CHNG I

TONG QUAN VE MAY CONG CU IEU KHIEN BANG CHNG TRNH SO (MAY CNC) I. Tong quan ve may cong cu ieu khien bang chng trnh so (may CNC)
cac may cat thong thng, viec ieu khien cac chuyen ong cung nh thay oi van toc cua cac bo phan may eu c thc hien bang tay. Vi cach ieu khien nay, thi gian phu kha ln, nen khong the nang cao nang suat lao ong. e giam thi gian phu, can thiet tien hanh t ong hoa qua trnh ieu khien. Trong san xuat hang khoi, hang loat ln, t lau ngi ta dung phng phap gia cong t ong vi viec t ong hoa qua trnh ieu khien bang cac vau ty, bang mau chep hnh, bang cam tren truc phan phoi... ac iem cua cac loai may t ong nay la rut ngan c thi gian phu, nhng thi gian chuan b san xuat qua dai (nh thi gian thiet ke va che tao cam, thi gian ieu chnh may ...). Nhc iem nay la khong ang ke neu nh san xuat vi khoi lng ln. Trai lai, vi lng san xuat nho, mat hang thay oi thng xuyen, loai may t ong nay tr nen khong kinh te. Do o can phai tm ra phng phap ieu khien mi. Yeu cau nay c thc hien vi viec ieu khien theo chng trnh so. ac iem quan trong cua viec t ong hoa qua trnh gia cong tren cac may CNC la am bao cho may co tnh van nang cao. ieu o cho phep gia cong nhieu loai chi tiet, phu hp vi dang san xuat hang loat nho va hang loat va, ma tren 70% san pham cua nganh che tao may c che tao trong ieu kien o. May cong cu ieu khien bang chng trnh so viet tat la may NC (Numerical Control) la may t ong ieu khien (vai hoat ong hoac toan bo hoat ong), trong o cac hanh ong ieu khien c san sinh tren c s cung cap cac d lieu dang: LENH. Cac LENH hp thanh chng trnh lam viec. Chng trnh lam viec nay c ghi len mot c cau mang chng trnh di dang MA SO. C cau mang chng trnh co the la BANG OT LO, BANG T, hoac chnh BO NH MAY TNH. Cac the he au, may NC con s dung cac cap logic trong he thong. Phng phap ieu khien theo iem va oan thang (hnh 1-7a va hnh 1-7b), tc la khong co quan he ham so gia cac chuyen ong theo toa o. Viec ieu khien con mang tnh cng nen chng trnh n gian va cung ch gia cong c nhng chi tiet n gian nh gia cong lo, gia cong cac ng thang song song vi cac chuyen ong ma may co. Cac the he sau, trong he thong ieu khien cua may NC a c cai at cac cum vi tnh, cac bo vi s ly va viec ieu khien luc nay phan ln hoac hoan toan mem. Phng phap ieu khien theo ng bien (hnh2.1c), tc la co moi quan he ham so gia cac chuyen ong theo hng cac toa o. Cac may NC nay c goi la CNC (Computer Numerical Control). Chng trnh c soan thao t m hn va co the gia cong c nhng chi tiet co hnh dang rat phc tap. Hien nay cac may CNC a c dung pho bien. 1. Lch s phat trien cua may CNC 1

Nam 1947, John Parsons nay ra y tng ap dung ieu khien t ong vao qua trnh che tao canh quat may bay trc thang My. Trc o, viec gia cong va kiem tra bien dang cua canh quat phai dung cac mau chep hnh, s dung dng, do o rat lau va khong kinh te. Y nh dung ba xuyen lo e doa cac lo bang cach cho tn hieu e ieu khien hai ban dao, a giup Parsons phat trien he thong Digital cua ong. Vi ket qua nay, nam 1949, ong ky hp ong vi USAF ( US Air Force) nham che tao mot loai may cat theo bien dang t ong. Parsons yeu cau tr giup e s dung phong th nghiem ieu khien t ong cua Vien Cong Nghe Massachusetts (M.I.T.) ni c chnh phu My tai tr e che tao mot loai may phay 3 toa o ieu khien bang bang chng trnh so. Sau 5 nam nghien cu, J. Parsons a hoan chnh he thong ieu khien may phay va lan au tien trong nam 1954, M.I.T. a s dung ten goi May NC. Trong nhng nam 60, thi gian a chn mui cho viec phat trien va ng dung cac may NC. Rat nhieu thanh vien cua nganh cong nghiep hang khong My a nhanh chong ng dung, phat trien va a san sinh ra the he may mi (CNC) cho phep phay cac bien dang phc tap, tao hnh vi hai, ba hoac bon va nam truc (ba tnh tien va hai quay). Cac nc chau Au va Nhat Ban phat trien co cham hn mot vai nam, nhng cung co nhng ac iem rieng, chang nhng ve mat ky thuat, ma ca ve ket cau nh ket cau truc chnh, c cau cha dao, he thong cap dao v.v... T o en nay, hang loat may CNC ra i vi u chung loai va phat trien khong ngng. S phat trien o da vao thanh tu cua cac nganh: may tnh ien t, ien t cong nghiep va ieu khien t ong ... Nhat la trong thap nien 90, may CNC a oi mi nhanh chong cha tng co trong lanh vc t ong. 2. ac trng c ban cua may CNC a) Tnh nang t ong cao May CNC co nang suat cat got cao va giam c toi a thi gian phu, do mc o t ong c nang cao vt bac. Tuy tng mc o t ong, may CNC co the thc hien cung mot luc nhieu chuyen ong khac nhau, co the t ong thay dao, hieu chnh sai so dao cu, t ong kiem tra kch thc chi tiet va qua o t ong hieu chnh sai lech v tr tng oi gia dao va chi tiet, t ong ti nguoi, t ong hut phoi ra khoi khu vc cat b) Tnh nang linh hoat cao Chng trnh co the thay oi de dang va nhanh chong, thch ng vi cac loai chi tiet khac nhau. Do o rut ngan c thi gian phu va thi gian chuan b san xuat, tao ieu kien thuan li cho viec t ong hoa san xuat hang loat nho. Bat c luc nao cung co the san xuat nhanh chong nhng chi tiet a co chng trnh. V the, khong can phai san xuat chi tiet d tr, ma ch gi lay chng trnh cua chi tiet o. May CNC gia cong c nhng chi tiet nho, va, phan ng mot cach linh hoat khi nhiem vu cong nghe thay oi va ieu quan trong nhat la viec lap trnh gia cong co the

thc hien ngoai may, trong cac van phong co s ho tr cua ky thuat tin hoc thong qua cac thiet b vi tnh, vi s ly ... c) Tnh nang tap trung nguyen cong a so cac may CNC co the thc hien so lng ln cac nguyen cong khac nhau ma khong can thay oi v tr ga at cua chi tiet. T kha nang tap trung cac nguyen cong, cac may CNC a c phat trien thanh cac trung tam gia cong CNC. d) Tnh nang chnh xac, am bao chat lng cao Giam c h hong do sai sot cua con ngi. ong thi cung giam c cng o chu y cua con ngi khi lam viec. Co kha nang gia cong chnh xac hang loat. o chnh xac lap lai, ac trng cho mc o on nh trong suot qua trnh gia cong la iem u viet tuyet oi cua may CNC. May CNC vi he thong ieu khien khep kn co kha nang gia cong c nhng chi tiet chnh xac ca ve hnh dang en kch thc. Nhng ac iem nay thuan tien cho viec lap lan, giam kha nang ton that phoi lieu mc thap nhat. e) Gia cong bien dang phc tap May CNC la may duy nhat co the gia cong chnh xac va nhanh cac chi tiet co hnh dang phc tap nh cac be mat 3 chieu. f) Tnh nang hieu qua kinh te va ky thuat cao - Cai thien tuoi ben dao nh ieu kien cat toi u. Tiet kiem dung cu cat got, o ga va cac phu tung khac. - Giam phe pham. - Tiet kiem tien thue mn lao ong do khong can yeu cau ky nang nghe nghiep nhng nang suat gia cong cao hn. - S dung lai chng trnh gia cong. - Giam thi gian san xuat. - Thi gian s dung may nhieu hn nh vao giam thi gian dng may. - Giam thi gian kiem tra v may CNC san xuat chi tiet chat lng ong nhat. - CNC co the thay oi nhanh chong t viec gia cong loai chi tiet nay sang loai khac vi thi gian chuan b thap nhat. che: Tuy nhien may CNC khong phai khong co nhng han che. Di ay la mot so han

- S au t ban au cao: Nhc iem ln nhat trong viec s dung may CNC la tien von au t ban au cao cung vi chi ph lap at. - Yeu cau bao dng cao: May CNC la thiet b ky thuat cao va he thong c kh, ien cua no rat phc tap. e may gia cong c chnh xac can thng xuyen bao dng. Ngi bao dng phai tinh thong ca ve c va ien. 3

- Hieu qua thap vi nhng chi tiet n gian. 3. Mo hnh khai quat cua mot may CNC Phan ieu khien Chng trnh ieu khien - Chuyen ong - Van toc Phan chap hanh Phoi

Ban phm ieu khien - K tay - K t ong

Cac c cau ieu khien

May cat kim loai

- V tr

- Bao loi
Tn hieu Man hnh Chi tiet gia cong

May gom hai phan chnh: a) Phan ieu khien: Gom chng trnh ieu khien va cac c cau ieu khien. - Chng trnh ieu khien: La tap hp cac tn hieu (goi la lenh c trnh bay ky chng II) e ieu khien may, c ma hoa di dang ch cai, so va mot so ky hieu khac nh dau cong, tr, dau cham, gach nghieng ... Chng trnh nay c ghi len c cau mang chng trnh di dang ma so (cu the la ma thap - nh phan nh bang uc lo, ma nh phan nh bo nh cua may tnh) - Cac c cau ieu khien: Nhan tn hieu t c cau oc chng trnh, thc hien cac phep bien oi can thiet e co c tn hieu phu hp vi ieu kien hoat ong cua c cau chap hanh, ong thi kiem tra s hoat ong cua chung thong qua cac tn hieu c gi ve t cac cam bien lien he ngc. Bao gom cac c cau oc, c cau giai ma, c cau chuyen oi, bo x ly tn hieu, c cau noi suy, c cau so sanh, c cau khuyech ai, c cau o hanh trnh, c cau o van toc, , bo nh va cac thiet b xuat nhap tn hieu. ay la thiet b ien ien t rat phc tap, ong vai tro cot yeu trong he thong ieu khien cua may NC. Viec tm hieu nguyen ly cau tao cua cac thiet b nay oi hoi co kien thc t cac giao trnh chuyen nganh khac, cho nen ay ch gii thieu khai quat. b) Phan chap hanh: Gom may cat kim loai va mot so c cau phuc vu van e t ong hoa nh cac c cau tay may, o cha dao, boi trn, ti trn, hut thoi phoi, cap phoi ... Cung nh cac loai may cat kim loai khac, ay la bo phan trc tiep tham gia cat got kim loai e tao hnh chi tiet. Tuy theo kha nang cong nghe cua loai may ma co cac bo phan : Hop toc o, hop chay dao, than may, song trc, ban may, truc chnh, o cha dao, cac tay may ... 4

Ket cau tng bo phan chnh chu yeu nh may van nang thong thng, nhng co mot vai khac biet nho e am bao qua trnh ieu khien t ong c on nh, chnh xac, nang suat va ac biet la m rong kha nang cong nghe cua may. - Hop toc o: Pham vi ieu chnh toc o ln, thng la truyen ong vo cap, trong o s dung cac ly hp ien t e thay oi toc o c de dang. - Hop chay dao: Co nguon dan ong rieng, thng la cac ong c bc. Trong xch truyen ong, s dung cac phng phap kh khe h cua cac bo truyen nh vt me ai oc bi... - Than may cng vng, ket cau hp ly e de thai phoi, ti trn, de thay dao t ong. Nhieu may co o cha dao, tay may thay dao t ong, co thiet b t ong hieu chnh khi dao b mon ... Trong cac may CNC co the s dung cac dang ieu khien thch nghi khac nhau bao am mot hoac nhieu thong so toi u nh cac thanh phan lc cat, nhiet o cat, o bong be mat, che o cat toi u, o on, o rung ... 4. Cac phng phap ieu khien

a)

Hnh 1 - 7 Cac phng phap ieu khien b)

hoac

c)

- ieu khien ien (hay ieu khien theo v tr) c dung e gia cong cac lo bang cac phng phap khoan, khoet, doa va cat ren lo. ay chi tiet gia cong c ga co nh tren ban may, dung cu cat thc hien chay dao nhanh en cac v tr a lap trnh. Khi at ti cac iem ch dao bat au cat (hnh 1-7a), tuy nhien cung co trng hp dao khong dch chuyen ma ban may dch chuyen. muc ch chnh can at la cac kch thc v tr cua cac lo phai chnh xac, con qu ao chuyen ong la cua dao hay cua ban may ieu khong co y ngha lam. 5

V tr cua cac lo co the c ieu khien ong thi theo hai truc hoac ieu khien ke tiep nhau. - ieu khien ng thang (hnh1-7b) la dang ieu khien ma khi gia cong dung cu cat thc hien lng chay dao theo mot ng thang nao o song song vi mot truc toa o. Dang ieu khien nay c dung cho cac may phay va may tien n gian. - ieu khien theo ng vien (theo contour, hnh 1-7c) cho phep thc hien chay dao tren nhieu truc cung luc. Tuy theo so truc c ieu khien ong thi khi gia cong ngi ta phan biet: ieu khien ng vien 2D, ieu khien ng vien 2.5D va ieu khien ng vien 3D, 4D, 5D. ieu khien ng vien 2D cho phep thc hien chay dao theo hai truc ong thi trong mot mat phang gia cong, v du, trong mat phang XZ hoac XY tren hnh 1-8a. Truc th ba c ieu khien hoan toan oc lap vi hai truc kia. ieu khien ng vien 2.5D (hnh 1-8b) cho phep an dao ong thi theo hai truc nao o e gia cong be mat trong mot mat phang nhat nh. Tren may CNC co 3 truc X, Y, Z ta se ieu khien c ong thi X va Y; X va Z hoac Y va Z. a)

b)

Hnh 1-8

ieu khien ng vien 3D cho phep ong thi chay dao theo ca 3 truc X, Y, Z. Ca ba truc chuyen ong hoa hp vi nhau hay co quan he rang buoc ham so, (hnh 1-9). Ta thay ng vien c gia cong do ca 3 lng chay dao theo truc X, Y, Z tao thanh. ieu khien ng vien 3D c ng dung e gia cong cac khuon mau, gia cong cac chi tiet co be mat khong phc tap. ieu khien 4D (hnh 1-10a)va ieu khien 5D (hnh 1-10b): Ngoai cac truc tnh tien X, Y va Z ay con cac truc quay cung c ieu khien so. Nh ieu khien 4D va 5D ngi ta co the gia cong cac chi tiet phc tap nh cac khuon 6

Hnh 1-9

ren dap, cac khuon uc ap lc hoac cac canh tuabin.

5. He truc toa o tre may vien Hnh 1-10a ieu khiennngCNC 4D.

Hnh 1-10b ieu khien ng vien 5D.

Theo tieu chuan ISO, cac chuyen ong cat got khi gia cong chi tiet tren may CNC phai nan trong mot he truc toa o Descarte theo nguyen tac ban tay phai. Trong o co ba chuyen ong tnh tien theo cac truc va ba chuyen ong quay theo cac truc tng ng.

- Truc Z tng ng vi phng truc chnh cua may CNC, chieu dng la chieu lam tang khoang cach gia dao va chi tiet gia cong. Chieu quay dng cung chieu kim ong ho (nhn t goc toa o). - Truc X tng ng chuyen ong tnh tien ln nhat cua may CNC. V du tren may phay la chuyen ong chay dao doc, tren may tien la chuyen ong chay dao ngang. Chieu dng la chieu lam tang khoang cach gia dao va chi tiet. - Truc Y hnh thanh vi hai truc tren trong he truc toa o. V du tren may phay chnh la chuyen ong chay dao ngang cua ban may, tren may tien khong co truc nay. Lu y khi xet he truc toa o cua may CNC phai coi nh chi tiet ng yen, con dao chuyen ong theo cac phng cua he truc toa o. He truc toa o cua may CNC c at vao cac loai chuan c ban sau: M (Machine Point): Chuan may. May se o lng t v tr nay en cac v tr khac khi lam viec. Khong the thay oi.

R (Reference Point): Chuan quy chieu cua may, dung e ong kn khong gian lam viec cua may. Khong the thay oi. T (Tool Offset): Chuan dao. e xac nh v tr dao cat sau khi a lap dao vao o dao. Khong the thay oi. W ( Work Point): Chuan chi tiet. Dung lam goc cua he toa o lam viec trong qua trnh gia cong. Co the thay oi theo y muon cua ngi cong nghe. Chuan nay chnh la chuan cong nghe v vay phai c chon trong khong gian lam viec cua may. P ( Program Point): Chuan thao chng. Dung lam goc cua he toa o trong qua trnh soan thao chng trnh. Co the thay oi theo y muon cua ngi lap trnh. Chuan nay nen trung vi chuan thiet ke tren ban ve chi tiet. 6. Cac bc thc hien gia cong tren may CNC a) Nghien cu cong nghe gia cong chi tiet - oc hieu ban ve chi tiet: Hnh dang, o chnh xac, o bong va vat lieu. - Chon phoi, chon may va cach ga lap. - Chon tien trnh cong nghe hp ly. Chon dao va xac nh che o cat got cho tng bc cong nghe. Lap phieu nguyen cong. b) Thiet ke quy ao cat - Lap quy ao chuyen ong cua dao that chi tiet, hp ly va chnh xac. - Tnh toan toa o cua cac iem chuyen tiep tren quy ao chuyen ong cua dao. V du phay: Phoi

Quy ao chuyen ong cua dao 7 8 6

iem chuyen tiep Quy ao chuyen ong cua dao

Dao cat 5 1 2 3 4 ng bao chi tiet Chi tiet gia cong

Tren hnh quy ao chuyen ong cua dao phay la quy ao chuyen ong cua iem tam va mat au dao phay. e xac nh quy ao chuyen ong o, khong phai bien dang cat got nao cung xac nh de dang ma ch gap nhng bien dang song song vi cac toa o cua may CNC ma thoi. Trng hp oi vi cac bien dang phc tap hn (2D hoac 2,5D) ngi lap trnh co the dung bien cua chi tiet yeu cau lam quy ao chuyen ong cua dao nhng luc nay phai hieu chnh ban knh dao phay. Van e hieu chnh ban knh dao nh the nao cho bien dang c cat got ra cho ung, ky thuat lap trnh NC se giai quyet chng sau. oi vi cac be mat gia cong phc tap hn (3D, 4D hoac 5D) quy ao chuyen ong cua dao phay phai c xac nh nh tr giup cua may tnh va cac phan mem chuyen dung. V du tien: X Toa o cac iem chuyen tiep Quy ao cat tho Quy ao cat tinh Z Phoi Chi tiet Dao tien luon luon co ban knh cong R mui dao. e gia cong chnh xac, ta phai quan tam en kch thc nay. Khi chng trnh ch th dao tien en toa o cac iem chuyen tiep th iem o dao se en cac toa o o, v vay khi gia cong nhng ng cong hoac nghieng (khong song song vi hai chuyen ong chay dao cua may tien) se gap phai sai so. e khac phuc sai so o phai hieu chnh ban knh mui dao. V du: e tien tinh bien dang (0-1-2-3-4-5) cua mot chi tiet, hnh ve di minh hoa cho thay neu khong hieu chnh ban knh mui dao, bien dang chi tiet sau gia cong se mac phai sai so.
Quy ao tam mui dao

XT

4 3

Quy ao tam mui dao khi co hieu chnh ban knh mui dao

Sai so Bien dang chi tiet Chi tiet gia cong

Dao 2
1 Bien dang dao cat c

0
iem o dao

R ZT 9

V tr o dao la iem noi cua hai phng o theo toa o cua may tien CNC (ZT va XT). Khi chng trnh ch th dao en cac iem chuyen tiep tren bien cat cua chi tiet (0-12-3-4-5) th iem o dao se en cac v tr (0-1-2-3-4-5). Nh vay tren hnh thay rat ro iem 1, 2, 3 cua chi tiet khong nam tren li cat khi mui dao co ban knh cong R. Ket qua bien dang chi tiet sau khi cat se mac phai sai so (oan co tuyen anh). e xac nh c v tr o dao, ngi ta dung c cau o dao sau khi a lap dao vao c cau mang dao. V du mot c cau o dao:
Z

c) Lap chng trnh ieu khien NC ay la bc quan trong nhat e gia cong c tren may CNC. Co hai phng phap lap trnh : - Phng phap lap trnh thu cong (Manual Programming): La phng phap lap trnh khong co s tr giup cua may tnh, ngi lap trnh co the t bien soan chng trnh NC tren c s nhan dang hoan toan chnh xac toa o chay dao. Kha nang lap trnh thu cong c coi la yeu cau c ban oi vi ngi lap trnh NC, bi v co ky nang lap trnh nay, ngi lap trnh mi co kha nang hieu, kha nang oc va sa oi chng trnh khi trc tiep van hanh may CNC. Phan ln cac phan mem lap trnh NC la san pham cua chnh nha san xuat he ieu khien, thng cung cap kem theo may CNC. Kha nang lap trnh cua nhng phan mem nay noi chung rat han che. Phan ln ch co kha nang lap trnh cho nhng quy ao cat 2D; 2,5D n gian va chu trnh gia cong c ban. Phng phap lap trnh nay co the kiem tra bien dang cat bang cach mo phong tren may tnh vi phan mem NC hoac trc tiep tren he ieu khien cua may CNC. e truyen chng trnh NC vao he ieu khien may ta co the thc hien bang hai cach: C1. Nhap t vat mang tin trung gian nh ba uc lo, bang uc lo, bang t, a t
PHONG THIET KE Ban ve YCKT PHONG CONG NGHE LAP TRNH Hnh hoc & cong nghe Vat mang tin XNG MAY

BAN VE

MAY NC/CNC

10

CNC

C2 . Nhap t panel ieu khien theo che o MDI (Manual Data Input) tren may

Ban ve

BAN VE

YCKT

MAY NC/CNC

Hau het cac c s san xuat s dung may NC/CNC ket hp hai cach tren e lap trnh. Phng phap ghi chng trnh tren bang uc lo, bang t hien nay ch con s dung cho cac the he may NC cu. - Phng phap lap trnh t ong (Automatically Programming): La phng phap lap trnh nh s tr giup cua may tnh. Phng phap lap trnh nay bang ngon ng x ly hnh hoc (APT Automatically Programmed Tool) hoac phan mem CAD/CAM tch hp nh cong cu tr giup e chuyen oi t ong d lieu hnh hoc va d lieu cong nghe thanh chng trnh NC. Ngay nay phng phap lap trnh bang cac phan mem CAD/CAM a c s dung kha pho bien va rat co hieu qua, ac biet cho cac trng hp gia cong mat cong phc tap.
PHONG THIET KE PHAN MEM CAD/CAM NGON NG XLHH D lieu HH va CN Post-processing Chng trnh NC PHONG CONG NGHE Chng trnh NC XNG MAY MAY CNC PHAN MEM NC Nhap thong so CN (MDI)

DNC

d) Kiem tra chng trnh ieu khien NC Chng trnh sau khi soan thao can phai kiem tra, hieu chnh. ay cung la khau quan trong trc khi gia cong tren may. Co hai cach kiem tra nh sau : - Kiem tra thu cong: Do chng trnh bang mat va ve ra chi tiet gia cong bang tay. Cach nay thc hien khi ieu kien may tnh va phan mem khong co. - Kiem tra bang may tnh: Chng trnh soan thao c nhap vao may tnh, cho chay mo phong tren phan mem phu hp. Da tren quy ao chuyen ong cua dao va hnh dang chi tiet hnh thanh ma sa oi chng trnh hay dao cat, che o cat ... Cac phan mem CAD/CAM eu co chc nang kiem tra va mo phong tren phan mem. e) ieu chnh may CNC ay la cong viec lam sao cho may CNC biet c chi tiet gia cong c at au tren may va dung cu cat co knh thc ra sao ? Hay noi cach khac, muon gia cong c

11

chnh xac th chuoi kch thc cong nghe cua he thong cong nghe (bao gom: May - Dao Ga - Chi tiet) phai c khep kn. Co ngha la:

Ki = 0
i =1

Trong o: Ki - Cac kch thc trong chuoi kch thc cong nghe n - So khau trong chuoi kch thc cong nghe

Khi thiet ke va che tao mot may CNC, ngi ta a xac nh cho may mot iem chuan o lng. iem chuan o co the co nh tai mot v tr nhng cung co the khong co nh tuy vao he ieu khien va cau truc cua may. Khi gia cong chi tiet tren may CNC, viec chuan b cong nghe (trong o co ga lap, dung cu cat) va chng trnh ieu khien c thc hien ben ngoai may CNC. Vay khi noi ket chung lai (May Dao Ga Chi tiet) phai tuan theo mot chuoi kch thc cong nghe khep kn. Luc o may CNC mi ieu khien gia cong theo chuan cua no mot cach chnh xac c. V du ve moi quan he gia cac chuan tren he toa o may tien CNC:

ZM ZM o lech gia chuan may va chuan thay dao theo phng Z. May a biet. ZW o lech gia chuan may va chuan chi tiet theo phng Z. Ngi gia cong phai xac nh va bao cho may biet. Z1 Toa o Z cua iem 1 do ngi lap trnh soan thao trong chng trnh. R Ban knh cua mui dao tien. Ngi gia cong phai bao cho may biet. ZT o lech gia chuan dao vi v tr o dao sau khi lap dao vao c cau mang dao theo phng Z. Ngi gia cong phai xac nh va bao cho may biet. Zo Khoang cach di chuyen cua dao t v tr thay dao ti v tr chuan b gia cong theo phng Z. May t tnh toan khi chuoi kch thc cong nghe c kep kn. Z0 = ZM ZW Z1 R ZT Tng t nh vay cho phng X. 12

e thc hien c cong viec ieu chnh may CNC, ta phai: - Chuan b phoi, dao cat va o ga. o ga c co nh trong khong gian gia cong tren ban may (phai c ra vuong goc hoac song song vi cac phng chuyen ong cua may). - nh v va kep chat phoi tren o ga. - Thc hien cac bc Van hanh may cho tng may CNC cu the. f) Gia cong chi tiet tren may CNC - a chng trnh gia cong ra man hnh ieu khien, kiem tra lai chng trnh mot lan na va ac biet phai kiem tra cac ng chay dao khong cat that ky. - Gia cong. 7. Hnh thc to chc gia cong tren may CNC a) Lap trnh thu cong, nhap chng trnh trc tiep len may CNC

13

b) Lap trnh thu cong, nhap chng trnh bang bang ot lo.

c) Lap trnh t ong, nhap chng trnh bang bang uc lo.

