Bounded Functions
Instructor Name:
Dr Durgesh Pasawan
Assistant Professor
Mathematics, SBS
Galgotias University 1
Problem:
A car's speed 𝑆 𝑡 in km/h on a highway
over time is given by:
𝑆 𝑡 = 100 + 10 sin 𝑡 , where 𝑡 is time in
minutes. What will be the maximum and
minimum speed of the car? Can you
relate the speed of the car to the
bounded function?
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At the end of this session students will be able to
Recognize problems related to
bounded functions
Solve some real-life problem
based on bounded function.
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Bounded Function:
A bounded function is a function whose values do not exceed a certain fixed upper and lower limit.
Mathematically, a function 𝑓 𝑥 is bounded if there exists constants 𝑀 > 0 such that:
𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑀 for all 𝑥 in the domain.
Examples: (i). 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
(ii). 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
(iii). 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0
(iv). 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0
Examples of unbounded functions: (i). 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 𝑛π .
(iii). 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
(iv). 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
GSCALE full form and date 4
Example 1: Temperature Fluctuations in a City
Problem: The temperature in a city during a year can be modeled by the function:
2𝜋𝑥
𝑇 𝑥 = 30 cos + 15, where 𝑥 represents the day of the year (0 to 365) and T 𝑥 is the
365
temperature in degrees Celsius. Show that T 𝑥 is a bounded function and find its bounds.
Example 5: Water Level in a Tank
Problem: The water level in a tank is given by:
W 𝑡 = 50 + 5 sin 2𝑡 , where 𝑡 is in hours and W 𝑡 is in liters. Show that W 𝑡 is bounded
and find its limits.
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Learning Activity
1 (Group Activity)
Group 1: A company's stock price is
modeled by: Group 2: A person's heart rate
𝐻 𝑡 (in beats per minute) while
P 𝑡 = 200 + 50 sin 0.1𝑡 , where 𝑡 is exercising is given by:
time in days, and P 𝑡 is the stock
price in dollars. Show that P 𝑡 is 𝐻 𝑡 = 120 + 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.5𝑡 , where 𝑡
bounded and find the range of stock is time in minutes. Show that 𝐻 𝑡 is
prices. bounded and find the limits.
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Answer for group 1: Answer for group 2:
bounded $150 and bounded100 bpm
$250 and 140 bpm.
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Think-Pair-Share Activity for Bounded Functions
Objective: Students will understand and apply the concept of bounded
functions through discussion, collaboration, and problem-solving.
Problem Statement:
A car's speed is given by the function S(t)=80+20sin(t), where
S(t) is the speed in km/h and t is time in hours.
➢ Is this function bounded?
➢ If yes, what are its upper and lower bounds?
➢ What does this mean in real-life terms?
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Think-Pair-Share Activity for Bounded Functions
Step 1: Think (Individual Reflection - 3 Minutes)
Step 2: Pair (Discuss with a Partner - 5 Minutes)
•Students pair up and compare their answers.
•Encourage them to discuss:
• Did they reach the same bounds?
• How does this function model real-world behavior?
• Can they think of other examples of bounded functions in daily life?
Step 3: Share (Class Discussion - 7 Minutes)
•Each pair shares their findings with the class.
•The teacher summarizes key points, ensuring that students understand:
• The mathematical definition of bounded functions.
• Real-world applications (e.g., temperature, stock prices, population
growth, speed limits).
• The difference between bounded above, bounded below, and
unbounded functions.
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Activity 3: Further assessment
Every one has to post your answer by scanning given QR code.
[Link]
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Conclusion & Key Takeaways:
•A bounded function is one whose values remain within a fixed range.
•Many real-world scenarios, such as speed limits, temperature
variations, and stock market fluctuations, can be modeled using
bounded functions.
•We showed how trigonometric functions (sine and cosine) often
appear in bounded real-world models.
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Our next topic will be Square Integrable 𝐿𝑝 Functions.
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Review and
Reflection
from students
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