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TRNG I HC HNG HI VIT NAM KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN B MN H THNG THNG TIN

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BI GING
XY DNG V QUN L D N CNG NGH THNG TIN

TN HC PHN M HC PHN TRNH O TO DNG CHO SV NGNH

: XD V QUN L D N CNTT : 17405 : I HC CHNH QUY : CNG NGH THNG TIN

HI PHNG - 2011

MC LC
Chng 1. Gii thiu v qun l d n 1.1. Cc khi nim c bn 1.2. Cc nhn t nh hng n d n (Stackholders) 1.3. Cc lnh vc qun l trong d n (Knowledge areas) 1.4. Vai tr ca ngi qun l d n Chng 2. D n Cng ngh Thng tin 2.1. Cc c im ca d n Cng ngh Thng tin 2.2. Cc giai on ca d n (Project phases) 2.3. Cc nhm tin trnh trong mt giai on (Process groups) Chng 3. Qun l phm vi d n 3.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l phm vi d n (Project scope) 3.2. Xc nh phm vi d n 3.3. To bng phn r chi tit cng vic (Work Breakdown Structure- WBS) 3.4. Xt duyt v iu khin phm vi Chng 4. Qun l thi gian ca d n 4.1. Tm quan trng ca lch trnh d n (Project schedules) 4.2. Cc hot ng ca d n (Activities) 4.3. c lng thi gian thc hin (Duration) 4.4. Xy dng lch trnh 4.5. iu khin lch trnh Chng 5. Qun l chi ph ca d n 5.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l chi ph d n (Project cost) 5.2. c lng chi ph d n 5.3. Xc nh ngn sch d n (Budget) 5.4. iu khin chi ph d n Chng 6. Qun l cht lng ca d n 6.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l cht lng 6.2. Lp k hoch cht lng (Planning quality) 6.3. Thc hin m bo cht lng (Quality assurance) Chng 7. Qun l ngun nhn lc ca d n 7.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ngun nhn lc 7.2. Xy dng k hoch qun l ngun nhn lc (Human resource) 7.3. Xy dng nhm d n (Project team) Chng 8. Qun l cc ri ro ca d n 8.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ri ro 8.2. Lp k hoch qun l ri ro 8.3. Xc nh cc ri ro 8.4. Phn tch nh lng cc ri ro 8.5. Lp k hoch i ph ri ro (Risk responses) 8.6. Gim st v iu khin cc ri ro Mt s thi mu 5 5 5 6 8 10 10 10 12 13 13 13 15 18 19 19 19 21 24 26 28 28 28 31 33 34 34 34 35 37 37 37 38 41 41 41 43 46 47 48 49

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Tn hc phn: Xy dng v qun l d n Cng ngh Thng tin Loi hc phn: 4 B mn ph trch ging dy: H thng Thng tin Khoa ph trch: CNTT M hc phn: 17405 Tng s TC: 3 Tng s tit L thuyt Thc hnh/Xemina T hc Bi tp ln n mn hc 60 30 15 0 c khng Hc phn hc trc: Nhp mn Cng ngh Phn mm. Hc phn tin quyt: Khng yu cu. Hc phn song song: Khng yu cu. Mc tiu ca hc phn: Cung cp cc kin thc c bn v k nng Xy dng& Qun l d n Cng ngh Thng tin cho sinh vin. Ni dung ch yu: Gii thiu v qun l d n; Cc c im ca d n Cng ngh Thng tin; Qun l phm vi d n; Qun l thi gian ca d n; Qun l chi ph ca d n; Qun l cht lng ca d n; Qun l ngun nhn lc ca d n; Qun l ri ro ca d n. Ni dung chi tit: PHN PHI S TIT TN CHNG MC TS LT TH BT KT Chng 1. Gii thiu v qun l d n 6 4 1.1. Cc khi nim c bn 1.2. Cc nhn t nh hng n d n (Stackholders) 1.3. Cc lnh vc qun l trong d n (Knowledge areas) 1.4. Vai tr ca ngi qun l d n Chng 2. D n Cng ngh Thng tin 3 2 2.1. Cc c im ca d n Cng ngh Thng tin 2.2. Cc giai on ca d n (Project phases) 2.3. Cc nhm tin trnh trong mt giai on (Process groups) Chng 3. Qun l phm vi d n 6 4 3.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l phm vi d n (Project scope) 3.2. Xc nh phm vi d n 3.3. To bng phn r chi tit cng vic (Work Breakdown Structure- WBS) 3.4. Xt duyt v iu khin phm vi Chng 4. Qun l thi gian ca d n 6 4 4.1. Tm quan trng ca lch trnh d n (Project schedules) 4.2. Cc hot ng ca d n (Activities) 4.3. c lng thi gian thc hin (Duration) 4.4. Xy dng lch trnh 4.5. iu khin lch trnh Chng 5. Qun l chi ph ca d n 6 4 5.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l chi ph d n (Project cost) 5.2. c lng chi ph d n 5.3. Xc nh ngn sch d n (Budget) 5.4. iu khin chi ph d n Chng 6. Qun l cht lng ca d n 6 4 6.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l cht lng 6.2. Lp k hoch cht lng (Planning quality) 6.3. Thc hin m bo cht lng (Quality assurance) 6.4. Cc tiu ch cht lng hin i Chng 7. Qun l ngun nhn lc ca d n 6 4 7.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ngun nhn lc

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TN CHNG MC 7.2. Xy dng k hoch qun l ngun nhn lc (Human resource) 7.3. Xy dng nhm d n (Project team) Chng 8. Qun l cc ri ro ca d n 8.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ri ro 8.2. Lp k hoch qun l ri ro 8.3. Xc nh cc ri ro 8.4. Phn tch nh lng cc ri ro 8.5. Lp k hoch i ph ri ro (Risk responses) 8.6. Gim st v iu khin cc ri ro PHN PHI S TIT TS LT TH BT KT

Nhim v ca sinh vin: Tham d cc bui hc l thuyt v thc hnh, lm cc bi tp c giao, lm cc bi thi gia hc phn v bi thi kt thc hc phn theo ng quy nh. Ti liu hc tp: 1. Ng Trung Vit, Phng php lun qun l d n Cng ngh Thng tin, NXB Khoa hc v k thut H ni. 2002. 2. Kathy Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 4th edition. 3. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Project Management Institute, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania USA, 2000. Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gi sinh vin: - Hnh thc thi: thi vit. - Tiu chun nh gi sinh vin: cn c vo s tham gia hc tp ca sinh vin trong cc bui hc l thuyt v thc hnh, kt qu lm cc bi tp c giao, kt qu ca cc bi thi gia hc phn v bi thi kt thc hc phn. Thang im: Thang im ch A, B, C, D, F. im nh gi hc phn: Z=0,4X + 0,6Y. Bi ging ny l ti liu chnh thc v thng nht ca B mn H thng Thng tin, Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin v c dng ging dy cho sinh vin. Ngy ph duyt: Trng B mn / /

Chng 1. Gii thiu v qun l d n

1.1. Cc khi nim c bn
Qun l d n l mt trong nhng lnh vc kin thc mang tnh kinh nghim, c ngha quan trng trong cc nhim v hng ngy ca bt k mt nh qun l hay mt c nhn c tham vng tr thnh nh qun l. a) D n l g? Theo quan im chung d n l mt lnh vc hot ng c th, mt nhim v cn phi thc hin theo mt phng php ring, trong khun kh ngun lc ring, k hoch tin c th nhm to ra mt sn phm mi. T cho thy, d n c tnh c th, mc tiu r rng xc nh to ra mt sn phm mi. Theo PMBOK Guide 2000, d n l mt n lc tm thi c cam kt to ra mt sn phm hoc dch v duy nht. Theo cch nh ngha ny, hot ng d n tp trung vo 2 c tnh: - N lc tm thi: mi d n u c im bt u v kt thc c th. D n ch kt thc khi t c mc tiu d n hoc d n tht bi. - Sn phm v dch v l duy nht: iu ny th hin c s khc bit so vi nhng sn phm, dch v tng t c hoc kt qu ca d n khc.

1.2. Cc nhn t nh hng n d n (Stackholders)

Cc bn tham gia l tt c nhng ai c lin quan hoc b nh hng bi cc hot ng ca d n, c th: - C li ch nghip v trong kt qu d n - Lin quan trc tip ti d n - ng gp cc ngun lc cho d n Cc bn lin quan d n c nhng li ch, nhu cu v u tin khc nhau. H c th c nhng quan im khc nhau v vic d n c gng hon thnh nhng g. Do , vic xc nh c cc bn lin quan trong d n cng sm cng tt, c bit trong giai on xy dng tng. Xem qua cc bn lin quan cn cha l din s l mt ri ro rt ln n vic t chc thc hin d n. Thng thng, trong mt d n, cc bn tham gia bao gm: - Nh ti tr: Chu trch nhim cui cng i vi s thnh cng ca d n. Nh ti tr c trch nhim k kt hon tt cc ti liu lp k hoch v cc yu cu thay i. ng thi cho php nhm qun l d n s dng cc ngun lc, bo v v c vn cho nhm qun l d n. Trong qu trnh thc hin d n, nh ti tr c thm cc trch nhim xem xt li cc

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tin trnh v cht lng, ct bng khai trng, khnh thnh, k v cng b tn ch d n. - Nh qun l d n (gim c d n): Lm vic vi cc i tng lin quan nh ngha d n Lp k hoch, sp xp lch trnh v d tho ngn sch cc hot ng ca d n vi i ng ban u; chi huy nhm d n thc thi k hoch Gim st hiu qu hot ng v thc hin cc hot ng hiu chnh. Thng xuyn thng bo cho nh ti tr v cc i tng lin quan d n: a ra yu cu v trnh by nhng thay i v phm vi ng vai tr l ngi trung gian gia nhm d n v cc i tng lin quan - Nh qun l chc nng: Cc nh qun l ny chu nh hng bi cc hot ng hay kt qu ca d n. Kim sot v ng gp ngun lc cho d n (con ngi, trang thit b ) C th c nhng yu cu tri ngc vi kt qu d n Trong mt s trng hp l cp trn ca nh qun l d n - Khch hng: Trong trng hp nh ti tr khng phi l n v trin khai sn phm ca d n th nh ti tr chnh l khch hng. i tng ny c nhim v nh sau: Nhn u ra ca d n Thanh ton cho u ra d n Xc nh nhu cu cho u ra d n C th l nhiu cng ty hay c nhn vi nhng c im v yu cu tri ngc nhau - Nh cung cp: mt d n thng bao gm nhiu hng mc khc nhau, trong c nhng hng mc khi xem xt yu t kh thi, nh ti tr quyt nh mua. Nh cung cp c trch nhim cung cp cc thit b, sn phm hay dch v cn thit phc v cho hot ng ca d n thng qua hnh thc hp ng, m bo d n t c mc tiu ra.

1.3. Cc lnh vc qun l trong d n (Knowledge areas)

Theo i tng qun l, qun l d n bao gm 9 lnh vc chnh cn c xem xt, nghin cu l: - Lp k hoch tng th: lp k hoch cho d n l qu trnh t chc d n theo mt trnh t l gch, chi tit ho cc mc tiu ca d n thnh nhng cng vic c th v hoch nh mt chng trnh thc hin nhng cng vic nhm m bo cc lnh vc qun l khc nhau ca d n c kt hp mt cch chnh xc v y . - Qun l phm vi: L vic xc nh phm vi, gim st vic thc hin mc ch, mc tiu ca d n, xc nh cng vic no thuc v d n v cn phi thc hin, cng vic no nm ngoi phm vi ca d n.

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- Qun l thi gian: L vic lp k hoch, phn phi v gim st tin thi gian nhm m bo thi hn hon thnh d n. N ch r mi cng vic phi ko di bao lu, khi no th bt u, khi no th kt thc v ton b d n ko di bao lu, phi hon thnh khi no. - Qun l chi ph: L qu trnh d ton kinh ph, gim st thc hin chi ph theo tin cho tng cng vic v ton b d n. C th l t chc, phn tch s liu, bo co nhng thng tin v chi ph. - Qun l cht lng: L qu trnh trin khai gim st nhng tiu chun cht lng cho vic thc hin d n, m bo cht lng kt qu ca d n phi p ng mong mun ca nh ti tr (ch u t). - Qun l nhn lc: L qu trnh hng dn, phi hp nhng n lc ca mi thnh vin tham gia d n vo vic hon thnh mc tiu ca d n. N cho thy vic s dng lc lng lao ng ca d n hiu qu n u? - Qun l thng tin (truyn thng): L qu trnh bo m cc dng thng tin thng sut, nhanh chng v chnh xc gia cc thnh vin d n v vi cc cp qun l, gia cc t nhm qun l d n. Thng qua qun l thng tin c th tr li cc cu hi: ai cn thong tin v d n? mc chi tit? cc nh qun l d n cn bo co cho h bng cch no? - Qun l ri ro: L vic nhn din cc nhn t ri ro trong d n, s dng cc phng php nh tnh, nh lng xc inh tnh cht, mc ri ro v c k hoch i ph cng nh qun l tng loi ri ro. - Qun l hp ng v cc hot ng mua sm: L qu trnh la chn nh cung cp hng ho v dch v; thng lng vi h, qun l cc hp ng v iu hnh vic mua bn nguyn vt liu, trang thit b, dch v nhm gii quyt ccvn : bng cch no cung cp cc hng ho, vt liu cn thit cho d n? tin cung cp, cht lng cung cp n u?