Ba hnh thc to chc tren thuoc the he cac may NC cu. Cac the he nay ch co kha nang nhap d lieu qua cong oc bang. 14

f) Lap trnh t ong va ieu khien so trc tiep (DNC Direct Numerical Control)

15

II. Cong nghe lap trnh CNC

1. Cau truc chng trnh CNC Mot chng trnh (Program) NC gom nhieu khoi lenh (Block), mot cau lenh co the co t mot lenh en nhieu lenh (Word), mot lenh gom mot a ch (Address) va nhng con so. V du mot chng trnh:
% 400 N10 G90 N30 T1 S1000 M4 N40 G0 X97. Z2. N50 G1 X99. Z-0.5 F0.2 N60 G1 Z-30. N70 G0 X102. Z0. N80 G0 Z0. N90 G1 X-2. N95 G0 X200. Z200. N100 M5 N110 T2 S1000 M4 N120 G0 X0. Z2. N130 G83 Z-120. D5. H13 F0.2 N140 G0 X200. Z200. N150 M5 N440 T4 S1000 M4 N445 G0 X88. Z2. N450 G41 N460 G1 X80. Z-2. F0.1 N470 G1 X68.6 Z-21.12 N480 G3 X60. Z-30. R6. N490 G1 X46. N500 G1 X42. Z-32. N510 G1 X42. Z-56. N520 G1 X40. Z-56. N530 G1 X40. Z-120. N535 G40 N540 G0 X38. N550 G0 Z200. N560 M5 N570 M2 Ky hieu m au chng trnh (co the co hoac khong)

Th t khoi lenh

Khoi lenh

Lenh

a ch: G Con so: 41

Lenh ket thuc chng trnh

Chng trnh co hai loai: chng trnh chnh (main program) va chng trnh con (subprogram). Tien trnh ieu khien c thc hien theo chng trnh chnh. Khi xuat hien lenh goi chng trnh con trong chng trnh chnh, tien trnh ieu khien c chuyen ti chng trnh con. en khi lenh ket thuc chng trnh con c khai bao, tien trnh ieu khien c tra ve chng trnh chnh. Cau truc cua hai loai chng trnh nay giong nhau, co ngha phai nhan biet c s bat au va ket thuc cua chng trnh. V du: 16

Khoi lenh 1 Khoi lenh 2 Khoi lenh n: Goi chng trnh con Khoi lenh n+1: Ket thuc chng trnh chnh

Khoi lenh 1 Khoi lenh 2 Khoi lenh m: Ket thuc chng trnh con

a. a ch lenh a ch lenh la tat ca cac ch cai, ch th v tr lu tr d lieu so theo sau. Theo tieu chuan ISO, a ch lenh co y ngha sau: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N P, Q, R S T - nh v tr goc quay quanh truc X. - nh v tr goc quay quanh truc Y. - nh v tr goc quay quanh truc Z. - nh v tr goc quay quanh truc ac biet hoac hieu chnh dao. - nh v tr goc quay quanh truc ac biet. - Toc o chay dao (Feed). - Chc nang chuan b (Preparatory functions) - D tr - Toa o X cua tam ng tron hoac bc ren tren truc X. - Toa o Y cua tam ng tron hoac bc ren tren truc Y. - Toa o Z cua tam ng tron hoac bc ren tren truc Z. - D tr. - Chc nang phu (Auxiliary Functions) - Th t cau lenh. - Tham so - Toc o vong truc chnh ( Speed) hoac toc o cat. - Dung cu cat (Tool).

U, V, W - Toa o phu tng ng chuyen ong X, Y, Z

X, Y, Z - Toa o theo cac truc X, Y, Z.

17

b. Lenh La tap hp cac ky t (gom mot a ch va nhng con so) cung cap cho may CNC mot thong tin ay u e ch th mot ai lng ieu khien nhat nh. Co bon nhom lenh can ban sau: Nhom lenh thc hien chc nang nh v tr va hnh hoc Bao gom cac a ch: A I P U X B J Q V Y C K R W Z D E

Cac con so theo sau co khoang t 5 en 7 so tuy theo kha nang va o chnh xac cua moi may, co the la so dng (co hoac khong co dau +), co the la so am (bat buoc phai co dau -) va co the la so thap phan (lu y dau phay phai dung la dau cham ). Nhom lenh thc hien chc nang cong nghe: o la nhng lenh ve toc o chay dao, toc o vong va ve dung cu cat. Bao gom cac a ch: F (feed) S (speed) T (tool) Cach ghi nhng con so sau nhng a ch F va S tuy thuoc kha nang cong nghe cua moi loai may CNC. Co may ghi theo quy nh, nhng co may ghi theo tr so thc. Hien nay phan ln cac may the he mi eu ghi theo tr so thc. oi vi a ch S, co the la toc o vong cua truc chnh (vog/phut) nhng cung co the la toc o cat (m/phut). oi vi toc o chay dao, co the dung (mm/phut) nhng cung co the (mm/vog). oi vi a ch T, nhng con so la do ngi lap trnh at hoac a c quy nh tren o dao, nhng c phep at bao nhieu con so th do may CNC va phan mem quyet nh. Do o khi dung may CNC nao ta phai tm hieu ky cach ghi cac gia tr so sau cac a ch F, S, T. Nhom lenh thc hien chc nang chuan b Chuan b thc hien cong viec nao o, v vay thng khong ng mot mnh trong khoi lenh (tr mot so lenh mang y ngha ket thuc cong viec hoac bat au mot chuoi cong viec). o la a ch G va nhng con so theo sau tuy thuoc kha nang cong nghe cua moi may CNC. Nhng noi chung cac lenh chuan b can ban la giong nhau, v du: - nh v tr vi toc o nhanh - Noi suy ng thang - Noi suy ng tron - Mat phang noi suy vong - Hieu chnh ban knh dao cat G0 G1 G2, G3 G17, G18, G19 G41, G42 18

- Ket thuc hieu chnh ban knh dao - Chu trnh cat got - Ket thuc chu trnh khoan lo - Phng thc lap trnh

G40 G81, G82, G83 ... G80 G90, G91

Do o khi lap chng trnh cho mot may CNC cu the phai nghien cu ky tap lenh cua may o. Nhom lenh thc hien chc nang phu o la a ch M va nhng con so theo sau tuy thuoc kha nang cong nghe cua moi may CNC. Nhng noi chung cac lenh phu can ban la giong nhau, v du: - Dng chng trnh - Dng may - Ket thuc chng trnh - Chieu qquay truc chnh - Dng truc chnh - Thay dao t ong - M dung nh trn nguoi - Tat dung dch trn nguoi c. Khoi lenh Khoi lenh c viet tren mot hang cua chng trnh, thc hien mot thu tuc di chuyen hoac mot hoat ong cua may (co the vai hoat ong oc lap nhau) va c coi la n v c ban cua chng trnh. Khoi lenh co the bao gom mot hoac mot nhom lenh thc hien cung mot luc. No co the cha mot hoac nhieu lenh chc nang va trong moi chc nang co the co vai lenh, nhng nhng lenh o phai thc hien nhng hoat ong oc lap nhau. Ngay ca trng hp khac chc nang nhng do th t hoat ong cung khong the at vao cung khoi lenh. Moi khoi lenh bat au bi lenh th t (N) ket thuc bi ky t ket thuc khoi lenh (thng c t ong the hien bang dau ; khi a c cai at trong phan mem: tieu chuan ISO s dung ky t (LF), tieu chuan EIA s dung ky t (CR) hoac Enter xuong hang hoac EOB (End Of Block - tren mot so panel ieu khien)). V du: Trong mot khoi lenh khong the thong tin cho may va m dung nh trn nguoi lai va tat dung nh trn nguoi (M8 M9); Va quay truc chnh lai va dng truc chnh (S1800 M3 M5). Cau truc mot khoi lenh nh sau: N... G... X... Y... Z... F... S... T... M...
Nhom lenh nang phu

M0 M1 M2, M30 M3, M4 M5 M6 M8 M9

;
Ky hieu

Nhom lenh Nhom lenh thc hien Th t t hien phai ng nh v tr va cau lenhThthckhoi lenhchc natang dan, co hnh hoc chc nang chuan b

the tang n chc nang c 5, 10 n chcv. ket thuc hie1 n v hoa thc hie n
cong nghe

Nhom lenh thc

khoi lenh

19

Trong khoi lenh, cac lenh co the viet lien nhau hoac gia chung co cac khoang trong. Khi oc khoi lenh, he thong ieu khien khong oc khoang trong. Mot khoi lenh toi a la 128 ky t (ke ca khoang trong). 2. Phng thc lap trnh Co hai phng thc lap trnh: - Phng thc lap trnh tuyet oi (Absolute dimensions): La phng thc ma tat ca cac v tr c xac nh t chuan thao chng. - Phng thc lap trnh tng oi (Relative or incremental dimensions): La phng thc ma trong o v tr au tien c xac nh t chuan thao chng, v tr tiep theo c xac nh t v tr trc o va c tiep tuc nh the cho en het. X X Z2
Z1 Z1 Z2

Tuyet oi

Z
Tng oi

Cach chon phng thc lap trnh tuy thuoc vao o chnh xac va kch thc thiet ke tren ban ve chi tiet gia cong.
V tr-Toa o Toa o Toa o tng tuyet i i Z X Z X P -8 8 -8 8 1 1 -8 -1 0 -9 2 2 -4 -5 4 -4 3 3 7 4 11 9 4 4 -5 5 -12 1 5 5 9 9 14 4 6 6 2 4 -7 -5 7 7 6 -8 4 -12 8 8 -2 1 -8 9 9 9 10 6 -3 8 -4 10 11 -9 -7 -15 -4

V du e tao mot bien dang co 12 v tr trong he toa o co hai truc toa o X va Z, ta chon P la chuan e soan thao chng trnh. Gia s cac v tr c hnh thanh theo th t t 1 en 12 th bang tren the hien toa o cua cac v tr theo hai phng thc lap trnh. - Khi lap trnh bang phng thc tuyet oi, moi v tr t 1 en 11 eu c xac nh vi chuan P a chon ban au. - Khi lap trnh bang phng thc tng oi, moi v tr t 1 en 11 eu c xac nh so vi v tr ke trc no. Nhng v tr au tien van phai c xac nh so vi chuan P.
Z

+X

P(X0,Z0)

Z+

-X

20

III. Cong nghe lap trnh phay CNC

1. C s lap trnh phay NC a) May phay CNC va cac truc ieu khien Co nhieu loai may phay CNC khac nhau, t loai n gian vi ba truc toa o (may phay CNC truc chnh ng va ngang) en cac trung tam gia cong nhieu truc (> 3 truc). May phay CNC ng phay May phay CNC ngang He truc toa o tren may +Y +B

+C +Z

+A

+X

Van e quan trong la phai xac nh c chuyen ong cua cac truc toa o tren may cung nh moi quan he gia chung vi he toa o c nh ngha tren bo ieu khien. Trong chng 1 a trnh bay he thong toa o s dung cho cac loai may NC/CNC va cac phng phap ieu khien, chng nay chu yeu trnh bay ky thuat lap trnh cho may phay CNC ng 3 truc. b) Dao phay CNC Ve c ban dao phay CNC khong khac dao phay truyen thong. May CNC co mot so ac iem u viet hn may cong cu truyen thong nh toc o cao, o chnh xac cao, mc o phc tap cua be mat gia cong, kha nang t ong Do vay ket cau cung nh chat lng cua dao phay CNC phai c nang cao. Hien nay co rat nhieu cong ty tren the gii chuyen san xuat dao va cho ra nhng so tay tra cu rat hu hieu, tham ch a co nhng phan mem tra cu dao va che o cat got mot cach t ong khi ta thong bao chnh xac vat lieu gia cong, kch thc, hnh dang be mat gia cong, cung nh chat lng yeu cau e lap trnh phay, ngi cong nghe ngoai viec biet chon hnh dang ket cau, vat lieu dao cho hp ly ma con phai nam chac cac thong so cua dao (tooling parameters). Di ay la mot so hnh anh v du ve cac loai dao va cac dang be mat gia cong:

21

- Cac loai dao phay ngon: au bang, au tron

- Dao phay mat au gia cong mat phang

Hnh mat - Cac loai dao phay a va dang be 2.2a gia cong
Phay m rong lo theo phng xoan

22

Thong so cua dao bao gom: So hieu dao (tng thch vi so hieu tren o cha dao; hnh a) Ket cau va thong so hnh hoc phan cat cua dao (hnh b); Chieu dai hieu chnh dao (hnh c).

6 7

21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 a)

11

b)

a) Mot so loai o cha dao a, b, c & Tay may thay dao d.

c) d)

Dao Tay thay dao Truc chnh O cha dao

b) Ket cau va thong so hnh hoc phan cat cua dao

Chuan dao

Ban knh dao Chieu dai hieu chnh

c) Chieu dai, chieu dai lam viec va chieu dai hieu chnh dao Thng e gia cong mot chi tiet can s dung mot vai dao cat, trong o moi dao co chieu dai hieu chnh va ng knh khac nhau (hnh 2.5). Do o khi gia cong, oi vi moi dao, can thc hien hanh trnh tien dao theo cac phng khac nhau. Neu lap trnh toa o di chuyen theo chieu dai va ng knh moi dao, se rat kho khan va thc te thc hien khong c. e thuan tien cho viec lap trnh cung nh hieu chnh chng trnh, cac he ieu khien CNC eu co chc nang lu tr gia tr chieu dai va ban knh dao (tool parameters). ieu nay cho phep thc hien viec gia cong ma khong can thay oi chng trnh, ngay ca khi co s thay oi chieu dai va ng knh dao. Gia tr chieu dai va ng knh dao c xac lap tren may trong qua trnh ra dao (trong bc ieu chnh may chng 1) va c lu tr trong bo nh. Can c gia tr thiet

23

lap a c lu tr, he ieu khien se t ong bu tr cho toa o lap trnh e c toa o di chuyen thc te cho moi dao cat. c) Thong so gia cong (machining parameters) Thong so gia cong c ban can c xac lap bc nghien cu chi tiet gia cong va tien trnh cong nghe gia cong tren may CNC, bao gom: - Toc o truc chnh (Spindle speed vong/phut) - Toc o chay dao theo phng X va Y (Feedrate thng dung mm/phut) - Toc o chay dao theo phng Z (Plunge feedrate - thng dung mm/phut) - Toc o cat (cutting speed m/phut) - Chon phoi (Stock) va lng d gia cong (Stock allowance - mm) Hnh d - Thiet ke quy ao cat va quy ao chay khong cua dao (Toolpath) Hnh d
Stepover distance Chieu dai hoc Quy ao cat Mat phang an toan V tr mat phang lui dao Downstep Depth

Lng d gia cong

Phoi

Hnh d Mo ta phoi, chi tiet gia cong va quy ao cat

Chieu rong hoc

Chi tiet gia cong

Quy ao chay khong

- Chieu sau cat (Depth - mm) Hnh e - Chieu sau an dao (Down step - mm) Hnh e - Bc chay dao ngang (Stepover distance) Hnh e - Mat phang gia cong (Tool plane) Hnh e - Mat phang an toan (Cleance plane) Hnh e - Mat phang lui dao (Retract plane) Hnh e

Hnh e Mo ta phay hoc ch nhat

- Gia cong tho (Roughing); Gia cong ban tinh (Semi finishing); Gia cong tinh (Finishing); Gia cong bong, trn lang (Smooth) Hnh f - Phng phap phay: Thuan (Conventional); Nghch (Climb);

24

- Kieu phay: Thang (Straight); Doc (Ramping) hnh i; Xoan (Helical) hnh j; Bien dang (Profiling) hnh k.

Chi tiet gia cong

Hnh i

Hnh f

Hnh j

Hnh k - Hieu chnh ban knh dao (cutter compensation) nh ngha s dch chnh tam dao so vi quy ao cat. S dch chnh ban knh dao sang trai, phai, huy s dch chnh c xac lap bi cac t lenh tng ng G41, G42 va G40 (hnh m).

Hnh m

25

2. Cong nghe lap trnh phay CNC Cong nghe phay chiem khoang 75% cac phng phap gia cong ieu khien so. e khai thac tot cong suat cua cac loai may phay CNC, ngi lap trnh can nam vng cac ma lenh ieu khien va ky thuat lap trnh, bao gom: a) Cac lenh lap trnh c ban - Lenh di chuyen dao: G00, G01, G02, G03 - Lenh ve toa o va n v kch thc: G90, G91, G20, G21 - Lenh ve he toa o: G17, G18, G19, G54 G59, G92 - Lenh ve iem tham chieu: G28, G29, G30 - Lenh ve toc o chay dao: F, G94, G95, G96 - Lenh ve toc o truc chnh: S, G97, M03, M04, M05 - Lenh chon va thay dao: T, M06 - Lenh ve cac chc nang phu: M00, M01, M02, M07, M08, M09, M30 b) Cac lenh lap trnh bu tr va dch chnh dao Cac he ieu khien yeu cau lap trnh gia cong theo toa o tam dao (tool center coordinate) thay cho iem bien tren chu vi dao cat. Do o khong the s dung trc tiep toa o chi tiet v tam dao phai co v tr cach ng bien cat mot khoang bang ban knh dao. Phep dch chnh v tr tam dao c goi la bu tr ban knh dao (radius compensation) Cac lenh lap trnh bu tr va dch chnh dao cho phep bien oi n gian d lieu lap trnh theo bien dang chi tiet gia cong thanh d lieu ng tam dao. Trong giao trnh nay, ta s dung thuat ng hieu chnh dao, bao gom: - Hieu chnh ban knh dao: G40, G41, G42 - Hieu chnh chieu dai dao: G43, G44, G49 c) Cac lenh ve chu trnh gia cong Lenh chu trnh gia cong cho phep thc hien chuoi cac chc nang gia cong lap lai bang mot khoi lenh. Lenh chu trnh han che c viec xac nh toa o, giam ang ke loi lap trnh, tiet kiem khoang 50% thi gian lap trnh. Co the phan loai chu trnh gia cong thanh ba nhom: - Chu trnh c ban (standard cycles): G80, G81, G82, G83, G84, G85, G86, G87, G88, G89; - Chu trnh ac biet (special cycles): G71, G72, G73, G75, G76 ; - Chu trnh ng dung (user-defined cycles); Nhom th nhat va nhom th hai c nha san xuat he ieu khien cai at trc tiep tren he thong, nhom th ba gom cac chng trnh macro bien soan bi ngi s dung va c lu gi tren bo nh he ieu khien. Thong thng khong co s khac biet ve chu trnh

26

phay c ban gia cac he ieu khien, nhng cac chu trnh gia cong ac biet co the rat khac nhau. d) Cac lenh ve lap trnh phep lap e tang hieu suat lap trnh cung nh giam thieu kch thc chng trnh cho cac trng hp gia cong phc tap ve hnh dang hay co tnh lap ve quy trnh, v du nh khoan mot tap hp lo co cung ng knh va cach eu nhau cac he ieu khien CNC hien ai eu c trang b cac chc nang lap trnh vong lap (loops), chng trnh con (subprogram) va macro. Co the coi vong lap nh chuoi lenh c lap lai nhieu lan. Chc nang tao vong lap cho phep re nhanh tr ve khoi lenh trc trong chng trnh va thc hien cac khoi lenh trong vong lap theo so lan ch nh. Chng trnh con la mot phan cua chng trnh chnh va co the c goi theo yeu cau bi chng trnh gia cong co lien quan ti chng trnh con nay. Macro la mot dang chng trnh con dang tham bien co kha nang thc hien cac phep tnh so hoc, logic, re nhanh cung nh cac chc nang lap lai, no co the lu tr tren bo ieu khien va co the goi t chng trnh gia cong bat ky. Cau truc chng trnh con hoac macro cung nh cau truc mot chng trnh chnh NC. Co the chen chng trnh con hoac macro vao chng trnh chnh NC bang lenh hoac quy nh rieng cua phan mem ieu khien. e) Cac chc nang lap trnh nang cao Cac chc nang nay tr giup nh phep lay t le, phep xoay, phep lay oi xng lam n gian cong viec lap trnh, giam thi gian lap trnh. 3. Lap trnh CNC vi phan mem phay mo phong a) Gii thieu tap lenh cua phan mem Cac lenh di chuyen dao

G00

Chay dao nhanh (khong cat got) G00 X.. Y.. Z.. G00 U V W X/U Y/V Z/W toa o iem ch (U, V, W toa o tng oi cuc bo) V du lap trnh vi toa o tuyet oi: N090 G00 X30 Y85 N100 G00 Z12 N110 G90 N120 G00 X105 Y35 Z2 27

Cau truc:

V du lap trnh vi toa o tng oi: N090 G00 X30 Y85 N100 G0 Z12 N110 G91 N120 G00 X75 Y-50 Z-10 hoac: N090 G00 X30 Y85 N100 G0 Z12 N110 G00 U75 V-50 W-10

Lu y : oi vi phay CNC, khi lap trnh G00 nen lap trnh chay X va Y rieng trong mot khoi lenh trc va sau o mi en khoi lenh chay Z.

G01

Noi suy ng thang G01 X Y Z F G01 U V W F X/U Y/V Z/W toa o iem ch (U, V, W toa o tng oi cuc bo)

Cau truc:

iem ch

V du lap trnh vi toa o tuyet oi: N085 G90 N090 G00 X30 Y30 N095 G00 Z2 N100 G01 Z-6 N105 G01 X110 Y75

V du lap trnh vi toa o tng oi: N085 G00 X30 Y30 N090 G00 Z2 N095 G91 N100 G01 Z-8 N105 G01 X80 Y45 hoac: N085 G00 X30 Y30 N090 G00 Z2 N100 G01 W-8 N105 G01 U80 V45 28

G02 G03

Noi suy cung tron theo chieu kim ong ho Noi suy cung tron theo chieu ngc kim ong ho G2 G3 X/U.. Y/V.. Y/V.. Z/W.. Z/W.. X/U.. I.. J.. J.. K.. K.. I.. R.. F..

Cau truc:

X/U Y/V Z/W : toa o iem ch I... J...: Toa o tam cua cung tron c tnh tng oi so vi iem khi xuat cua cung R : ban knh cung tron : hoac Lu y: Noi suy cung tron ch thc hien trong mat phang. V du lap trnh toa o tuyet oi: N085 G90 N090 G00 X55 Y35 N095 G00 Z2 N100 G01 Z-5 N105 G02 X95 Y75 I30 J10 hoac: N085 G90 N090 G00 X55 Y35 N095 G00 Z2 N100 G01 Z-5 N105 G02 X95 Y75 R30

V du lap trnh toa o tng oi: N090 G00 X55 Y35 N095 G00 Z2 N100 G91 N105 G01 Z-7 N110 G02 X40 Y40 I30 J10 hoac: N090 G00 X55 Y35 N095 G00 Z2 N100 G91 N105 G01 Z-7 N110 G02 X40 Y40 R30 hoac: N090 G00 X55 Y35 N095 G00 Z2 N105 G01 W-7 N110 G02 U40 V40 R30

29

Cac lenh ve mat phang gia cong He toa o gia cong xac nh bang ba truc X, Y, Z va tao nen ba mat phang gia cong chnh: XY, XZ, YZ. Co the ch nh mat phang gia cong bang lenh:

G17 G18 G19

Mat phang XOY Mat phang XOZ Mat phang YOZ

hoac bi lenh kch thc tng ng nh nhng v du ve cac lenh di chuyen dao tren. nh ngha mat phang gia cong theo lenh kch thc ch co tac dung trong khoi lenh, nhng nh ngha mat phang gia cong bang lenh co tac dung cho nhieu khoi lenh hoac ca chng trnh. Lenh ve chng trnh con va vong lap

G22

Goi chng trnh con

Cau truc: G22 A.. H..

A So khoi lenh bat au chng trnh con.

H So lan lap lai chng trnh con

V du chng trnh chnh: N085 G90 N090 G00 X55 Y35 N095 G00 Z2 N100 G22 A5000 H12 N105 G00 Z200 .... N300 M2 (ket thuc chng trnh chnh) Lenh ve hieu chnh ban knh dao

V du chng trnh con: N5000 G82 Z-10 F50 N5010 G0 U10 . N5100 M99 (ket thuc chng trnh con)

G40 G41 G42

Ket thuc hieu chnh ban knh dao G41

Hieu chnh ban knh dao trai (dao di chuyen ben trai quy ao cat) Hieu chnh ban knh dao phai (dao di chuyen ben phai quy ao cat)

G42 G41

V du hnh ben khi gia cong bien ngoai va bien trong cua mot chi tiet. Tuy theo hng di G42 30

chuyen cua dao va quy ao cat (ng lap trnh) ma co the xac nh hieu chnh trai hay phai. Cac lenh hieu chnh ban knh dao tao lap vect bu tr vuong goc vi quy ao cat va co o ln bang ban knh dao (hnh n). Can chu y hng vao ra trc khi bat au hieu chnh ban knh. oi vi phan mem phay mo phong, hng vao ra trc khi bat au hieu chnh ban knh phai vuong goc vi quy ao cat (hnh p).
Y G41

Chi tiet X

Hnh n e tr ve quy ao cat la tam dao can huy bo che o hieu chnh ban knh dao bang lenh G40.

Sai

Hnh p
ung

G42

Lenh ve chu trnh phay

G72

Chu trnh phay hoc ch nhat

Cau truc: G72 X.. Y.. Z.. D.. Q.. F.. X.., Y.., Z.. Toa o iem B D Tr so dch dao ngang Q Tr so dch dao ng F Toc o chay dao doc A iem bat au va ket thuc chu trnh phay hoc ch nhat la tam va mat au dao. Khi thc hien chu trnh phay, tam dao se t dch chnh. Tr so dch dao ng t ong ieu chnh giam dan en ay hoc. Hoc ch nhat yeu cau phai co cung bo bang ban knh dao (hnh q). Ch thc hien chu trnh phay hoc ch nhat khi kch thc cua hoc phai ln hn hoac bang hai lan ng knh dao. e thc hien phay hoc phai nh v tr A

iem bat au va ket thuc chu trnh Q X

Dao

B D

Hnh q

31

tam va mat au dao tai v tr A bang lenh di chuyen dao nhanh, sau o thc hien chu trnh phay hoc.

