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Types of Crystalline Solids

Type of solid Intermolecular forces Properties Examples

10 Ionic
Molecular
Ion-ion forces Brittle, hard high melting
Dispersion forces/Dipole- Soft, low melting non-conducting
Dipole H-bond
Covalent network Covalent bonds Hard: High melting
NaCl, KCl, MgCl 2
H 2O, Br2, CO 2, CH 4

C-Diamond, SiO 2
Metallic Metallic bonds Variable hardness and melting point Na, Zn, Cu, Fe
conducting

SOLID STATE Crystal System

Unit Cell Parameters
Crystal Systems Bravais Lattice
Intercepts Crystal Angles
1. Cubic Primitive, face centered, body centered a=b=c a = b = g = 90 °
2. Orthorhombic Primitive, face centered, body centered, a ¹ b ¹ c a = b = g = 90 °
end centered
Types of Solids
3. Rhombohedral Primitive a=b=c a = b = g ¹ 90 °
S. No. Crystalline solids Amorphous solids
4. Monoclinic Primitive, end centered a¹ b¹ c a = g = 90 ° , b ¹ 90 °
1. They have a definite crystal shape. They do not have a definite geometrical shape
5. Triclinic Primitive a¹ b¹ c a ¹ b ¹ g ¹ 90 °
2. Long-range order Short-range order
6. Tetragonal Primitive, body centered a=b¹ c a = b = g = 90 °
3. They have sharp melting points They do not have sharp melting points.
7. Hexagonal Primitive a=b¹ c a = b = 90 ° , g = 120 °
4. Enthalpy of fusion is definite Enthalpy of fusion is not definite
5. They are hard and rigid solids. They are comparatively soft and not very rigid. Some Important Formula
6. Possess definite crystal system (cubic, tetragonal, Crystal system absent ; no regular repeating unit ZM Z ´ V Atom
(i) d = ; (ii) Packing fraction = ; (iii) Void fraction = 1 - Packing fraction ;
hexagonal, octahedral, etc.) N0a 3 V Unit cell
7. They are true solid They are pseudo solid (iv) C.No. = No. of first neighbours
8. They split into two pieces when cut with a sharp- They cut into two pieces with irregular surfaces where d = density ; M = Atomic mass of element ;
edged tool ; newly generated surfaces are plane and when cut with a sharp-edged tool. N A = Avogadro’s number ; a = Edge length of cube.
smooth.
Cubic System
9. They are anisotropic (refractive index and electrical They are isotropic. (physical properties are same
conductivity are different in different directions) in all directions) S.No. Property Simple Cubic Lattice BCC Lattice FCC Lattice
( e. g. , NaCl, CsBr, CaF2 and ZnS ( e. g. , Rubber, plastic and glass) 1. Atomic radius (r), a = edge length of cube r = a a 3 a 2
r= r=
2 4 4

2. No of atoms per unit cell (Z) Z =1 Z =2 Z =4

3. Co-ordination No. (C.No.) 6 8 12
4. Packing fraction (P.F.) 0.52 0.68 0.74

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Types of Packing Bragg’s Equation
S.No. Property Hexagonal close packing (HCP) Cubic close packing (CCP) 2d sin q = nl
n = 1 First order reflection ; n = 2 Second order reflection ; q = angle of reflection.
1. Co-ordination No. (C.No.) 12 12 d = distance between planes ; l = wavelength of x-ray
2. No. of atoms per unit cell (z) z =6 z =4
Defects in Crystals
3. Packing fraction (P.F.) P. F. = 0.74 P. F. = 0.74 Point Defects
4. Type of packing ABAB . . . . . . ABCABC . . . . . .
Stoichiometric Non-stoichiometric
Types of Voids
S. No. Name of Void rVoid rSphere Co-ordination Number (C.No.) Schottky Frenkel Metal Metal
(ion-pair missing) (Dislocation of ions) excess deficient
1. Triangular void 0.155 3
2. Tetrahedral void 0.225 4
Anionic Vacancy defect Extra cation in Cationic vacancy
3. Octahedral void 0.414 6 (electron present in anionic vacancy) interstitial site defect
4. Cubic void 0.732 8 (1) Stoichiometric defects
v Vacancy: When constituent particle missing, then vacancy defects occurs.
Radius Ratio v Frenkel defect : The defect in which an ion is displaced from its regular position to an
interstitial position creating a vacancy. Such defect is known as Frenkel defects or dislocation
ær ö
S.No. Limiting radius ratio çç cation ÷÷ C.No. Shape defect.
è anion ø
r
v Schottky defect : Defect in which a pair of one cation and one anion of equal valence is
1. < 0.155 2 Linear missing from an ionic crystal leading to a pair of vacant sites. Such defect is known as Schottky
defect.
2. 0.155 — 0.225 3 Planar triangle
(2) Non-Stoichiometric defects :
3. 0.225 — 0.414 4 Tetrahedral v Metal excess defect : The defect occurs due to anionic vacancies or due to the presence of
4. 0.414 — 0.732 6 Octahedral extra cations at the interstitial site.
v Metal deficiency defect : The defect occurs due to absence of positive ions from lattice site
5. 0.732 — 0.999 8 Like body centred cubic or extra interstitial negative ions.

Types of Ionic Structure Electrical Properties

The solids can be conductors, insulators or semiconductors.
S.No. Name of Structure Location of Particle v Conductors conduct electricity through movement of electrons (metals) or ions (electrolytes).
1. Rock salt ( AB ) NaCl B - : ccp lattice ; A + : Octahedral void v The atomic orbitals of metals form molecular orbitals which are so close in energy that they
form bands. If the gap between the filled valence band the next higher unoccupied conduction
2. Zinc blende (ZnS) S2- : ccp lattice ; Zn 2+ : Alternate tetrahedral void band overlaps, the electrons can jump and are called conductors. If this gap is more, the
3. CsCl Cs + : Cube centre ; Cl - : Corner of cube electrons can not jump and the substance behaves as an insulator.
v In semiconductors, this gap is small. For example, silicon and germanium. Their conductivity
4. Fluorite structure (CaF2 ) Ca 2+ : fcc lattice ; F - : Tetrahedral void
can be increased by adding impurity (doping) which can be electron rich or electron deficient.
5. Antifluorite structure Na 2O O 2- : fcc lattice ; Na + : Tetrahedral void v When increase in conductivity is due to the electron-rich impurity, it is called n-type
semiconductor.
v When the increase in conductivity is due to electron-deficient impurity, the conductors are
called p-type semiconductors.

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Magnetic Properties
v Paramagnetic : Substance weakly attracted in magnetic field and magnetized in same
direction is known as paramagnetic substance.
v Diamagnetic : Substance weakly repelled in magnetic field is known as diamagnetic
substance
v Ferromagnetic : Substance attracted very strongly by magnetic field is known as
ferromagnetic substance.
v Antiferromagnetic : Substance in which oppositely located domains cancel out each
other’s magnetic moment is known as Antiferromagnetic substance.
v Ferrimagnetic : Substance in which magnetic moment of domains are arranged in parallel
and antiparallel directions in unequal numbers is known as ferrimagnetic substance.

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