1.4. Vai tr ca ngi qun l d n

Phn ln kin thc cn thit qun l d n l kin thc ring ca ngnh QLDA. Ngoi ra, Ngi qun tr d n cn phi c kin thc v kinh nghim trong: - Qun l tng qut - Lnh vc ng dng ca d n Cc k nng cn thit ca nh qun l d n: - K nng lnh o: Lnh o l k nng c bn nh qun l d n ch o, nh hng, khuyn khch v phi hp cc thnh vin trong nhm cng thc hin d n. y l k nng quan trng nht. N i hi cc nh qun l d n c nhng phm cht cn thit, c quyn lc nht nh thc hin thnh cng mc tiu d n. - K nng lp k hoch v kim sot d n: Nh qun l d n phi l ngi chu trch nhim v k hoch tng th trc nh ti tr v khch hng. V vy, nh qun l d n phi c k nng lp lch trnh d n v xc nh cc tiu ch nh gi cng vic hon thnh. ng

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thi, nh qun l d n phi bit thit lp cc quy trnh h thng nh gi v kim sot mc thnh cng ca bng k hoch. - K nng giao tip v thng tin trong qun l d n: Nh qun l d n c trch nhim phi hp, thng nht cc hot ng gia cc b phn chc nng v nhng c quan lin quan thc hin cc cng vic ca d n nn bt buc phi thnh tho k nng giao tip. Nh qun l d n phi c kin thc, hiu bit cc cng vic ca cc phng chc nng, c kin thc rng v mt s lnh vc k thut. Nh qun l d n cng cn gii k nng thng tin, truyn thng, k nng chia s thng tin gia cc thnh vin d n v nhng ngi lin quan trong qu trnh trin khai d n. - K nng thng lng v gii quyt kh khn vng mc: Nh qun l d n trong qu trnh thc hin trng trch ca mnh c quan h vi rt nhiu nhm. ng thi, cng vi s pht trin t chc ca d n, trch nhim ca nh qun l d n ngy cng tng nhng quyn lc ca h c cp khng tng xng. Do thiu quyn lc, bt buc cc nh qun l phi c k nng thng lng gii vi cc nh qun l cp trn v nhng ngi ng u cc b phn chc nng chuyn mn nhm tranh th ti a s quan tm, ng h ca cp trn, ngi ng u trong vic ginh ngun lc cn thit cho hot ng ca d n. - K nng tip th v quan h khch hng: Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng nht ca nh qun l d n l tr gip cc n v, doanh nghip trong hot ng Marketing. Lm tt cng tc tip th s gip n v gi c khch hng hin ti, tng thm khch hng tin nng. - K nng ra quyt nh: La chn phng n v cch thc thc hin cc cng vic d n l nhng quyt nh rt quan trng, c bit trong nhng iu kin thiu thng tin v c nhiu thay i, bin ng. ra c quyt nh ng v kp thi cn nhiu k nng tng hp ca nh qun l nh: k nng t chc bao gm lp k hoch, xc nh mc tiu, phn tch; k nng xy dng nhm nh thu hiu, thc y, tinh thn ng i v k nng cng ngh lin quan n kinh nghim, kin thc v d n.

Bi tp
1) D n l g? Cc yu t nh hng n d n? 2) Vai tr ca ngi qun l d n?

Chng 2. D n Cng ngh Thng tin

2.1. Cc c im ca d n Cng ngh Thng tin
- CNTT = Phn cng + Phn mm, s tch hp phn cng, phn mm v con ngi - D n CNTT = d n lin quan n phn cng, phn mm, v mng V d: D n xy dng h thng tnh cc v chm sc khch hng ti cc Bu in Tnh/Thnh, phc v hot ng sn xut kinh doanh.

2.2. Cc giai on ca d n (Project phases)

D n l mt thc th thng nht, thi gian thc hin xc nh v c bt nh nht nh nn cc t chc, n v thng chia d n thnh mt s giai on qun l thc hin. Mi gian on c nh du bng vic thc hin mt hay nhiu cng vic. Tng hp cc giai on ny c gi l chu k hay vng i ca d n. Chu k ca d n xc nh thi im bt u, thi im kt thc v thi gian thc hin d n. Chu k d n xc nh nhng cng vic no s c thc hin trong tng giai on v ai s tham gia thc hin. N cng ch ra nhng cng vic no cn li giai on cui s thuc v hoc khng thuc v phm vi ca d n. Thng qua chu k d n c th nhn thy mt s c im: Mc chi ph v yu cu nhn lc thng l thp khi mi bt u d n, tng cao hn vo Xc sut hon thnh d n thnh cng thp nht v do mc ri ro l cao nht khi d Kh nng nh hng ca nh ti tr ti c tnh cui cng ca sn phm d n v do thi k pht trin, nhng gim nhanh khi d n bc vo giai on kt thc. n bt u thc hin. Xc sut thnh cng s tng ln khi d n bc qua cc giai on sau. ti chi ph l cao nht vo thi k bt u v gim mnh khi d n tip tc trong cc giai on sau. Vng i d n xc nh cc giai on m mt d n phi tri qua tnh t lc bt u cho ti khi kt thc d n. Cc giai on thng c c ch t hon thin kim sot qun l thng qua cc cng vic gim st, nh gi. in hnh, s chuyn tip gia cc giai on thng c im mc nh du v mt kt qu chuyn giao c th, km theo nhng ph duyt, tn thnh ca nh ti tr trc khi bc sang giai on tip theo. Vng i pht trin d n (Systems Development Life Cycle - SDLC) l khung lm vic dng m t cc giai on trong qu trnh pht trin v duy tr h thng. SDLC c bn l nhm cc giai on ca d n. Cc giai on ca d n thay i ty theo d n, t chc hoc lnh vc kinh doanh, thng c chia thnh 4 giai on nh sau: Giai on xy dng tng: Xy dng tng l vic xc nh bc tranh ton cnh v mc tiu, kt qu cui cng ca d n v phng php thc hin dn ti kt qu . Xy dng tng d n bt u ngay khi hnh thnh d n. Kho st-tp hp s liu, xc nh yu cu, nh

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gi ri ro, d tnh ngun lc, so snh la chn d n, l nhng cng vic trin khai v cn c qun l trong gian on ny. Quyt nh la chn d n l nhng quyt nh chin lc da trn mc ch, nhu cu v cc mc tiu lu di ca t chc, doanh nghip. Trong giai on ny nhng ni dung c xt n l mc ch yu cu ca d n, tnh kh thi, li nhun tim nng, mc chi ph, mc ri ro v c lng cc ngun lc cn thit. ng thi cng cn lm r hn na tng d n bng cch phc tho nhng kt qu v phng php thc hin trong iu kin hn ch v ngun lc. Pht trin tng d n khng cn thit phi lng ho ht bng cc ch tiu nhng n phi ngn gn, c din t trn c s thc t. i vi cc d n CNTT, tnh h thng v kh nng tng hp c vai tr quan trng, da trn nn tng mt kin trc CNTT do nh nc quy nh. Kin trc ny c vai tr hng dn vic xy dng cc d n sao cho chng c th kt ni, tng hp vi nhau, to ra mt mng quc gia lin thng, thng nht c ch kt ni, chia s v cung cp dch v. Kt thc giai on ny l s ph duyt v ch trng thc hin d n ( tng). Giai on pht trin: L giai on chi tit xem d n cn c thc hin nh th no, ni dung ch yu ca giai on ny tp trung vo cng tc thit k v lp k hoch. y l giai on cha ng nhng cng vic phc tp nht ca d n. Ni dung ch yu bao gm: + Thnh lp nhm d n, xc nh cu trc t chc. + Lp k hoch tng th + Phn tch, lp bng chi tit cng vic WBS + Lp k hoch tin thi gian + Lp k hoch ngn sch + Lp k hoch ngun lc cn thit + Lp k hoch chi ph + Xin ph chun thc hin tip Kt thc giai on ny, tin trnh d n c th bt u. Thnh cng ca d n ph thuc rt ln vo cht lng v s chun b k lng ca cc k hoch trong giai on ny. Giai on thc hin: L giai on qun l t chc trin khai cc ngun lc bao gm cc cng vic cn thit nh xy dng phng c, h thng, la chn cng c, mua sm trang thit b, lp t y l giai on chim nhiu thi gian v n lc nht. Nhng vn cn xem xt trong giai on ny l nhng yu cu k thut c th nhm so snh, nh gi la chn cng c thit b, k thut lp rp, mua thit b chnh, pht trin h thng. Kt thc giai on ny, cc h thng c xy dng v kim nh, h thng c th chuyn sang giai on vn hnh, a vo khai thc th nghim. Giai on kt thc: Trong giai on kt thc ca chu k d n, cn thc hin nhng cng vic cn li nh hon thnh sn phm, bn giao h thng, cng trnh v nhng ti liu lin quan; nh gi d n, gii phng cc ngun lc. Di y l mt s cc vic c th:

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+ Hon chnh v lp k hoch lu tr h s lin quan n d n + Kim tra li s sch k ton, tin hnh bn giao v bo co + Thanh quyt ton + i vi pht trin, xy dng h thng cn chun b v bn giao s tay hng dn lp t, qun tr v s dng + Bn giao d n, ly ch k ca khch hng v vic hon thnh + B tr lao ng, gii quyt cng n vic lm cho nhng ngi tng tham gia d n + Gii phng v b tr li thit b Cc d n thng bao gm mt s quy trnh lin kt vi nhau. Cc quy trnh ny lp i lp li v din ra trong tng giai on ca vng i d n v tc ng ln nhau. C 5 quy trnh qun l d n u hot ng ti tng giai on vng i d n, nhng mi quy trnh hot ng c mc khc nhau tu theo mi giai on. Chng hn nh s lp li ca qu trnh khi to tin hnh phn u ca mi gian on nhm tp trung vo cc yu cu v mc tiu nghip v trong giai on . Cc quy trnh ny l: - Khi to: S cp php cho d n hay giai on no - Lp k hoch: Sng lc cc mc tiu ca d n v la chn phng n hnh ng tt nht t c cc mc tiu - Thc thi k hoch: Qun l, phn b cc ngun lc thc hin k hoch - Kim sot: L giai on gim st v xem xt mc tin hnh trn c s nguyn tc nhm xc nh nhng im khc bit so vi k hoch ra thc hin cc hot ng cn thit nhm hiu chnh, m bo d n ang i ng hng, p ng cc mc tiu ca d n ban u. - Kt thc: t c k kt hon tt t nh ti tr v a d n hoc giai on n mt kt thc theo th t

Bi tp
1) c im ca cc d n Cng ngh Thng tin 2) Cc giai on ca mt d n

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Chng 3. Qun l phm vi d n

3.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l phm vi d n (Project scope)
Phm vi (Scope) l mt danh sch tt c nhng g d n phi lm (v cng c th l mt danh sch tt c nhng iu m d n khng phi lm). D n phi c mt phm vi c vit ra r rng, nu khng d n s khng bao gi kt thc. Cc kt qu chuyn giao (Deliverables) l nhng sn phm ca d n m s chuyn giao: nh l phn cng, phn mm (mua hoc pht trin), bo hnh, ti liu, o to v phng thc chuyn giao. Nhm d n v cc bn lin quan (Stakeholders) phi cng hiu nhng sn phm no c to ra nh l kt qu ca d n v chng c to ra nh th no. Qui trnh qun l phm vi Khi tho: Bt u mt d n hoc chuyn tip sang giai on tip theo. Lp k hoch phm vi: pht trin cc ti liu nhm cung cp nn tng cho cc quyt nh v d n trong tng lai Xc nh phm vi: chia nh cc sn phm trung gian ca d n thnh cc thnh phn nh hn, d qun l hn Kim tra phm vi: hp thc ha vic chp nhn phm vi ca d n iu khin thay i phm vi: iu khin nhng thay i ca phm vi d n.

3.2. Xc nh phm vi d n
Quy nh phm vi dng th mc gay go cho mi yu cu thay i m bn nhn c. Quy nh phm vi l ch dn duy nht ca bn khi ai hi liu iu g s xy ra v liu li c c sa cha hay khng, liu c tnh c c xy dng hay khng, liu giao din c thay i hay khng hay liu h c c o to hay khng ? Tho quy nh phm vi l cng vic kh khn v bun t nhng cn thit. Quy nh phm vi phi c ti liu yu cu c nghin cu cn thn. Nguyn tc: Tp hp thng tin ph hp cho kt lun tun theo cc nguyn tc sau: m bo rng loi d n v quy m d n c xc nh r Xem xt vic s dng k hoch d n tch hp cho d n thm / chuyn / thay i v cc d n vi m. Chun b cho quy nh phm vi phc tp hn v ln hn cho c d n v m. m bo rng cc phn c th chuyn giao v ranh gii d n c xc nh r: Ti liu c xc nh r ci s c hon thnh v khng c hon thnh nh mt phn ca d n hay khng?

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Cc yu cu bt buc v khng bt buc c xc nh r hay khng? Cc tiu ch chp thun cho cc kt qu chuyn giao c phc tho cha? Ti liu c xc nh r mi phn c th chuyn giao no s bng ngn ng khng bit ng hay khng? Bn c bit khi no d n hon tt khng? Tnh n ngy thng bt u v ngy thng hon tt theo mc tiu trong c thi on tng i vi ngy thng bt u theo l thuyt v / hoc ngy thng bt u / kt thc. Tnh n hu qu ca nhng ngy thng b tr hn theo ton b d n cng nh cc mc quan trng c th. m bo rng trch nhim c xc lp r: m bo rng tt c cc bn lin quan hiu vai tr v trch nhim ca h trong d n. Cn nhc vic s dng ma trn trch nhim. Mi ngi c hiu chui yu cu cho d n hay khng? C mt s quy nh hay chun ca ngnh nh hng ti cc phn c th chuyn giao hay khng? Giao cho ai nghin cu v chu trch nhim v cc phm vi ny. m bo rng tam gic thp c t ng ch: Ci no l u tin gia chi phi, lch trnh v cht lng? Tnh nng, lch trnh hay kinh ph c th thng lng li c gi cho d n theo ng lch trnh hay ng kinh ph nu cn thit?. Bn ngun lc c ngha khng? Cc phn c th chuyn giao c th thc hin c hay khng? Cc mc quan trng ra c ngha khng? c tnh chi ph ra c ngha khng? m bo rng quy nh phm vi phc tho r ri ro lin quan ti d n: Cn thn cc ri ro nghip v nh cc iu kin th trng xu khng tr thnh b phn ca quy nh ri ro cho d n. Cn nhc vic s dng ma trn ri ro trnh hng lot nhng iu xu c th xy ra.