G75

Chu trnh phay hoc tron

Cau truc: G75 X.. Y.. Z.. R.. D.. Q.. F.. X.. , Y.. , Z.. Toa o iem B R.. Ban knh hoc D.. Tr so dch dao ngang Q.. Tr so dch dao ng F.. Toc o chay dao A iem bat au va ket thuc chu trnh phay hoc tron (hnh r). Moi yeu cau thc hien chu trnh phay hoc tron cung giong chu trnh phay hoc ch nhat, ch khac ban knh dao phai nho hn ban knh R cua hoc.

G80

Ket thuc chu trnh khoan lo

Chu trnh khoan lo khong sau X.. Y.. Z.. Toa o iem B R.. Khoang cach an toan P.. Thi gian dng (giay) F.. Toc o chay dao

Hnh r

G82

Cau truc: G82 X.. Y.. Z.. R.. P.. F..

A R Q Z

A iem bat au va ket thuc chu trnh khoan lo. P - Thi gian dng tnh tien khi dao khoan lo en toa o iem B, sau o t ong rut dao ve iem A (hnh s).

G83

Chu trnh khoan lo sau X.. Y.. Z.. Toa o iem B R.. Khoang cach an toan Q.. Tr so dch dao ng

Hnh s

Cau truc: G83 X.. Y.. Z.. R.. Q.. P.. F..

32

F..

Toc o chay dao

A iem bat au va ket thuc chu trnh khoan lo sau. Tr so dch dao ng Q t ong ieu chnh giam dan en ay lo (hnh t).
A Z Phng khoan R Phng rut dao

G90 G91 G92

Phng thc lap trnh tuyet oi Phng thc lap trnh tng oi Dch chuyen chuan thao chng X.. Z..

Hnh t

Cau truc: G92 X.. Z.. Toa o can dch chuyen ti

G94 G95 F.. S.. T..

Toc o chay dao phut (mm/phut). Toc o chay dao vong (mm/vong).

Cac lenh chc nang cong nghe Lenh khai bao toc o chay dao (tr so tuy theo n v khai bao: mm/phut hoac mm/vong) Lenh khai bao toc o vong truc chnh (vong/phut) Lenh goi dao (tr so quy nh t 1 en 12)

Lenh S.. va T.. khai bao chung trong mot khoi lenh (trng hp thay dao bang tay) cung vi chieu quay truc chnh. Cau truc: T.. S.. M.. (trong o M ch chieu quay truc chnh) Cac lenh chc nang phu

M2 M3 M4 M5 M8 M9 M99

Ket thuc chng trnh chnh Chieu quay truc chnh theo kim ong ho Chieu quay truc chnh theo ngc kim ong ho Dng truc chnh M ti trn Tat ti trn Ket thuc chng trnh con

33

b) Mot so quy nh cua phan mem phay mo phong So th t khoi lenh N1 en N4999 N5000 en N9999 Th vien dao phay Phan mem quy nh thay dao bang tay va s dung dao trong th vien phan mem nh sau: - Dao phay ngon: So th t khoi lenh trong chng trnh chnh So th t khoi lenh trong chng trnh con.

8 10 12 20

Ma khai bao:KN1 KN2 KN3 KN4

- Dao phay mat au 25

Ma khai bao:

KS1 KS2 KW1 KW2

30
- Dao phay tru

30 Ma khai bao: 34

- Mui khoan

5 8 12 20

Ma khai bao:

KB1 KB2 KB3 KB4

- Mui khoan tam

4 8

Ma khai bao:KB5

34

Chuan may M Tren man hnh mo phong cua phan mem the hien 3 hnh chieu vi chuan chi tiet trung chuan may. Nh vay khi lam viec vi phan mem ta ch can khai bao v tr chuan thao chng so vi chuan chi tiet.
Z M X

Chi tiet X

Y M Z

MW

Trnh t lam viec vi phan mem phay mo phong - Khi ong phan mem\ Vao tap tin Adimill.bat\ Nhap ngay... Datum; ten ngi soan thao chng trnh Name va ma so chng trnh Kurs\ F2 Start: m ra Thc n chnh (tren lu o la ng net am) - Chuan b chng trnh NC: Neu cha co chng trnh, nhap chng trnh vao phan mem, theo ng dan sau: Thc n chnh \ F2 Editor \ F2 Edit a co chng trnh lu trong a vi ten tap tin *.mil , m chng trnh theo ng dan sau: Thc n chnh \ F3 Datei \ F3 Laden \ F3 Hauprp (neu la chng trnh chnh) \ F3 Unterp (neu la chng trnh con). Nh vay chng trnh chnh va chng trnh con phai lu hai tap tin rieng biet. - Khai bao cac thong so cong nghe nh: T lenh dao (T) cho tng bc cong nghe (nhap ky hieu theo quy nh cua th vien dao); Kch thc phoi (LX - chieu dai theo phng X, LY - chieu rong theo phng Y, LZ - chieu cao theo phng Z) va o lech cua chuan thao chng P so vi chuan chi tiet W theo tng phng (OX lech theo phng X, OY - lech theo phng Y, OZ - lech theo phng Z). Khai bao t lenh dao: Thc n chnh \ F4 Ruest \ F2 Werkz Khai bao phoi : Thc n chnh \ F4 Ruest \ F3 Teil \ F5 Def Khai bao chuan thao chng : Thc n chnh \ F4 Ruest \ F4 4N-PKT - Mo phong chng trnh: Thc n chnh \ F5 Simula \ F4 Auto hoac F3 Einzel (F4 chay toan bo chng trnh; F3 chay tng khoi lenh cua chng trnh).

35

Lu o thc hien phan mem phay mo phong CNC

Khi ong may tnh Vao phan mem\Adimill.bat Datum (Nhap ngay thang nam) Name (Nhap ten ngi L.T) Kurs (Nhap ma so C.T)

Thc n chnh F1 Halt F1 Weiter Tr vao phan mem F10 End Ra khoi phan mem

F1 - Halt Thoat ra F1 F3 Hauptp Ch. trnh chnh F4 Unterp Ch. trnh con F1 F3 Hauptp Ch. trnh chnh F4 Unterp Ch. trnh con

F2 Start Chuan may

F1 Halt F2 - Inhalt Liet ke ch. trnh F3 Laden M chng trnh F4 Sicher Ghi chng trnh F5 Drucke In chng trnh F6 loesch Xoa chng trnh F7 Reset Xoa man hnh F1 F3 Einzel Tng khoi lenh F4 Auto Toan bo ch. trnh F1 F3 Einzel Tng cau lenh F4 Auto Toan bo ch. trnh F6 Bahm Mo phong F5 Simula Mo phong chng trnh F4 Ruest Cai at thong so F2 Editor Soan thao

F1 F2 Edit Soan thao chng trnh F3 Loesch Xoa cau lenh F4 Nummer anh so cau lenh F3 Datei D lieu F5 List < Lat trang trc F6 List > Lat trang sau F1 F2 Werkz Dao cat F3 Teil Phoi lieu F4 4N-PKT Chuan thao chng F5 Scala T le F8 Demo F1 F2 LoeschXoa F3 < Giam F4 > Tang F1 F5 Def Kchthc phoi

F7 Text

quy ao cat

36

4. V du lap trnh NC vi phan mem phay mo phong (ban ve so 12 - Phu luc 2) Bc 1: Nghien cu chi tiet gia cong, chon phoi vat lieu mica vi kch thc: Lx = 100 (Chieu dai) Ly = 70 Lz = 15 (Chieu rong) (Chieu cao)

Vach trnh t bc cong nghe, chon dao, che o cat va lenh nh sau: - Phay cac hoc ch nhat bang dao phay ngon N2 : T1, F100, S2000 - Khoan 7 lo bang dao phay ngon N1 : T2, F80, S2200 Ga at va chon chuan thao chng theo s o ben. Lech chuan (P-W) theo cac phng nh sau: ZP XP 0X = 0.000 P 0Y = 0.000 0Z = 15.000 Lap phieu nguyen cong (xem mau phu luc 2)
M=W

YP

Bc 2: Thiet ke quy ao cat. Quy ao cat la iem tam va mat au dao theo bang toa o sau:
V tr Toa o X Y Z A B A1 B1 C D

M=W=P C1 D1 1 2 3 4 5 6

XP
7

8 62 2

45 8 -5

16 54 -3

37 16 -10

55 62 2

92 35 -5

60 57 -3

87 40 -8

74 18 -10

65 23 -10

65 13 -10

74 8 -10

83 13 -10

83 23 -10

74 28 -10

Bc 3: Soan thao chng trnh NC gia cong chi tiet N10 G90 N20 T1 S2000 M3 N30 G0 X8 Y62 N40 GO Z2

37

N50 G72 Q3 X45 Y8 Z-5 D8 F100 N60 G0 X16 Y54 N70 G0 Z-3 N80 G72 Q3 X37 Y16 Z-10 D8 F100 N85 G0 Z2 N90 G0 X55 Y62 N100 G72 Q3 X92 Y35 Z-5 D8 F100 N110 G0 X60 Y57 N120 G0 Z-3 N130 G72 Q3 X87 Y40 Z-8 D8 F100 N140 G0 Z200 N150 G0 X-50 Y150 N160 M5 N170 T2 S2200 M3 N180 G0 X74 Y18 N190 G0 Z2 N200 G82 P1 Z-10 R2 F80 N210 G82 P1 X65 Y23 Z-10 R2 F80 N220 G82 P1 X65 Y13 Z-10 R2 F80 N230 G82 P1 X74 Y8 Z-10 R2 F80 N240 G82 P1 X83 Y13 Z-10 R2 F80 N250 G82 P1 X83 Y23 Z-10 R2 F80 N260 G82 P1 X74 Y28 Z-10 R2 F80 N265 G80 N270 G0 Z200 N280 G0 X-50 Y150 N290 M5 N300 M2 Bc 4: Kiem tra chng trnh. Kiem tra cac thong so cong nghe nh chon t lenh ma dao, phoi, chuan thao chng. oc va ve lai quy ao cat, quy ao chay khong cat xem hp ly va chnh xac cha. Cach kiem tra nay bang phng phap thu cong. Bc 5: Mo phong chng trnh. Chay mo phong che o AUTO (toan bo chng trnh), neu chng trnh tot (hnh dang chi tiet gia cong ung) th xong. Neu cha tot, chay lai mo phong che o EINZEL (tng khoi lenh), anh dau cac khoi lenh cha chnh xac, tr ve phan soan thao chnh sa. 38

IV. Cong nghe lap trnh tien NC

1. C s lap trnh tien Ky thuat lap trnh c ban cho may tien NC/CNC nhn chung n gian hn so vi cac loai may phay NC/CNC. Nhieu he ieu khien khac nhau c s dung cho may tien NC/CNC nh FANUC, FAGOR ... Tuy nhien, phan ln cac bo ieu khien eu co chung mot so chc nang ieu khien c ban, ky thuat lap trnh cung nh viec khai bao thong so la tng t nh nhau. a) May tien va he truc toa o may tien CNC Co nhieu loai may tien NC/CNC khac nhau, t loai n gian vi hai truc toa o en cac trung tam gia cong nhieu truc, nhieu truc chnh, trung tam gia cong phoi hp tien phay. He thong toa o tren may tien NC/CNC cung c s dung chung cho cac loai may NC/CNC a trnh bay cac phan trc. Phan nay chu yeu trnh bay ky thuat lap trnh cho cac may tien hai truc toa o. Cac truc toa o va chieu cua no c trnh bay tren hnh a; He thong toa o c xac nh t v tr phoi va hng nhn theo truc chnh t mam cap en ong, neu ban xe dao pha ben nao cua truc chnh (truc +Z) th truc +X se hng ve pha o. Tng t chieu quay cua tru chnh (cung chieu kim ong ho CW hoac ngc chieu kim ong ho - CCW) luon c xac nh theo hng nhn t mam cap en u ong.

Z
CW

X X Z

Hnh a

39

Khong gian lam viec cua may tien NC/CNC la mot khoi tru v vay chuan may M co the tam va mat au (pha mam cap), chuan R nam v tr xa nhat hoac ngc lai. b) Dao tien CNC Dao tien tren may CNC c chon la theo yeu cau, at iem cua be mat chi tiet gia cong. Dao co hai phan: phan cat (phan lam viec) va phan can (phan than). Phan cat dao tien CNC thng dung la cac loai manh dao (insert) tieu chuan. Co cac loai manh dao: hnh bnh hanh (ky hieu A, B, K), hnh thoi (ky hieu C, D, E, M, V), hnh ch nhat (L), hnh tron (R), hnh vuong (S), hnh tam giac (T), hnh 3 goc (W), hnh bac giac (O), ngu giac (P), luc giac (H). V du mot so loai manh dao hnh b;

Hnh b

Phan can dao tien CNC c chia thanh nhieu loai nh: - He thong dao T-MAX P: c s dung tien tho, tinh ngoai va trong. Ngoai ra co the c s dung cho viec gia cong cac lo ln (hnh c). - He thong dao T- MAX U: S dung tien lo, tien nh hnh (hnh c). - He thong dao cat t T- MAX Q: S dung e tien cat t thep tru ac va rong, tien ranh trong va ngoai, tien ranh sau va ranh be mat (hnh e).

Hnh e

Hnh f

Hnh c

Hnh d 40

- He thong dao tien ren T- MAX U: La mot he thong dao tien ren vi nhieu kieu ren va bc ren trai, phai khac nhau; c s dung cho tien ren trong va ren ngoai (f). Khi tien tinh ngoai va trong chu y chon goc nghieng chnh va phu cho phu hp vi ac iem be mat gia cong, loai manh dao va phng chay dao sau. Di ay la mot so v du: - Tien tinh mat ngoai (Hnh i)

Hnh i - Tien tinh trong (hnh j)

Hnh j

41

2. Cong nghe lap trnh tien NC Cong nghe tien NC/CNC chiem khong nhieu trong cac phng phap gia cong ieu khien so, khoang 25%. Ky thuat lap trnh cho tien CNC nhn chung cung giong phay nhng n gian hn, co ngha cac lenh lap trnh c ban nh: di chuyen dao, toa o ; cac lenh lap trnh bu tr dch chnh dao; lap trnh macro va chng trnh con; cac chc nang lap trnh nang cao eu co khi lap trnh cho tien. 3. Lap trnh NC vi phan mem tien mo phong a) Gii thieu tap lenh cua phan mem Cac lenh di chuyen dao

G00 Di chuyen dao nhanh (khong cat got) t v tr iem 0 en v tr iem A (hnh a)
Cau truc: G0 X/U Z/W...

X/U.., Z/W.. Toa o iem A (U,W toa o tng oi cuc bo)

G01 Noi suy ng thang (cat t A en B) - hnh a

Cau truc: G1 X/U... Z/W... F... X.., Z.. F.. Toa o iem B Toc o chay dao O C B A P

Hnh 2.28

G02 Noi suy cung tron theo chieu kim ong ho (cat ng cong t B en C - hnh a)
Cau truc 1: G2 X.. Z.. I.. K.. F.. X.. Z.. Toa o cua iem C (iem ch) I.. J.. Toa o tam cua ng cong (thng dung toa o tng oi, co ngha so vi iem xuat phat ng cong, iem B) F Cau truc 2: Toc o chay dao G2 X.. Z.. R.. F.. X.. Z.. Toa o cua iem C R Ban knh cua cung tron 42

F..

Toc o chay dao

G03 Noi suy cung tron theo chieu ngc kim ong ho (cat t C en B hnh a)
Cau truc 1: Cau truc 2: G3 X.. Z.. I.. K.. F.. G3 X.. Z.. R.. F..

Lenh ve chng trnh con va vong lap

G22 Goi chng trnh con

Cau truc : G22 A.. H.. A .. H .. So khoi lenh bat au chng trnh con. So lan lap lai chng trnh con X

Lenh ve hieu chnh ban knh mui dao

G41 Hieu chnh ban knh mui dao trai (dao cat got ben
trai quy ao cat)

G42 Hieu chnh ban knh mui dao phai (dao cat got ben
phai quy ao cat).

G40 Ket thuc hieu chnh ban knh mui dao.

Lenh ve chu trnh tien

G71 Chu trnh tien tho boc vo tng lp

song song vi truc Z Cau truc 1: G71 A.. I.. K.. D.. F.. iem ket thuc ng bao A.. Chng trnh con so khoi lenh bat au I.. Lng d gia cong tinh theo phng X K.. Lng d gia cong tinh theo phng Z D.. Chieu sau lat cat F Toc o chay dao Cau truc 2: G71 P.. Q.. I.. K.. D.. F.. K Lp cat iem bat au va ket thuc chu trnh G71

I iem bat au ng bao

P.. Q.. T cau lenh ... en cau lenh ... 43

G72 Chu trnh tien tho boc vo tng lp song song vi truc X
Cau truc: G72 A.. (P.. Q..) I.. K.. D.. F.. iem bat au ng bao A.. I.. K.. D.. F Chng trnh con Lng d gia cong tinh theo X Lng d gia cong tinh theo Z Chieu sau lat cat Toc o chay dao I iem ket thuc ng bao P.. Q.. T cau lenh ... en cau lenh ... D

iem bat au va ket thuc chu trnh G72 Lp cat

G76 Chu trnh tien ren

Cau truc: G76 X.. Z.. K.. D.. H.. F.. X.. Z.. Toa o iem B K.. D.. H.. F.. B Chieu cao ren Chieu sau lp cat cuoi cung So lat cat Bc ren K iem bat au va ket thuc chu trnh G76

G82 Chu trnh khoan lo khong sau

Cau truc: G82 X.. Z.. F..

G83 Chu trnh khoan lo sau

Cau truc: G83 X.. Z.. D.. H.. F.. X.. Z.. D.. V tr ay lo khoan Chieu sau mot lat khoan au tien

44

H.. F..

So lat con lai Toc o chay dao X

D

So lat con lai

V tr bat au va ket thuc chu trnh khoan Khoang cach an toan (2 5) mm

G80 G92

Khi ket thuc chu trnh khoan lo Dch chuyen chuan thao chng Cau truc: G92 X.. Z.. X.. Z.. Toa o can dch chuyen ti

Lenh chc nang cong nghe

F S..
T..

Lenh khai bao toc o chay dao (tr so tuy theo n v khai bao: mm/phut hoac mm/vong) Lenh khai bao toc o vong truc chnh (vong/phut) Lenh goi dao Lenh S.. va T.. khai bao chung trong mot khoi lenh. Cau truc: T.. S.. M.. M.. Chieu quay truc chnh (M3 hoac M4)

Cac lenh chc nang phu

M2 M3 M4 M5 M8 M9 M99
So th t khoi lenh

Ket thuc chng trnh Chieu quay truc chnh theo kim ong ho Chieu quay truc chnh theo ngc kim ong ho Dng truc chnh M ti trn Tat ti trn Ket thuc chng trnh con

b) Mot so quy nh cua phan mem tien mo phong N1 en N4999 So th t khoi lenh trong chng trnh chnh

45

N5000 en N9999 Th vien dao tien

So th t khoi lenh trong chng trnh con.

Phan mem quy nh thay dao bang tay va s dung dao trong th vien phan mem. Nh vay khi chon dao nao, phai nhap ung ky hieu cua dao o vao bo nh may tnh. oi vi dao cat t, nh dao quy nh la v tr co ghi ch . Trong chng trnh, cac lenh di chuyen dung cu va cac chu trnh cat, eu co toa o cua iem ch. Toa o iem ch o la toa o ma iem o dao se ti. Hnh b di ay la th vien dao va ky hieu quy nh cua phan mem:

nh A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 S1 S4 A6 A7 A8 A9 G2 B1 (G3) X.. Z.. I.. K.. F.. B2( R) S2 S3 S5

B3

I1 I3

I2

A So cau lenh
Hnh b P1 G1

Quy nh chuan M va W L Quy nh o lech gia chuan M va W theo phng Z la 20mm; kch thc chau kep la 20 mm (hnh c). Gia s tren hnh chon chuan thao chng tai mat au chi tiet, can khai bao cho phan mem o lech cua chuan thao chng P so vi chuan may M theo phng Z nh sau: Lech (P M)Z = l + 20 + B + A + 20 Trong o:
20 20

l M W P

Chi tiet gia cong B A Hnh c Phoi

B mieng cat t (neu can cat t)

46

A Khoang cach an toan l - Chieu dai chi tiet can gia cong Chieu dai phoi L theo phng Z c tnh nh sau: L = l + B + A + 20 + C Trong o: Quy nh ve toa o X Phoi s dung cho tien CNC co dang khoi tru hoac khoi tron xoay nhieu bac oi xng qua ng tam. Thong thng tren cac ban ve ky thuat, kch thc tron xoay thng c cho theo ng knh. e s dung thuan tien moi kch thc, he ieu khien CNC cung cap hai phng phap lap trnh kch thc theo phng X: - Lap trnh theo ng knh: Toa o X c xac nh theo ng knh (gap oi khoang cach thc). - Lap trnh theo ban knh: Toa o X c xac nh theo ban knh. Chon phng phap lap trnh theo ng knh hay ban knh tuy thuoc vao cac thong so may a c cai at. Thong thng, lap trnh ng knh c chon nh che o mac nh tren cac bo ieu khien tien CNC. Phan mem tien mo phong chon phng phap lap trnh theo ng knh. Th t lam viec vi phan mem tien mo phong - Khi ong phan mem\ Vao tap tin Aditurn.bat \ .. Cac bc con lai giong nh phan mem phay mo phong. Ch khac chng trnh lu co phan m rong cua tap tin *.Trn. Lu o thc hien phan mem tien mo phong Giong nh phan mem phay mo phong. 4. V du lap trnh NC vi phan mem tien mo phong Yeu cau lap trnh NC gia cong chi tiet hnh d va kiem tra quy ao cat bang phan mem tien mo phong. C Lng d vat mat au (neu can co)

1.5

Hnh d

47

Bc 1: Nghien cu chi tiet gia cong, chon phoi vat lieu mica vi kch thc: Chieu dai phoi: Lz = 46 + 3 + 10 + 20 + 2 = 81 mm ng knh phoi: Lx = 34 mm Ga at :Mam cap ba chau t nh tam. Trnh t gia cong va lap phieu nguyen cong TT Bc cong nghe Ma dao va ky hieu T1 T1 T2 T3 T4 (A2) (A2) (A4) (G1) (S1) Che o cat t (mm) 2 0.5 0.1 3 F (mm/vong) 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.5 0.1 S (vong/phut) 1000 1000 1500 300 500

1 2 3 4 5

Vat mat au Tien tho boc vo bien ngoai Tien tinh bien ngoai Tien ren Cat t

Bc 2: Thiet ke quy ao cat va quy ao chay khong (hnh f). Quy ao cat la v tr o dao (hnh e). Mui dao co ban knh cong r, nen khi tien tinh ta hieu chnh ban knh mui dao.

