study of energy and physical properties of matter.
• Chemistry: Study of substances, their reactions, and the structure of matter.

5. Basic Science Process Skills: 2. Measuring Tools:

Observing: Using senses to gather information. Thermometer: Measures temperature.

Classifying: Grouping objects or events based on characteristics.
Ruler/Metre Rule, Vernier callipers, Micrometer screw gauge: Measures
Measuring and Using Numbers: Quantifying objects or events length.
using appropriate tools and units.
Stopwatch: Measures time.
Inferring: Making explanations based on observations.
Triple Beam Balance, digital balance: Measures mass.
Predicting: Anticipating future events based on trends or patterns. Measuring Cylinder, Burette, Pipette: Measures volume of liquids.
Communicating: Sharing scientific findings using diagrams,
graphs, and written or verbal communication.
Controlling Variables: Identifying and manipulating variables in
experiments.
Formulating Hypothesis: Making an educated guess that can be
tested.
Interpreting Data: Making sense of data collected from
experiments.
Experimenting: Planning and conducting an experiment to test a
hypothesis.

3. The use of measuring instruments, accuracy, consistency, sensitivity and errors

4. Density

Parallax error is a mistake in measurement that happens when

you look at a scale from an angle, causing the reading to seem
different from the actual value. To avoid it, always make sure
your eyes are directly in front of the scale when taking
measurements.

How to Minimize Errors:

For Systematic Errors:
Calibrate instruments regularly.
Ensure proper use of equipment (e.g., eliminate parallax error by reading at eye
level).
Check and adjust for environmental conditions affecting the experiment.
For Random Errors:
Take multiple measurements and calculate the average.
Use more precise instruments.
Conduct experiments in controlled environments to reduce external interference. Making estimation to take measurement is the process of
roughly determining the value of something when exact tools
or measurements are not available
Estimating Area:
Estimating Volume: For irregular shapes: You can
break them into smaller, regular
For irregular objects: You can estimate by shapes, estimate each part, and
comparing it to a regular shape or by using water then add them together.
displacement if possible.

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 Chapter 2: 2. Basic Cell Structures and Their Functions

Cells as the Basic Unit of Life Structure Function

Cell Controls what enters and exits the cell.
1. What is a Cell? Membrane
Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur.
Cell: The smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Nucleus Controls cell activities and contains DNA.
Microscopic: Cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye and
require a microscope. Mitochondri Produces energy for the cell.
aVacuole Stores water, nutrients, and waste (larger in plant cells).
Cell Wall Provides structure and support to the cell.
3. Differences between animal cell and plant cell (Plant Only) Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
(Plant Only)
Feature Animal Cell Plant Cell

Shape Irregular Fixed shape, typically rectangular or square due to the cell wall

Cell Wall Absent Present; made of cellulose, provides structure and support

Chloroplasts Absent Present; contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Vacuole Small, multiple vacuoles One large central vacuole, maintains cell structure

4. Key Differences Between Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

Unicellular 5. Levels of Organization in Multicellular Organisms

Feature Multicellular Organisms
Organisms Cell: The basic unit of life.
Number of Cells One cell Multiple cells Tissue: A group of similar cells working together to perform a
speci c function.
No specialization;
Cell High specialization; different cells Organ: Made up of different tissues working together (e.g., the
single cell performs
Specialization for different functions heart, lungs).
all functions
Organ System: A group of organs that work together to perform
Organization No tissues, organs, or Cells organized into tissues, organs, complex body functions (e.g., digestive system, respiratory system).
Level systems and systems Organism: A living being made up of multiple organ systems
working together.
Mostly asexual
Mostly sexual, but some can
Reproduction (binary ssion,
reproduce asexually (e.g., plants)
budding)

Size Microscopic Can be large and complex

Type of Organism De nition Examples

- Bacteria
- Amoeba
Unicellular Made up of a single cell that performs all life processes
- Paramecium
Organisms independently.
- Euglena
- Yeast

- Humans: Complex organism with specialized cells, tissues,

and systems.
- Plants: Trees, owers with root, leaf, and stem cells.
Multicellular Made up of multiple cells with specialization for different
- Animals: Mammals, birds, sh, insects with specialized
Organisms functions.
systems.
- Fungi: Multicellular types like mushrooms and molds.
7. Comparison of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - Algae: Seaweed, multicellular algae with specialized cells.