3.4. To bng phn r chi tit cng vic (Work Breakdown StructureWBS)
Bng k cng vic phc v cc mc ch khc nhau trong cc t chc khc nhau ph thuc vo phng php lun qun l d n thng dng. Tuy nhin trong bt k trng hp s dng no th bng k cng vic l bc sng cn trong vic lp k hoch d n. Trong

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phn ny ny bn s xem xt cc yu t ca bng k cng vic v cc cch thc khc nhau m n c trin khai trong cc t chc khc nhau. Bng k cng vic s gip bn kim ch s cng thng khi tr li cc cu hi ai, ci g, khi no, u, nh th no v bao lu bng cch tp hp tt c cc chi tit kh khn v cng vic yu cu to ra phn c th chuyn giao trong d n. a) nh ngha: Bng k cng vic l ti liu kim sot d n c th c s dng nh mt hp ng php l, ti liu phm vi hay ti liu kim sot nhng thng thng nn phc tho mt s chi tit quan trng: Cng vic c thc hin. Ngy thng, thi gian v a im cng vic c thc hin. Ai chu trch nhim thc hin cng vic. Nguyn vt liu v k thut c dng thc hin cng vic. Chi ph thc hin cng vic. Tiu ch chp thun cng vic. Mt s t chc dng bng k cng vic nh mt hp ng php l vi mt nh cung cp ang cung cp mt hay nhiu phn c th chuyn giao cho d n. Trong nhng trng hp ny, bng k cng vic s tnh n iu kin thanh ton, thng v pht hiu qu v cc tiu ch chp nhn hay t chi cng vic. Mt s t chc dng bng k cng vic nh mt ti liu kim sot cho cc phn c th chuyn giao ca d n c xy dng trong cc b phn khc. Trong cc trng hp ny bng k cng vic c th rt ging vi trnh t cng vic gia cc b phn. Mc ch u tin ca bng k cng vic trong nhng trng hp ny l thu mua ngun lc thng qua cc ng chc nng. Mt s t chc dng bng k cng vic nh mt ti liu phm vi cho cc d n thm/chuyn/ thay i v d n vi m. Phm vi d n ch c xc nh khi cc kt qu chuyn giao c ghi r mt cch c th trong bng k cng vic. Tt c cc cng vic theo yu cu khng c chi tit ho trong bng k cng vic l do nh ngha ngoi phm vi v cng khng c thc hin hoc c thc hin trong mt bng k cng vic sa i. b) Tho bng k cng vic Bng k cng vic c th l mt ti liu kim sot tt nhng bn cn phi hiu t chc ca bn s dng bng k cng vic lm n hiu qu nh th no. Xy dng bng k cng vic hiu qu tun theo cc nguyn tc sau: m bo rng bn hiu v loi d n: Cn nhc cn thn cc phn c th chuyn giao lin quan xc nh xem d n l v m, vi m hay thm/ chuyn/ thay i. m bo rng bn hiu r mi quan h gia loi d n v k vng cho ti liu d n

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trong t chc ca bn. m bo rng bn hiu t chc ca mnh s dng bng k cng vic nh th no: T chc c mu bng k cng vic hay khng? Xem xt cc tp d n khc xem h s dng bng k cng vic nh th no. i vo c th trnh nhng nhm ln v hiu lm: m bo rng bn tnh n tt c cc thng tin cn thit ( l ai, ci g, u, khi no v nh th no). Nn trnh cc thut ng k thut, cc t thng dng, cc t vit tt, hoc nh ngha m bo rng mi ngi ang tin hnh cng vic t nh ngha dng chung. Ly ch k nu bn mun n mang tnh php l hoc rng buc: Nu bn ang dng bng k cng vic nh mt hp ng vi cc b phn khc nhau th bn cn ch k lm cho hp ng c gi tr. c) Cu trc bng k cng vic Mt bng k cng vic c chiu hng trn xung. Bt u t sn phm ton b v chia n ra thnh nhng yu t nh hn. Do , ngi ta c th so snh xy dng BKCV ging nh cng tc chun b dn bi cho mt bi vn. Mi ch u c chia thnh nhng ch con, v mi ch con li c chia thm na thnh cc phn nh. Tuy nhin, cng cn ch ti quan h gia m t cng vic v m t sn phm. Trong , sn phm: danh t (bao gm: u vo, u ra, ng tc x l); cng vic: ng t, m t mt qu trnh hot ng, x l. BKCV c th c phn thnh nhiu mc. Khng phi tt c "nhnh" ca BKCV u cn chi tit cng s mc. Mi mc cho php to ra lch biu v bo co tm tt thng tin ti tng mc . BKCV ch vit "ci g", ch khng vit "nh th no"; Trnh t ca tng cng vic l khng quan trng cho d quen c t tri sang phi. Xc nh trnh t nm trong giai on lp lch trnh BKCV bao gm hai thnh phn chnh. Danh sch sn phm: DSSP (Product Breakdown Structure) Danh sch cng vic: DSCV (Task Breakdown Structure)

Lu : Na trn ca BKCV bao gm cc m t sn phm, Na di ca BKCV bao gm cc m t cng vic ( ra c sn phm) d) Cc bc xy dng BKCV Vic xy dng mt BKCV tt, phi mt nhiu gi- thm ch hng ngy lm vic ct lc v sa cha. Bc 1. Vit ra sn phm chung nht. Dng danh t hay thut ng m t trc tip 1 cch vn tt (v d: H thng phn mm qun l nhn s, Bnh vin a khoa, Cu mi, ....). Thng tin ly t ti liu "Phc tho d n"

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Bc 2. To danh sch sn phm: Phn r sn phm chung nht thnh cc sn phm con cc mc thp hn. Ni chung, khong 2-3 mc di l . Bc 3. To lp Danh sch cng vic M t cc cng vic di mi sn phm mc thp nht. Sau phn r tng cng vic ra thnh cc mc thp hn. Cu hi: Phn r chi tit cng vic n mc no? Tr li: Nu mt cng vic cn lm nhiu hn 2 tun (hoc 80 gi) th nn phn r tip. Bc 4. nh m cho mi ca Bng k cng vic. Mc 0: nh m 0.0 cho sn phm chung nht. Mc 1: nh cc m 1.0, .2.0, 3.0 cho cc sn phm con. nh s tip mi trong BKCV mt m s duy nht, theo cch sau: T trn xung di T tri sang phi Nu l 1.0. => nh s tip l 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, .... Nu l 1.1 => nh tip l 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, ... Nu l 1.2 => nh tip 1.2.1, 1.2.2, ..... Khng phn bit ni dung trong 1 l sn phm hay cng vic Bc 5. Xt duyt li BKCV Tt c cc thuc danh sch sn phm u c danh t (v c th tnh t i km), Tt c cc thuc danh sch cng vic c ng t ra lnh v b ng, Tt c cc u c m duy nht.

3.5. Xt duyt v iu khin phm vi

Mt k hoch qun l thay i c tun th tt v cht ch s ngn nga vic m rng phm vi nh hng n tin , cht lng d n. Nguyn tc qun l hiu qu vic m rng phm vi, hy tun theo nguyn tc sau: Gim st thay i khng c kim sot bng cch phn tch cc gi cng vic tm ra + Gim st cc bo co hiu sut, cc nh gi hiu sut, v cc cuc hp bo co hin trng tm cc du hiu ca vic m rng phmvi tim nng. + Kim tra- thc hin kim nh cng vic ang tin trin. + Gim st lch biu v ngn sch. m bo mi yu cu thay i c ghi li v sng lc chp thun hoc t chi. Lc cc yu cu thay i: + Loi b nhng thay i ngoi phm vi tr khi chng quan trng cho d n. + i vi nhng thay i c kh nng c chp thun, nh gi nh hng ca vic sa li k hoch v lit k cc vn c th c. + Nu nh hng nh, gim c d n v i c th x l thay i. cng vic khng c php:

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+ Nu nh hng va phi, hy chun b mt bo co v nh hng v tm s ng ca cc i tng lin quan n d n. + Nu nh hng ln, hy c m phn v nhng thay i khc c th hn ch nh hng. Hy chun b mt bo co v nh hng cho nh ti tr v nhn c s ph duyt chnh thc trc khi tin hnh. Nu thay i c chp thun, hy thc hin nhng iu chnh cn thit cho k hoch d n Nu yu cu thay i b t chi, hy m bo rng quyt nh ny c thng bo ti ngi Nu thay i c chp nhn, hy thng bo v s chp nhn cho i d n, i tng b sung thay i. yu cu. c lin quan v cc nh cung cp, theo ng nguyn tc k hoch truyn thng.

Bi tp
1) Tm quan trng ca qun l phm vi d n 2) Trnh by k thut to bng phn r cng vic

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Chng 4. Qun l thi gian ca d n

4.1. Tm quan trng ca lch trnh d n (Project schedules)
Kt thc d n ng hn l mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht Thi gian c linh hot b nht; n tri qua bt k iu g xy ra Cc vn lch biu l l do chnh dn n xung t trong d n, c bit l trong na sau ca d n, sc p tin gy cng thng, ph v nhng quy nh ca d n

4.2. Cc hot ng ca d n (Activities)

a) Hnh ng theo n lc hay thi on S nhm ln xung quanh n lc v thi on tn ti t lu v rt ph bin. C mt kin sai lm tn ti trong mt thi gian di l bn qun l cng nhiu ngun lc cng thc hin mt nhim v c th th nhim v thc hin cng nhanh. iu ny c th ng hoc khng ng. Cch hiu r rng v n lc v thi on c th mt rt lu ci thin c tnh v k hoch lm vic c xy dng cho cc d n cng ngh thng tin. nh ngha. N lc l thc o nng lng hay lao ng dng hon tt mt nhim v c th hay gi cng vic. Cc ch s dng th hin iu ny c tnh bng thi gian trn dng n v. V d nh ba gi k thut hay nm ngy nghin cu. Theo nng lc l thut ng dng m t nhim v c th hon tt nhanh hn thng qua vic p dng cc ngun lc lao ng hay nng lng ph. Thi on l thc o xem mt gi cng vic hay nhim v c th s mt bao lu hon tt. Cc ch s dng th hin iu ny c tnh bng cc n v thi gian. V d nh trong xy dng nh dn dng, sau mi ln trn, ngi ta thng 1 tun trn n nh trc khi tip tc xy cc tng tip theo. Khong thi gian c nh l mt thut ng dng m t nhim v hay gi cng vic cn n mt lng thi gian hon tt. Vic p dng cc ngun lc ph s khng lm thay i thi gian yu cu. V d. Mt vic s mt bao lu hon tt c th hay khng th ph thuc vo vo vic n lc c p dng bao nhiu. Hy ni rng bn mun to ra mt chai ru. Nhiu ngi tham gia s lm cho vic hi nho trong vn tr nn nhanh hn nhng khi ru c t vo trong thng th khng c lng n lc no c th lm cho ru ln men nhanh hn. Cng vic hi nho l theo nng lc, trong khi v ln men ru l trng hp khong thi gian c nh. b) Xc lp cc mc quan trng Mc quan trng l cc trng hp im kim sot trong d n, thng l vic hon tt phn c th

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chuyn giao chnh to ra yu cu bo co hoc yu cu s ng h ca khch hng hay nh ti tr trc khi tip tc d n. Mc quan trng c thi on bng 0. Cc mc quan trng ng vai tr nh nhng mc nh du v c xc nh bi gim c d n v/hoc khch hng. Chng phi c xc lp c chn la s dng cc gic quan thng thng, v d nh i vi mt nh gi thit k chnh, th nghim bn mu, ngun vo cn n t ngun bn ngoi, xc tin qung co. Cc mc quan trng c ch trong vic ch ra s tin trin ti cc im chnh nhng ch s tin trin thc s l cc gi cng vic v c lng nn c thc hin sao cho ph hp. V d: Mt cng ty t vn xy dng c lng thi gian cho d n khch hng v c cc mc quan trng ti thi im bt u v kt thc d n v mi giai on ca hp ng c cc phn c th chuyn giao do s ng thun ca khch hng c yu cu trc khi h c th tip tc tng phn mt v bng s ng thun, h cng c th trin khai quy trnh qung co. S mc quan trng cho d n ny c ch ra trong hnh sau: Thng 3 Thng 4 Thng 5 Thng 6 Thng 7 Thng 8 Hon tt hnh ng A

Hon tt hnh ng B

Hon tt hnh ng C

Hon tt hnh ng D

Hon tt hnh ng E

S mc quan trng c) Cc d n theo lch trnh so vi cc d n theo ngun lc.