Hnh e Tx
T chuan dao Tz gia tr cai at thong so dao theo phng Z Tx gia tr cai at thong so dao theo phng X V tr o dao la iem noi gia hai gia tr Tx va Tz Mui dao co ban knh cong r

Tz

X
14 13 12 11 10 9 6

3 3

5 4

8 7

Hnh f
Phoi 15 2

48

Toa o X

1 38 0

2 -2 0

3 30 4

3 15 2

4 18 0

5 18 -1.5

6 18 -16

7 15 -17.5

8 15 -21

9 20 -21

10 24 -23

11 24 -35

12 30 -38

13 30 -50

14 32 -46

15 -2 -46

Bc 2: Soan thao chng trnh NC N10 G90 G95 N20 T1 S1000 M4 * Goi dao 1 N30 G0 Z0 N40 G0 X38 N50 G1 X-2 Z0 F0.2 N60 G0 X30 Z4 N70 N80 N90 G71 A5000 I0.5 K0.5 D1.5 F0.2 G0 X50 Z200 M5 * Thay dao 2 * Tien tinh bien dang * Vat mat au * V tr iem 3 * Tien tho boc vo * Ve v tr thay dao

N100 T2 S1500 M4 N105 G42 N110 G22 A5000 H1 N115 G40 N120 G0 X50 Z200 N130 M5 N140 T3 S300 M4

* Thay dao 3 * Tien ren

N150 G0 X18 Z2 N160 G76 X15 Z-18.5 K1.5 D0.1 H7 F1.5 N170 G0 X50 Z200 N180 M5 N190 T4 S500 M4 N200 G0 X50 Z-46 N210 G0 X32 N220 G1 X-2 N230 G0 X50 49 * Cat t chi tiet * Thay dao 4

N240 G0 Z200 N250 M5 N260 M2 N5000 G0 X15 Z2 N5010 G1 X15 Z0 N5020 G1 X18 Z-1.5 N5030 G1 X18 Z-16 N5040 G1 X15 Z-17.5 N5050 G1 X15 Z-21 N5060 G1 X20 Z-21 N5070 G2 X24 Z-23 N5080 G1 X24 Z-35 N5090 G3 X30 Z-38 N5100 G1 X30 Z-50 N5110 G1 X34 Z-50 N5120 M99 Bc 4: Kiem tra chng trnh. Kiem tra cac thong so cong nghe nh chon t lenh ma dao, phoi, chuan thao chng. oc va ve lai quy ao cat, quy ao chay khong cat xem hp ly va chnh xac cha. Cach kiem tra nay bang phng phap thu cong. Bc 5: Mo phong chng trnh. Chay mo phong che o AUTO (toan bo chng trnh), neu chng trnh tot (hnh dang chi tiet gia cong ung) th xong. Neu cha tot, chay lai mo phong che o EINZEL (tng khoi lenh), anh dau cac khoi lenh cha chnh xac, tr ve phan soan thao chnh sa. * Ket thuc chng trnh con * V tr iem 3 * V tr iem 4 * V tr iem 5 * V tr iem 6 * V tr iem 7 * V tr iem 8 * V tr iem 9 * V tr iem 10 * V tr iem 11 * V tr iem 12 * V tr iem 13

50

CHNG 2
TONG QUAN VE CONG NGHE CAD/CAM - CNC
I. Tong quan ve CAD/CAM
Nhng nam cuoi the ky 20, cong nghe CAD/CAM a tr thanh mot lnh vc ot pha trong thiet ke, che tao va san xuat san pham cong nghiep. CAD (Computer Aided Design) la thiet ke tr giup bang may tnh. CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture) la san xuat vi s tr giup cua may tnh. Hai lanh vc nay ghep noi vi nhau a tr thanh mot loai hnh cong nghe cao, mot lanh vc khoa hoc tong hp cua s lien nganh C kh Tin hoc ien t T ong hoa. Cung vi s phat trien cua khoa hoc may tnh, CAD/CAM a c nhan thc va chap nhan nhanh chong trong cong nghiep (cong nghiep det may, cong nghiep nha, cong nghiep c kh che tao ...) v no la hat nhan chnh e sang tao va san xuat san pham, e tang nang xuat lao ong, giam cng o lao ong va t ong hoa qua trnh san xuat, nang cao o chnh xac chi tiet va at hieu qua kinh te cao. Cong viec chuan b san xuat co vai tro vo cung quan trong trong viec hnh thanh bat ky mot san pham c kh nao. Cong viec nay bao gom cac khau chuan b thiet ke (thiet ke ket cau san pham, cac ban ve lap chung cua san pham, cac cum may...), chuan b cong nghe (am bao tnh nang cong nghe cua ket cau, thiet lap quy trnh cong nghe), thiet ke va che tao cac trang b cong nghe va dung cu phu ... ke hoach hoa qua trnh san xuat va che tao san pham trong thi gian an nh. Ngay nay khoa hoc ky thuat phat trien nh vu bao oi hoi ngi ky s phai khong ngng nang cao lng thong tin trong tat ca cac khau cua qua trnh chuan b san xuat. Theo cac nha khoa hoc a phan tch th tnh hnh thiet ke hien nay cho thay 90% khoi lng thi gian thiet ke la e tra cu so lieu can thiet cho viec tnh toan , ch co 10% thi gian gianh cho lao ong sang tao va quyet nh. Cho nen khoang 90% khoi lng cong viec tren co the thc hien bang may tnh ien t hoac may ve t ong. Viec lam nay va chnh xac hn, va chat lng hn. Trong san xuat hang loat nho, do ac iem la so lng chi tiet trong loat t , so chung loai lai nhieu cho nen khoi lng thi gian chuan b cho san xuat rat ln, ma dang san xuat nay hien ang chiem u the trong nen kinh te th trng hien nay. Tat ca ieu o phai oi hoi tao ra phng phap thiet ke mi nh may tnh ien t. CAD/CAM la mot lnh vc nghien cu nham tao ra cac he thong t ong thiet ke va che tao. No dung may tnh ien t e thc hien mot chc nang nhat nh e thiet ke va che tao san pham. T ong hoa che tao la dung may tnh ien t e ke hoach hoa, ieu khien qua trnh san xuat, ieu khien qua trnh cat got kim loai va kiem tra nguyen cong gia cong. CAD/CAM ket noi vi nhau tao ra moi quan he mat thiet gia hai dang hoat ong la thiet ke va che tao ma lau nay ngi ta coi la khac nhau va khong phuc thuoc vao nhau. T ong hoa thiet ke la dung cac he thong va phng tien tnh toan giup ngi ky s e thiet ke mo phong, phan tch va toi u hoa giai phap thiet ke. Phng tien bao gom may tnh ien t, cac may ve, may in, thiet b uc lo bang ...phng tien lap trnh bao gom 51

chng trnh may, cho phep am bao giao tiep vi may ve va cac chng trnh ng dung e thc hien chc nang thiet ke. V du: Chng trnh ng dung co the la chng trnh phan tch lc va ng suat trong ket cau, chng trnh tnh toan ac tnh ong lc hoc cua may hoac chng trnh gia cong chi tiet tren may ieu khien theo chng trnh so NC hay CNC . Moi mot hang, vien nghien cu hoac c s san xuat co nhng tap hp chng trnh ng dung khac nhau tuy thuoc vao ieu kien san xuat ... He thong CAD/CAM la mot san pham cua CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing). He thong nay c quan ly va ieu hanh da tren c s d lieu trung tam, he thong con c dung e lap ke hoach , bieu o , a ra cac ch dan va thong tin am bao muc ch ke hoach san xuat cua nha may Mo hnh he thong nh sau:

CIM (COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING)

Nhu cau D bao Y tng CAD C s d lieu va thong tin CAPP CAM MRP II PP CNC, Robots CAQ ong goi Khach hang CAE

Hnh a
CAD CAE CAPP CAM CNC CAQ MRPII PP Computer Aided Design Computer Aided Engineering Computer Aided Process Planning Computer Aided Manufacturing Computer Numerical Control Computer Aided Quality Control Manufacturing Resources Planning Production Planning

Thiet ke vi s tr giup cua MTT Phan tch ky thuat vi s tr giup cua MTT Lap phng an che tao vi s tr giup cua MTT Che tao vi s tr giup cua MTT May cong cu ieu khien bang chng trnh so Kiem tra chat lng vi s tr giup cua MTT Hoach nh nguon lc san xuat Lap ke hoach san xuat

52

1. Lch s phat trien cua CAD/CAM Luc au CAD/CAM la hai nganh phat trien tach biet nhau, oc lap vi nhau trong khoang 30 nam. Hien nay chung c tch hp thanh mot he, trong o thiet ke co the la chon phng an toi u va qua trnh san xuat co the c giam sat va ieu khien t khau au en khau cuoi. Phan mem CAD au tien la SKETCHPAD xuat hien vao nam 1962 c viet bi Ivan Sutherland thuoc trng ky thuat Massachusetts (MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Hien nay tren the gii a co hang ngan phan mem CAD va mot trong nhng phan mem thiet ke noi tieng nhat la AutoCAD. AutoCAD phien ban au tien (Release 1) c cong bo thang 12 1982. Cho en nam 1997 th a co phien ban th 14 (Release 14). T nam 2000 en nay, gan nh moi nam eu co ra i phien ban mi. Cung nh he CAD, he CAM c phat trien ng dung au tien tai MIT cho cac may gia cong ieu khien so CNC (Computer Numerical Control) bang may vi tnh vao au nhng nam 70. He tch hp CAD/CAM ra i vao gia nhng nam 70 va80. Di ay la s o phat trien cua he thong CAD/CAM:

FMS FMS

2. nh ngha cac cong cu CAD/CAM a) nh ngha cong cu CAD e tao thanh mot san pham hoan chnh can thc hien hai cong oan chnh la: thiet ke va che tao. cong oan thiet ke tren c s thu thap thong tin, x ly d lieu va ket hp vi kha nang sang tao ngi thiet ke phan tch toan bo tap hp cac phng an va chon ra mot phng an thiet ke toi u. oi vi san pham co cau truc phc tap, oi hoi nhng ch tieu cao ve thong so ky thuat cung nh kinh te , e at c giai phap toi u, trong nhieu trng hp cong viec

53

thiet ke va che tao khong the thc hien mot cach hoan chnh bi nhng phng phap va cong cu thong thng. Thiet ke vi s ho tr cua may tnh ien t - CAD la s ng dung co hieu qua cac phng tien cong nghe cua ky thuat tin hoc , ien t ... e giai quyet cac cong viec lien quan ti cong viec thiet ke. Qua trnh thiet ke noi chung bao gom viec xac nh va mo ta cac giai phap ky thuat cu the thoa man tat ca cac yeu cau ky thuat . ch tieu kinh te va co the phan chia lam 6 giai oan chnh (hnh b). Viec s dung cong cu tin hoc va ien t trong cong viec thiet ke -thiet ke vi s tr giup cua may tnh ien t (CAD) co the chia thanh bon cong oan chnh bao gom: - Mo hnh hoa hnh hoc - Tnh toan ky thuat - Thiet ke toi u - Lap tai lieu ky thuat t ong t mo hnh a c thiet ke Xay dng nhiem vu thiet ke

Thiet ke tong the Thiet ke chi tiet GEOMETRIC MODELING

AutoCAD Cimatron PRO engineer Sap 86 Nastran Ansys... Sap 86 Nastran

Tnh toan phan tch

ANALYSIS

Thiet ke toi u

OPTIMZATION DRAFTING) (VIEWS AND DRAWINGS Hnh b

Lap tai lieu thiet ke

AutoCAD Cimatron PRO

* Mo hnh hnh hoc: ng dung he thong CAD e phat trien viec mo ta toan hoc cua cac vat the hnh hoc. Cac mo hnh hnh hoc nay c lu tr trong he c s d lieu (trong

54

bo nh may tnh) cho phep ngi s dung bieu dien hnh anh cua mo hnh tren cac thiet b o hoa va th hien cac thao tac dng hnh. * Tnh toan phan tch ky thuat: sau giai oan thiet ke mo phong hnh hoc, vat the hnh hoc va mo hnh hnh hoc cua cua oi tng thiet ke can phai c tnh toan phan tch (e am bao cac thong so ky thuat), v du: kiem tra o ben, bie dang, qua trnh trao oi nhiet. Qua trnh tnh toan phan tch ky thuat c thc hien thong qua cac phan mem, v du : phan mem tnh toan phan tch theo phng phap phan t hu han; phan mem thiet ke ong hoc; phan mem khao sat cac qua trnh truyen nhiet.... * Lap tai lieu thiet ke t ong: ay la cong viec the hien ket qua thiet ke - t ong tao cac hnh chieu, tao ban ve ky thuat bao gom ca ghi kch thc t mo hnh 3D a c thiet ke. b) nh ngha cong cu CAM Thc hien quy trnh san xuat vi s tr giup cua may tnh ien t la s dung may tnh e lap ke hoach san xuat va ieu khien san xuat. S o cac lnh vc ng dung trong he CAM co the c bieu dien theo s do tren hnh c.

CAM
LAP KE HOACH SAN XUAT IEU KHIEN QUA TRNH SAN XUAT

C s d lieu cong nghe Tieu chuan hoa cac nguyen cong Lap trnh gia cong Sap xep day truyen san xuat D tnh gia thanh san pham Lap ke hoach san xuat

ieu khien chat lng san pham ieu khien xng Giam sat cac qua trnh san xuat ieu khien qua trnh san xuat ieu khien cac may NC va CNC ieu khien kho vat t va cong cu ieu khien cac tay may ngi may ieu khien cac thiet b van chuyen 55

Hnh c

Lap ke hoach san xuat c thc hien van phong cho cac cong viec cu the sau ay: - T ong hoa thiet ke quy trnh cong nghe, co ngha la hnh thanh cac trnh t nguyen cong e gia cong chi tiet cu the. Muon thc hien c cong viec nay, ngoai cac d lieu ve hnh hoc (ben CAD cung cap), con can cac d lieu ve cong nghe nh: thong so ky thuat cua may, thong so ve dao cat, thong so ve ga lap, thong so che o cat va tieu chuan hoa cac nguyen cong. - T ong lap chng trnh gia cong cho may ieu khien theo chng trnh so. Ngon ng lap trnh cua CAM la APT (Auto matically Programed Tool). Vi APT ngi lap trnh co the xac nh hnh dang dung cu, dung sai, yeu to hnh hoc chuyen ong dung cu. Nhc iem cua APT la thi gian tnh toan ln cho nhng chi tiet n gian. u viet ln nhat cua APT la no a tr thanh chuan cho the gii rong ln cua may NC. He CAM c s dung rong rai Viet Nam la MILL-CAM, LATHE- CAM - T ong hoa lap cac nh mc ky thuat e thc hien tng nguyen cong cong nghe. - T ong len ke hoach nhu cau ve c s vat chat, mua ban thanh pham va nguyen vat lieu. - T ong lap ke hoach san xuat co xet ti yeu cau va ieu kien cu the. Viec ieu khien qua trnh san xuat c thc hien di mat bang phan xng cua x nghiep hay nha may. Bao gom cac cong viec ieu khien t ong cac trang thiet b nh may cong cu, day chuyen san xuat, robot van chuyen, robot cap phoi, lay chi tiet; ieu khien, giam sat hoat ong cua xng nh: chat lng san pham, cung cap vat t, lu kho Trong tat ca nhng cong viec ap dung cua may tnh ien t tren ay oi hoi co s tham gia cua con ngi hoac e nhap d lieu am bao cho chng trnh lam viec hoac e giam sat cac ket qua thc hien. c) nh ngha cong cu CAD/CAM To hp CAD/CAM la mot he thong ma o moi lien ket gia thiet ke va che tao c hoan thien da tren c s s dung thong tin va d lieu cua qua trnh CAD trc tiep trong thu tuc CAM. Nh vay tranh c s hnh thanh mot cach oc lap cac d lieu cho chng trnh cua may tnh trong lnh vc san xuat. Mo hnh cong cu CAD/CAM (hnh d): CAD Mo hnh hoa hnh hoc CAM LAP KE HOACH SAN XUAT

Tnh toan phan tch, thiet ke toi u Ve, soan tai lieu ky thuat Hnh d

C S D LIEU TRUNG TAM CUA HE THONG CAD/CAM

IEU KHIEN QUA TRNH SAN XUAT 56

Moi quan he CAD/CAM va t ong hoa san xuat the hien tren hnh e la phan giao gia 5 phan: Cong cu thiet ke

CAD/CAM
Hnh e Cong cu san xuat Mang lam viec Trong o : - Mang lam viec la cac he thong to chc san xuat, he thong cung cap vat lieu va nhng cong viec thc hien tren san may, x nghiep. - Cong cu san xuat nh may CNC , Robot cong nghiep. - Cong cu thiet ke nh may tnh, may ve va cac phan men ng dung. - Mo hnh hnh hoc la nhng thc the hnh hoc c s, c s dung tren ban ve ky thuat hay tren man hnh may tnh nh: iem (Point) c mo ta bi gia tr toa o ng cong (Curve), bao gom ca oan thang (Line) c mo ta bang chuoi iem hoac phng trnh. Mat cong (Surface), bao gom ca mat (Face) c mo ta bi tap hp iem (hoac li ng cong), hoac phng trnh. Khoi (Solid) c nh ngha bi cac mat cong bao quanh. He CAD/CAM ky thuat a c ng dung cho c kh t mot vai nam trc trong mot so lnh vc trong cong nghiep hang khong. He tch hp CAD/CAM a co Viet Nam la CIMATRON, MASTERCAM, PROENGINEER, DELCAM, ANPHACAM, VISI. e anh gia c tam quan trong cua CAD/CAM trong chu ky san xuat chung ta nen phan tch cac pham vi hoat ong khac nhau va chc nang tng ng e thc hien viec nghien cu va che tao san pham. Cac the loai cong viec va chc nang cua chung trong chu ky san xuat c the hien tren hnh 1- 6. Chu ky nay hoat ong theo nhu cau cua khach hang va th trng tieu thu. Chu ky san xuat co the thay oi tuy theo yeu cau cua khach hang. Mo hnh hnh hoc Khai niem o hoa may tnh

57

Co trng hp cong viec thiet ke la do khach hang thc hien cho nen nha may ch co nhiem vu che tao san pham a c thiet ke o. Trng hp th hai la nha may am nhan luon ca cong viec thiet ke va che tao san pham. Tuy nhien neu tong quat ma noi th eu xuat phat t y o tao ra san pham mi. Da vao y o tao ra san pham o mi thiet ke san pham, hoan tat ban ve . Tren ban ve san pham phai neu ro cac yeu cau ky thuat can phai am bao trong qua trnh che tao. Tren c s cac ban ve chi tiet phai lap quy trnh cong nghe che tao san pham va lap ke hoach san xuat. e che tao san pham phai lap nhu cau ve trang thiet b cong nghe va cac dung cu can thiet. Ke hoach san xuat phai ch ro thi gian va san lng xuat xng trong thi gian a nh. Tiep theo la cong oan a vao san xuat, che tao xong phai tien hanh kiem tra va th nghiem san pham, cuoi cung la ban giao cho khach hang. Giai oan chuan b cong nghe, ngha la thiet ke quy trnh cong nghe va lap bieu o san xuat vi s tr giup cua may tnh ien t. Ngoai ra may tnh ien t con co the ap dung ieu khien qua trnh che tao chi tiet dung tay may, cac may ieu khien theo chng trnh so (CNC). Cong oan cuoi cung la kiem tra va th nghiem cung co the t ong hoa nh may tnh ien t. Qua ay ta thay he thong CAD/CAM ong vai tro quan trong trong nen san xuat hien ai trong tng lai, va ac biet la cac lnh vc chuyen mon hoa cao, chang han nh viec thiet ke va che tao cac ban mach in th kieu lien ket nay c s dung ngay cang manh. T hnh 1 -6 ro rang CAD/CAM bao tren hau het cac dang hoat ong va chc nang cua chu ky san xuat. Trong cong oan thiet ke va che tao cac nha may hien ai, ky thuat tnh toan phai phat huy tac dung va la nhu cau khong the thieu c.

II. Cong nghe lap trnh CAD/CAM

Lap trnh t ong s dung ngon ng lap trnh hoac phan mem CAD/CAM nh cong cu tr giup e chuyen oi t ong d lieu hnh hoc va d lieu cong nghe thanh chng trnh NC. Ngay nay, cac ngon ng x ly hnh hoc dan dan c thay the bi cac phan mem CAD/CAM va viec s dung phan mem CAD/CAM e lap trnh NC a tr thanh phng phap pho bien va hieu qua, ac biet cho cac trng hp gia cong mat cong phc tap. Nguyen ly cua cong nghe CAD/CAM la s dung c s d lieu chung cho cac chc nang thiet ke va lap ke hoach san xuat. Nh vay, theo cong nghe CAD/CAM, co the truy xuat d lieu hnh hoc va cong nghe ve san pham, lu tr trong c s d lieu cho cac chc nang quan ly va ieu hanh san xuat, bao gom chc nang lap trnh NC. Trong cac ng dung ieu khien so, cac chc nang CAD cho phep xac lap hnh hoc chi tiet gia cong va cac chc nang CAM cho phep s dung d lieu hnh hoc san pham e tao ng chay dao (hay quy ao cat va quy ao chay khong cat) va thc hien cac chc nang quan ly va ieu khien qua trnh san xuat nh lap qui trnh che tao (process planning), lap ke hoach san xuat (production planning) Qui trnh lap trnh NC theo cong nghe CAD/CAM thong thng gom cac bc c ban (hnh 3.1) sau: 58

- Thiet ke mau (modeling) -he thong CAD. - La chon cong nghe gia cong NC (phng thc chay dao); Xac lap thong so NC cho chc nang gia cong NC tng ng: bao gom cac thong so ve phoi (stock); ve dung cu cat (tooling parameters) va cac thong so gia cong (machining parameters); Thc thi trnh s ly (processor) oi vi chc nang gia cong gia cong NC e tao ng chay dao (toolpath generation) he thong CAM - Thc thi trnh hau x ly e bien dch d lieu ng chay dao thanh chng trnh NC - POST-PROCESSOR

Hnh 3.1

1. He thong CAD Co rat nhieu phan mem tr giup cho thiet ke mau t c ban nh Autocad, SolidEdges, SolidWorks, Autodesk Inventor en chuyen dung c kh nh Mechanical Desktop, cac phan mem tch hp CAD/CAM nh: Pro/Engineer, Cimatron, Catia, EdgeCAM, MasterCam, DelCam, AnphaCam, GibbsCam, VisiCam, TopCAM, SurfCAM, MillCAM, LatherCAM Viec chon la mot he thong tr giup thiet ke CAD tot nhat con tuy thuoc vao tng lanh vc chuyen mon khac nhau, trong cung chuyen mon cung phai can nhac nhieu van e trong o co van e kinh te, o linh hoat (giao dien vi cac thiet b ngoai vi, kha nang chuyen tai file, tnh tng thch vi cac chng trnh khac, kha nang m rong ).

Hien nay, cac phan mem chuyen dung nganh c kh la cac phan mem tch hp
CAD/CAM a thc hien thiet ke mau t n gian en phc tap vi s ho tr o hoa manh me nh: - Thc hien cac y tng thiet ke ngay tren khoi solid (PART FILES) - Lap rap cac chi tiet thanh mot san pham hoan chnh (ASSEMBLY FILES) - Mo phong lap rap va hoat ong cua cac c cau (mo phong ong) - Chuyen oi t chi tiet, c cau lap rap thanh ban ve 2D (DRAWING FILES) - Tao khuon mau t mau solid - Tao he thong phan t d lieu

59

2. He thong CAM a) Cong nghe gia cong NC e quan ly c d lieu chay dao cho muc ch bien dch t ong thanh chng trnh NC, ngoai yeu cau ve tnh cong nghe, phng thc chay dao phai co quy luat toan hoc. Thong thng cac chc nang gia cong NC c thiet ke theo ieu khien 2,5 truc; 3 truc; 4 truc; 5 truc (2.5x; 3x; 4x; 5x) va theo quy luat hnh hoc song song (parallel), xoan oc (spiral), tham so (parametric). Tuy thuoc vao yeu cau gia cong (tho, ban tinh, tinh), tuy thuoc vao kha nang cong nghe cua may gia cong (2.5x; 3x; 4x; 5x), cac phan mem CAD/CAM cho phep la chon phng thc chay dao thch hp cho tng bc gia cong. e tm hieu sau ve cong nghe gia cong NC phai hoc them mot giao trnh chuyen sau CAD/CAM, giao trnh nay ch e cap cac kien thc rat c ban. Di ay la mot so v du: - Cong nghe gia cong mat phang (Facemiling), chon phng thc chay dao nao?(hnh 3.2)

Hnh 3.2

e vao/ra dao (lead in/out) chuan b phay mat phang, chon cach nao tren hnh 3.3 va hnh 3.4:

Hnh 3.3

Hnh 3.4

- Cong nghe gia cong hoc (Pocket): hoc chu nhat (2,5x); hoc tron (2,5x); hoc nh hnh co hoac khong co ao (ay bang 2,5x hnh 3.5 hoac nh hnh 3x hnh 3.6) 60

Hoc 2,5x

Hoc 3x

ng bien

Hnh 3.5

Hnh 3.6

- Cong nghe gia cong ng bien (Profile): tao cac ng chay dao 2,5 truc theo ng bien xep lp (hnh 3.5); ng xoan (hnh 3.6), ng co bo cung (hnh 3.7)

Hnh 3.6

Hnh 3.7

- Cong nghe gia cong mat bien (Surface Profile): tao cac ng chay dao 3 truc theo mat bien (hnh 3.8)

Radial strategy

Concentric strategy

Spiral strategy

Hnh 3.8 61

- Cong nghe gia cong lo, tap lo. - Cong nghe gia cong mat bien phc tap bang cach phoi hp gia ng bien va mat bien (hnh 3.9) hoac cac mat 4x, 5x
ng bien

Hnh 3.9
Mat bien

b) Thong so NC bao gom cac thong so ve phoi, ve dung cu cat (tooling parameters) va cac thong so gia cong (machining parameters). Noi dung nay cung a trnh bay ky chng 2, phan cong nghe lap trnh phay va tien NC. - Thong so ve phoi bao gom kch thc, hnh dang phoi va lng d gia cong. - Thong so ve dung cu cat bao gom: So hieu dao (ch nh v tr cha dao tren bo phan tr dao); Ket cau dao (kch thc li cat, thong so hnh hoc phan cat, ng knh, ban knh mui dao ..) va vat lieu phan cat cua dao. - Thong so gia cong bao gom: Toc o truc chnh (spindle speed); Toc o chay dao (feedrate); Toc o cat ng (plunge Feed); Bc dnh dao ngang (stepover distance - hnh 3.10); Chieu sau dch dao: co hai trng hp, dch dao nhanh (rapid depth) di chuyen vi toc o nhanh, khong cat got c va dch dao cat (down step) - di chuyen vi toc o cat. Thng dung cho truc Z. V du: Chieu sau cat (depth); Lng d gia cong (stock allowance)
Lng d tinh

hnh 3.10

c) ng chay dao (quy ao cat va quy ao chay khong - toolpaths) c xac nh mot cach t ong t d lieu hnh hoc chi tiet gia cong. Thong thng, cac phan mem lap trnh CAD/CAM quan ly ng chay dao di dang tap tin toa o chay dao (Cutter Location CL), bao gom cac iem (Point), oan thang (Line), cung tron (Arc) cau thanh 62

Hnh 3.11

nen ng chay dao. Thong qua trnh tr giup, tap tin CL c cai at them cac thong so NC. Cuoi cung, tap tin CL cung vi moi d lieu NC lien quan c bien dch bi trnh hau s ly (Post-processing) thanh chng trnh NC tng ng theo dang yeu cau. Hnh 3.11 cho thay mot so dang tollpaths gia cong tinh. 3. Trnh hau x ly POSTPROCESSOR POSTPROCESSOR la tap hp nhng ch dan e chuyen oi ng chay dao, thong so cong nghe, ieu kien gia cong c tao ra thanh chng trnh ieu khien may CNC. ay la mot tien ch quan trong, muon lam mot NC POSTPROCESSOR, ngi dung phai hieu ro ve lap trnh NC noi chung, ve he ieu khien ma may NC/CNC cua mnh ang s dung. Moi hang san xuat he ieu khien may CNC, ngoai viec s dung cac ma lenh bat buoc thong thng cua tieu chuan ISO, con s dung cac ma lenh c ban theo y rieng cua ho. Th du: cung cong viec khai bao he thong o kch thc la mm, he FANUC va MTS chon lenh G21, he FAGOR va SINUMERIK chon lenh G71. Chng trnh POSTPROCESSOR co the do cac hang san xuat cai at san trong he ieu khien may CNC nhng cung co the do khach hang t cai at.

