ecture 1 : Physiology Essentials
<
Intro to Physiology : Principles of homeostasis
What is homeostasis ?
Physiology to
Branch of Biology that leads with the normal functions of is their parts
living organisms
·
The of the body's the ability of the body
·
balance to maintain a relatively constant internal
* *
environment even when external temperatures Balance
change.
nternal s External Environments
What does it mean when an organ system is continuous with the external environment ?
An Organ continuous with the external environment include those that
·
system which is
have direct or indirect
openings to the outside of the body.
>
Ex .
Reproductive , Urinary , Digestive Respiratory Systems
,
Not maintaining homeostasis :
Conditions such as diabetes CanOccur when the
body fails to maintain homeostasis .
·
For homeostasis to occur the body must be able to respond and detect in it's
,
changes
internal environment to keep it in an acceptable range ,
which is called a set point.
7
The Set point is the ideal tries to maintain for
or normal level the
body
things like temperature , blood glucose ,
blood
oxygen , blood pressure, blood pH's
body temperature.
How maintain homeostasis ?
can the body
There are specialized cells that can detect in internal environments tell other
changes
As
cells to cause an
appropriate response to this change . an
example, shivering is the
to decrease in
body temperature as the
body tries to warm up to
response change or
maintain homeostasis.
Sometimes the response to change only affects the immediate area where those cells are located. h
This called local control since it is characterized localized response
mechanism is
by .
Long-
distance complex's
control
systems are more involve
many components ,
creating a
feedback loop -
Local control : Refers to feedback mechanisms that operate within a specific tissue or
organ without
involving the nervous or endocrine systems Localized response
.
where cells in the immediate vicinity
of the respond directly to correct the imbalance
change .
< Ex .
Oxygen Regulation in Tissues : When a tissues oxygen levels drop the local blood vessels dilate
,
to increase blood flow
Oxygen delivery to the tissue. This is made directly within the affected area ,
Without involving other Organs is the brain.
Long Distance Control :
Long-Distance Control involves feedback mechanisms that
regulate physiological
processes across the whole body requiring communication between the brain , Other
,
organs .
Involves nervous system endocrine systems.
> Ex Blood pressure regulation : when blood pressure drops sensors in the blood vessels send signals
.
,
to the brain . The brain makes a response
by signaling the heart the heart to beat
faster blood vessels to constrict , raising blood pressure back to normal
Local control quick/direct Long-Distance Control Complex
·
= =
The homeostatic feedback loop is
designed to keep many body conditions , also known as controlled
variables , Or
at near the set point. We can find both positive s negative feedback loops but only
feedback loops homeostatic .
negative are
What is
negative feedback ?
Negative feedback works to reverse a
change in a controlled condition to come back
to the Set point Chomeostasis)
> When variable the Set point specialized detect
a
changes , sensors or cells
this and activate back
change responses that
bring the variable to the normal
range.
>
Ex Body temperature regulation When
.
:
body temperature rises , receptors detect this
change ,
and the
body responds by Sweating and dilating blood vessels to cool
down. If the temperature drops , the body will shiver and constrict or hold blood
vessels to conserve .
heat
> Ex Blood When blood
sugar levels after
.
sugar regulation : rise eating , the
pancreas
releases insulin which helps absorb
glucose lowering blood levels back to
, ,
sugar
normal . Glucose too low > hormone
glucagon will be released ,
causes liver to
to release glucose. Negative fb maintains stability
by counteracting changes while ,
positive fb reinforces a process
to achieve a .
particular result
What is positive feedback ?
Positive feedback increases the condition Unlike
change in the body's .
negative feedback
it drives the system further from the Set point ,
often leading to a specific ,
short-term
Outcome .
> A Stimulus (or a hormone) triggers a response that enhances the initial
change ,
Creating
a loop that continues until a specific event stops it
.
Ex Childbirth :
During
>
. labour Contractions cause the release of
, oxytocin ,
which
intensifies contractions further until the child is born . The hormones keep on
until the
goal achieved
releasing is .
Ex Blood clotting When blood vessel
injured
:
> .
a is ,
chemicals that promote
clotting are released , this process occurs until the wound is sealed .
The role of the hypothalamus :
The hypothalamus detects body temperature through receptors&initiates responses
changes in
Such as sweating Shivering
, ,
Or
alternating blood flow to the skin to maintain a stable
internal temperature.
Increase temp detected (control Center)
in
body by brain
Activates mechanisms to lose heat to
keep body cool (done by hypothalamus)