Trong nhiu trng hp, thng k k nng cn hon tt cc d n cng ngh thng tin hoc khng tn ti hoc lun trong tnh trng thiu ht thi gian. Kt qu l hu ht cc d n cng ngh thng tin u i mt vi cc rng buc ngun lc v k hoch lm vic cht ch. Tm hiu v mc chim u th trong cuc u tranh ny c th ng vai tr quyt nh xy dng mt c lng ng. nh ngha: D n hng theo lch trnh khi thi hn chuyn giao cui cng l rng buc quan trng

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hn c m nh ti tr hay khch hng mong mun. N chi phi mi quyt nh trong d n. Cc d n theo lch trnh s dng ht bt c ngun lc no cn m bo chuyn giao trong thi hn c xc lp. D n hng theo ngun lc khi gi tr cc ngun lc, c th l cc ngun lc k nng v chi ph rng buc quan trng hn c m nh ti tr hay khch hng mong mun. N chi phi mi quyt nh trong d n. Cc d n theo ngun lc phi m rng thi gian hoc t b cht lng gi li cc rng buc v ngun lc. Trong c hai trng hp th thut ng hng theo c dng din t rng buc quan trng hn c cho d n ang c a ra. V d: C l v d tt nht v cc d n theo lch trnh trong cng ngh thng tin l cc d n c tnh cht nh cc chng trnh Y2K va qua. Mi gim c d n c mt thi hn cui cng khng th thng lng c, chnh xc l 12gi tra ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1999. Cc cng ty bt buc phi dng ht cc ngun lc khng l nng cp hoc thay th cc h thng khng th thc hin cc mnh lnh ng gi. Hu ht cc d n mng ni b u theo ngun lc. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc d n c c s truy cp cc ngun lc pht trin Web rt hn ch, in hnh l phi m nhn cc d n thng mi in t v Web site tp trung theo b ngoi.

4.3. c lng thi gian thc hin (Duration)

a) Cc k thut c lng thi gian c lng phi khoa hc: - Da trn kinh nghim ch quan, cm tnh. - Nhanh v d dng. - Kt qu thiu tin cy. Ch nn dng trong cc trng hp - i ng chuyn mn rt c kinh nghim, c k nng cao, i hnh c nh. - D n quy nh, bt buc phi theo. c lng PERT: Thch hp i vi nhng d n. - i hi tnh sng to. - Coi trng cht lng kt qu cng vic hn l thi gian hon thnh d n. Cng thc PERT. - Cn lm 3 c lng thi gian cho mi cng vic. - Kt hp li c con s cui cng. c lng kh d nht (ML-Most Likely): Thi gian cn hon thnh cng vic trong iu kin bnh thng hay hp l.

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c lng lc quan nht (MO-Most Optimistic): Thi gian cn hon thnh cng vic trong iu kin tt nht hay l tng (khng c tr ngi no). c lng bi quan nht (MP-Most Pessimistic): Thi gian cn hon thnh cng vic mt cch ti nht (y tr ngi). c lng cui cng tnh theo cng thc: (MO + 4(ML) + MP)/6 V d: c lng thi gian cho cc cng vic lin quan n lp mng ni b cho c quan. (EST: estimation - c lng thi gian lm d n) n v tnh: Ngy Tn cng vic V s v khoan tng Lp cc ng gen i dy Lp cc hp ni Lp cc my tnh my ch Kt ni cc my tnhmy ch vo h thng dy mng Th xem mng thng cha Tng thi gian Thng thng tng thm 7% - 10% Tn cng vic V s v khoan tng Lp cc ng gen i dy Lp cc hp ni Lp cc my tnh my ch Kt ni cc my tnh my ch vo h thng dy mng Th xem mng thng cha Tng thi gian Phng php ng ti hn (CPM) Trong thi gian Hi qun M pht trin biu PERT, Dupont cng ang xy dng Phng php ng ti hn (Critical Path Method, vit tt l CPM). Trong nhng nm 1960, Dupont nghin cu pht trin rt nhiu cht liu mi i hi phi c cc qui trnh sn xut chi tit. 2.2 2.4 16 10% 10% 10% 2.42 2.64 17.6 EST 3.2 2.2 2.2 1 2.8 % 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% EST cui cng 3.52 2.42 2.42 1.1 3.08 1 0.5 8 2 1 14 4 10 32 2.2 2.4 16 MO 2 1 1 0.5 2 ML 3 2 2 1 3 MP 5 4 4 2 3 EST 3.2 2.2 2.2 1 2.8

Sau tng thm mt t thi gian cho mi cng vic (thi gian lng ph gia chng).

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Nhu cu ca cc doanh nghip t nhn v quc doanh v nhng vt liu mi vt qu kh nng ca Dupont trong vic xy dng nhng thit b v qui trnh cn thit sn xut hng lot, v th Dupont xy dng CPM nhm gip xc nh chnh xc hn nhng rng buc v ti nguyn c nh hng th no n thi gian a ra th trng. Ngy nay rt nhiu ngi coi CPM l phng thc tip cn mc nh trong vic v s mng cho nhng d n c rng buc v ti nguyn. Phng php ng ti hn (Critical Path Method) l mt k thut mng dng mt c tnh thi gian chnh xc (khng ging vi PERT dng n 3 c tnh) tnh ton thi lng, thi gian d tr cng vic hay thi gian tr hon, v ng ti hn. Phng php ny c 4 c im tiu biu: - Tt c cc gi cng vic phi c t vo mt s mng. - Cc gi cng vic trn s mng phi c sp xp tun t sao cho th hin c tt c cc ph thuc v ng i n kt thc. - CPM mang tnh tin nh ch n ch dng mt c tnh thi gian chnh xc ch khng dng 3 c tnh tnh ton thi lng, v do c kh nng theo di phn trm hon thnh vi mt mc chnh xc hp l. - Cui cng, cn phi tnh ton thi gian d tr (float) hay thi gian tr hon (slack) cho mi gi cng vic v tnh ton ng ti hn. Phng php ng ti hn rt c ch cho nhng d n tng lm trc , cho php c lng thi gian vi chnh xc hp l. b) Mt s hng dn tr gip c lng thi gian cho d n CNTT Chi ph thi gian ca lp trnh vin (iu tra ca Bell Labs) Vit chng trnh c ti liu hng dn Thng bo, trao i, vit bo co Vic ring Vic linh tinh khc Hun luyn Gi mail, chat 13% 16% 32% 13% 15% 6% 5% (iu tra ca IBM) Lm vic mt mnh Trao i cng vic Lm nhng cng vic khc,khng phc v trc tip cho cng vic 20% 30% 50%

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Kh khn trong vic c lng thi gian lm phn mm: V d: + Kim th c bao gm vic g ri hay khng? + Thit k c bao gm vic v s cu trc chng trnh hay khng? Cng sc v thi gian cn ph thuc vo mt vi yu t khc Loi d n C C Mi Mi Mi trng p dng C Mi C Mi H s nhn d phng 1 1.4 1.4 2 Phn mm cha lm bao gi (khc vi cc d n k thut khc) Kh dng li nhng kinh nghim ca cc d n trc y Cng ngh thay i Kh phn danh gii r rng gia cc giai on.

(Loi d n l c nu c hn 2 nm kinh nghim; Mi trng p dng l c nu c hn 2 nm kinh nghim) Cng sc v thi gian cn ph thuc vo tay ngh ca nhm pht trin (nhm lp trnh) S nm kinh nghim 10 8 6 4 2 1 H s nhn 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.4 2.6

4.4. Xy dng lch trnh

trin khai c lch biu xy dng, bn cn phi tinh thng v cc phng php c th gim st c lch biu, t s cp nht tnh trng d n v bin ng lch trnh (SV) v bin ng ph (CV). a) Cc thnh phn ca gi tr thu c BCWS Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled Chi ph d ton ca vic xp lch

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BCWP Budgeted Cost of Work Performed Chi ph d ton ca vic c thc hin. c hiu nh Gi tr thu c ACWP Actual Cost of Work Performed Chi ph thc ca cng vic thc hin Qun l gi tr thu c (EVM) l mt k thut qun l lin kt vic lp k hoch cho cc ngun lc vi lch trnh v chi ph tng theo tng giai on. K thut ny cho php nh gi chnh xc tnh trng v cp nht; ng thi, tnh ton cc khon c lng hon thnh d n. Gi tr thu c l cng c o hiu sut chi ph, trong , so snh lng cng vic ln k hoch vi lng cng vic c thc hin xc nh xem chi ph v lch trnh c tin trin nh k hoch t ra khng. Vic phn tch gi tr thu c em li mt tm nhn chnh xc hn l da trn vic nhn nhn v nhng bin ng lch trnh hay chi ph mt cch tch bit. Thng tin ny s cnh bo cho Gim c d n bit liu d n c ang gp vn hay khng; ng thi cung cp ngun thng tin gi tr v cc hnh ng hiu chnh cn thit hon thnh d n mt cch tt p. V d: Mt d n trin khai c thc hin vi thi lng c tnh l hai thng v chi ph d ton l 30.000 la. Sau mt thng thc hin, d n hon thnh 60% khi lng cng vic, v chi ht 17.000 la. Trong , chi ph BCWS l 15.000 la. Chi ph BCWP l 18.000 la. V chi ph ACWP l 17.000 la. b) Chi ph c bn Chi ph c bn l khon c lng c tnh bng cch cng tt c cc chi ph t chi ph lao ng v trang thit b, nguyn vt liu, v tng chi ph cho tng gi cng vic, bao gm c chi ph d phng. Chi ph ny c s dng o hiu sut chi ph. Cc quy tc ny cng c p dng vo vic lp k hoch. Phn trm hon thnh (Percent complete) l khon c tnh lng cng vic hon thnh trong mt hot ng hay mt nhm cc hot ng, c biu din bng phn trm. C nhiu cch tnh phn trm hon thnh: Quy tc phn trm 0/100. Cng vic s khng c cng nhn cho n khi n c hon Quy tc phn trm 0 50 100 hoc 50 50. Mt nhim v c th c ba iu kin: + Hon thnh 0% = nhim v cha bt u + Hon thnh 50% = nhim v bt u nhng cha hon thnh + Hon thnh 100% = nhim v hon thnh. Quy tc ny khng m t chi tit s tin trin ca hiu sut nh l 15%, v c th thy rng s hon thnh nhim v ch c m t theo hai giai on. Quy tc hon thnh theo phn trm. Cc con s phn trm hon thnh c nh gi ti thnh. Khi hon tt, 100% gi tr cng vic s c ng gp vo hot ng . -

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cc thi im bo co c th. Mc d y l mt quy tc mang li hiu qu cao khi kim sot hiu sut chi ph, nhng iu quan trng l phi nhn ra rng phng php ny vn mang tnh ch quan, v ch yu l do cc con s c tnh qu lc quan. Vn c kh nng, nht l trong cc d n ln, cc ch thu gi cng vic giu cc vn xy ra bng cch d ton cao cho phn trm cng vic hon thnh, v sau h s lm vic gp rt trong thi gian ti. V d hon thnh 95%. Cc mc quan trng. Phng php ny c p dng thnh cng cho cc gi cng vic c thi gian di v nhiu hot ng. Tng gi tr gi cng vic c chia ra v phn thnh cc ct mc quan trng trong qu trnh thc hin gi cng vic . Mi ct mc u c mt gi tr d ton. Gi tr s t c khi d n hon thnh c mt ct mc. c) Biu theo di Gantt Biu theo di Gantt l mt biu Gantt c dng hin th hiu sut thc t so vi hiu sut d ton; ng thi c th hin th cng vic c hon thnh cng vi khong tr cho mi hot ng. Mc d khng hin th c mt cch r rng cc mi quan h ph thuc gia cc hot ng hay ng ti hn, biu Gantt li l mt cng c rt hiu qu trong vic cung cp thng tin tng kt cp nht v c th rt c ch khi phn tch tng hiu sut thi gian ca d n. Biu Gantt cng c th hin th thi gian ca cc ct mc quan trng v cho bit liu c theo kp cc thi hn khng. d) Tnh ton gi tr thu c Tnh Chi ph d ton ca vic xp lch (BCWS) cho mt giai on nht nh. Cc khon ny c xc nh trong qu trnh trin khai kinh ph d n v c trong Cu trc chi tit cng vic (WBS) cp gi cng vic. c tnh phn trm hon thnh cng vic d ton trong khon thi gian . Cn phi xem xt cc nhn t sau khi chn phng php tnh phn trm hon thnh + Lng thi gian dnh cho cc gi cng vic + phc tp ca d n + Kh nng chu ng sc p ca cc th tc hnh chnh. + Phng php no l ph hp nht gim thiu ti a s chm tr. Tnh ton Chi ph d ton ca vic c thc hin (BCWP), hay cn gi l gi tr thu c trong khon thi gian , bng cch ly phn trm hon thnh cng vic nhn vi Chi ph d ton ca vic xp lch (BCWS). Tnh ton Chi ph thc ca cng vic thc hin (ACWP) trong khong thi gian bng cch xc nh s lng tin thc t c chi. cng vic:

4.5. iu khin lch trnh

a) S dng thng tin cp nht v lch trnh d n

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Cc thnh phn ca Hiu sut theo lch trnh (SPI) v Bin ng lch trnh (SV) SV (Bin ng lch trnh) SPI (Hiu sut theo lch trnh) SV = BCWP BCWS SPI = BCWP / BCWS

Cc d n CNTT thng khng theo st lch trnh d n, cho d k hoch c lp cng phu chng na. Mt cuc kho st cc nh lnh o CNTT (CIO) gn y cho thy ch 10% cc sng kin CNTT c hon thnh ng k hoch v kinh ph, mc d cc d n ny theo st lch trnh v thi gian sut na chng u. D n cng di th quyn u tin s thay i v ngun nhn lc cng b dch chuyn qua d n khc. Nh cc phng php tnh Hiu sut lch trnh (SPI) v Bin ng lch trnh (SV), cc Gim c CNTT s nm c lch trnh ang tin trin theo xu hng tch cc, tiu cc, hay trung ha (Baker and Field, 2001). SV (Bin ng lch trnh) l chnh lch o c gia khon thi gian d ton thc hin hot ng so vi khon thi gian thc thc hin hot ng . Ni cch khc, l chnh lch gia Chi ph d ton ca vic c thc hin (BCWP) v Chi ph d ton ca vic xp lch (BCWS). Cng thc tnh ca Bin ng lch trnh l SV = BCWP - BCWS. Nu kt qu ca Bin ng lch trnh (SV) l s dng (+), ngha l nhim v ang vt tin . Cn nu kt qu ca Bin ng lch trnh (SV) l s m (-), ngha l thi gian thc hin nhim v ang b tt li so vi lch trnh. SPI (Hiu sut tnh theo lch trnh) l t s gia cng vic hon thnh vi cng vic d ton. Cng thc tnh Hiu sut lch trnh l: SPI = BCWP / BCWS. Nu gi tr SPI ln hn 1, iu c ngha l cng vic ang vt tin d tnh. b) Cp nht lch trnh tin hnh cp nht lch trnh d n, hy thc hin cc bc sau: 1. S dng thng tin cp nht v lch trnh d n xc nh c khon thi gian c chia. 2. Tnh ton Chi ph d ton ca vic xp lch (BCWS) 3. Tnh ton Chi ph d ton ca vic c thc hin (BCWP) 4. Tnh ton Bin ng lch trnh (SV) xc nh xem d n c theo kp tin (s dng +) hay b tt li (s m -) so vi lch trnh. 5. Tnh ton Hiu sut tnh theo lch trnh (SPI) xc nh xem d n ang theo ng tin (ln hn 1) hay tt li (b hn 1) so vi lch trnh.