63

II. Xay dng mo hnh 3D

1. Gii thieu Autodesk Inventor Autodesk Inventor la mot phan men thiet ke c kh 3D cua hang Autodesk, c xay dng vi cong nghe thch nghi (adaptive technology) cung vi cac kha nang mo hnh hoa khoi ran. e tien cho viec s dung Autodesk Inventor th nha san xuat chia ra hai phan trong viec xay dng mo hnh khoi ran la ve phac 2D va 3D. 2D va 3D co moi lien he mat thiet vi nhau, ho tr cho nhau, 2D sketch dung e ve phac con 3D sketch dung e xay dng mo hnh khoi ran va cuoi cung la a ra ban ve ky thuat. Phan mem Autodesk Inventor gom co cac cong cu tao mo hnh 3D, quan ly thong tin va cac ho tr ky thuat. Cac tien ch cua Autodesk Inventor: De dang tao mo hnh 3D va cac ban ve 2D. Lap rap cac chi tiet thanh mot san pham hoan chnh. Mo phong lap rap va hoat ong cua cac c cau. Chuyen oi t chi tiet, c cau lap rap thanh ban ve 2D. Tao khuon mau t mau solid. Tao mo hnh san pham han. Tao mo hnh san pham tam. Tao he thong phan t d lieu. Trong Autodesk Inventor co cac dang file mau sau: Part files (*.ipt) Tao mot chi tiet bang hnh ve 2D hoac mo hnh 3D. Tao cac chi tiet chuan s dung trong thiet ke lap ghep. Tao chi tiet dang tam. Tao th vien quan ly phan t d lieu. Assembly files (*.iam; *.ipn) Mot file assembly co the cha mot chi tiet hoac nhieu chi tiet trong moi trng assembly c s dung. Tao mot ket cau lap va cac cum lap ghep thanh phan. Chen mot chi tiet vao ket cau lap ghep. Tao mot mo hnh san pham han Mo phong lap rap Tao mot trnh chieu t mot t mot ket cau lap.

64

Thet lap khung nhn ong va chuyen dch cho cac chi tiet trong ket cau lap ghep. Drawing files (*.idw) Ban ve cua mot chi tiet vi kch thc va yeu cau ky thuat Ban ve ket cau lap vi ghi chu va ban ke chi tiet. Ban ve cua presentation files trang thai m. Khi m mot file mi, cac file mau khac nhau xuat hien trong hop thoai OPEN. Cac muc Default, English, Metric va Professional cha cac file mau quy nh n v va tieu chuan. n v va tieu chuan muc Default la cac phan chon khi cai at Autodesk Inventor. V du: - Muc Default: hnh 1.1

Ban ve ky Mo hnh thuat san chi tiet va pham lap rap

han

Mo hnh Mo hnh chi tiet lap 3D va hnh chieu 2D

Trnh bay mo hnh chuyen ong mo phong

Mo hnh kim loai tam

He thong quan ly phan t d lieu

Hnh 1.1 - Muc English: Standard (in).ipt Standard (in).iam ... - Muc Metric: Standard (mm).ipt ... - Muc Professional: ISO-AIP.idw ANSI-AIP.idw ... Ban ve chuyen nghiep tieu chuan ISO Ban ve chuyen nghiep tieu chuan ANSI Mo hnh chi tiet s dung n v met Standard (mm).iam Mo hnh lap s dung n v met Mo hnh chi tiet s dung n v inch Mo hnh lap s dung n v inch

65

1.1 Giao dien cua Autordesk Inventor Giao dien chnh cua Autodesk Inventor co dang nh hnh 1.2

Thanh cong cu chuan Thanh cong cu Browser Khung Browser

Thanh danh muc

Man hnh o hoa

V tr 0 va 2 truc toa

Thanh lenh trong che o ve phac Bieu tng he truc toa o - Rau o ch phng +X - Rau xanh la cay ch phng +Y - Rau xanh da tri ch phng +Z Thanh trang thai

Hnh 1.2 1.2 Khung Browser Khung Browser hien th cau truc cua mo hnh, ban ve lap hoac cac ban ve ky thuat trong file hien hanh. Tng ng vi moi moi trng co mot khung Browser. Ta co the keo khung Browser en v tr bat ky tren man hnh. 1.3 Cac cong cu va lenh Autordesk Inventor s dung cac thanh cong cu va bang (Panel) cha cac lenh. Bang lenh thng c hien th mac nh pha di hoac tren khung Browser. Ta co the hien th ong thi ca bang lenh va thanh cong cu. Tren cac thanh cong cu co cac nut lenh va co the c dch chuyen en v tr bat ky tren man hnh o hoa. Khi c goi, chung se hien th tren man hnh v tr s dung lan cuoi cung. Autordesk Inventor ch hien th cac thanh cong cu tng ng vi moi trng va ca so o hoa hien hanh. V du, neu ta ang trong moi trng lap ghep va thc hien kch hoat mot thanh phan nao o, Autordesk Inventor se chuyen cac thanh cong cu lap ghep sang cac thanh cong cu mo hnh thch hp. Cac nut lenh dung chung c s dung trong

66

moi moi trng, v du nh nut lenh New hoac Open Hnh 1.3 la thanh cong cu Features c hien th trong moi trng dng mo hnh.

Hnh 1.3 Cac cong cu Autodesk Inventor m hop thoai khi can thiet. V du, khi nhap mot cong cu ve phac, ta co the thc hien ve phac ngay ma khong can mot thao tac nao. Ngc lai, khi chon cong cu mo hnh, hop thoai tng ng xuat hien va can co nhieu thao tac tren hop thoai e co the tao mo hnh mong muon. V du khi chon nut lenh Extrude tren thanh cong cu Features hnh 1.3, hop thoai Extrude c m ra (hnh 1.4) va ta phai thc hien mot so thao tac nh chon oi tng un, phng un, kch thc un va cuoi cung chap nhan OK th mi tao c mo hnh mong muon.

Hnh 1.4

Trong Autodesk Inventor, ta co the chon oi tng trc, sau o chon cong cu e thc hien lenh. Ngc lai, ta co the chon cong cu trc, sau o chon oi tng. 1.4 Thc n chay Cac thc n chay xuat hien khi ta nhap chuot phai. Cac la chon hien th trong thc n chay c xac nh tng ng vi nhiem vu ang thc hien. 1.5 Che o chon la va che o ve phac Autodesk Inventor s dung che o chon la va ve phac e ra lenh cho he thong khi ta ve phac hay chon la vat the. Khi tao mi mot file mo hnh, Autodesk Inventor t ong kch hoat cac che o Select va Sketch. Ta co the ieu khien che o chon la va ve phac bang cach s dung nut lenh thanh cong cu (hnh 1.5)

Hnh 1.5

67

1.6 Bieu tng con tro Khi s dung Autodesk Inventor, cac bieu tng nho thng c hien th ben canh con tro. Nhng bieu tng nay noi len nhng thao tac hoac chc nang trong qua trnh thc hien mo hnh. V du, bieu tng song song c hien th khi ta ve phac cac ng song song (hnh 1.6). Hnh 1.6 1.7 Thanh danh muc Bao gom cac menu: File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tool, Applications, Windows, Web, Help va mot so bieu tng. Di ay trnh bay cac menu c ban giong nhau, o la menu: File, Edit, View va Help. Cac menu con lai hien th noi dung tuy theo cac che o thc hien se c trnh bay cac chng sau. a. Menu file New : Tao mot file mi Open : M mot file co san Close : ong mot ca so lam viec Save : Lu nhng thay oi vao file co san Save Copy As : Lu tap tin vao mot ten mi Save All: Lu tat ca ong tac thc hien Projects : M mot moi trng thiet ke Getting Started : M hop thoai lam quen vi Autordesk Inventor Print Setup : Cai at che o in an Print Preview : Xem trc trang in Print : Thc hien lenh in Iproperties : Xac lap trang thai mac nh cho cac phan t thiet ke. Design Assistant : m mot moi trng thiet ke hoan chnh Exit: Thoat khoi menu file

68

b. Menu edit Undo : Huy thao tac va thc hien Redo : Huy undo Cut : Cat, xoa mot phan t Copy : Sao chep oi tng c chon Paste : Dan oi tng a c sao chep Paste Special : Dan oi tng vi dang files khac Clear : Xoa oi tng Select All : Chon tat ca c. Menu View Previous : Xem oi tng trang thai trc mot bc Next : Xem oi tng bc tiep theo a xac lap Rotate : Xoay oi tng Pan : Di chuyen oi tng Zoom : Thay oi o ln khung nhn oi tng Zoom Window : Phong to oi tng chon bang ca so Zoom Select : Phong to phan t c chon bang cach click chuot Look At : Xoay mat phang c chon vuong goc vi hng nhn Zoom All : Thu nho toan bo oi tng c chon vao man hnh Isometric : Quay oi tng ve goc nhn chuan Center of Gravity : Hien th trong tam oi tng Slice Graphics : Xen oi tng theo mat phang c chon trong che o ve phac Imate Glyph : ieu khien hien th k hieu mat phang d lieu Object Visibility : ieu khien hien th cac phan t d lieu Toolbar : ieu khien hien th cac thanh cong cu Status Bar : Tat hoac m thanh trang thai

69

d. Menu Help Whats New Chon chu e va hoc cac phan mi trong phien ban phan mem. Tutorial Hng dan tng bc cac hnh minh hoa tao cac mo hnh mau, ban ve lap hoac cac ban ve ky thuat. Help for AutoCAD Users Hng dan cach s dung cac file CAD trong Autodesk Inventor. Programming Help Tm cac tr giup va cac muc ao tao khac. Autodesk Online Cac trang web co the truy cap e co nhng thong tin ve Autodesk. Graphics Drivers Cac hnh anh mo phong ong di dang Navigation co the downloads. About Autodesk Inventor Tr ve ban au cua Autodesk Inventor. e. Bieu tng Help topics (F1) He thong ho tr thiet ke la s ket hp cac thong tin va cac cong cu ho tr giao tiep. Visual Syllabus Chon oi tng va xem qua trnh hnh thanh oi tng Design Doctor Khao sat va sa cha cac loi mac phai khi xay dng mo hnh 1.8 Cac phm tat S Sketch : Ve phat L Sketch line : Ve ng thang D Sketch/drawing dimension : Ghi kch thc E - Extrude : un vat the R Revolve : Quay tiet dien quanh mot truc H Hole : Tao lo P Place part : Goi mot part vao c cau lap C Assembly contraints : Rang buoc lap ghep O Drawing ordinate dimention : Ghi kch thc dang toa o B Balloon : Ghi chu cung tron F Feature control frame : Ghi dung sai cho ban ve F1 Help : Tr giup F2 Pan : Di chuyen oi tng F3 Zoom : Phong to, thu nho oi tng F4 Rotate : Quay oi tng F5 Previous view : Xem khung nhn trc

70

2. Cong cu ve phac 2D
Ve phac la bc c ban au tien e hnh thanh mo hnh. Mo hnh tao thanh trong Autodesk Inventor c lien ket vi bien dang cua chung. Khi hieu chnh bien dang, mo hnh t ong cap nhat nhng thay oi nay. 2.1 Ban ve phac Ban ve phac la cac oi tng hnh hoc tao thanh bien dang cua vat the hoac cac yeu to hnh hoc trong qua trnh xay dng vat the (v du nh quy ao quet, truc quay ). Mo hnh 3D c tao thanh da tren nen tang ban ve phac bang cach un cac bien dang hoac xoay quanh mot truc. Hnh 2.1 minh hoa mo hnh c hnh thanh bang cach xoay bien dang quanh truc.

Bin dng Kt qu

Trc quay Ban ve phac lien ket vi mo hnh tao thanh. Do o, khi ta thc hien hieu chnh mot ban ve phac, phan mo hnh tng ng se thay oi theo. 2.2 Moi trng ve phac Moi trng ve phac la moi trng lam viec trong khong gian hai chieu, dung cac he truc toa o lam cac mat chuan e ve phac cac bien dang. Gom co cac mat phang chuan nh xy, xz, yz, trong moi moi trng lam viec no khac nhau: v du nh moi trng lam viec trong 2D sketch khac vi moi trng lam viec trong 3D. Khi bat au mot file mi, moi trng ve phac t ong c kch hoat. Khi o, nut lenh 2D Sketch c chon san cung vi cac cong cu ve thc n Sketch. Ta bat au xay dng ban ve phac t cac cong cu nay. Khi ban ve 3D c tao thanh, cac cong viec tng ng se t ong at ten va xuat hien khung Browser. e co the hieu chnh ban ve phac nao, nhap up chuot trai vao phan Sketch cua ban ve o khung Browser. V du hnh 2.2 la khung browser vi mo hnh c tao thanh t cong cu tao hnh Revolve. Ban ve phac cua mo hnh nay co ten Sketch1, nhap up chuot trai ta co the kch hoat moi trng ve phac. Ta co the thc hien hieu chnh ban ve phac cua mot oi tng bang cach nhap chuot phai vao oi tng khung Browser. Thc ng nh hnh 2.3 xuat hien. Chon Edit Sketch e kch hoat moi trng ve phac.

71

Nhap up chuot trai

Hnh 2.2 2.2 Cong cu ve phac

Hnh 2.3

e bat au mot ban ve phac, m mot file mi di dang Standard.ipt va chon cong cu ve phac t thanh cong cu 2D Sketch. Sau o, thc hien ve phac trong ca so o hoa. Trong qua trnh ve phac, cac ky hieu vuong goc, song song c hien th khi cac rang buoc c ap at. e khep kn bien dang, nhap chuot vao iem bat au cua bien dang. e ket thuc lenh, nhan phm ESC hoac nhap phai chuot chon Done. Khi bat au tao oi tng hnh hoc mi, nen chon loai hnh hoc cho oi tng nay bang danh sach Style tren thanh cong cu chuan (pha ben tay phai, tren ca so o hoa hnh 2.4). Co hai loai hnh hoc ve phac: -

Hnh 2.4

Normal: la loai mac nh, dung e tao cac oi tng hnh hoc. Construction: oi tng dng hnh dung e tr giup qua trnh xay dng bien dang vat the. Cac oi tng nay khong tham gia lam bien dang vat the.

Ta co the nhap gia tr chnh xac cho cac oi tng hnh hoc a ve. Cac cong cu ho tr cho viec nay nam thanh cong cu Precise Input (hnh 2.5). Thanh cong cu Precise Input co hai toa o X va Y, co the nhap ca hai toa o e xac nh mot iem, hoac ch nhap X hoac Y e gii han v tr cua mot iem nam tren mot ng nam ngang hoac thang ng.

Hnh 2.5

Cong cu ve phac co nhieu la chon tng ng vi cac chc nang khac nhau. Bang 1 di ay the hien cac bieu tng ve phac va bang 2 the hien cac bieu tng rang buoc.

72

Bang 1
Cong cu m rong Chc nang
Tao ng thang va spline Tao ng tron va elip

; ;

Tao cung tron Tao hnh ch nhat Bo cung , vat canh Tao iem, tao tam lo Tao a giac Tao oi xng Tao mang ch nhat Tao mang tron Tao hnh song song Tao kch thc Tao kch thc t ong Keo dai oi tng Xen oi tng Di chuyen, copy oi tng Quay oi tng

Cac rang buoc (bang2) Hien th cac rang buoc

Chieu len mat phang lam viec

Chen thong so Chen file AutoCAD Tao text Chen hnh Thiet lap he toa o

Bang 2 Bieu tng rang buoc Chc nang rang buoc

Rang buoc vuong goc Rang buoc tiep tuyen Rang buoc ong tam Rang buoc nam ngang Rang buoc song song Rang buoc co nh Rang buoc thang ng Rang buoc trung nhau

73

Rang buoc trung ng thang Rang buoc oi xng

2.3 Bai tap mau

Bai 1 : Mo hnh can ve co dang nh hnh 2.6

- Khi ong Autodesk Inventor, chon Standard.ipt t lenh New hoac bieu tng New tren thanh cong cu chuan. Moi trng lam viec 2D sketch t ong kch hoat. - Cai at cac thong so ve phac nh: n v ve, o chnh xac, nh li va bc nhay con tro tren thanh cong cu chuan chon Tools/Document Settings - Chon loai ng ve la Construction ve hai ng vuong goc vi nhau va co nh chung lai lam chuan nh hnh 2.7 (nen ra trung v tr 0 va hai toa o tren man hnh soan thao).

Hnh 2.6
Hnh 2.7

- Chon loai ng ve la Normal - Dung lenh line t cong cu 2D sketch ve phac bien dang nh hnh 2.8. Chon cac rang buoc song song hoac vuong goc e rang buoc chung lai. - Chon lenh General Dimension, nhap chuot trai len oi tng va re ra ngoai, nhap chon, kch thc cua oi tng se hien th (hnh 2.9). e hieu chnh kch thc, nhap trai chuot vao kch thc, hop thoai hnh 2.10 hien ra, nhap gia tr, nhap chon hoac Enter. Hnh 2.8

Nhap chon Hnh 2.10 Thc hien hieu chnh cho tat ca kch thc ve phac. Hnh 2.9 74

Neu a thoat ra khoi lenh, nhap up chuot trai len kch thc va thc hien nh tren. - Chon lenh Mirror t cong cu 2D Schetch. hop thoai mirror xuat hien (hnh 2.11). Chon oi tng mirror, chon truc mirror, chon Apply, Done ket thuc lenh. - Ket qua cho ra ban ve yeu cau.

Hnh 2.11

Bai 2: Mo hnh can ve co dang nh hnh 2.12

R81

R56

Hnh 2.12 Hay thc tap ve vi cac lenh Line, Center point circle hoac Arc, Offset, General Dimension, General Dimension, Mirror.

Bai 3: Mo hnh can ve co dang nh hnh 2.13

R50

20 300

56

15

Hnh 2.13 Hay thc tap ve vi cac lenh Line, Center point circle hoac Arc, Offset, General Dimension, Parttern circular.

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3. Xay dng mo hnh 3D

3.1 Cac cong cu quan sat mo hnh trong 3D Co the tm thay tren thanh cong cu chuan (Inventor Standard)

2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10

1. Zoom all: hien th tat ca cac oi tng tren man hnh o hoa 2. Zoom window: phong ln vung c chon bang khung hnh ch nhat 3. Zoom: phong ln thu nho bang cach re chuot tren man hnh o hoa 4. Pan: di chuyen man hnh 5. Zoom selected: phong to thu nho phan c chon 6. Rotate: thay oi hng nhn bang cach xoay mo hnh 7. Look at: tao hng nhn vuong goc vi oi tng c chon 8. Shaded display: hien th mo hnh dang to bong theo mau sac t chon hay vat the trong suot hoac khung day. 9. Orthographic Camera: nhn theo ky thuat hay theo luat xa gan cua hoi hoa. 10. No Ground Shadow: nhn khong co bong hoac nhn co bong 3.2 Cac lenh tao mo hnh 3D Mo hnh 3D trong Inventor goi la Feature. Mo hnh 3D la tap hp nhieu oi tng hnh hoc 3D (Part Feature). Cac oi tng hnh hoc 3D c lien ket vi nhau da tren th t hnh thanh cua chung. Do o, ta can phac thao mot trnh t e hnh thanh va hieu chnh mo hnh c de dang. Cac oi tng hnh hoc 3D co bon loai oi tng tieu bieu: Sketched, placed, pattern va work. Cac thanh phan loai Sketched c tao thanh da tren nen tang cac hnh hoc ve phac va cac thong so nhap vao trong qua trnh thc hien lenh. Ta co the hieu chnhcac hnh hoc ve phac va cac thong so cua mot thanh phan. Cac thanh phan loai placed gom co: shell, fillet, chamfer, face draft, khong can phai qua qua trnh ve phac. Cac thanh phan loai pattern la cac thanh phan c tao thanh bang cach tao mang hnh ch nhat, mang tron hoac lay oi xng cua mot hoac nhieu thanh phan. Cac thanh phan loai work la cac mat phang, cac truc hoac cac iem dung e tao hoac nh v cac thanh phan Cac lenh tao cac oi tng hnh hoc c at trong bang lenh (Panel Bar) va thanh cong cu (Toolbars). Thong thng khi ket thuc che o ve phac (Finish Sketch), bang lenh 3D se t ong hien ra. Di ay la bang lenh cac oi tng hnh hoc 3D:

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Chc nang un bien dang theo hng vuong goc vi mat ve phac Xoay bien dang quanh mot truc Tao lo Tao vo mong cho mo hnh Tao gan Tao thanh phan vi tiet dien thay oi Quet tiet dien theo ng cong Quet tiet dien theo ng xoan oc Tao ren ngoai hoac ren trong Tao goc ln tren cac canh c chon Vat cac canh c chon Tao cac mat vat nghieng Cat cac mat c chon Xoa mat c chon Tao ng noi mat To li mt Tao be day Tao mat noi len Dan hnh anh len chi tiet Tao mang hnh ch nhat Tao mang hnh tron Tao khoi oi xng Tao mat lam viec Tao truc lam viec Tao iem lam viec Tach khuon Hien th cac thong so cua tat ca cac thanh phan Tao IMate Chen iFeature Xem ban ve trong catalog Tao ong

3.2.1 Lenh EXTRUDE: tao hnh khoi Tao hnh khoi 3D bang cach un bien dang 2D theo truc vuong goc vi bien dang. Lenh nay thc hien c khi a co mot bien dang khep kn. Khi ra lenh, hop thoai Extrude xuat hien, ong thi bien dang c nhan biet bang cach c to toan bo dien tch vi mau xanh luc nhat.

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Extrucde Shape: Profile: chon bien dang can extrude Out put : co hai dang un: solic (khoi) va suface(mat) Join: un ra them (noi ket them bien dang ) Cut: cat bo bien dang Intersection: gi lai phan bien dang giao nhau Distance: un theo khoang cach xac nh (hng ra, vao va ca hai ) To next: un en mat ke tiep (hng ra, vao ) To: un en mat xac nh From To: un trong khoang xac nh All: un qua moi oi tng (hng ra, vao ca hai ) Extrude more: Alternate solution: giai quyet tng mat phang vao hay ra Taper: tao ra goc o so vi mat ban au 3.2.2 Lenh REVOLVE: tao hnh tron xoay Tao hnh khoi 3D bang cach tao khoi tron xoay cua hnh bien dang quanh mot truc. Lenh nay thc hien c khi a co mot bien dang khep kn va mot truc quay. Khi ra lenh, hop thoai Revolve xuat hien, ong thi bien dang c nhan biet bang cach c to toan bo dien tch vi mau xanh luc nhat (neu trong mat phang ch co mot bien dang duy nhat). Luc nay ch viec chong truc quay. Truc quay la mot ng bat ky, co the la ng Normal hoac Construction hoac canh mep cua cac mat.

Profile: chon bien dang can revolve Axis: chon truc e bien dang quay quanh no Extent: co hai dang full (tat ca) ; angle (mot goc) full: thanh khoi kn vong tron. angle: khoi tao ra ch mot phan ng tron kem theo cac phng an xoay (hng ra, vao, ca hai hng). Gia tr goc co the nhap bang so hoac o mot goc gia hai oan thang nao o tren ban ve e lay lam goc xoay.

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3.2.3 Lenh HOLE: tao lo tren khoi ac. e tao c lo, phai ve phac iem (point) e lam tam lo tren mat phang. Cac iem tam lo co the la tam cua hnh tron, cung tron hoac iem cuoi cua ng thang hoac c ve bang lenh Point. Khi chon lenh Hole, hop thoai Holes se hien ra nh sau: Centers: chon tam lo Drill: uc lo thang Counterbore: uc lo bac Countersink: uc lo bac, bac o nghieng i mot goc Holes drill point: iem uc lo co the bang phang (flat) nghieng mot goc( angle) Holes termination: gom co ba phan: Distance: chieu dai cua lo Through all: lo xuyen qua toan bo be day cua khoi To: keo dai lo en mot mat c ch nh. 3.2.4 Lenh SHELL: tao vo mong cho mo hnh Khi chon lenh, hop thoai shell xuat hien nh sau:

Remove faces: chon mat can shell Thinkness:chieu day vo mong Inside: cat bo phan ben trong gi lai phan ngoai Out side: cat bo phan ngoai gi lai phan trong Both: cat ca hai pha ngoai va trong

Co the tao thanh mong co be day khac nhau bang cach nhap phm >> chon mat va nhap be day mong muon. 3.2.5 Lenh RID: tao gan cho cac mat cua khoi e tao c gan, trc het phai dung mat phang lam viec (Work Plane) e ve hnh phac bien dang gan. Bien dang gan ch can la mot ng h, nhng iem cuoi cua ng phai gap cac mat ma gan can bam.

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 Profile: chon bien dang gan Direction: hng phat trien cua gan. Dung chuot re, hnh cua hng se hien th, nhap chuot trai e chon. Thinkness: chieu day gan Extend: Chon dang gan, gan dang tam phang hay dang thanh. 3.2.6 Lenh LOFT: tao khoi vi tiet dien thay oi.

Curves : Section: chon bien dang Output: co hai dang hien th khoi(solic), mat (face) Operation: co ba dang Join (tao khoi), Cut (cat bo khoi a chon), Intersect (gi lai phan giao nhau) Conditions: tao khoi vi ieu kien Transition : chuyen tiep 3.2.7 Lenh SWEEP: quet tiet dien theo mot ng cong

Sweep Shape Profile: bien dang quet Path: qu ao quet Out put: gom co hai loai khoi (solic), mat (face) Sweep move: tao cac goc nghieng (tape)

3.2.8 Lenh COIL: quet tiet dien theo ng xoan oc

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 Coil shape: xac nh dang mo hnh Profile: xac nh bien dang mo hnh Axis: chon truc xoay Rotate: xac nh loai chuyen ong quay cua mo hnh cung chieu hoac ngc chieu kim ong ho Coil size: xac nh kch thc mo hnh Coil ends: xac nh ieu kien cho viec ket thuc phan au va phan cuoi cua lo xo: Natural of flat (phan ket thuc cua lo xo dang phang, giup cho lo xo co the ng vng tren mat phang); Transition angle (phan ket thuc tao goc 90 o khong co phan keo dai); Flat angle (la khoang cach keo dai cua lo xo) 3.2.9 Lenh THREAD: tao ren Thread location: ni nh v cho viec tao ren Thread length: chieu dai tao ren Full length: tat ca chieu dai, hng ra vao Offset: lam them ra Length: nhap gia tr chieu dai Thread specification: tieu chuan ren Thread type: loai tieu chuan ma ta s dung Nominal size: c loai s dung Class right hand: nhom ren phai Class left hand: nhom ren trai

3.2.10 Lenh FILLET: tao goc ln tren cac canh chon

Fillet constant: bo cung tron co nh: Radius (ban knh can bo); Edge (canh can bo); Loop (vong can bo); Feature (chon phan at trng). Fillet aviable: bo cung tron thay oi theo gia tr: Edges select (chon canh can fillet); Point (chon tng iem tren canh); Radius (nhap ban knh cho tng iem a chon); Position (v tr cac iem); Smooth radius transition (lam bong canh bo tron) Fillet setbacks: thiet lap cac thong so khi bo canh

3.2.11 Lenh CHAMFER: vat canh c chon

Co 3 cach vat canh: - Vat hai canh D

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- Vat canh D va goc nghieng so vi mat o A - Vat canh vi hai khoang cach khac nhau D1 va D2 Edges:chon canh can vat Distance: nhap khoang cach can vat D

3.2.12 Lenh FACE DRAFT: tao cac mat vat nghieng

Fixed edge: canh chon lam chuan e tao them vat nghieng so vi canh Pull direction: hng tao ra Face: chon mat so vi ng lam chuan Draft angle: goc nghieng so vi ng chuan Fixed plane: mat lam chuan e tao mat vat nghieng so vi mat chuan Pull direction: hng tao ra Face: chon mat so vi mat chuan Draft angle: mat chon xoay quanh mat chuan mot goc

3.2.13 Lenh SPLIT: cat cac mat c chon Split method: phng phap cat vat the Split part: cat tng phan va chon phan gi lai chon ng cat, chon phan gi lai Split tool: chon canh cat Remove: bo phan nao i Split face: chon mat cat va gi lai hai phan, khong bo phan nao ca split tool: chon mat cat 3.2.14 Lenh DELETE FACE: xoa mat Face: chon mat Heal: phuc hoi lai Select indivial face: chon mat can xoa 82

 Select lump or viod: xoa tat ca 3.2.15 Lenh REPLANCA FACE: tao lai mat

3.2.16 Lenh THINKEN/OFFSET: Select: chon mat e offset hoac cat i Distance: nhap khoang cach cho mat chon Face: chon mat Quilt: ap, phu Out put: chon mat hoac khoi 3.2.17 Lenh EMBOSS: tao mat noi len hoac lom xuong tren mat tron xoay. Profile: chon mat Depth: nhap chieu sau Emboss from face: un len Engrave from face: cat xuong Emboss\ engrave from face: cat t mat chon theo mot goc o cho trc Wrap to face: bao len mat be ngoai 3.2.18 Lenh DECAL: dan hnh anh len chi tiet Chon hnh anh t nhng file co san trong hnh, sau o ta chon mat dan vao.