6. Comparison between Cellular and photosynthesis

Aspect Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis

Function Converts glucose into energy Converts sunlight into glucose (food)

Reactants Glucose and oxygen Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

Products Carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP) Glucose and oxygen

Occurs In Mitochondria (in both plants and animals) Chloroplasts (in plants only)

Importance Supplies energy for cell functions Produces food and oxygen, supporting life

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 Chapter 3:
Homeostasis
1. De nition:
Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. It ensures that
conditions like temperature, water balance, and pH stay within a certain range for optimal functioning.
Internal Environment: Refers to the conditions inside the body, such as temperature, pH levels, and uid balance.

2. Importance of Homeostasis:
Keeps body functions optimal.
Prevents damage to cells due to extreme changes.
Helps the body respond to changes in the environment.

3. Examples of Homeostasis:
Body Temperature Regulation: Maintains an ideal temperature (about 37°C) by sweating, shivering, or adjusting blood ow.
Water Balance: Controls water content through mechanisms like thirst, urine production, and sweating.
Blood Sugar Levels: Insulin and glucagon regulate sugar levels to provide energy without causing damage.

4. Corrective mechanism

Condition Detection Corrective Actions Result

- Sweating: Sweat evaporates, cooling the body

High Body Hypothalamus detects rise in Body cools down to normal
- Increased Blood Flow Near Skin: Allows heat loss
Temperature temperature temperature
- Body Hair Lies Flat: Reduces insulation to let heat escape

- Shivering: Muscle contractions generate heat

Hypothalamus detects drop Body warms up to normal
Low Body Temperature - Reduced Blood Flow Near Skin: Conserves heat
in temperature temperature
- Body Hair Stands Up: Traps warm air for insulation

Low Water Level Hypothalamus detects low - Increases water reabsorption by kidneys, producing less Water is conserved, restoring
(Dehydration) water level urine normal levels

High Water Level Hypothalamus detects high - Kidneys allow more water to be excreted, producing more Excess water is removed,
(Overhydration) water level urine restoring balance

5. Homeostasis in animal

Animal Temperature Condition Response

Cat Hot - lick fur to cool down

Cold - Body hair stand erect to trap heat

Dog Hot - Pants to allow moisture to evaporate from the tongue, cooling down

Lizard Hot - Moves to shade to cool down, movement become faster, temperature increases

Cold - Basks in the sun to warm up, movement become slower, body temperature decreases

Bee Cold - Closes spiracles in between breathing movement to reduce water loss

Snail Hot (Dry) - Retreats into shell and secretes mucus to reduce water loss

6. Homeostasis in plant

Hot Days:

Transpiration Rate: High due to increased evaporation. Plants lose more water as the heat causes water to evaporate from the leaf surfaces.
Stoma Opening: Stomata (tiny openings on the leaves) are partially or fully open during cooler parts of the day, allowing for gas exchange needed for
photosynthesis.
Water Conservation: To prevent excessive water loss, some plants may partially close stomata during the hottest parts of the day, reducing
transpiration while still maintaining some gas exchange.

Cold Days:

Transpiration Rate: Low because less water evaporates at cooler temperatures.

Stoma Opening: Stomata may remain more open throughout the day, as water loss is not a major risk in cooler conditions. This helps the plant continue
gas exchange for photosynthesis.
Water Use Ef ciency: Since there is less water loss, plants don’t need to restrict stoma opening as much, making gas exchange easier even in low
temperatures.
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 Chapter 4:
Reproduction
Topic Details

1. De nition of Reproduction The process of producing new individuals (offspring) from parents.

Asexual Reproduction
- One parent involved
- Offspring identical to parent
2. Types of Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
- Two parents involved
- Offspring genetically diverse

Sperm
- Male gamete produced by the male reproductive system
3. Gametes in Sexual Reproduction
Ovum
- Female gamete produced by the female reproductive system
Internal Fertilization
- Occurs inside the body (e.g., humans, mammals)
- Provides protection for zygote
4. Fertilization Types
External Fertilization
- Occurs outside the body (e.g., sh, amphibians)
- Requires a watery environment

Binary Fission
- Splits into two (e.g., bacteria)
Budding
- New growth on parent (e.g., yeast)
Fragmentation
5. Examples of Asexual - Parts become new organisms (e.g., star sh)
Reproduction Spore Formation
- Produces spores (e.g., fungi)
Regeneration
- Ability to regrow lost parts, forming new organisms (e.g., planaria, star sh)
Vegetative Reproduction
- New plants grow from parts like stems, roots, or leaves (e.g., runners in strawberries, tubers in potatoes)