Bi tp
1) 2) 3) Lch trnh d n? c lng thi gian d n? iu khin lch trnh d n?

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Chng 5. Qun l chi ph ca d n

5.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l chi ph d n (Project cost)
Nhng d n v CNTT thng c h s theo di km hiu qu cho vic t c mc ch v gi c. Chi ph trung bnh vt qu d ton ban u theo nghin cu t nm 1995 ca CHAOS l M cc d n CNTT b hu lm tn trn 81 t la nm 1995 189%; c ci thin 145% trong nghin cu nm 2001 -

5.2. c lng chi ph d n

a) Nguyn tc c lng chi ph nh gi cc ti liu yu cu vi con mt ph bnh v nhng sai lm v b st: Cc yu cu nghip v c r rng v c th khng? Cc yu cu chc nng c h tr cc yu cu nghip v khng? Quan trng nht l cc yu cu k thut c c phc tho r rng v y khng? m bo rng bn hiu y v mc ch ca c tnh v ang dng k thut c lng c tnh s c dng nh gi tim lc d n hay qun l d n hay khng?

ng hay khng? Khng s dng c lng trn xung nu d n cha tng c thc hin trc y. m bo rng c lng chnh quy ca bn c cc thnh phn chnh sau: Danh sch cc gi nh dng trong xy dng c lng. Phm vi bin ng cho c lng ra. Giai on thi gian d n c hiu lc. m bo rng thi hn c tnh ca tt c cc d n theo ngun lc c chuyn gia v ni dung chuyn ngnh xt duyt cn thn. Chuyn gia v ni dung chuyn ngnh hiu cc yu cu ngun lc v cc k thut lin quan ti vic thc hin hot ng thc s: Bn c bit nhng nhim v no l theo nng lc khng? Bn c bit k nng no cn thc hin cng vic khng? Trnh by c tnh bng n v o lng ph hp vi nhng th c theo di v ng qun tnh c chi ph ngun lc bn trong qu trnh tnh ton ton b n lc. m bo rng c s vt cht, nguyn vt liu cn n c trnh by bng cc thut ng, trong sc mua s c hiu l: Lp chi ph theo n gi, nh mc hoc gi th trng theo cch tnh trn n v tnh ca nguyn vt liu, c s vt cht.

m bo rng n lc cn n c trnh by bng cc thut ng c th: phng din lch s. -

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chnh. V d: Hon tt vic c lng thi gian cho d n t ng ho lc lng bn hng quy m ln. Amy ang trong qu trnh thng qua cc c tnh chi ph. c tnh ban u do nh thu tim nng cung cp cho bit rng d n s chi ph 1,5 triu USD. Do khng ai trong vn phng qun l d n c bt k kinh nghim g vi loi n lc ny nn chuyn gia v ni dung chuyn ngnh c a n nh gi cng vic lin quan trong d n ny. Cc con s chi ph do nh cung cp a ra da vo mt s d n c hon tt v chuyn gia v ni dung chuyn ngnh thy cc con s l chnh xc. Tuy nhin c tnh chi ph c s vt cht v n lc c mong i m cng ty mong mun ng gp cho d n. Sau khi hon tt xt duyt cn thn, Amy cung cp cho nh ti tr ca mnh c lng sa li 4,0 triu USD. c lng ny tnh n tt c cc chi ph kt hp vi n lc, nguyn vt liu, c s vt cht c cung cp bi nh cung cp v cng ty cn hon tt d n. b) Chi ph nguyn vt liu Chi ph nguyn vt liu l loi chi ph dng chi tt c cc thnh phn, b phn v ngun cung cp hoc c dng trong cc d n hoc tr thnh b phn ca cc phn c th chuyn giao. Cc cng c c dng thc hin cng vic khng phi l nguyn vt liu nu chng khng tr thnh b phn ca cc phn c th chuyn giao. V d: Cc my tnh bn, my dch v, my ch truy cp v si cp quang s l nguyn vt liu dng trong cc d n nng cp mng. M bn quyn v phn mm c th l nguyn vt liu trong nhiu d n cng ngh thng tin. Tuy nhin quan trng l phi nh rng m bn quyn cho phn mm dng thc hin cng vic khng c xem l nguyn vt liu tr khi chng c chuyn giao ti thi im hon tt d n. c) Chi ph c s vt cht Chi ph c s vt cht l loi chi ph dng ch cc cng c, thit b vt cht hay c s h tng dng trong sut d n khng tr thnh b phn ca cc phn c th chuyn giao. Trong nhiu t chc, mc ny n thun c xem nh tng chi ph hay chi ph c nh. V d: i d n ang tin hnh pht trin ng dng thng mi mi cn c khng gian, bn lm vic, my tnh bn, my dch v, mng LAN/WAN v ngun in cn chy mi th. Cc cng c pht trin phn mm dng to ra mi trng chy cc dch v dng kimt tra cng s c xem nh phn chi ph c s vt cht. a. c lng chnh quy Lp ho n, chng t nguyn vt liu cho d n. m bo rng yu cu c s vt cht, nguyn vt liu c trnh by bng thut ng ti

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c lng chnh quy c dng ch c lng gn ng. Trn thc t chng thng tt hn cht so vi mt c on khng r rng. Phng php khng c chun b trc ny to ra k vng rng mt iu g c th c thc hin vi mt lot ngun lc c th v trong mt lng thi gian nh. c lng chnh quy v khng chnh quy l cc cng c ta dng d on thi gian v ngun lc cn thit thc hin mt d n c th. c lng chnh quy da trn s phn tch. Trong mt th gii l tng, phn tch ny s c tin hnh theo chiu su. t nht l mt phn tch m u phi c tin hnh. Mt c lng gm c 3 thnh phn chnh: Danh sch cc gi nh c s dng trong vic xy dng c lng (V d nh cc chi ph u vo v lao ng v nguyn vt liu). Phm vi bin ng cho c lng c a ra (V d +/- 50%). Khong thi gian c lng c hiu lc (V d nh c lng ny c hiu lc trong vng Ngc li, c lng khng chnh quy l c on da trn s suy on, phng on v bn nng. b. c tnh s dng kt qu cho thu c tnh l mt ti liu d n dng d on bao nhiu thi gian v tng s ngun lc m d n cn n. Cho thu l mt ti liu thng mi ghi r thi gian v tin bc cn hon tt cng vic d n trong c li rng cho d n. Cho thu c th kt hp cht ch cc c tnh t cc mt s nh thu ph. c gi d kin a ra s khc bit quan trng gia cho thu v c tnh. Cho thu hu nh nh hng v khch hng v nh ti tr v c s tng gi ng thi trong c tnh n li rng cho d n, trong khi c tnh thng c dng bn trong hoc gia cc nh thu ph vi mc ch th hin chi ph thc. Nh mt quy tc chung, cc gim c d n cng ngh thng tin khng xy dng cho thu ph chun m php lut v u thu hin hnh quy nh bi v cc nh ti tr khng tr bt k li rng hay tng gi no cho vic s dng cc ngun lc bn trong. Tuy nhin nhiu b phn cng ngh thng tin hot ng trong h thng khch hng t chi thanh ton, nhng h khng cho php tng gi dch v ca mnh. Kt qu l ti liu h cung cp cho khch hng ca mnh c chc nng ging nh cho thu nhng ch th hin nhng chi ph m h cho php sa li. Nhiu khi cc ti liu ny l trnh t cng vic gia cc b phn thay v cc c tnh v cho thu. d. c lng theo giai on c lng cc d n cng ngh thng tin thng a ra mt nghch l. Cc s liu thng k ca ngnh ch ra rng mt d n cng ngh thng tin bt k vi hn 6 triu la c khong 10% c hi hon tt ng thi im v ng kinh ph. (Gartner 2000, 107) Phn ng ca qun l cao cp i vi tnh hung ny l yu cu gii trnh trch nhim ln hn v cc ch d c a ra

60 ngy).

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cho c tnh cng rn cng sm cng tt trong quy trnh ca d n. Thc t th phng php c v hp l ny li lm cho mi th xu i nhiu. Hy nh rng phn ln cc d n cng ngh thong tin cha tng c thc hin trc y. D on nhng lng cha xc nh vi s chc chn tuyt i l iu khng th thm ch i vi nhng ngi c lng c kinh nghim. Xc nh giai on l phng php tch cc nhm hot ng ca d n thnh hng lot cc giai on lin tip. nh gi hiu qu v cc phn c th chuyn giao ca d n din ra cui mi giai on trc khi d n chuyn sang giai on tip theo. i khi cc nh gi ny ch cc cng ca giai on, cng ca chng ng hay cc im cht. Phng php ny c s dng u tin khi khng tht chc chn v nhng th thc s lin quan n d n hay thc hin vng i sn phm v tch thnh cc vng i d n nh hn. y cng c gi l xy dng cng ca giai on. Phng php ny c s dng khi cc nhnh c iu kin c bit trc. Ni cch khc, khi phn u tin ca vn c gii quyt trc khi cc quyt nh c a ra xem cc bc no cn thit sau . c lng theo giai on l mt k thut trong c tnh chi ph v lch trnh c xy dng ring cho tng giai on ca d n. Phng php ny c s dng u tin khi khng tht chc chn v nhng th thc s lin quan n d n. Hn na xy dng mt c tnh ln hu nh ch l cng vic d on, d n c chia thnh cc phn v c tnh mi c xy dng cho tng phn ca d n. e. c lng theo tham s c lng theo tham s l k thut u tin cho cc d n cng ngh thng tin cha tng c thc hin trc y v cc d n cng ngh thng tin khng c d liu lch s. Cn cc d n cng ngh thng tin tng t nh cc d n khc hoc l s kt hp ca cc d n khc nhau khng c d liu lch s ng mc nhim v th sao? Khi cc tnh hung chnh xc c th khng phi i mt th mt c tnh ng vn c th c xy dng s dng k thut c lng theo tham s. c lng theo tham s ly kin thc thu c t cc d n tng t nhng khng chnh xc, ng thi s dng cc tham s nh chi ph trn n v c tnh thng tin lch trnh v chi ph. c lng theo tham s c th s dng cho cc d n ln bng cch phn chia chng thnh cc n v cng vic nh v a vo mt m hnh ton hc. Phng php c lng ny c hiu qu nht khi d liu lch s ng c sn mc nhim v thm ch nu s sp xp th t v s kt hp c th cc nhim v cha tng c n lc trc y. c lng theo giai on i hi bn phi c 3 ngun vo then cht: Thng tin lch s bng n v cng vic c s dng lm c s tnh ton. Tp hp cc c tnh, yu cu v k hoch chi tit.