3.2.19 Lenh rectangle pattern: tao mang hnh ch nhat Feature: chon oi tng can pattern Derection 1: chon hng th nhat Path: theo hng nao Derection 2: chon hng th hai

3.2.20 Lenh circular pattern: tao mang tron Feature: chon oi tng can sao chep Rotate axis: chon truc xoay Placement; bao gom co hai phan sao chep bao nhieu oi tng va goc cach nhau cua cac oi tng

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3.2.21 Lenh Mirror: tao khoi oi xng Features: chon oi tng can sao chep Mirror plane: chon mat oi xng 3.3 oi tng lam viec (Work Features) Work Features co the hien th hoac khong hien th tren man hnh bang cach chon Work Features va nhap chuot phai chon Visibility hoac khong chon Visibility (hnh 3.1); co the di chuyen, phong to hoac thu nho (hnh 3.2).

Hnh 3.1 - Hien th hoac khong hien th Work Features Hnh 3.2 -Bieu tng di chuyen va phong to thu nho Work Features

Mot so v du ve Work Features: Work planes co the offset t mat phang c s hoac co the tiep tuyen vi mat tru; Work Axis co the la ng giao tuyen gia hai mat phang c s (hnh 3.3)

Hnh 3.3 Mot so v du ve Work Features

3.3.1 Tao mat phang lam viec (work plane)

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Cac mat phang lam viec ma Autodesk Inventor a mat nh bao gom 3 mat phang c ban hop thoai Model bang cach kch chon vao muc Origin (yz, xz, xy). Ta co the chon mot trong cac mat phang o lam viec. V du ta chon mot mo hnh, chon mat yz plane trong hop thoai Model. Mat yz plane cua mo hnh se hien th vi mau xanh (neu ta cai at che o Visibility (hnh 3.1)). a chuot vao mat phang hien th mau xanh nay, nhap chuot phai chon New Sketch ta co mat phang lam viec dang 2D sketch. a) Tao work plane bang mat phang co san tren mo hnh Ta ch can nhap chuot trai vao mat phang can lam viec, mat phang nay hien th mau xanh (hnh 3.4). Sau o nhap chuot phai chon New Sketch ta co mat phang ve phac 2D sketch can lam viec. b) Tao work plane bat ky tren mo hnh T mat phang ma Autodesk Inventor a mat nh, ta co the offset hoac quay mat phang nay mot goc so vi mat phang ma autodesk inventor a mat nh. - Tao work plane mi bang cach offset work plane Vao muc Model Origin, chon mat phang xz (nhap chuot trai vao mat phang nay) mat phang hien th mau xanh tren nh hnh 3.5; Tiep tuc ta vao Part Feature/Work plane. Nhap chuot Hnh 3.5 vao mat phang xz (hien th tren man hnh), gi chuot trai va re i mot oan. Ca so Offset hien th tren man hnh kem theo gia tr Offset. Mat phang nay song song vi mat phang xz mat nh va ta co the hieu chnh gia tr offset ca so offset. Tiep tuc nhap chuot phai vao mat phang va tao chon New Sketch, ta c mat phang lam viec di dang 2D sketch.
- Tao work plane bang cach quay mot goc so vi work plane mat nh

Hnh 3.4 - Chon mat phang lam viec co san tren mo hnh

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Ta co the chon mat phang xz plane t Model\Origin. Mat phang xz plane hien th mau xanh tren mo hnh. Tiep tuc ta vao Part Feature/Work plane. a chuot vao mat phang xz hien th tren mo hnh, nhap chon mat phang xz. Sau o chon mot canh cua mo hnh hoac chon truc axis nao o, e tao work plane i qua mot canh hoac mot truc a chon va Hnh 3.6 nghieng mot goc so vi mat phang xz, ong thi trong luc o ca so Angle cung xuat hien cung gia tr cua no. Ta co the hieu chnh gia tr Angle mot goc so vi mat phang xz nh hnh 3.6. - Tao work plane qua ba iem Tao work plane qua 3 iem tren vat the bang Work point. T Part Feature ta chon Work point. Sau o ta chon 3 iem tren mo hnh can tao mat phang lam viec. Tiep theo ta chon Work plane i qua 3 iem va tao.

3.3.2 Truc lam viec (work axis)

Truc lam viec c s dung: Lam truc xoay cho cac mat phang va c s dung cho cac mo hnh lap rap gia cac truc vi nhau. Lam truc tam cho mot mang lo tren vong tron (circular pattern holes). Lam truc xoay cho lo so. Lam truc xoay cho cac vat the tron xoay. Doc theo truc khoi tru. Gia hai iem ve phac. Gia cac iem lam viec (work points). Doc theo ng thang ve phac. Vuong goc vi mot mat phang lam viec va i qua mot iem ve phac cha tren mat lam viec o. work axis Hnh 3.7

Co the tao work axis bang cach:

V du tren, ta m mat phang mat nh cua Autodesk Inventor, co the chon mat phang bat ky. Sau o ta chon Work plane, a chuot vao vat the chon mat phang hien th tren man hnh, mat phang hien th nh hnh 3.7 Nhap chuot trai, chon work axis va chon truc i qua mat phang hien th tren hnh. Khi o man hnh hien th truc axis va mat phang. Tiep theo ta chon work plane t thc n part, nhap chon mat phang hien th tren man hnh va a chuot vao truc va tao (en khi truc hien len mau o) ta click chon. Luc o man hnh hien th mat phang ma mat

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phang mat nh nay c quay i mot goc so vi luc au mat nh va ca so angle cung hien th cung vi gia tr, ta co the hieu chnh gia tr nay.

3.3.3 iem lam viec (work point)

Work point c s dung anh dau tam, tao ra cac iem tren be mat thanh phan nh iem cuoi oan thang hoac tren cac arc, vong tron va ng spline. nh ngha cac mat lam viec bang cach tao ra ba iem tren oi tng va nh hng i bien dang quet. Tao work point e cho truc va mat phang giao nhau

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4. Tong quan ve phan mem EdgeCam

EdgeCAM la phan mem gia cong c kh, t ong hoa. Du co s tien bo trong cong nghe ieu khien, viec lap trnh bang tay tren mot may cong cu CNC hien ai co the la mot qua trnh cham, khong co hieu qua va chnh xac. Viec nay th that s ung vi nhng chi tiet cha ng nhng mau hnh hoc khac cham phc tap, nhng ac tnh lang knh phc tap hoac mot s ket cua ca hai. S dung mot he thong che tao vi s ho tr cua may tnh (CAM) e lap trnh gia cong tren nhng may cong cu (CNC) co the rut ngan thi gian san xuat, loai tr nhng loi lap trnh va cai thien ang ke nang suat. EdgeCAM la phan mem he thong CAD/CAM, no giup ta thiet ke mo hnh va lap chng trnh ieu khien gia cong c kh. EdgeCAM cho phep: Tao mot mo hnh mi hoac nhap mot mo hnh c thiet ke t cac phan mem thiet ke khac nh AutoCAD, AutoCAD mechanical, AutoCAD mechanical Desktop, SolidWorks, Solid Edge, Parasolid, Autodesk Inventor, Pro/engineer T ong hoa lap trnh CNC e gia cong c kh (Tien, Phay, Khoan , Doa) tren cac chung loai may gia cong (may tien CNC, may phay CNC, may CNC-EDM) Mo phong qua trnh gia cong c kh . Tao ra cac d lieu NC yeu cau e ieu khien gia cong tren may CNC. Sau khi xay dng mo hnh nh cac he thong CAD, mo hnh nay se c nhan dang he thong CAM va cung vi cac thao tac chuan b cong nghe nh: trnh t gia cong, chon la dao cu, chon la che o cat got, phng phap cat got va mo phong cat got. Khi mo phong cat got at yeu cau va viec kiem tra cac van e cong nghe tot, ta thc hien xuat ma NC mot cach t ong. 4.1 Giao dien trong EdgeCAM Man hnh chnh cua EdgeCAM nh sau:

Thanh cong cu

Thanh Menu

Ca so Browser Bieu tng he toa o

Rau o: Truc X Rau xanh la cay: Truc Y Rau xanh am: Truc Z

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4.1 Thanh menu Thanh menu cha tieu e cua mot so menu khac, no cung cap mot s mieu ta chung ve nhng la chon cha trong moi menu. V du nh, menu Geometry cha nhng nhiem vu tao hnh va menu Operations cha nhng lenh gia cong. Nhng menu co san tren thanh menu phu thuoc vao moi trng lam viec. Co hai moi trng lam viec trong phan mem: Moi trng thiet ke mo hnh (Design) va moi trng che tao (Manufacture). V du: Nhap chuot vao menu View e xem danh sach cua nhng la chon ve view. Mot vai muc la chon cha mot danh sach nhng la chon phu nh Status Bars. chon. Nhap chuot vao la chon e

4.2 Thanh cong cu Khi la chon mot e muc, co the Click vao bieu tng tng ng tren thanh cong cu (Toolbar). V du hop thoai cua bieu tng Hole Operation. e di chuyen mot thanh cong cu, ch can nhap chuot trai vao ben le cua moi thanh thch hp, sau o di chuyen en v tr can at roi tha chuot. e an mot thanh cong cu, kch chuot phai len thanh cong cu phu hp. e chon nhng thanh cong cu can thiet, chon Toolbar t Menu View. sau: Co cac loai thanh cong cu c ban

Phan nay cung cap mot cai nhn tong the ve nhng thanh cong cu ma chung ta s dung thng xuyen nhat trong EdgeCAM. - Standard toolbar (Thanh cong cu chuan) Thanh cong cu Standard cung cap nhng lenh chung nh: m ban ve, lu ban ve, in ban ve, xay dng mo hnh va chuyen oi gia trng moi thiet ke va che tao.
Colour Style Layer Moi trng thiet ke

- Main toolbar (Thanh cong cu chnh)

Moi trng che tao

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Thanh cong cu chnh cung cap nhng lenh c ban ma chung ta yeu cau trong moi moi trng lam viec thiet ke (Design) hay che tao (Manufacture). Moi trng che tao con phu thuoc vao viec chung ta ang lam viec vi phng phap phay hay tien. Design mode(mau thiet ke) Manufacture mode (mau che tao): Milling environment

Turning environment

- Edit toolbar Nhng chc nang tren thanh cong cu Edit cho phep chung ta chnh sa cac mo hnh thiet ke. - Display toolbar Nhng chc nang tren thanh Display cho phep chung ta thay oi vung nhn cua moi trng thiet ke. - Input Options toolbar Cung cap cho ban nhng phng tien e la chon nhng thc the va cach ghi toa o. 4.3 Ca so Browser Khi lam viec trong moi trng che tao, ca so browser rat hu ch. Ca so browser cu the hoa cac bc thc hien trong qua trnh che tao. e trng bay ca so browser, chon Status Bars t menu View (hnh a) va co the sap xep theo nam bieu tng (hnh b).

Hnh a

Hnh b

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4.4 Bien tng he truc toa o - He toa o e cat (hnh a) - He toa cc (hnh b)

Hnh b Hnh a 4.5 Cai at nhng mac nh cua he thong Nhng mac nh cua he thong nh n v o, khong gian thiet ke, thay oi mau nen, hnh thc trnh bay c cai at khi chung ta lam viec vi EdgeCAM. V du: - Options / Preferences (hnh a) - Options / Select Defaults (hnh b)

Hnh a

Hnh b

4.6 Phng thc nhap toa o e ve cac bien dang 2D, ta thng dung hop thoai Enter Co-ordinates e nhap toa o. Chon lenh t bieu tng lam xuat hien hop thoai. Nhap toa o vao dong lenh Command, sau o muon ve en iem th hai th nhap nut Continue, khi ket thuc lenh th nhap OK.

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- Cartesian: nhap toa o iem dung he toa o ecat . - Polar: nhap toa o cc, nhap tr so chieu dai vao o Radius, tr so goc vao o Angle - Angular - la chon Axis (truc) ma co nh cua goc nam tren truc o. Nhap vao tr so cua Angle (goc). 4.7 Lam viec vi thc the (ENTITIES) Mot thanh phan trong EdgeCAM c ket hp t mot hay nhieu thc the. Co nhieu loai khac nhau cua thc the trong EdgeCAM ma chung ta s dung e thiet ke va che tao: Points (iem) Lines (ng) Circles and ars (ng tron va cung tron) Curves (hnh vong cung) Surfaces (be mat) Continuous entities (thc the lien tuc) Group entities (thc the nhom) Toolpaths (ng chay dao: quy ao cat va chay khong) Trong cung mot mo hnh phc tap, co the s dung nhng mau sac khac, nhng lp khac nhau va ng net khac nhau e giup chung ta phan biet gia nhng thc the khac nhau . Chung ta s dung nhng bieu tng tren thanh cong cu chuan e nh kieu mau sac (colour), lp (layers) va loai ng (style) cua thc the. Chung ta cung co the thay oi nhng mac nh bang cach nhap chuot vao bieu tng Apply To All tren Edit toolbar, sau o chon thc the yeu cau . Chung ta se thay mot hop thoai xuat hien(ng vi thc the ma chung ta a chon). Kiem tra mot thc the - Nhap chuot vao bieu tng Verify Entities tren thanh cong cu chuan. - Gi chuot tren thc the ma mnh muon kiem tra cho en khi no c lam noi len. - Nhap chuot chon, hop thoai thong tin cua EdgeCAM se hien ra hnh: Xoa thc the - Nhap chuot vao bieu tng tren thanh cong cu chnh.

- Gi chuot tren thc the cho en khi no noi len.

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- Nhap chuot vao thc the. - Lap lai bc 2, 3 e xoa cac thc the khac hoac kch chuot phai e ket thuc lenh. Chon nhng thc the khac nhau e gii han s la chon cua nhng thc the: - Nhap chuot vao bieu tng Entity Types tren thanh cong cu Input Options, xuat hien hop thoai ben, chon thc the, OK. 4.8 Lam viec vi LAYERS Ta co the: Tao lp, xoa lp, chon lp. - Tao lp(creating layers) 1. Kch chuot phai vao phm tab Layers cua ca so Window. 2. Chon New option t Layer shortcut menu. Hop thoai xuat hien: 3. ien ten cho mot lp mi. 4. Nhap chuot vao nut OK e tao lp. - Xoa lp (Deleting layers) 1. Kch chuot phai vao lp muon xoa. 2. Chon Delete t Layer shortcut menu. EdgeCAM se xoa lp. - Xem lp (Viewing layers) 1. Kch chuot phai len lp ma ta muon an va chon Hide option t Layer shortcut menu. 2. Kch chuot phai len lp ma ta muon xem va chon Show Only option t Layer shortcut menu. Neu muon the hien tat ca cac lp, kch chuot phai len bat c lp nao va chon Show All option t Layer shortcut menu. 4.9. o ac khoang cach Ta co the o khoang cach gia hai iem bat ky trong mot mo hnh, bang cach kch chuot vao bieu tng Measure Distance tren thanh cong cu Standard. Nhap chuot vao vung o hoa e xac nh hai iem ma ta muon o.

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Khi a chon iem th hai, EdgeCAM t ong xuat hien hop thoai thong tin ch ra khoang cach gia hai iem, v du:

4.10. Thao tac vi cac vung nhn Ta co the thc hien cac thao tac cua vung nhn nh sau: - Phong to hay thu nho mot ban ve. - Xoay chieu vung nhn. - Di chuyen vung nhn. - Chon mot hng e nhn. 1. Phong to hay thu nho e thu nho vung nhn, kch chuot vao Zoom Out e phong to vung nhn kch chuot vao Zoom In tren thanh cong cu Display. tren thanh cong cu Display.

e thu nho mot khu vc o hoa cu the, kch chuot vao thanh cong cu Zoom Window tren thanh Display. e quan sat toan canh oi tng trong ca so Window, kch chuot vao Zoom Extents tren thanh Display. 2. Xoay chieu vung nhn Kch chuot vao bieu tng rotate tren thanh cong cu Display hoac gi nut chuot trai tren mo hnh va di chuyen chuot, EdgeCAM xoay chieu nhn cua mo hnh theo hng di chuyen cua chuot. 3. Di chuyen vung nhn e di chuyen mo hnh trong vung o hoa ta ch viec nhap chuot vao bieu tng Pan tren thanh Display, gi chuot trai di chuyen con tro en v tr thch hp roi nha. 4. Chon hng nhn goc ben trai va pha di cua man hnh o hoa the hien hng nhn tai thi iem hien tai. Chung ta co the thay oi hng nhn e co the bao quat toan bo mo hnh. e chon hng nhn, kch chuot vao bieu tng va hop thoai c m ra cho ta la chon: 5. Chia khu vc o hoa

94

Ta co the tach khu vc o hoa ra nhieu vung, chon Horizonral Split hay Vertical Split t menu View hoac chon t bieu tng c tm thay goc ben phai vung o hoa

EdgeCAM tach khu vc o hoa thanh nhieu ca so, v du:

Horizontal split 4.11. Truy bat iem chnh xac

Vertical split

Dung Intellisnap e truy bat iem chnh xac. e s dung Intellisnap, chon che o Intellisnap bang cach kch chuot phai roi chon. Co 3 che o truy bat iem nh sau:

End of entity

Mid point of entity

Centre point of circle

Ta co the thay oi mau sac cua intellisnap flyover s dung hop thoai Colour Configuration.

95

5. Cong nghe phay EdgeCAM Solid

EdgeCAM Solid la mo hnh vat the ran c tao hnh trong phan mem EdgeCAM hoac tao dng t cac phan mem khac roi a vao phan mem EdgeCAM. Vi mo hnh c tao SOLID CAD cung vi cac thu tuc chuan b gia cong nh chon phng phap gia cong, chon may, dao, che o cat got trong CAM, EdgeCAM se t ong xuat chng trnh NC. 5.1 Cac bc thc hien phay Edgecam 1. Vao phan mem EdgeCAM 2. a mot so hop thoai ra man hnh:

Standard toolbar Main toolbar Edit toolbar Display toolbar Input Options toolbar Solids toolbar
Vao View/Toolbar/ chon hop thoai co ten tren. 3. a mo hnh phay ra man hnh 4. Xac nh truc gia cong: Tren thanh cong cu chuan vao Options/XY Environment 5. Quan sat he toa o CPL tren chi tiet

6. Tm bien dang e phay tren chi tiet mot cach t ong (chc nang Feature Finding) tren thanh cong cu Solid

Quan sat ket qua hop thoai Brower. Neu chap nhan be mat nao can gia cong, nhap chuot phai vao ten be mat tren cong cu Feature cua hop thoai Brower, roi chon Accept.

96

7. Tao phoi phay t thanh cong cu chuan chon Geometry/ Stock/Fixture Hop thoai STOCK xuat hien:

Hoac:

8.Chuyen sang che o gia cong Manufacturing 9. Chon dao tien cho be mat gia cong: Toolling/Milling cutter 10. Chon phng phap gia cong nh tho, tinh, bien dang, ren thong qua cac chu trnh cat Cycle hoac thc hien cac bc gia cong nh phay mat phang, phay hoc thong qua Operations 11. Mo phong cat got.

5.2 Tao chuan thiet ke mi CPL (construction plane) s dung cho solid Co 2 cach tao CPL: - Chon bieu tng CPL from Face tren thanh cong cu Solid

97

Neu Solid tron xoay: Options ->preference/ Selection menu / Cylinder

Face Normal: Truc Z vuong goc vi mat phang chon Face Axis: Solid tron xoay, truc Z trung vi truc Solid. CPL Origins: CPL goc khi thiet ke - e thay oi v tr cua CPL: Tren thanh cong cu Menu chon Edit -> CPL 5.3 Chuan b mo hnh Solid e gia cong phay 1. T ong tm ac iem be mat gia cong (Automatic Feature Finder AFR) Bieu tng Feature Finder co the tm thay tren thanh cong cu Solid hoac tren thanh Menu/Solids:

Pocket: dang hoc co bien 2D khep kn, co the thung hoac khong. kn Boss: Dang mat bien ngoai khep

Tat ca ac iem be mat sau khi tm t ong the hien cong cu Feature tren khung Browser di ky hieu chuan CPL. Co the chnh sa ac iem be mat bang cach nhap chuot phai vao ten be mat, chon Edit hoac chap nhan hoac loai bo.

98

2. Tm ac iem be mat gia cong thu cong (Manual Feature Finding) Dung cac bieu tng tren thanh cong cu Solid e xac nh ac iem: Pockets (hoc); Profile (bien dang); Hole ( lo); Surface (mat phc tap) Dung cac bieu tng tren thanh cong cu Solid e xac nh ac

5.4

Phng phap gia cong phay EdgeCAM

Co the tm cac phng phap gia cong tren thanh cong cu Menu, thc n Cycles hoac Operations: Hoac tren cac hop thoai Operations va Superseded Cycles.

99

PHU LUC 1
BAI TAP OC HIEU KIEM TRA CHNH SA CHNG TRNH NC
I. Yeu cau
- oc, hieu chng trnh NC t cac phan mem phay va tien mo phong. - Kiem tra, chinh sa chng trnh hp ly. - Ve hnh dang chi tiet gia cong tren cac mat phang XpOpYp va XpOpZp hoac YpOpZp (chuan va he toa o thao chng) tren giay ke milimet. - Dng hnh chi tiet gia cong (3D) va tao ban ve chi tiet tren may tnh.

II. Bai tap

1. Bai tap phay NC (phan mem phay mo phong) Bai tap phay 1 8 2. Bai tap tien NC (phan mem tien mo phong) - Bai tap tien 1 5

97

Bai tap phay 1

Ve hnh chi tiet gia cong (co he truc toa o thao chng) t chng trnh phay mo phong di ay: Cho biet: * Phoi: * Dao phay ngon: * Lech chuan: 200 x 200 x 20 T1 (N2) (P-M)x = 100 ; (P-M)y = 100 ; (P-M)z = 20

N10 G17 N20 G90 N30 T1 S2200 M3 N40 G0 X0. Y0. N50 G0 Z2. N60 G1 Z-5. F50. N70 G2 X80. Y0. R40. N80 G3 X40. Y0. R20. N90 G1 X0. Y0. N100 G2 X0. Y-80. R40. N110 G3 Y-40. R20. N120 G1 X0. Y0. N130 G2 X-80. Y0. I-40. J0. N140 G3 X-40. Y0. I20. J0. N150 G1 X0. Y0. N160 G2 X0. Y80. I0. J40. N170 G3 X0. Y40. I0. J-20. N180 G1 X0. Y0. N190 G0 Z200. N200 G0 X-150. Y150. N210 M5 N220 M2

98

Bai tap phay 2

Ve hnh chi tiet gia cong (co he truc toa o thao chng) t chng trnh phay mo phong di ay: Cho biet: * Phoi: * Dao phay ngon: * Lech chuan: N10 G17 N20 G90 N30 T1 S1500 M3 N40 G0 X-12. Y0. N50 G0 Z-5. N60 G42 N70 G1 X70. Y10. F100. N80 G1 Y20. N90 G2 X90. R10. N100 G1 Y10. N110 G1 X116. N120 G3 X126. Y20. R10. N130 G1 Y38. N140 G3 X120. Y44. R6. N150 G1 X100. N160 G2 X100. Y70. R13. N170 G3 X100. Y110. R20. N180 G1 X20. N190 G3 X20. Y10. R112. N200 G1 X30. N210 G40 N220 G0 Z200. N230 G0 X-50. Y150. N240 M5 N250 M2 130 x 118 x 20 T1 (N4) (P-M)x = 0 ; (P-M)y = 0 ; (P-M)z = 20

99

Bai tap phay 8

Ve hnh chi tiet gia cong (co he truc toa o thao chng) t chng trnh phay mo phong di ay: Cho biet: * PHOI: * LECH CHUAN: * DAO: N10 G90 N20 G17 N30 G94 N40 T1 S1500 M3 N50 G0 X-12. Y150. N60 G0 Z-8. N70 G41 N80 G1 X50. Y140. F100. N90 G3 X100. Y140. R40. N100 G1 X130. Y140. N110 G2 X140. Y130. R10. N120 G1 X140. Y110. N130 G3 X150. Y50. R50. N140 G1 X150. Y40. N150 G2 X115. Y5. R35. N160 G1 X100. Y5. N170 G3 X50. Y0. R40. N180 G2 X0. Y50. R50. N190 G3 X10. Y100. R40. N200 G1 X10. Y120. N210 G2 X30. Y140. R20. N215 G1 X40. Y140. N220 G40 N6000 G75 Q3 Z-15. R12. D5. F50. N6010 G0 U28. V-28. N6020 M99 N5000 G72 Q3 U20. V20. Z-10. D6. F50. N5010 G0 U25. V25. N5020 M99 LX=150; T 1 (N4); LY = 150; T2 (N1) LZ = 30 (M-P)X = 0 ; (M-P)Y = 0 ; (M-P)Z = 30

N230 G0 Z200. N240 G0 X-50. Y150. N250 M5 N260 T2 S2200 M3 N270 G0 X25. Y25. N280 G0 Z2. N290 G22 A5000 H4 N300 G0 Z2. N310 G0 X30. Y115. N320 G22 A6000 H4 N330 G0 Z200. N340 G0 X-50. Y150. N350 M5 N360 M2

100

Bai tap tien 1

Ve hnh chi tiet gia cong (co he truc toa o thao chng) t chng trnh tien mo phong di ay: Cho biet: * PHOI: * LECH CHUAN: * DAO: N10 G90 N20 G95 N30 T1 S1000 M3 N40 G0 Z0. N50 G0 X115. N60 G1 X-5. F0.2 N70 G0 Z3. N80 G0 X115. N90 G71 A5000 I0.5 K0.5 D2. F0.2 N100 G0 X200. Z200. N110 M5 N120 T2 S2000 M3 N130 G22 A5000 H1 N140 G0 X115. N150 G0 X200. Z200. N160 T3 S300 M3 N170 G0 Z2. N180 G0 X0. N190 G1 Z-33. F0.13 N195 G0 Z3. N200 G0 X200. Z200. N210 M5 N220 T4 S500 M3 N5000 G0 X49. Z2. N5020 G1 Z0. F30. N5030 G1 X52. Z-1.5 N5040 G1 X52. Z-25. N5050 G1 X48. Z-28. N5060 G1 X48. Z-33. N5070 G1 X68. Z-33. N5080 G1 X70. Z-34.5 N5090 G1 X70. Z-75. N5100 G1 X66. Z-78. N5105 G1 X66. Z-81. N5110 G1 X74. Z-81. N5120 G1 X104. Z-97. N5130 G1 X104. Z-155. N5140 M99 LX=110; (M-P)Z = 198 T 1 (A2); T2 (A4); T3 (B2); T4 (S1); N230 G0 X115. Z-150. N240 G1 X-5. F0.1 N250 G0 X115. N260 G0 X200. Z200. N270 M5 N280 M2 LZ = 180

101

PHU LUC 2
BAI TAP SOAN THAO CHNG TRNH NC

I. Yeu cau
- Nghien cu chi tiet, vach trnh t bc cong nghe cung vi viec chon may, dao, che o cat. Thiet lap phieu nguyen cong. - Thiet ke quy ao cat - Soan thao chng trnh NC bang phng phap THU CONG (tren phan mem mo phong phay hoac tien)

II. Bai tap

1. Bai tap phay (ban ve so 1, 2, 3, 5) 2. Bai tap tien (ban ve so 1)

102

PHU LUC 4
GII THIEU TRUNG TAM PHAY CNC 4 TRUC
I. Yeu cau
- Hieu biet ve may phay CNC 4 truc VMC650. - Hieu biet ve he ieu khien va tap lenh cua may.