Male Reproductive System

Testes - Produce sperm and release testosterone
Scrotum - Holds testes outside the body to keep them at the correct temperature for sperm production
Penis - Delivers sperm into the female reproductive system during reproduction
Sperm Ducts - Transport sperm from the testes to the urethra
Urethra - Transports sperm out of the body during reproduction; also used for urine excretion
6. Basics of Human Reproduction
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries - Produce eggs (ova) and release hormones like estrogen
Fallopian Tubes - Transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus; site where fertilization usually occurs
Uterus - Supports and nurtures the developing fetus
Cervix - Lower part of the uterus that opens to the vagina; helps in childbirth
Vagina - Receives sperm during reproduction and serves as the birth canal during childbirth

Ensures species survival

7. Importance of Reproduction
Enables genetic diversity, helping adaptation to environmental changes

8. Physical Changes During Puberty Male Female

Growth of body hair Facial, underarm, and pubic hair Underarm and pubic hair

Voice Deepening of the voice No signi cant change

Growth of reproductive organs Enlargement of testes and penis Development of breasts

Body structure Muscle development, broader shoulders Widening of hips

Height Increase in height Increase in height

Reproductive function Production of sperm begins Start of menstrual cycle; ovaries begin releasing eggs (ova)
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 Chapter 4:
Reproduction
8. Comparison between male and female gamete

9. Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Feature Male Gamete (Sperm) Female Gamete (Egg/Ovum)
Menstruation (Days 1-5)
The uterus lining sheds if there is no fertilized egg,
Size Small, microscopic Large, visible to the naked eye leading to menstrual bleeding.
This phase starts the menstrual cycle and clears the uterus
lining in preparation for a new cycle.
Has a head, midsection,
Shape Round and non-motile Repair Phase (Days 6-10)
and a tail for movement
The uterus lining begins to regrow and thicken after
menstruation.
Mobility Motile, moves using its tail Non-motile, remains in place This phase prepares the uterus for a potential pregnancy
by rebuilding a healthy lining.
Fertile Phase (Days 11-16)
Production Ovulation occurs around Day 14, where an ovum is
Produced in the testes Produced in the ovaries
Site released from the ovary.
The uterus lining continues to thicken, and this phase is
Quantity One ovum typically released the period when pregnancy is most likely to occur.
Millions produced daily Premenstrual Phase (Days 17-28)
Produced per menstrual cycle
If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels drop, leading to
the breakdown of the uterus lining.
Can survive up to 3-5 days Lives for about 24 hours after This phase prepares the body to restart the menstrual
Lifespan cycle if there is no pregnancy.
inside the female body ovulation if unfertilized

10. Fertilization De nition: Fertilization is the process where a sperm cell from the male joins with an ovum from the female.
Process: Fertilization usually happens in the fallopian tube.
When the sperm penetrates the ovum, they combine genetic material to form a zygote.
Importance: Fertilization is essential for the formation of a new individual with genetic information from both parents.

PregnancyDe nition: Pregnancy is the period of development where the fertilized egg (zygote) grows into a baby inside the mother’s uterus.
Process: After fertilization, the zygote moves to the uterus and implants into the thickened uterus lining.
It develops into an embryo and later into a fetus, nourished by the placenta.
Duration: Pregnancy typically lasts about 9 months (40 weeks) until birth.

11. Importance of the Placenta and Umbilical Cord 12.

Function in Fetal Development
1. Placenta Nutrient
De nition: An organ that develops in the uterus during
pregnancy, connecting the mother to the developing baby. Needed for building tissues and organs, supporting cell
Proteins
Functions: growth and repair.
Nutrient and Oxygen Supply: Delivers essential
nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood to Folic Acid
Helps prevent neural tube defects and supports brain and
the baby. (Vitamin
spinal cord development.
Waste Removal: Removes waste products from B9)
the baby’s blood and sends them back to the
Essential for forming red blood cells to carry oxygen;
mother’s bloodstream for disposal. Iron
prevents anemia in both mother and baby.
Protection: Acts as a barrier to lter out some
harmful substances from reaching the baby.
2. Umbilical Cord Important for building strong bones and teeth; aids in muscle
Calcium
De nition: A cord-like structure that connects the fetus to and heart development.
the placenta.
Functions: Omega-3
Supports brain and eye development.
Transport of Nutrients and Oxygen: Carries Fatty Acids
oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the
baby. Vitamin D Aids in calcium absorption, supporting bone health.
Removal of Waste Products: Transports waste
from the baby back to the placenta for disposal by
the mother’s body. Prenatal Provide essential nutrients, especially folic acid and iron, to
Vitamins support healthy development and reduce birth defect risks.