M hnh ton hc c xy dng cn thn c gi l cng thc theo tham s trnh by mi

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quan h cng vic lin quan. Mt s t chc s dng c lng theo tham s cc mc cu trc chi tit cng vic thp hn, h c nhiu d liu chnh xc v chi tit hn v sau kt hp kt qu vo cc mu c xy dng trc hp li thnh c lng chi tit c chnh xc cao. Cc phng php c lng theo tham s ph bin hin nay l: Phng php COCOMO da trn KLOC (Kilo Line Of Codes) Phng php im chc nng Function Point Phng php im trng hp s dng UseCase Point Phng php COSMIC FFP: Full Function Point Ngoi ra, trn th gii hin s dng nhiu phng php khc nh im i tng, im

c tnh (Feature Point) f. c lng di ln c lng di ln l mt k thut c lng mt nhiu thi gian nhng cc k chnh xc. c lng di ln c tnh chi ph v lch trnh mc gi cng vic ca cu trc chi tit cng vic v sau tng hp cc con s ny tnh tng s cho d n. c lng di ln l k thut chnh xc nht c gi tr i vi gim c d n cng ngh thng tin. c tnh cho d n theo ngha en l tng ca cc phn, do vy nu c tnh gi cng vic khng hon thin th c tnh d n cng nh vy. Phng php ny cn mt cu trc chi tit cng vic v da vo mt s gi nh: Kh nng. Ngi ang c tnh chi ph v lch trnh cho cc gi cng vic phi bit cng vic thc s c tin hnh nh th no. Tnh chnh trc. Nu ngi ang thc hin cng vic tham gia vo c tnh th h khng th nh gi qu cao hoc qu thp v thi gian cn hon thnh cng vic. chnh xc. Tng tng xem iu g s xy ra i vi cc con s chi ph v lch trnh ca bn nu ai lin quan n quy trnh tng hp thm mt cht yu t gian ln vo c tnh tng giai on. g. c lng trn xung c lng trn xung l mt k thut bt u bng mt c tnh cho ton b d n v sau chia ra thnh t l phn trm trong tng s i vi mi giai on hay loi cng vic d n. iu ny c thc hin da vo cng thc thu c t cc d liu lch s do cc d n tng t cung cp. Phng php ny cn mt cu trc chi tit cng vic v da vo mt s gi nh rt nguy him: Tnh tng t ca d n. Cng thc phn chia cc ngun lc da vo cc d liu lch s ca mt loi d n c th. Nu d n ang c c tnh khc nhau v c bn so vi d n dng xy dng cng thc th cng thc s khng chnh xc. chnh xc ca ton b c tnh. Do k thut trn xung phn chia c tnh cho ton b

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d n thnh cc giai on khc nhau nn chnh xc ca ton b c tnh mang tnh cht quyt nh. Do c lng trn xung cn c thng tin lch s nn khng th thc hin c lng trn xung cho mt d n cha tng c thc hin trc y. C ba c s lp lun gii thch l do ti sao nhiu c lng trn xung cho cc d n cng ngh thng tin c xu hng tht bi: - S hiu bit r rng ca qun l v quy trnh trn xung bin n tr thnh mt k thut ph bin nht dng trong c lng v d ton cc d n cng ngh thng tin. - Phn ln cc d n cng ngh thng tin cha tng c thc hin trc y. - c lng trn xung cn c mt cu trc chi tit cng vic v cc d liu lch s, do khng th dng cho d n cha tng c thc hin trc y. V vy k thut c lng trn xung t khi c s dng trong cc d n cng ngh thng tin.

5.3. Xc nh ngn sch d n (Budget)

D ton ngn sch cho cc chi ph l mt hot ng nghip v theo di tt c cc chi ph trc tip v gin tip cho cng ty bng d n. Khi doanh thu cho d n c so snh vi tt c cc chi ph trc tip v gin tip tnh ton li nhun ca tng d n. Hot ng ny rt ph bin trong ngnh xy dng v i khi c xem nh k ton cng vic. V d: Mt cng ty t vn nh chuyn nng cp mng LAN cho cc hng vi t hn 50 my tnh bn s dng k ton o hiu qu ti chnh ca h trong mi d n. Cc chi ph trc tip nh bn hng, lao ng, nguyn vt liu c theo di cho tng mng m h nng cp. Chi ph gin tip hay tng chi ph nh khong khng gian vn phng, in thoi, k ton v qun l c phn ra thnh cng thc chi ph mi ngy v thm vo cc chi ph ca mi d n. Phng php ny cho php nh lnh o phn tch xem cc chi ph trc tip v gin tip nh hng ti li nhun nghip v nh th no?

5.4. iu khin chi ph d n

a) Theo di kinh ph qua cc ch tiu Cc thnh phn ca Hiu sut chi ph (CPI) v Bin ng chi ph (CV) CV (Bin ng chi ph) CPI (Hiu sut chi ph ) CV = BCWP ACWP CPI = BCWP / ACWP

Mt nghin cu thc hin nm 1998 cho bit 51% cc d n CNTT tr gi t 6 triu la tr ln s dng vt qu kinh ph d tnh, trung bnh l 189 %. (Garner 1999, 107). Pht hin sm xu hng chi tiu khng hp l c th gip ci thin c con s ny rt nhiu. Qua , ngi ta nghin cu, tng hp v a ra nhng ch s quan trng c th o c chi ph tiu

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hao, t ra cc phng n qun l hiu qu ngun kinh ph khi d n ang i vo nhng giai on quan trng. Cc ch tiu quan trng l: - CV (Bin ng chi ph) l chnh lch gia chi ph d ton cho mt hot ng v chi ph thc hon thnh hot ng . Ni cch khc, l chnh lch gia Chi ph d ton ca vic c thc hin (BCWP) v Chi ph thc ca vic thc hin (ACWP).Cng thc tnh Bin ng chi ph l CV = BCWP ACWP. Nu kt qu ca Bin ng chi ph (CV) l s dng (+), ngha l d n cha s dng ht kinh ph; ngc li nu l s m (-), ngha l d n s dng vt qu kinh ph d ton. - CPI (Hiu sut chi ph) l t s gia chi ph d ton thc hin cng vic vi chi ph thc hon thnh cng vic, hay ni cch khc l t s gia Chi ph d ton ca vic c thc hin (BCWP) vi Chi ph thc ca cng vic thc hin (ACWP). Cng thc tnh Hiu sut chi ph l CPI = BCWP / ACWP. Nu gi tr CPI ln hn 1, iu c ngha l chi ph d n cha c s dng trit . Ngc li, nu gi tr CPI nh hn 1, ngha l chi ph thc hin d n vt qu chi ph d ton. Nh cc phng php tnh Hiu sut chi ph (CPI) v Bin ng chi ph (CV), cc Gim c CNTT s nm c vic chi tiu ang tin trin theo chiu hng tch cc, tiu cc, hay trung ha so vi cng vic c thc hin, v c cc ng thi kp thi. b) Kim sot - iu chnh ph Gim st hot ng chi ph. Bo m rng ch c s thay i hp l u c ghi nhn trong ng mc (Base line) - Thng bo nhng thay i n nhng ngi c thm quyn. c) Tin hnh cp nht kinh ph tin hnh cp nht lch trnh d n, thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. Tnh ton chi ph d ton ca vic c thc hin (BCWS) 2. Tnh ton chi ph thc ca cng vic thc hin (ACWP) 3. Tnh bin ng chi ph (CV) xc nh xem d n ny cha s dng trit kinh ph (kt qu mang s dng +) hoc vt qu kinh ph (kt qu mang s m -). 4. Tnh ton hiu sut chi ph (CPI) l t s xc nh xem d n s dng kinh ph cha trit (t s ln hn 1), hay vt qu chi ph d ton (t s nh hn 1). 5. Xc nh c nn ln sang cc khon d tr d phng/ d tr cho qun l da trn k hoch qun l ri ro m bn a ra hay khng?

Bi tp
1) 2) Tm quan trng ca qun l chi ph d n? c lng chi ph d n?

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Chng 6. Qun l cht lng ca d n

6.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l cht lng

L mt gim c CNTT, nhim v ca bn l phi bn giao sn phm t yu cu, tiu chun t ra trc . Ch ny s gii thiu cho bn cc k thut qun l cht lng ca d n m khng gy bin ng ln v ti nguyn. Trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n, lm cch no bit c bn ang i ng hng ca mc tiu ra? Bn khng th dng qu nhiu thi gian v tin bc, nhng vn phi bn giao sn phm. Thch thc ca mt Gim c d n CNTT l phi thng xuyn cn bng gia cht lng vi lch trnh v chi ph. Vic cn bng nh th khng phi l mt vic d thc hin. Ch ny s gii thiu cc bc gip bn duy tr d n n nh.

6.2. Lp k hoch cht lng (Planning quality)

Trong vi thp k gn y, c mt phong tro hng ti nng cao cht lng v thay i trng tm t thanh tra kim sot cht lng ti a im sn xut (pht hin vn ) sang m bo cht lng. Trong cht lng l mt phn khng th thiu ca qu trnh thit k (phng trnh vn ). Nhiu t chc p dng cc h thng qun l cht lng tng th (Total Quality Management, vit tt l TQM), trong coi cht lng l mt qu trnh pht trin lin tc ch khng phi l mt s kin din ra mt ln. Nhng h thng cht lng ny khng ch c dng trong trong qu trnh pht trin sn phm v dch v m cn c dng trong cc qui trnh qun l d n. Nhng ngi ng gp quan trng cho thnh cng ca phong tro cht lng ny l W.Edwwrds Deming, Joseph M, Juran, Phillip B.Crosby, Genichi Taguchi. K hoch qun l cht lng (quality management plan) l mt ti liu d n nh ra nhng tiu chun cht lng p dng cho d n v cch thc t c nhng tiu chun ny. K hoch qun l cht lng c hp nht trong k hoch tng th ca d n. N c xy dng trong qu trnh lp k hoch cht lng v phi bao gm cc k hoch cho m bo cht lng, kim sot cht lng, nng cao cht lng trong vng i ca d n. N cng cn phi bao gm c phng thc trao i thng tin c dng bo co ma trn hiu qu hot ng cho nh ti tr, i d n, nhng ngi c lin quan v nh cung cp. K hoch qun l cht lng theo chiu su c vai tr rt quan trng i cc d n pht trin ng dng. Cn phi duyt v cp nht k hoch qun l cht lng thng xuyn nhm m bo k hoch phn nh c yu cu ca nhng ngi lin quan n d n. xy dng mt bn k hoch qun l cht lng, cn lm theo cc bc sau: 1. Kim duyt cc ti liu v yu cu v hi li nh ti tr nu cn, nhm m bo tt c cc yu cu ca nh ti tr c nh ngha r rng. 2. Xc nh thc o (metric) cht lng dng cho d n, t ra nhng tiu chun cht

35
lng v mc tiu v hiu qu tun theo nhng tiu chun v quy tc cng nghip. 3. Thit lp lch trnh kim nh kim th da trn nhng ph thuc v c im k thut ca d n. 4. Thit lp vai tr v trch nhim qun k cht lng, a cc cng vic vo lch trnh d n. 5. iu ha bo co hiu qu hot ng v kt qu kim nh thc t vi tiu chun cht lng v mc tiu v hiu qu hot ng. 6. Xy dng vng lp cho hnh ng hiu chnh trong vic x l bin ng cht lng. 7. Xy dng cc phng php gii quyt bt ng gia cc thnh vin trong i v s ph hp ca cc kt qu chuyn giao. 8. Lp k hoch bo co hiu qu hot ng bng cch xc nh c ch phn hi cho nh ti tr, ngi c lin quan n d n, v cc nh cung cp v tiu chun cht lng v mc tiu hiu qu cng vic. 9. Bo m k hoch tun th yu cu ca nh ti tr v nh ngha c cc tiu ch, bao gm kim th chp nhn cho vic k kt hon tt ca nh ti tr khi d n kt thc.

6.3. Thc hin m bo cht lng (Quality assurance)

m bo cht lng (Quality Assurance) l hot ng thng xuyn nh gi mt cch c h thng cht lng tng th ca d n trong qu trnh thc hin cc c ng tin rng d n s t c nhng tiu chun cht lng ra cng nh cc tiu chun ngnh, tiu chun quc gia. m bo cht lng l hot ng theo hng phng nga. a) Bin ng v cht lng Nh c tho lun cc ch trc, nhiu t chc p dng H thng Qun l Cht lng tng th (TQM) theo m hnh Pht trin Quy trnh lin tc. Gim c d n l ngi chu trch nhim cui cng trong khu qun l cht lng; tuy nhin, vic nh gi cht lng li l trch nhim ca b phn bo m cht lng. b) Tm quan trng ca bin ng Tm quan trng l mc quan trng c t cho cc bin ng xc nh c cc hnh ng hiu chnh cn thit m Gim c d n phi thc hin. Qun l d n khng phi l mt mn khoa hc chnh xc, v cc d n u c rng buc v ngun lc. Gim c d n phi xc nh tm quan trng ca cc bin ng v n lin quan n tng th d n v im cn bng trong tam gic thp (iron triangle balance). Gim c d n phi xc nh cc ngng gii hn m nh ti tr d n t ra cho cc bin ng trong phm vi d n, cng nh trong bi cnh ca t chc; v s dng ngun lc hp l. V d: Bin ng chi ph Gi s trong mt d n tr gi 5 triu la, bin ng chi ph l 5.000 la, tm quan trng ca bin ng s rt thp. Nhng vi bin ng chi ph l 5.000 la trong mt d n tr gi 50.000

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la, tm quan trng s cao hn nhiu.

Bi tp
1) 2) 3) Tm quan trng ca qun l cht lng d n? Lp k hoch cht lng? Thc hin m bo cht lng?

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Chng 7. Qun l ngun nhn lc ca d n

7.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ngun nhn lc

Con ngi quyt nh s thnh cng hay tht bi ca t chc hay d n. Cc con s thng k gn y v nhu cu lc lng lao ng lm vic trong lnh vc pht trin v ng dng cng ngh thng tin tng nhanh, v d di y cho thy r iu : M: 12/2002 c hn 10,1 triu k s CNTT, tng t 9,9 triu t thng 1/2002. Cc nh qun l CNTT d on trong tng lai gn h s cn thm 1,2 triu k s. Cc cng ty khng thuc lnh vc CNTT thu k s nhiu hn cc cng ty CNTT theo t l l 12:1.