II. Bai tap

Thiet ke mot mo hnh theo y tng phu hp vi viec gia cong tao hnh tren may phay CNC 4 truc VMC650. Chuan b d lieu gia cong phu hp ieu kien co san. Tao chng trnh ieu khien gia cong Tai chng trnh ieu khien gia cong len may phay CNC 4 truc VMC650. Chuan b phoi, dao, ga at va cac thao tac van hanh may phay CNC 4 truc VMC650 Thc hien gia cong.

117

PHU LUC 3
BAI TAP XAY DNG MO HNH 3D
I. Yeu cau
- Nam cac lenh dng hnh 3D c ban.

II. Bai tap

- Dng hnh 9 mo hnh va tao ban ve 2D.

107

I. CAC THANH PHAN C BAN CUA MAY PHAY VMC 650 1. Ket cau chung cua may (Hnh 1) 7 6

8 4

3 1 2

Hnh 1

1. Than may 3. Mang cha phoi va dan phoi 5. Bang ieu khien chnh 7. Than truc chnh

2. Ca bao ve va quan sat 4. Remote di chuyen cac truc 6. en bao tnh trang lam viec 8. Ca quan sat pha hong.

Hnh 2 la v tr mot so bo phan trong khu vc gia cong cua may VMC 650. 1. Mam ga phoi 3. Chi tiet gia cong 5. au so dao 7. au truc chnh 9. Bm dau truc th 4 11. Voi xa kh nen 2. Truc th 4 4. Ban may 6. O cha dao. 8. Voi xa dung dch ti nguoi 10. Nut thao lap-thao dao bang tay.

118

10

11

6 Hnh 2 5 Hnh 2 1

2. V tr va chc nang cac bo phan c ban cua may VMC -650 2.1 .Truc th 4 Truc th 4 c lap tren ban may, no bo sung them cac chc nang gia cong cho may VMC650 nh: phay cac be mat oi xng ma khong can thay oi o ga no giong nh mot au phan o. Hnh 3 la hnh anh cua truc th 4. Hnh 3 1 2

1. Than may gan ong c ,hop toc o 2. ng dau vao.

3

3. Truc quay 4. Bulong-on kep 5. Ban may 6. ng ien vao ong c.

4 5

119

2.2 . Remote ieu khien cac truc cong tac X,Y,Z Remote ieu khien cac truc cong tac c cam tay khi thc hien cac cong viec ra e xac nh chuan phoi, la cong cu hu hieu e offset dao. Khi di chuyen ban may theo truc X, xoay cong tac 3 hnh 4 ve X chon t le bc dch chuyen ban may tren cong tac 2 thc hien cong viec di chuyen bang tay quay 1.

Hnh 4. Remote ieu khien chuyen ong cac truc X,Y,Z 1.Tay quay di chuyen 2.3 . Bang ieu khien chnh Man hnh ieu khien ieu khien nguon Cac phm soan thao 2.Cong tac ieu chnh t le bc di chuyen 3.Cong tac la chon cac truc ieu khien.

Cong tac chu trnh lam viec

Cac cong tac chc nang va cac phm ieu chnh 2.4 Panel pha sau may Hnh 5.Bang ieu khien may phay VMC-650 Panel sau may co gan cac canh ca ma ben trong la cac bo phan cong tac nh : 120

He thong nguon, he thong bm, he thong lam mat Bo phan lam mat He thong bm, lam mat truc chnh Bm dau Boi trn Cac truc X,Y,Z Tu cac van phan phoi

Cong tac nguon vao may

Tu ien Hnh 6.Panel pha sau may 2.5 . Panel ben trai may VMC -650

Ca quan sat

Cong ket noi PC

Mang cha phoi ong c ay phoi Hnh 7. Panel ben phai 2.6 . Th vien dao (Magazine) O dao cha 16 dao tren o dao co anh so dao t 1 16 . Cac can dao eu theo chuan cua nha san xuat .Viec thay dao co the thc hien bang tay, bang lenh hoac thc hien lap dao trc tiep vao o cha dao. Lap dao sao cho th t cua dao trung vi th t cua dao trong bang Offset dao. 121

Hnh 2-8.Th vien dao

II. THONG SO KY THUAT CUA MAY VMC- 650

Lng dch chuyen dao theo phng: Lng dch chuyen dao theo phng: Lng dch chuyen dao theo phng:

X =650.mm Y =500.mm Z =460.mm H = 80 580mm

Khoang cach t au truc chnh ti ban may: Toc o di chuyen ban may ti 18000mm/ph. Toc o cat t: 5 5000mm/ph. Kch thc ban may: 700x450mm. Trong lng chi tiet gia cong toi a la: 450kg. Toc o truc chnh: 60-10000vg/ph. Cong suat ong c truc chnh 5.5kw.

Cong suat ong c tren cac truc X,Y,Z la : 1kw. So dao toi a tren mam cha dao la: 16 cai. Kch thc dao: 80 x300(D.L). Tong trong lng may la: 5000kg. R Z

Kch thc may:( LxWxH) la: 2500x2150x2550 mm.

III. KHONG GIAN LAM VIEC CUA MAY Hnh 9

Y 500 X 650

460

122

IV. CHC NANG CAC PHM IEU KHIEN TREN MAY PHAY VMC 650 1. Cong tac nguon (Hnh 10) Cong tac nay dang xoay, v tr cong tac nam ngoai tu ien at pha sau may. Tren cong tac co cac nac the hien nhng chc nang sau:

Xoay cong tac ve v tr ON e khi ong he thong nguon vao may. V tr OFF th hien khi ket thuc qua trnh lam viec. Hnh 10

2. Phm ieu khien bo phan lam mat truc chnh. He thong lam mat truc chnh bao gom : bm dau,Bo pham lam lanh dau boi trn.

Nut ON/OFF tat m he thong . Nut COOL m HT lam lanh. PUMP: m HT bm dau. ong ho so hien th nhiet o lam mat. Cac phm mui ten ieu chnh nhiet o lanh. en bao trang thai HT. en bao tnh trang lam vec Tat khan cap Chon toc o cat T le vong quay truc chnh

3. Chc nang cac phm ieu khien tren CONTROL PANEL (Hnh 11)

La chon kieu K

T le C cac truc

Cycle start Stop

ieu khien chuyen ong bang tay

ieu khieu truc chnh, chc nang phu Khoa

Chc nang ac biet

123

Cac cong tac chc nang: TT 1 SWITCH NAME CYCLE START FEED HOLE SINGLE BLOCK M01 KY HIEU NOI DUNG CHC NANG DESCRIPTION OF FUNTION Khi la chon chc nang nay, may t ong thc hien cac hoat ong a c chon trong: Memory , hoac DNC. Nhan nut nay, may se giam toc va dng hoat ong cua cac truc. Nhan nut nay s hoat ong t ong va lien tuc cua may se dng lai. May se t ong hoan thanh chng trnh theo kieu thc hien tng cau lenh. at che o nay, may se t ong dng chng trnh lai neu xuat hien lenh M01 trong cau lenh. Neu nhan tiep nut nay cau lenh M01 b bo qua va may tiep tuc chay. Khi chon nut nay, toc o cat (F) c soan trong chng trnh gia cong se b bo qua, thay vao o la may thc hien toc o cat vi gia tr c chon ngoai bang ieu khien trong che o JOG FEEDRATE. Khoa may co tac dung khoa khong cho goi chng trnh gia cong trong may va khong cho phep lap chng trnh che o EDIT .Bnh thng khoa e NORMAL nen van thc hien viec van hanh may va lap chng trnh gia cong che o MDI Khi at che o nay, cac lenh va cac chc nang di chuyen eu che o thc hien bang tay, cac chuyen ong cua may van dien ra bnh thng ch co truc Z b khoa lai khong di chuyen, nhng tren man hnh hien th v tr truc Z van thay oi theo chng trnh. Nhan vao nut nay,Cac chc nang thay dao, oi toc o cat, chc nang ieu khien truc chnh b bo qua. Khi at che o nay may se nhay cau lenh ke tiep.

2 3

DRY RUN

MACHINE LOCK

AXIS LOCK
Z

MST.LOCK
M.S.T

BLOCK SKIP

124

Chc nang cac nac tren mode select:

TT KIEU MODE KY HIEU CONG DUNG MEANING NOI DUNG DESCRIPTION GHI CHU REMARK

DNC

Ket noi vi Khi chon kieu may tnh(PC) nay may se t hoat ong theo chng trnh a lap san trong PC

Nhan START hien.

CYCLE e thc

Nhan FEED HOLE e dng chng trnh.

2 EDIT

Chon kieu Khi chon kieu Phai m khoa va soan thao nay may chc xoay ve v tr EDIT. chng trnh nang soan thao, chng trnh soan thao se c lu vao MEMORY. MEMORY MODE Khi chon kieu nay chng trnh gia cong mau co san trong bo nh cua may, ch can goi ra va cho chay. Nhan START hien. CYCLE e thc

AUTO

Nhan FEED HOLE e dng chng trnh. Nhan START hien. CYCLE e thc

4 MDI

Kieu nhap d Khi chon kieu lieu trc tiep nay, may se thc tren hien gia cong Control Panel. theo chng trnh lap tren trang MDI c dung khi thc hien cac chuyen ong cua may bang tay Di chuyen cac truc cong tac bang tay (thay dao,di chuyen cac truc X,Y,Z )

Nhan FEED HOLE e dng chng trnh. Di chuyen cac truc thc hien bang cach: chon tay quay nhan vao cac nut tren AUX DIRECTION

HANDL E

125

JOG

Cho phep cac chuyen ong dien ra lien tuc,ma t Bc di le toc o cua no chuyen nho c chon trong FEED RATE OVERRIDE Khi chon kieu nay cac chuyen ong dien ra nhanh hn so vi Chuyen ong che o JOG kieu bc ln. ,ma t le gia tr chuyen ong cua no c chon tren F0

e nac 100% tren FEED RATE OVERRIDE La toc o thc a nhap vao chng trnh. Chon RAPID ket hp vi F0 e kieu nay thng ng dung di chuyen nhanh cac truc X,Y,Z khi ve chuan va ua nhanh ve v tr so dao. Khi bat au khi ong khong c at 50% hay 100%. Phai am bao rang cac truc a tr ve iem tham chieu (tren Display cac tham so ch X, Y ,Z tr ve khong). Nhan theo th t cac truc hoac nhan kep.

RAPID

ZRN

Tr ve chuan Khi chon kieu may nay cac truc c di chuyen ve v tr tham chieu bang tay

Phng chieu va t le toc o tren cac truc: TT KIEU CHON LA JOG/FEEDRATE OVERRIDE RAPID OVERRIDE +X/-X;+Y/-Y;+Z/Z;+4/-4 CHE O HOAT ONG MO TA CHC NANG MODE FOR OPERATING DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTION Cho phep la chon toc o cat JOG/DNC/AUTO/MDI theo t le % gia tr tren OVERRIDE Di chuyen nhanh cac truc. ieu khien chuyen ong cac truc trc tiep. RAPID/ZRN/DNC/AUTO/MDI JOG/RAPID/ZRN

2 3

126

Cac cong tac ieu khien truc chnh: TT TEN CONG TAC SWITCH NAME SPINDLE OVERRIDE KY HIEU CHE O HOAT ONG MODE FOR OPERATING Toc o quay thc te cua truc DNC/AUTO/MDI chnh c chon theo t le gia gia tr nhap vao may va gia tr chon tren OVERRIDE Truc chnh quay cung chieu KH. RAPID/ZRN/HAND LE MO TA CHC NANG DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTION

SPINDLE CW

SPINDLE STOP

Dng truc chnh

RAPID/ZRN/HAND LE

SPINDLE CCW

Truc chnh quay ngc chieu KH.

RAPID/ZRN/HAND LE

SPINDLE ORI

Truc chnh quay ve v tr thay RAPID/ZRN/HAND dao LE

127

Cac cong tac ac biet: (special switchs) TT 1 SWITCH NAME EMG.STOP (Emergency) KY HIEU MO TA CHC NANG DESCRIPTION OF FUNTION Khi co s co say ra, nhan khan cap vao nut nay, tat ca cac hoat ong cua may se ngng lai. Khi van hanh lai may phai reset lai. Het ca lam viec phai ong cong tac lai. 2 CHIPCONVEYOR FOR Nhan nut nay phoi va cac chat ban se c ay ra ngoai

3 MAG.CW

Khi chon nut nay o cha dao se quay cung chieu kim ong ho, tng bc mot

AIR BLOWING

Tat m che o phun kh nen

COOLANT MANUAL

Khi nhan nut nay se lam cho dung dch ti nguoi phun ra hoac dng lai

LIGHT

Bat en chieu sang

128

Cac en bao trang thai lam viec tren Panel: TT KY HIEU 1 Vang Trang thai toc Che o quay cua truc chnh cao o cao Vang iem tham en sang: chieu cua truc en chp: X iem tham en sang: chieu cua truc en chp: Y iem tham en sang: chieu cua truc en chp: Z iem tham en sang: chieu cua 4 en chp: truc Khoa 4 truc Vang M0/M1 Tam dng Vang Chung trnh Khi thc hien en M00 hay M01 th may dng lai va en sang len. en sang: en tat: 1ST Tham chieu. 2nd tham chieu. 1ST Tham chieu. 2nd tham chieu. 1ST Tham chieu. 2nd tham chieu. 1ST Tham chieu. 2nd tham chieu. Ca 4 truc b khoa. Ca 4 truc c m. Y NGHA Trang thai toc Che o quay cua truc chnh cham o cham

Xanh

Xanh

Xanh

Xanh

129

VAN HANH MAY PHAY VMC 650 I. GII THIEU CHC NANG VAN HANH Trc khi bat au thao tac tren may can oc ky chc nang, cach s dung cac phm ieu khien va cac phm van hanh sau:

1. Tat m chu trnh chay dao va dng may khan cap

2. en bao trang thai

3. cac cach la chon

4. ieu chnh toc o

7. Chieu truc
1. Tat, m chu trnh chay dao va dng may khan cap co 3 phm

6. Chc nang phu

5. Khoa chng trnh

Khi nhan (EMG.STOP) may dng ngay lap tc, no c s dung khi gap s co (khi co s co th chuong bao ong keu va en o chp lien tuc). Khi nhan (CYCLE START) may se thc hien chu trnh cat got. Khi nhan ( FEED HOLD) may se ngng gia cong cat got.

2. He thong en bao trang thai hoat ong cua may (hnh ben), tat ca cac tnh trang eu c hien th bang anh

EMG.S
130

sang, ac biet thay en o la may bao loi can dng may ngay tranh s co. 3. Cac che o la chon cho may (hnh di):

Khi at che o (EDIT) dung e soan thao chng trnh. Khi at che o (DNC) dung e ket noi vi may tnh ca nhan chay chng trnh. Khi at che o (AUTO) dung e chay t ong chng trnh a co. Khi at che o (MDI) dung e nhap d lieu t ban phm. Khi at che o (HANDLE) cho phep thc hien cac chuyen ong bang tay. Khi at che o (JOG) co tac dung di chuyen cham. Khi at che o (RAPID) co tac dung di chuyen nhanh. Khi at che o (ZRN) co tac dung di chuyen cac truc ve chuan may.

4. ieu chnh toc o gom ba cum chc nang sau:

Tren cum so ( 1 ) nh hnh ben co chc nang ieu chnh phan tram toc o cat nhanh hoac cham hn toc o a chon (mm/ph). Toc o thiet ke t 0 ~ 6000 mm/ ph. Phan tram toc o t 0 ~ 200 %. Tren cum so ( 2 ) co chc nang ieu chnh phan tram toc o chay dao, toc o truc chnh.

5. Khoa chng trnh gom 3 chc nang nh hnh di:

AUX FUNCTION at chc nang nay th se s dung c cac phm chc nang phu.

131

NORMAL la che o tieu chuan cua may. EDIT ENABLE la che o dung cho soan thao.

6. Cac phm chc nang phu (hnh ben) co cac chc nang:

Phm so 1 (SBK) thc hien tng cau lenh. Phm so 2 (BDT) nhay cau lenh ke tiep.

(1)

(2)

(3)

Phm so 3 (M 01) may se dng chng trnh neu gap M01, nhan tiep M01 may tiep tuc chay. Phm so 4 (MLK) khoa may. Phm so 5 (ZLK) khoa truc Z. (7)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Phm so 6 (DRN) may thc hien toc o cat vi gia tr chon ngoai bang che o JOG. Phm so 7 (ORCM) xoay truc chnh ung v tr thay dao. Phm so 8 (SPCW) truc chnh quay cung chieu kim ong ho. Phm so 9 (STOP) dng truc chnh. Phm so 10 (SPCWW) truc chnh quay ngc chieu kim ong ho. Phm so 11 (FOR) ay phoi ra ngoai. Phm so 12 (COOLT) m nht ti trn. Phm so 13 (CW) xoay o cha dao. Phm so 14 (BLOW) m voi kh lam mat. Phm so 15(LIGHT) m en chieu sang.

(8)

(9)

10

11

12

13

14

15

7. Cac phm chon chieu truc nh hnh ben, tren o the hien chieu dng va am, chung c s dung khi cho may ve chuan hoac ra chuan.

132

II. VAN HANH MAY PHAY CNC VMC 650 1. Khi ong may 1.1. Khi ong may CNC May phay VMC- 650 co cong tac m may nam phasau may nh hnh ben, khi m may th i ra pha sau bat cong tac nguon len v tr (ON), tng t khi tat may bat cong tac ve v tr (OFF). 1.2. Khi ong he ieu khien Nhan nut POWER ON-xanh (POWER ON) e khi ong panel ieu khien, man hnh xuat hien nh hnh ben, nhan POWER OFF-o

V tr m may

V tr tat may

(POWER OFF) la tat panel K.

- Nhan phm (MONITOR) goc ben phai man hnh, may se hien th nh hnh ben. Khi hien th vet sang luon v tr may (POSITION) va no cho ngi ng may biet toa o may ang v tr chuan hay khong chuan, neu may cha v tr chuan th phai a may ve chuan (tc la toa o X=O, Y=O, Z=O).

133

2. Xac nh chuan may ay la bc au tien khi gia cong cat got tren may CNC, khi cho may ve chuan co hnh nh di:

Cho may ve chuan bang cac thao tac: Tren bang la chon che o MODE SELECT bat cong tac v tr ZRN.

Tren bang chieu truc may AXIS DIRECTION nhan lan lt cac phm [Z+], [X+], [Y+], [4+], bat buoc truc Z phai chay trc sau o en cac truc X, Y, 4. Khi may a thc hien xong cac chuyen ong tren man hnh hien th toa o X=O, Y=O, Z=O, A=O (nh hnh ben). Trong khi cho may ve chuan co the ket hp tang toc o chay nhanh bang cong tac tren cum chc nang so (4-2) phan chc nang van hanh.

134

3. Cai at chuan chi tiet ( w ) ay la mot phan cua viec ieu chnh may. No la viec xac nh khoang cach t chuan may en v tr nh v cua chi tiet, chung c xac nh bang phng phap ra theo tng phng cua he truc toa o. Trc khi cai at chuan cho chi tiet, phoi phai c nh v va kep chat trong khong gian lam viec cua may (tren ban may), a phoi len ban may trc khi ga at phai c can chnh theo nguyen tac nh v va kep chat. Vi chi tiet hnh khoi th nh v va kep chat tren ban may, vi chi tiet tron xoay hoac can phan o khi gia cong th nh v va kep chat tren truc A. 3.1. Ra trc tiep bang dung cu cat va cai at Dao c lap vao truc chnh bang hai cach la thu cong va t ong nh sau:

Phng phap thu cong la thay dao bang tay: tren bang la chon che o MODE SELECT bat cong tac v tr HANDLE nh hnh tren; sau o dung mot tay a dao vao au truc chnh, tay kia ket hp nhan nut (mau vang) tren au truc chnh, khi nghe thay he thong kh nen hoat ong nha va kep xong th cong viec a hoan thanh. Phng phap thay dao t ong (xem phan 4-cai at dao): tren bang la chon che o MODE SELECT van tay gat v tr EDIT, tren ban phm ieu khien nhan EDIT man hnh soan thao hien th, chon PROGRAM, neu can at ten chng trnh th go mot vai ch so (v du 5555), roi nhan INPUT man hnh hien th nh hnh ve, neu khong can th bat au nhap gia tr dao so may (t 1~16) vao v tr dau nhay (v du T5.), nhap xong nhan INPUT, nhan tiep CYCLE START may se thc hien vec thay dao t ong.

Nhan phm (EDIT), ket hp bang ch cai, so va nut (CYCLE START) e may thc hien chng trnh t ong thay dao.

Khi chi tiet va dao a chuan b xong, bat au cong viec ra chuan cho chung.

135

3.1.1. Ra theo phng X va Y

Khi dao cham nhe be mat chi tiet theo phng nao o th may se xac nh c gia tr o lech chuan. Tren bang la chon che o MODE SELECT bat tay gat v tr ieu chnh bang tay HANDLE, sau o tren bang chieu truc AXIS DIRECTION nhan nut [ Z- ]. Khi dao gan cham chi tiet th dng lai chuyen sang s dung bang ieu khien cam tay ket hp nhan nut [SPCW ] (mau xanh goc phai bang ieu khien) cho truc chnh quay e ra. Khi dao cham vao be mat chi tiet theo phng X hoac Y th may a xac nh c chuan chi tiet, khi o toa o theo X, Y c hien th tren man hnh nh trang di: Gia tr o lech chuan gia may (M) va chuan chi tiet (W) c the hien tren man hnh theo tng phng X hoac Y cong vi ban knh cua dung cu ra. 3.1.2. Cai at chuan chi tiet theo phng X va Y Tr so o lech sau khi ra theo tng phng X hoac Y phai c nhap vao bo nh may CNC theo cach sau:

Sau khi ra c toa o X ta rut dao len theo phng Z cach be mat chi tiet mot khoang nho. e cai at chuan theo phng nay nhan [CURSOR ] a vet sang ti toa o X roi nhan phm [ X ], nhan tiep [ INPUT ] (luc nay man hnh hien th toa o X = 0). Sau o cho dao chay vao chi tiet vi gia tr bang ban knh dao (cong them ban knh dao), tng t nhan [ X ] , nhan [ INPUT ] (luc nay tam truc chnh trung vi ng chuan chi tiet theo phng X) va lay X= 0, cu the nh hnh sau:
X 209.234 Y 260.178 Z 492.640 X 209.234 Y 260.178 Z 492.640 X 0.000 Y 260.178 Z 492.640

] [ INPUT ]

Tng t vi Y, nhap tr so a ra c theo phng Y bang cach nhan phm [ Y ], roi nhan [ INPUT ], dung bang ieu khien cam tay dch chuyen dao cho an vao chi tiet mot lng ung bang ban knh dao, dung con tro a vet sang ve Y, nhan [ Y ] roi nhan[ INPUT ], luc nay man hnh hien th toa o X=O, Y=O nh hnh ben.