13. Infertility and Contraception

Infertility: The inability to conceive a child after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse. Causes can include issues in either partner, such as low
sperm count, ovulation problems, or blocked reproductive pathways. Treatments may involve medication, surgery, assisted reproductive
technologies like IVF, or lifestyle changes.
Contraception: The intentional prevention of pregnancy. Contraception allows individuals to plan and control if and when they want to have
children by using various methods to avoid fertilization or implantation.
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 Chapter 4:
Reproduction
14. Plant reproduction

Aspect Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Involves one parent; offspring are identical to the

De nition Involves two parent plants; offspring have genetic diversity.
parent.

Vegetative Propagation Pollination

New plants grow from roots, stems, or leaves Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma via wind, water, insects, or animals.
(e.g., runners in strawberries). Fertilization
Methods
Spore Formation Pollen fertilizes ovule to form zygote, which develops into a seed.
Produces and disperses spores that grow into Seed Formation and Dispersal
new plants (e.g., ferns, mosses). Fertilized ovule forms a seed; seeds are dispersed to grow new plants.

Allows rapid reproduction and survival in stable Ensures genetic diversity, adaptation to environments, and the spread of plants to
Importance
environments. new areas through seeds and fruits.
Structure and Function of Each Part of a Flower
ave you ever observe a ower f you remove the petals what are the other parts of
the ower that you can observe hat are their names an functions igure . shows
a longitu inal section of a ower an its function.
Pollinating
Characteristics of Pollinated Flowers
Anther Agent
Stamen Stigma
Filament
- Brightly colored petals
Stamen: ale Insects - Pleasant fragrance
reproductive organ.
Style - Produce nectar

Petal: sually Petal

colourful to attract Pistil - Small, less colorful, no fragrance
Wind
insects and animals. Pistil: emale
- Produce large amounts of lightweight pollen
reproductive
organ.
- Long, thread-like pollen that oats
Water
Ovary - Small, simple owers
Sepal: sually green in Ovule
colour and it protects the Sepal
- Large, sturdy owers
flower during the bud stage.
Animals - Produce abundant nectar
- Bright colors or strong odor

Figure 4.26 Longitudinal section of a flower and its functions

Type of Pollination 4.7 Advantages

Aim: o e amine di erent types o o ers to identi y their structures and unctions
Instruction - Ensures pollination even in the absence of pollinators or other plants nearby.
1. ind a e types o o- Maintains
Self-Pollination genetic
ers in your school stability, as offspring are similar to the parent.
compound
2. Dissect your specimens denti y theless
- Requires olloenergy
in partsand resources since no external agent is needed.
a o er petal and sepal
b male reproducti e or an
c emale reproducti- eIncreases
or an genetic diversity, leading to healthier plants with better adaptability to environmental changes.
3. Dra and label the structures
Cross-Pollination - Promoteso the stronger
o ers thatdisease
you ha e resistance
obser ed in offspring due to genetic variation.
4. Display your dra in ith labels on the notice board in your class
- Helps in the evolution of new plant varieties with bene cial traits.

Germination of Seed
1. 120
De Chapter
nition:4

Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a new plant under suitable conditions.
2. Conditions Required for Germination:
Water: Activates enzymes that break down stored food in the seed, providing energy for growth.
Oxygen: Needed for cellular respiration, which provides energy for the seedling.
Warmth (Temperature): Required to activate enzymes and speed up biochemical reactions necessary for growth.
3. Stages of Germination:
Water Absorption (Imbibition): The seed absorbs water, swells, and the seed coat softens.
Radicle Emergence: The radicle (young root) emerges rst, anchoring the plant and absorbing more water.
Shoot Development: The shoot grows upwards towards the light, and leaves begin to develop, allowing the plant to start photosynthesis.
4. Importance of Germination:
Germination enables the growth of a new plant, allowing it to eventually produce seeds and continue the life cycle of the species.

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