7.2. Xy dng k hoch qun l ngun nhn lc (Human resource)

a) Cc dng t chc Cc dng t chc l cc cu trc m thng qua mt cng ty t chc cc hot ng hng ngy ti u ho hiu qu. C ba dng t chc chnh l theo chc nng, ma trn v theo d n. Chng c nhng c im sau: Cc dng t chc Cu trc chc nng c im Mi b phn chu trch nhim thc hin mt tp hp hot ng c th, thng xuyn, v tng i n nh. Nhiu ngi cng thc hin mt dng hot ng. Bo co theo th bc, bo co ca tng c nhn vi mt nh qun l Cu trc ma trn ring. nhn vn bo co ln trn theo th bc v chc nng, nhng h Cc c Chcbo co theo chiu rng n tng i thp so d n tr ln ca cc cng nng ca gim c d vi t mt gim c vi chc nng gimTrong mtnng. chc, s bo co theo ma trn ny c th c chc s t l hnh thc tn ti lu di. Trong mt d n c cu trc ma trn th ma trn ch l tm thi Cu trc ma trn c th c m t nh hi t yu, cn bng hay hi t mnh ph thuc vo chc nng tng i ca gim c d n so vi gim c chc nng. Mi quan h ny c minh ho trong hnh 7-1

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Cu trc theo d n Gim c d n v i d n nng ct hot ng nh mt n v t chc hon ton c lp vi t chc m (t chc truyn thng) Hay d n thun tu Trong mt s t chc, cu trc d n thun tu c th bao gm nhng h thng t h tr, chng hn nh mt phng nhn s hay phng thu mua ring. Trong cc t chc khc, cu trc d n thun tu li chia s h thng h tr ny vi t chc m. Cc dng t chc b) Chc nng c bn trong cc cu trc t chc Chc nng c bn l chc nng ca gim c d n thng qua d n . Phi lu rng trong mt cu trc chc nng thun tu th chc nng ca gim c d n tung i thp so vi gim c chc nng trong khi mt cu trc theo d n th hon ton ngc li.

7.3. Xy dng nhm d n (Project team)

Cc hot ng pht trin i d n l mt yu t tt yu khi tin hnh d n. Ch ny a ra cc phng php pht trin i d n mt cch hiu qu. L Gim c d n CNTT, bn phi i mt vi thch thc v pha nhn s. i d n c th c hnh thnh t mt nhm ngi c nng lc v c xp lch trnh kh dy c. Nhng ngi ny thng coi trng kin thc k thut hn l v tr. Nhim v ca Gim c d n chnh l tp hp nhng con ngi khc nhau ny thnh mt i, y khng phi l mt nhim v d dng thc hin. Hiu qu lm vic ca i d n chnh l trch nhim m Gim c d n phi gnh vc. Ch ny s gip xc nh cc vn nh hng n hiu qu lm vic ca i d n. Cc giai on pht trin i d n Mi ngi khng phi sinh ra l mt c nhn c y cc kh nng. H phi tri qua cc giai on pht trin v hc tp cn thit cho n khi trng thnh. Tng t nh vy, i d n cng phi tri qua cc giai on pht trin nht nh. Hiu c vn , cng nh bit cc ch tiu cho tng giai on pht trin. Gim c d n s ch ng gip i d n phn u t nng sut lm vic cao nht c th. Cc giai on pht trin i d n Giai on Hnh thnh Mu thun Ha gii Thc hin c im Thnh vin i d n lm quen vi nhau, tho ra cc quy tc v s hp tc gia cc thnh vin. Ny sinh cc xung t gia cc thnh vin i d n v cc vn tranh lun. Cc vn gia cc thnh vin i d n c gii quyt, tp trung vo cc vn v quy trnh v nng xut lao ng. i d n lm vic vi nng xut cao nht.

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a) Giai on hnh thnh Trong giai on Hnh thnh, cc thnh vin i d n thng phn vn khng bit tham gia i d n c phi l quyt nh sng sut khng? H a ra nhng nh gi ban u v k nng v cht lng lm vic ca cc thnh vin cng lm trong i, v h cng lo lng xem cc thnh vin cn li trong i nh gi v h nh th no?. Khi mt d n ang c hnh thnh th cc cuc trao i thng mang tnh cht lch s v khng c g b buc, v cc thnh vin vn ngn ngi th hin nhiu quan im c nhn. Nhng bui hp d n trong giai on ny thng kh ln xn, v cc thnh vin ang c gng tm hiu nhim v ca nhng ngi khc trong d n. Mt iu lu rng cc hot ng pht trin i d n c a ra cc thnh vin trong i cng nhau thc hin, ch khng phi l s p t ca cp trn cho i. C th t chc cc hot ng ny theo tng nhm nh, hoc theo phm vi ton i. Mc ch chnh l nhm gip cc thnh vin i d n dn cm thy thoi mi khi lm vic v trao i vi mi ngi trong i. V d: Hnh thnh i d n Phong hon tt vic tuyn chn cc thnh vin d n, v ang suy ngh tm cch no i d n c th bt u mt cch tt p. Anh bt u bng mt bui hp d n, trnh by v tng quan ca d n v tm quan trng ca n i vi t chc. Mi thnh vin d n u c pht ti liu v vn c trnh by. Phong tip tc bui hp bng cuc trao i v mng li. Mi thnh vin i d n t gii thiu v mnh v k mt cu chuyn khng lin quan n cng vic, ng thi ng gp kin v vn chuyn mn c nu ra. Bui hp hm gip ph v mi khong cch gia cc thnh vin trong i d n. Sau , Phong ln k hoch cho cc bui hp tip theo hon thnh hot ng lp k hoch cho i d n. b) Giai on ny sinh mu thun Trong giai on mu thun, cc thnh vin d n thng rt bo th v v th ny sinh nhiu mu thun. S khc nhau v tnh cch bt u bc l, h qu ca cc cuc xung t l cc thnh vin mun lm cng vic d n, hoc a ra quyt nh theo cch ring ca mnh. Trong giai on ny, Gim c d n cn phi s dng cc k nng gii quyt xung t v k nng y thc gip i d n gii quyt c vn . V d: Mu thun ny sinh trong i d n: Hiu v Cng u l k s Web y kinh nghim, hin ang lm vic cho mt d n v mng ni b. Hiu th nht mc rng nn ci cc Applet vo my trm, cn Ton th qu quyt nn ci vo my ch. Cui cng Gim c d n Phong phi nhy vo v m cuc hp gia Hiu, Cng v DBA ca d n cng nht tr tin hnh theo cch tt nht. c) Giai on ha gii giai on Ha gii, i d n bt u lm vic mt cch nng sut m khng phi lo lng g v quan im c nhn hoc cc vn tranh ci. Khi xung t vn cn xy ra th ngi ta ch tp trung vo cc vn lin quan n quy trnh hn l lin quan n c nhn. i d n bt u

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hot ng trn c s tin tng v trng cy ln nhau. Trong giai on ha gii, Gim c d n phi thm vo cc tiu ch bng cch tp trung vo cc vn v hiu qu lm vic ca d n. Chng hn nh Gim c d n phi: vn . d n. V d: Ha gii cc xung t trong i d n. i d n va lm vic c hai thng trong k hoch 6 thng nng cp h iu hnh ca my trm, nhng li ny sinh mt s vn v cu hnh gia h iu hnh v cc ng dng doanh nghip. Gim c d n c mt nhm tp trung gii quyt vn cu hnh, v h dn gii quyt c vn . Tin ca d n hi chm so vi lch trnh, v i d n rt mt mi v nhng gi lm vic di v cng thng. Bit c rng nh ti tr rt thng cm vi nhng n lc ca i, Gim c d n t chc mt bui n tra cho i cng vi nh ti tr d n, vi mc ch ghi nhn nhng n lc ca i v to lng nhit huyt mi cho d n. d) Giai on thc hin Trong giai on Thc hin, i d n s lm vic vi nng sut cao nht. Vic cng tc v trao i tr nn d dng, cc xung t c gii quyt. Cc thnh vin trong i cm thy thoi mi khi trnh by c cc vn , tin tng vo ng i tm ra gii php tt nht cho ton i d n. Vai tr Gim c d n trong giai on thc hin l phi cng nhn hiu qu lm vic ca i, nhng li ng ngoi nh th i d n t gii quyt vn ny. V d: Giai on thc hin i d n. Tin ca i d n ang chm so vi lch trnh, iu ny i hi cc thnh vin trong i phi lm vic ngoi gi. Mc d l ngi lun ht mnh v d n, Nguyn vn phi lo cho con nh, nn vic lm ngoi gi i vi anh ta qu tht l rt vt v. Thay v gp Gim c d n trnh by vn , Nguyn t thu xp vi mt thnh vin khc trong i l Hin. Nguyn s lm nhng cng vic m Hin vn d rt ght, v ngc li c s lm thm gi gii quyt cng vic ca Nguyn. y l mt v d kh hay trong giai on thc hin, v i d n th hin c s cng hin v mc tiu ca d n, v t gii quyt cc vn mt cch m thm m khng h c xung t g. Xa b tt c nhng ro cn gy tn hi n hiu qu lm vic ca i. To c hi ban qun l, khch hng, cng nh cc i khc ghi nhn hiu qu lm vic ca i Tp trung nng cao nng sut ca i nhm t c mc tiu ca d n. Nu i d n mc phi nhng vn c bn th hy lp cc nhm chc nng gii quyt

Bi tp
1) Tm quan trng ca qun l ngun nhn lc? 2) Xy dng k hoch qun l ngun nhn lc?

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Chng 8. Qun l cc ri ro ca d n
8.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ri ro
Qun l ri ro d n l mt ngh thut v k nng nhn bit khoa hc, l nhim v, v s i ph vi ri ro thng qua hot ng ca mt d n v nhng mc tiu i hi quan trng nht ca d n. - Qun l ri ro thng khng c ch trong cc d n, nhng n li gip ci thin c s thnh cng ca d n trong vic gip chn la nhng d n tt, xc nh phm vi d n, v pht trin nhng c tnh c tnh thc t.

8.2. Lp k hoch qun l ri ro

K hoch ri ro bao gm k hoch d phng, k hoch rt lui, qu d phng : K hoch d phng (i ph nhng bt ng) l nhng hot ng xc nh trc m thnh K hoch rt lui c thc hin cho nhng ri ro c tc ng ln ti nhng yu cu mc Qu d phng (bt ng) hay tin tr cp c gi bi nh ti tr v c th dng gim nh vin ca d n s thc hin nu mt s kin ri ro xut hin tiu ca d n chi ph hay ri ro lch biu nu c nhng s thay i v phm vi hay cht lng. Xy dng k hoch qun l ri ro bao gm mt s bc sau: 1. Xc nh chin lc v phng php qun l ri ro bng cc phng php nh lng v nh tnh, cng nh cc k hoch xp loi. 2. Lp k hoch d phng bng cch xc nh cc phng php i ph v cc chin lc gim thiu, ng thi xy dng mt bn k hoch da trn tnh hung, tch hp cc bin php i ph v cc chin lc gim thiu thnh mt tng th ton din. 3. Lp k hoch qun l ri ro trn ng ti hn bng cch xc nh bn cht c trng v tm quan trng ca cc ri ro i vi ng ti hn. 4. nh ngha cc du hiu ri ro lm du hiu cnh bo sm khi c th v nhn bit ri ro. 5. Ch nh ngi chu trch nhim cho mt ri ro hoc mi e da nht nh. nh ra nhng du hiu ri ro m h cn gim st v cc bin php i ph m h cn thc hin. 6. Lp qu d phng ri ro (contingency reserve) nhm h tr cho k hoch. 7. Lp quy trnh cp nht k hoch trong sut vng i ca d n.

8.3. Xc nh cc ri ro
1. Nhn din ri ro k hoch, lin quan ti: - Pht biu v cng vic - Cu trc phn vic

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- c lng thi gian - Lp lch biu - Xc nh sn phm - Qun l d n tng - K hoch d n - Vng i 2. Nhn din ri ro t chc lin quan ti - Phn b nhim v - Tuyn nhn vin - Hun luyn - Phn mm - D liu - cung cp - Tin nghi - S t chc - S tham d ca khch hng - H tr ca qun l cao cp 3. Nhn din ri ro kim sot lin quan ti - K hoch d phng - Theo di k hoch so vi thc t + Chi ph + Lch biu + Cht lng Hp: + Xt duyt hin trng + Xt duyt kim im + Nhn vin
- Kim sot thay i

- Qun l cu hnh - m bo cht lng - Bng chun ct mc 4. Nhn din ri ro k thut lin quan ti - Th tc kim th - Pht trin chuyn giao theo vng i nh: + Ti liu nghin cu kh thi + Ti liu xc nh yu cu

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+ Ti liu phn tch cc phng n + Ti liu c t chc nng + Ti liu thit k s b + K hoch kim chng/ lm hp l + K hoch thit lp v ci t - Kim sot d liu - Cng c pht trin - K thut pht trin - Ti liu ngi dng - Cht lng sn phm - Hun luyn - An ninh H thng - Ti liu vn hnh - Thit k i vi + Chng trnh + D liu + Th tc + An ninh + Ti liu

8.4. Phn tch nh lng cc ri ro

nh gi ri ro l bc cui cng trong qu trnh khm ph v phn tch. Trong ch ny bn s s dng mt ma trn ri ro xc nh v u tin cc ri ro ca d n. Bn l mt Gim c d n ang c sp xp vo h thng th in t. Tht khng may cho bn l h thng th ca bn ang cho Virus trn ngp cng ty ca mnh. in thoi bn tr gip ang treo! Khng ai trong mng ca bn c th truy cp th in t, WEB hay thm ch my in trong mng. Bn tng b mt Virus tn cng v cng vic trong vn phng ca bn tm ngng hot ng lm cho c khch hng v nh qun l cp cao v cng tc gin. iu g xy ra? Nu bn t k hoch cho kch bn ny th bn c cc chin lc nhm gii quyt cc hng hc trong khi thu xp cc vn cng nhanh cang tt. Bng cch thc hin nh gi ri ro, bn c th trnh b s h cc tnh hung khng may. a. Bn cht ca ri ro Ri ro khng kim sot c c th dn ti s tht bi ca d n. Theo mt nghin cu vo nm 1998 ca nhm Gartner th c ti 40% cc d n CNTT c m nhn hoc tht bi, hoc b t b. Tt c cc d n CNTT c ngn sch 6 triu usd tr ln th c ti 90% l tht bi. Theo nghin cu ny th s tht bi c xem l khng c kh nng thc hin 90% tnh nng ha hn v thi gian v ngn sch. Do , ri ro l thc o tnh trng khng chc chn. N gm 3 thnh phn:

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- Bn thn s kin ri ro - Thc o kh nng c th m s kin ri ro xy ra. - nh hng hay tnh nghim trng ca s kin ri ro vo d n ca bn. Ri ro trong cc d n CNTT: D n CNTT i mt vi mt vi yu t ri ro nht nh lm cho chng d tht bi hn: - T l rt ln cc d n CNTT cha tng c thc hin trc , vy l i tng vn s khi u nan thng khng c tnh ton trong quy trnh c lng. - Thiu nhm chuyn gia CNTT nhiu kinh nghim cn hon tt d n. y thng l mt p lc rt ln, p buc ban qun l d n. - Cng ngh s dng nh nhng nguyn vt liu xy dng trong cc d n CNTT rt d li thi nh mt nguyn tc chung l li thi c sau 18 thng. - Nhiu d n CNTT ln c kt ni vi cc quy trnh nghip v quan trng, do vy i hi nhng cng vic kht khe hn nhiu nu nh cc hot ng b ph v. - Quy tc qun l d n CNTT tng i mi m v kt qu l cha c nhiu kinh nghim pht trin so vi cc lnh vc khc nh xy dng Hy xem xt mt d n CNTT b hy b bi mt chui cc siu th ln Canada. D n l vic thi hnh SAP trn ton quc mang th ghi gi tin 89 triu usd. Do trng hp ny l in hnh vi cc d n hoch nh ngun lc doanh nghip (ERP) nn vic thc thi h thng mi lien kt cht ch vi mt vi quy trnh nghip v chnh. Khi h thng mi ngng hot ng 5 ngy th n s a cc cng ty v khch hng vo tnh trng xo trn hon ton trong 2 tun. Chi ph ca d n, hu qu v mt ti chnh t s xo trn nghip v trong 5 ngy v s h hi n danh ting ca cng ty gn nh chng t tai ha cho t chc Hu qu ca ri ro: Nhn thc v hu qu ri ro trong mt d n CNTT c th c tc ng tn ph ln cng ty. V d: - Trong bn bo co u qu I nm 2001, ng Phillip Knight Gim c iu hnh cng ty Nike cho cc i tng lin quan d n v cc nh phn tch bit rng s gim st 30% tin li l do d n qun l chui cung cp tr gi 400 triu usd tht bi. - Randstad l mt cng ty nhn s ln th ba trn th gii nhn thy hot ng Bc M ca h t li nhun 46,2 triu usd trong na u nm 2000 cho ti thit hi 42,7 triu usd trong na u nm 2001. L do vin dn trong bo co ca cc i tng lin quan d n l vic gim ng k trong tuyn dng v la chn hi ng. Doanh thu t cc hi ng ny ph thuc rt ln vo cc ng dng b phn giao tip khch hng (Front office) khng cn hot ng thch hp na. D n CNTT thay th h thng hin nay vt qu ngn sch hng triu usd v qu thi hn 12 thng. b. T l ri ro Thnh cng JP Morgan c ghi vo vi bo co Hy i mt vi thc t, c bn kinh doanh kh hn

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mt cht so vi nh bc l c x hi tn trng v c hp php ha. Nu l s tht th cc d n CNTT chng t l mt dng bi Poke c tin t cc ln nguy him. Cc cng ty chp nhn ri ro cao, vn c cho cc d n CNTT v mt hoc 2 l do: u tin h thng chp nhn ri ro bi v h khng hiu y nhng th m bn thn h ang theo. Th 2 l nhng ngi ra quyt nh tin rng thnh cng tim n ln hn ri ro. Ngn ng nghip v c mt vi cch trnh by mi quan h ri ro thnh cng ny. T l ri ro Thnh cng l mi quan h v mt ton hc t nh hng ti chnh ca nhng tht bi ln mt bn ca t s cn thnh cng v ti chnh ln bn kia. C mt vi cch khc nhau trnh by khi nim c bn ny: - Ch s hon vn u t (ROI). Bin s u t th hin vn m nh u t c th phi chu ri ro trong khi bin s ch s hon vn u t th hin thnh cng m nh u t nhn c. Ch s hon vn u t l t s gia u t v kt qu c tnh di dng phn trm. - Thi gian thu hi u t. Lng thi gian cn thit thu hi li vn u t d n khng tnh n chi ph vn. - T l hon vn ni ti (IRR). Ph chit khu lm cho gi tr hin ti rng (NPV) ca tin mt trong tng lai tr li bng vi u t vn ban u. - Dng tin mt c chit khu (DCF). Gi tr dng tin mt tng lai ca u t c chit khu tnh gi tr ca tin thu c qua thi gian. - Gi tr hin ti rng (NPV), Gi tr hin ti ca dng tin mt tng lai ca u t tr i chi ph u t ban u. c. Phn tch nh tnh Phn tch nh tnh l hnh ng lit k cc ri ro tim n trong mt ma trn ri ro v phn chia chng theo im s v kh nng c th xy ra hay mc nghim trng. im s v kh nng c th c xc lp c trng cho kh nng c th xy ra m mt ri ro c bit c th c trng cho hu qu hay nh hng tim n m mt ri ro c bit c th mang li. d. Phn tch nh lng Phn tch nh lng l phn tch kh nng c th xy ra mt ri ro c th v nh hng ca n ln ton b d n. Khi phn tch ri ro nh tnh c thc hin tt th tng kh nng cho tt c cc ri ro c th cung cp s hiu bit su sc i vi ton b ri ro ca d n. Phn tch ri ro nh lng cn lin quan n ch ngha hin thc v cc thnh qu v chi ph, lch trnh v cc mc tiu cht lng. Phn tch nh lng c th thc hin s dng mt vi cng c: - Phng vn cc i tng lin quan d n v cc chuyn gia v ni dung chuyn ngnh xc nh kh nng hn ch ri ro. - Dng cy quyt inh phn tch ri ro. - M phng d n (xy dng m hnh) xc nh cc nguy c c bit c th tng tc vi nhau nh th no.

46
Lc cy quyt nh: Dng lc cy thc hin cc phn tch chi ph/li nhun da trn cc kh nng phc tp khi c tnh bng ng la so vi gi tr thc t trong trng hp d n CNTT. N cung cp mt c ch so snh to vi cam nhm lm ni bt ri ro v mc thnh cng khc nhau khi i theo cc nhnh trn cy. Phng n cho s liu c on tt nht, kt hp vi cc kin thc chuyn ngnh s tng cng kt qu cho phn tch SWOT. V d: Mt cng ty cung ng nhn s quc gia ra quyt nh mua gi phn mm qun l ti nguyn doanh nghip (ERP) tr gi 10 triu la cha tng c pht trin t mt nh cung cp ln. Bi v h nhn c trit khu 3 triu la so vi gi cc pht trin hon ton tr gi 10 triu la t mt nh cung cp nh hn s khng trit khu phn mm ca h. Mt nm sau, cng ty cung ng nhn s mt doanh thu 95 triu la bi v h thay i m hnh nghip v ca mnh p dng phn mm mi nhng phi mt thm 1 nm na b sung v hon thin cho phn mm ny. Nh cung cp m h mua c ting xu trong ngnh l chm ch giao hng, thng li hn. Nu h thc hin mt phn tch cy thc t xem xt chi ph c hi khi khng c phn mm, h s c mt ch dn chc chn rng gia tit kim 3 triu la v tn tht doanh thu ng k c no, trong trng hp ny l 92 triu la trong mt nm.

8.5. Lp k hoch i ph ri ro (Risk responses)

Sau khi nhn bit mc ri ro, bn phi quyt nh i ph nh th no. Ta c 4 chin lc chnh: - Trnh ri ro: loi tr mt cc r rng mi e da hay ri ro, thng loi tr nguyn nhn - Chp nhn ri ro: chp nhn kt qu nu ri ro xy ra - Thuyn chuyn ri ro: lun phin hu qu ri ro v giao trch nim qun l cho bn th ba - Gim nh ri ro: vic gim bt nh hng mt s kin ri ro bng vic ct gim nhng g c th khi s c xy ra. a) Cc bin php i ph Bin php i ph (countermeasure) l mt hnh ng phng nga do i d n la chn nhm loi b hoc trung ho mt ri ro.Cc bin php phng nga l mt phng php tn cng tch cc nhm ngn nga xy ra. V d: t mt ngn hi ng trn mt b bin y l mt bin php i ph v n gip cho tu thuyn trnh c nhng tng tim n nguy him nht nh. Gim thiu (mitigation) l mt hnh ng c thc hin nhm gim thiu tc ng ca mt ri ro khi n xy ra.Gim thiu l phn ng nht nhanh nhay sau khi ri ro xy ra. V d: t nhng ti kh trong t l mt v d v gim thiu,v chng c thit k phn ng ngay lp tc nhm gim thiu thng tch-ri ro-khi c tai nn. Thut ng gim thiu i khi c dng vi ngha ca cc bin php i ph v gim thiu. b) K hoch d phng (Contingency Planning)

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Lp k hoch d phng bao gm d on cc p ng vi hon cnh c th gy tc ng tiu cc ln d n.Tin trnh ny yu cu ngi qun l d n xc nh cc bc cn thit vt qua nhng vn d kin. Trong chng mc no , cc k hoch d phng c th c thc hin thng qua phn tch ri ro. Vi mi ri ro nhn din,ngi qun l d n a ra mt m t, xc sut xut hin (nh thp, va, hay cao), tc ng(nh thp, va, hay cao) v p ng thch hp. Mt xem xt quan trng cho vic xy dng cc k hoch d phng l c c s h tr t mi ngi tham d b nh hng bi tnh hung ny. S chp thun ny l cn thit k lm cho d n tin ln.Thiu s chp thun c th gy ra vic thc hin k hoch d phng b chm tr.

8.6. Gim st v iu khin cc ri ro

Gim st v kim sot ri ro lin quan ti vic hiu bit tnh trng ca chng - Kim sot ri ro lin quan n vic thc hin k hoch qun l ri ro khi chng xy ra - Kt qu chnh ca vic gim st v kim sot ri ro l iu chnh hot ng, yu cu thay i d n, cp nht nhng k hoch mi - Kim sot i ph ri ro lin quan n vic chp hnh nhng quy trnh qun l ri ro v k hoch ri ro i ph vi nhng s kin ri ro. - Ri ro phi c kim sot c bn theo c im tng giai on c th, c s quyt nh i vi nhng ri ro v c chin lc lm gim nh ri ro

Bi tp
1) Tm quan trng ca qun l ri ro? 2) Lp k hoch qun l ri ro?

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Hu Quc, Gio trnh Qun l d n, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng, H Ni, 2007. [2] A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Project Management Institute, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania USA, 2000.

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MT S THI MU

50 Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin B MN H THNG THNG TIN -----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn: XY DNG& QUN L D N CNTT Nm hc: x Thi gian: 60 pht Cu 1: (2 im) D n l g? Qun l d n l g? Trnh by cc lnh vc trong qun l d n? Cu 2: (2 im) Trnh by cc giai on ca d n? Cu 3: (3 im) Trnh by vai tr v quy trnh qun l phm vi d n? Cu 4: (3 im) Trnh by tm quan trng ca lch trnh? Qu trnh xy dng v iu khin lch trnh ca d n? ----------------------------***HT***---------------------------Lu : - Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi thi s: x K duyt : x

51 Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin B MN H THNG THNG TIN -----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn: XY DNG& QUN L D N CNTT Nm hc: x Thi gian: 60 pht Cu 1: (2 im) Trnh by cc nhn t nh hng n d n? Cu 2: (2 im) Trnh by cc im v cc lnh vc qun l ca d n Cng ngh Thng tin? Cu 3: (3 im) Trnh by tm quan trng ca qun l chi ph d n v cc nguyn tc c lng chi ph? Cu 4: (3 im) Trnh by tm quan trng ca qun l cht lng d n v k hoch qun l cht lng? ----------------------------***HT***---------------------------Lu : - Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi thi s: x K duyt : x

52 Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin B MN H THNG THNG TIN -----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn: XY DNG& QUN L D N CNTT Nm hc: x Thi gian: 60 pht Cu 1: (2 im) Trnh by cc nhn t nh hng n d n? Cu 2: (2 im) Vai tr ca ngi qun l d n? Cu 3: (3 im) Trnh by v vn iu khin lch trnh d n? Cu 4: (3 im) Ly mt v d v phn tch vic lp k hoch qun l ri ro? ----------------------------***HT***---------------------------Lu : - Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi thi s: x K duyt : x

53 Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin B MN H THNG THNG TIN -----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn: XY DNG& QUN L D N CNTT Nm hc: x Thi gian: 60 pht Cu 1: (2 im) Trnh by cc nhn t nh hng n d n? Cu 2: (2 im) Vai tr ca ngi qun l d n? Cu 3: (3 im) Trnh by k thut to bng phn r cng vic? Cu 4: (3 im) Ly mt v d v phn tch c lng chi ph d n? ----------------------------***HT***---------------------------Lu : - Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi thi s: x K duyt : x

54 Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin B MN H THNG THNG TIN -----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn: XY DNG& QUN L D N CNTT Nm hc: x Thi gian: 60 pht Cu 1: (2 im) Tm quan trng ca qun l cht lng d n? Cu 2: (2 im) Vai tr ca ngi qun l d n? Cu 3: (3 im) Trnh by v vn iu khin lch trnh d n? Cu 4: (3 im) Ly mt v d v phn tch vic xy dng k hoch qun l ngun nhn lc? ----------------------------***HT***---------------------------Lu : - Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi thi s: x K duyt : x