Dung bang ieu chnh cam tay dch chuyen dao theo chieu dng ung bang ban knh dao (v

X 5.000 Y 260.178 Z 492.640 A 0.000

X 0.000 Y 260.178 Z 492.640

[ ] [ INPUT ]

136

X= -5

X 0.000 Y 0.000 Z 492.640 A 0.000

5 mm

Y= -5

5 mm

3.1.3. Ra va cai at theo phng Z Co nhieu phng phap ra va cai at dao theo phng Z (c trnh bay phan cai at dao). ay dung phng phap o dao e cai at theo phng Z, cach lam c tien hanh nh sau: dung thc o chieu dai cua dao, roi nhap gia tr o c cua dao cong vi gia tr cua may vao OFFSET.e co man hnh WORK -OFFSET nhan phm [ TOOL PARAMETER ] goc phai man hnh, khi o man hnh hien th v tr (1) chon (WORK) nh hnh di. Sau o di chuyen theo truc Z cho be mat cua dao cham vao be mat cua phoi, chon gia tr t WORK G54~G59 roi nhap gia tr tnh c bang cong thc sau: tr tuyet oi gia tr cua may cong vi chieu dai dao o c. v du tai Z54 = M + Ldao o c

Nhap gia tr G54 mang dau vao ni nhap d lieu cua truc Z nh hnh sau: Ta co man hnh [ WORK OFFSET ] roi nhap cac gia tr ( G ) vao v tr toa o Z.
TOOL PARAM

(1)
WORK PROCESS .. MENU

Nhap G54 vao truc Z

137

3.2. Ra va cai at chuan thong qua dung cu ra (au do) au do la dung cu quang hoc, no t phat va thu tn hieu thong qua he thong en tn hieu la cac tia hong ngoai va bo phan vi x ly ben trong, moi mot phng phap o c cai at san bang mot chng trnh Macro cu the, nh xac nh tam lo va tam tru la chng trnh P9019, xac nh ranh am hoac dng P9010, xac nh giao iem hai ng vuong goc P9011. . ., e s dung c no trc tien phai lap len truc chnh, sau o o do e xac nh ban knh chuan cua no. Bc th nhat lap mui ra len au mang mui ra (au do), sau o au do c lap trc tiep bang tay len truc chnh hoac lap len ban dao roi dung lenh thay dao t ong, thao tac giong nh phan cai at dao hoac phan xac nh chuan chi tiet. Bc th hai xac nh kch thc ban knh au do bang chng trnh Marcro O9015. 3.2.1. Xac nh kch thc au do bang chng trnh Macro O9015 Dung mot vong tron a co kch thc tieu chuan c ga len ban may, cho au do tiep xuc trong tai ba hoac bon iem nh hnh di,may se t xac nh ban knh au do, no co dang G65 P9015 D75.0 S3 4

2 6

Y
3 Dd V du chng trnh xac nh ng knh au do trong vong tron tieu chuan bang cau truc cau lenh nh v du sau: O0002 G90 G80 G40 G0 G65 P9021 G55 X0 Y0 (khoa truc chnh, bao gom ca M19) (v tr bat au)

G43 H1 Z100.0 (offset dao so 1,i xuong ti toa o Z cach be mat chi tiet 100mm) G65 P9014 Z-5.0 F2000 (v tr di chuyen tiep xuc bon iem cach be mat xuong 5mm) G65 P9015 D71.9023 S2 (xac nh c ng knh trong vong tron va c lu gi) G65 P9014 Z100.0 (di chuyen ve lai toa o Z luc ban au i xuong) 138

G28 Z100.0 H00 G65 P9022 M30

(t ong tr ve chuan thao chng) (huy bo gia tr offset) (m khoa truc chnh) (ket thuc chng trnh) Xac nh phan tru loi bang cach cho au do tiep xuc ngoai vi bon canh cua nh tru, roi chia ra lay c tam nh hnh di, vi cau truc cau lenh nh v du sau: (chon dao so 1, t (iem bat au)

3.2.2. Xac nh tam lo khoan hoac phan tru loi bang chng trnh Macro O9019

2 3 4 5 6

9 8 7

1. T01M06 ong thay dao) 2. G54X0Y0

3. G43H1Z100. (offset dao so 1, di chuyen nhanh theo phng Z cach be mat chi tiet 100mm) 4. G65P9021 gom ca M19) (khoa truc chnh,

5. G65P9014Z10.F3000 (v tr di chuyen e tiep xuc bon nh hnh tru, cach be mat chi tiet xuong 10mm)

Y X

G55

6. G65P9019D50.Z-10.S2R10. (o tru ng knh 50.0mm, cach be mat 10mm, S2 tng ng gia tr Work offset G55, o h tiep xuc theo phng X la 10mm) 7. G65P9014Z100 tr Z100mm ban au) (di chuyen ve v

1 2 9 8 7 3 4 5

8. 9.

G65P9022 G28Z100

(m truc chnh) (tr ve v tr ban au)

Xac nh phan tru lom (hoc tron) bang cach cho au do tiep xuc trong tai bon nh cua hoc tron, roi chia ra lay tam nh hnh di, vi cau truc cau lenh nh v du sau:

1. T01M06 (chon dao va che o thay dao t ong) 2. G54X100.0Y100. (v tr bat au)

6 G55

139

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

G43H1Z100 100mm) G65P9021

(offset dao so 1, di chuyen nhanh ti toa o Zcach be mat chi tiet (khoa truc chnh, gom ca M19)

G65P9014Z-10.F3000 (di chuyen tiep xuc trong tai bon nh hoc, cach be mat xuong10mm) G65P9019D30.S2 (o lo ng knh 30mm, gia tr Work offset G55) G65P9014Z100. G65P9022 G28Z100 (di chuyen ve v tr ban au co toa o Z100mm) (m truc chnh) (tr ve v tr ban au)

3.2.3. Xac nh cac hoc vuong am hoac dng bang chng trnh Macro O9010

Z0.0 Z0 Zz

Dd

Rr Z Y X

Dd

1 9

2 3 4

Xac nh tam cac hoc vuong loi len bang cach cho au do tiep xuc hai canh cua phan loi len roi chia oi lay iem gia lam chuan, vi cau lenh nh v du sau: 1. 2. 3. 4. T01M06 (chon dao so 1, thay dao t ong) G54X0Y0 (v tr bat au) G43H1Z100. (offset dao so 1, di chuyen theo phng Z cach mat chi tiet 100mm) G65P9021 (khoa truc chnh)

5 6

G55 Z Y X

140

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

G65P9014Z10.F3000 (v tr di chuyen e tiep xuc vi hai canh, cach be mat chi tiet 10mm) G65P9010X50.Z-10S2 (xac nh chieu dai theo phng X la 50mm, tiep xuc theo phng Z cach be mat 10mm, gia tr Work offset G55) G65P9014Z100. G65P9022 G28Z100. (di chuyen ve v tr cach be mat chi tiet khoang 100mm) (m truc chnh) (tr ve v tr ban au).

Xac nh tam cua ranh am bang cach cho au do tiep xuc hai ben thanh cua ranh, c toa o theo phng X, roi chia oi xac nh c tam bang chng trnh v du sau:

Z0

Z0.0 Zz

Xx, Yy Rr Z Y X
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. T01M06 t ong) (chon dao so 1, thay dao (v tr bat au) 1, di

Xx, Yy

1 9

2 3 4

8 7

5 6

G54X100.Y50.

G43H1Z100. (offset dao so chuyen ti toa o Z 100mm) G65P9021

(khoa truc chnh)

G65P9014Z-10.F3000. (di chuyen dao tiep xuc hai canh, cach be mat xuong 10mm)

G55

Y X

141

6. 7. 8. 9.

G65P9010X30.S2 G65P9014Z100 G65P9022 G28Z100

(o chieu rong ranh theo phng X=30mm, gia tr offset G55) (o xong di chuyen ve v tr cach be mat 100mm) (m truc chnh) (tr ve v tr ban au).

3.2.4. Xac nh tng be mat theo phng X, Y bang chng trnh Macro O9013 Xac nh chuan cua be mat X hoac Y bang cach cho au do tiep xuc vi canh ben cua chi tiet theo phng X hoac Y bang chng trnh v du sau: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. T01M06 (chon dao so 1, thay dao t ong) (v tr bat au) G54X20.Y20.

G43H1Z100. (offset dao so 1, di chuyen ti toa o Z 100mm) G65P9021 (khoa truc chnh) G65P9014Z-8.F3000. (di chuyen dao tiep xuc vi canh, cach be mat xuong 8mm) G65P9010X0.T10 (o be mat X=0mm, gia tr offset dao so 10) theo phng

X,Y

2 9 3 8 4 5 7

G65P9014Z100 (o xong di chuyen ve v tr cach be mat 100mm) G65P9022 G28Z100 (m truc chnh) (tr ve v tr ban au).

3.2.5. Xac nh be mat n theo phng Z bang chng trnh Macro O9018

6 Z Y X

Xac nh chuan cua be mat Z bang cach cho au do tiep xuc vi be mat cua chi tiet theo phng Z bang chng trnh v du sau: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. T01M06 (chon dao so 1, thay dao t ong) (v tr bat au) (khoa truc chnh) G54X-40.Y20. G65P9021

G43H1Z100. (offset dao so 1, di chuyen ti toa o Z 100mm) G65P9014Z10.F3000. (di chuyen dao tiep xuc vi be mat chi tiet, roi lui lai cach be mat 10mm, roi cham nhe be mat Z=0mm)

142

6. 7. 8. 9.

G65P9018Z10.T11 G65P9014Z100 G65P9022 G28Z100

(o be mat theo phng Z=0mm, gia tr offset dao so 11) (o xong di chuyen ve v tr cach be mat 100mm)

(m truc chnh) (tr ve v tr ban au).

1 3 4 Tt 5 6 Y X Zz Z Y

2 9 8 7

3.2.6. Xac nh giao iem hai ng vuong goc trong, lay chuan tai goc trong hoac cach goc mot khoang nao o bang chng trnh Macro O9011

Y X

143

Co hai phng phap xac nh chuan cho goc trong, phng phap th nhat la cho tiep xuc hai canh roi lay chuan tai goc, phng phap th hai la lay chuan cach goc o mot khoang nao o,cu the nh sau:

Phng phap xac nh chuan tai goc vuong bang cau lenh nh v du sau: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. T01M06 (chon dao so 1, thay dao t ong) (v tr bat au) G54X-20.Y-20.

G43H1Z100. (offset dao so 1, di chuyen ti toa o Z 100mm) G65P9021 (khoa truc chnh) G65P9014Z-5.F3000. (di chuyen dao tiep xuc vi hai canh chi tiet, cach be mat xuong 5mm) G65P9011X10.Y0.S3 (tm goc X=0, Y=0, gia tr offset G56) G65P9014Z100 (o xong di chuyen ve v tr cach be mat 100mm) G65P9022 G28Z100 (m truc chnh) (tr ve v tr ban au).

2 9 8 7 6 3 4 5

6. 7. 8. 9.

Y X 2 9 8 3 4 5 1

Phng phap xac nh chuan cach goc vuong mot khoang vi X=50, Y=60 bang cau lenh nh v du sau: (chon dao so 1, thay (v tr bat

1. T01M06 dao t ong) 2. au) 3. 4. 5.

G54X30.Y40.

G43H1Z100. (offset dao so 1, di chuyen ti toa o Z 100mm) G65P9021 (khoa truc chnh) G65P9014Z-5.F3000. (di chuyen dao tiep xuc vi hai canh chi tiet, cach be mat xuong 5mm) G65P9011X50.Y60.S3(tm goc va dch chuyen theo X=50, Y=60, gia tr offset G56)

7 6

Y60

6.

X50 Z Y X

144

7. 8. 9.

G65P9014Z100 G65P9022 G28Z100

(o xong di chuyen ve v tr cach be mat 100mm) (m truc chnh) (tr ve v tr ban au).

3.2.7. Xac nh giao iem hai ng vuong goc ngoai, lay chuan tai goc ngoai hoac cach goc mot khoang nao o bang chng trnh Macro O9012

Yy

Yy

Y X
Co hai phng phap xac nh chuan cho goc ngoai, phng phap th nhat la cho tiep xuc hai canh roi lay chuan tai goc ngoai, phng phap th hai la lay chuan cach goc o mot khoang nao o,cu the nh sau:

2 9 8 7 3 4

Phng phap xac nh chuan tai goc ngoai bang cau lenh nh v du sau: T01M06 (chon dao so 1, thay dao t (v tr bat au)

1. ong) 2. 3. 4. 5.

G54X-10.Y-10.

5 6 Z Y X

G43H1Z100. (offset dao so 1, di chuyen ti toa o Z 100mm) G65P9021 (khoa truc chnh) G65P9014Z-5.F3000. (di chuyen dao tiep xuc vi hai canh chi tiet, cach be mat xuong 5mm) G65P9012X0.Y0.S2 G65P9014Z100 G65P9022 G28Z100

6. 7. 8. 9.

(tm goc X=0, Y=0, gia tr offset G55) (o xong di chuyen ve v tr cach be mat 100mm)

(m truc chnh) (tr ve v tr ban au). 145

Phng phap xac nh chuan cach goc vuong mot khoang vi X=20, Y=50 bang cau lenh nh v du sau: 1. 2. 3. T01M06 (chon dao so 1, thay dao t ong) G54X0.Y30. au) (v tr bat

2 9 8 7 Y50 3 4

G43H1Z100. (offset dao so 1, di chuyen ti toa o Z 100mm) G65P9021 truc chnh) (khoa

X20

4. 5.

5 6

G65P9014Z-5.F3000. (di chuyen dao tiep xuc vi hai canh chi tiet, cach be mat xuong 5mm) G65P9012X20.Y50.S2(tm goc va dch chuyen theo X=20, Y=50, gia tr offset G55) G65P9014Z100 G65P9022 G28Z100 (m truc chnh) (tr ve v tr ban au).

6.

Y X

7. 8. 9.

(o xong di chuyen ve v tr cach be mat 100mm)

3.3. Ra tren truc 4 Chi tiet c nh v va kep chat tren truc th 4, khi xac nh c chuan cua chi tiet, th tien hanh phan o theo cac goc o yeu cau cua chi tiet can gia cong (truc th 4 nay quay goc t 0 ~ 360 o). ac biet khi gia cong cac chi tiet hnh tron co yeu cau cac lo hoac ranh song song cach eu nhau rat n gian nh tnh nang quay tron rat chnh xac cua au phan o gan tren no. Xac nh chuan cho mot chi tiet co the dung dao e ra hoac thong qua au do (am bao o chnh xac cao), ay s dung cach n gian nhat la xac nh trc tiep bang dao , v du nh hnh sau:

146

Trng hp th nhat (hnh tren): lay chuan ng sinh va mat au chi tiet, trng hp nay kch thc dao va chi tiet a c o trc. Bc th nhat cho dao cham vao ng sinh cua phoi, roi offset gia tr ban knh dao va phoi. Bc th hai cho dao cham mat au chi tiet, roi offset gia tr ban knh dao la xac nh c chuan.

Trng hp th hai (hnh tren): lay chuan ng tam va mat au chi tiet, trng hp nay kch thc dao va chi tiet a c o trc. Bc th nhat cho dao cham vao ng sinh (canh ben) cua phoi, roi offset gia tr ban knh dao va phoi. Bc th hai cho dao cham ng sinh (canh tren) cua phoi, la xac nh c chuan. 4. Ra va cai at dao Tat ca cac phng phap ra la e xac nh ng knh dao, khi a co ng knh dao th mi xac nh c chuan chi tiet, gia tr o lech chuan gia may va chi tiet c cong them vi ban knh dao. Ra va cai at dao gom co ba cach chnh nh sau: cach th nhat dung thc o trc tiep chieu dai dao roi nhap vao (WORK OFFSET), cach th hai dung au so dao a gan tren ban may e o dao bang cach s dung chng trnh con (chng trnh Macro), cach th ba la soan thao a chng trnh con vao t au cau lenh cua chng trnh gia cong. 4.1. o chieu dai dao bang thc roi nhap vao (WORK OFFSET)

Dung thc o chieu dai cua dao, roi nhap gia tr o c cua dao cong vi gia tr cua may vao OFFSET. e co man hnh WORK -OFFSET nhan phm [ TOOL PARAMETER ] goc phai man hnh, khi o man hnh hien th v tr (1) chon (WORK) nh hnh di. Sau o di chuyen theo truc Z cho be mat cua dao cham vao be mat cua phoi, chon gia tr t WORK G54~G59 roi nhap gia tr tnh c bang cong thc sau: tr tuyet oi gia tr cua may cong vi chieu dai dao o c.

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v du tai Z54 = M + Ldao o c

Nhap gia tr G54 mang dau vao ni nhap d lieu cua truc Z nh hnh sau: Ta co man hnh [ WORK OFFSET ] roi nhap cac gia tr ( G ) vao v tr toa o Z.
TOOL PARAM

(1)
WORK PROCESS .. MENU

Nhap G54 vao truc Z

4.2. Dung au so dao e o dao

Dung au so dao e o dao bang cach s dung chng trnh con, o la cac chng trnh Macro 09851 o chieu dai dao bang phng phap thu cong, macro 09852 o ng knh dao bang phng phap thu cong, macro 09853 t ong o ca chieu dai va ng knh dao. Cach goi chng trnh Macro nh sau:

Goi chng trnh Macro bang

cach van tay gat tren bang la chon che o (MODE SELECT) v tr EDIT, tren ban phm nhan [EDIT] man hnh hien th nh hnh ben.

Ket hp nhan phm [EDIT],cac phm ch cai, ch so va nut CYCLE START e thc hien.

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Khi co man hnh (PROGRAM -SEARCH)

go ten chng trnh can tm vao dong nhap d lieu O ( ) N( ) roi nhan [ INPUT ],

man hnh se hien th ra chng trnh can tm.

Khi co chng trnh con roi th soan cau

lenh can o con dao so may, roi nhan CYCLE START may t ong o dao theo chng trnh o.

o xong co ban knh dao, t o i xac nh chuan chi tiet.

4.2.1. o chieu dai dao bang chng trnh Macro 09851

ay la phng phap o thu cong bang cach dung bang ieu khien cam tay ieu chnh cho dao tiep xuc vi be mat cua phoi, dao ch c o theo phng Z bang hai phng phap la dao khong quay va dao quay tron. o va cai at chieu dai dao ma dao khong quay (hnh so 1): c ap dung cu the cho cac loai mui khoan va dao phay ngon c nho, khi a goi chng trnh con ra nh tren th ket hp tren ban phm chc nang soan thao chng trnh da vao bang phm (INPUT) va thc hien chu trnh bang (CYCLE START). V du cu the nh (hnh 1) di: G65P9051T8. Trong o T8. la so offset chieu dai cho con dao so 8 Ss

ZZ

ZZ

Hnh 2

Hnh 1

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o va cai at chieu dai dao khi dao quay tron (hnh 2): c ap dung cu the cho cac loai dao phay ngon c ln va dao phay mat au, khi a goi chng trnh con ra nh tren th ket hp tren ban phm chc nang soan thao chng trnh da vao bang phm (INPUT) va thc hien chu trnh bang (CYCLE START). V du cu the nh hnh so 2 tren: G65P9851S80.T8. Trong o: S80. la ng knh li cat cua dao; T8. la so offset cho con dao so 8. Ss 4.2.2. o ng knh dao bang chng trnh Macro 09852 ay la phng phap o thu cong bang cach dung bang ieu khien cam tay ieu chnh cho dao tiep xuc vi be mat cua phoi, dao c quay tron va cho tiep xuc theo hai phng X, Y nh hnh so 3 ben: V du cu the nh (hnh 3) ben: G65P9852S80.D8.Trong o: S80. la ng knh li cat cua dao (ng knh dao nhap vao); D8. la a ch so offset ng knh cho con dao so 8. 4.2.3. T ong o ca chieu dai va ng knh dao bang chng trnh Macro 09853

Hnh 3

ay la phng phap t ong o dao, dao c quay tron va cho tiep xuc theo ba phng Z, X, Y nh (hnh 4) ben:

Neu dung cau lenh B1 th ch o chieu dai cua dao. Neu dung cau lenh B2 th ch o ng knh cua dao. Neu dung cau lenh B3 th ch o ca chieu dai va ng knh cua dao. V du cu the nh hnh so 4 ben di: V du 1: o chieu dai ma dao khong quay G65P9853SB1.T1.

Trong o: B1 la t ong o chieu dai cua dao, T1 la a ch dao can o va gia tr offset dao so 1.

V du 2: o chieu dai ma dao quay G65P9853SB1.T1.S80.

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Trong o: B1 la t ong o chieu dai cua dao, T1 la a ch dao can o va gia tr offset dao so 1, S80 la ng knh cua li cat (ng knh dao nhap vao).

V du 3: o ng G65P9853SB2.T1.D20.S80.

knh

dao

quay

Trong o: B2 la t ong o ng knh cua dao, T1 la a ch dao can o va gia tr offset dao so 1, D20 la a ch so offset ng knh dao, S80 la ng knh cua dao nhap vao.

V du 4: o ca chieu dai va ng knh dao G65P9853SB3.T1.D20.S80. Trong o: G65 goi chng trnh Macro, P9853 ten chng trnh, B3 la t ong o ca chieu dai va ng knh dao, T1 la a ch dao can o va gia tr offset dao so 1, D20 la a ch so offset ng knh dao, S80 la ng knh cua dao nhap vao. 4.3. Soan chng trnh con roi a vao t au chng trnh gia cong

Hnh 4

Co the soan chng trnh con bang cach a vao t au cau lenh trong chng trnh soan thao. Tren bang la chon che o MODE SELECT van tay gat v tr EDIT, tren ban phm ieu khien nhan [ EDIT ], man hnh soan thao hien ra, bat au soan thao bang cac phm tren ban ieu khien, soan xong nhan CYCLE START may t ong o dao o, o xong co ban knh dao th bat au xac nh chuan chi tiet. V du o dao T5 va T6:

M98P7225;G54; G65P9853B3T5.005D15S14; G65P9853B3T6.006D16S10;M99 Nhan CYCLE START may t ong o va xac nh c ng knh hai dao o. Trong o: M98 goi chng trnh con, P7225 ten chng trnh do ngi soan thao at, G54 gia tr work offset, G65 goi chng trnh Macro, P9853 ten chng

Ket hp phm {EDIT],cac ch cai,ch so va nut CYCLE START

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trnh o dao, B3 la t ong o ca chieu dai va ng knh dao, T5 (6) la dao can o va gia tr (.005, .006) la so offset dao tng ng, D15 (16) la a ch so offset ng knh dao, S14 (10) ng knh dao nhap vao, M99 tr ve chng trnh chnh. 5. Soan thao chng trnh ay chnh la bc quan trong nhat e gia cong c tren may CNC, co hai phng phap lap trnh chnh:

Phng phap lap trnh thu cong: la phng phap lap trnh can ban, dung ngon ng cua may CNC hay con goi ngon ng G. Phng phap lap trnh t ong: la phng phap lap trnh vi s ho tr cua cac ngon ng khac nh CAD/CAM e lap trnh, sau o thong qua may tnh chuyen sang ngon ng cua may CNC. Trc khi soan thao chng trnh can phai nghien cu ky ve cong nghe gia cong chi tiet, cu the ve hnh dang hnh hoc, o chnh xac yeu cau va vat lieu cua chi tiet gia cong. Chon phoi va cach ga lap chi tiet. Chon tien trnh cong nghe hp ly, xac nh che o cat got. Sau khi nghien cu va chon xong tien hanh thiet ke quy ao cat that chi tiet, hp ly va chnh xac, nhat la toa o cua cac iem chuyen tiep tren quy ao cat cua dao. Sau khi chuan b cac bc xong tien hanh soan thao trc tiep tren ban phm chc nang neu nh cha co chng trnh lu trong may, neu chng trnh a co th ch viec goi ra man hnh e gia cong hoac chnh sa theo tng yeu cau cu the. 5.1. Soan thao chng trnh Tren bang la chon che o MODE SELECT van tay gat v tr EDIT, tren ban phm ieu khien nhan [ EDIT ], man hnh xuat hien nh hnh ve ben, chon PROGRAM, co man hnh soan thao th at ten cho chng trnh bang cac ch so (v du: ten chng trnh la 777), nhan [ INPUT ],man hnh hien th ten mi nhap tren cung, ben di la dau nhay dung e viet cac cau lenh, viet xong chng trnh th nhan [ INPUT ] e nhap vao bo nh, man hnh sau soan thao la hnh ben (v du chng trnh 777: G54 G90 G0; T6; X-85. Y-30; G43 Z50. H6; S800 M03; Z-2 M8; G1 Y170; F60; G90 G0 Z100. M9; G91 G28 Z0 M5; M30;)

Ket hp phm {EDIT],cac ch cai,ch so va nut CYCLE START

Cac phm ho tr cho soan thao chng trnh: [CURSOR]: Dung di chuyen dau nhay.

152

[EOB]:

Dung khi ket thuc cau lenh.

[CANCEL]: Dung xoa nhng ky t khong can thiet hang soan thao. [DELETE]: Xoa lenh hoac cau lenh. [SHIFT]: [RESET]: Ho tr khi s dung phm kep. Tr lai v tr trc o.

5.2. Goi chng trnh ra man hnh Chng trnh co the c soan thao tren nhng phan mem thong dung khac nhau, sau o c lu vao phan mem hoac phan cng. e a chng trnh ra man hnh, phoi hp cac phm chc nang [EDIT], [CURSOR], [INPUT], [RESET], [SEARCH]. Tren bang la chon che o MODE SELECT van tay gat v tr EDIT, tren ban phm chc nang nhan [EDIT ], co man hnh hien ra nh hnh (1 ), chon SEARCH, roi go ten chng trnh vao (v du 777), nhan [ INPUT ], man hnh hien th chng trnh 777 nh (hnh 2 ) ben di:

EDIT

SEARCH

Ket hp nhan phm [EDIT],cac phm ch cai, ch so va nut CYCLE START e thc hien.

INPUT

153

6. Kiem tra chng trnh Chng trnh sau khi soan thao can phai c kiem tra, hieu chnh. ay la khau quan trong trc khi gia cong tren may CNC. Kiem tra ay la kiem tra ve mat hnh dang hnh hoc, van e cong nghe, quy ao cat, co hai cach kiem tra nh sau:

Kiem tra thu cong: la do chng trnh bang mat va ve ra chi tiet gia cong bang tay. Cach nay c thc hien khi ieu kien may tnh va phan men khong co. Kiem tra bang may: chng trnh soan thao c nhap vao may tnh, cho chay mo phong tren phan mem phu hp.

Da tren quy ao chuyen ong cua dao va hnh dang chi tiet hnh thanh ma sa oi chng trnh hay dao cat, che o cat . . . e am bao yeu cau ky thuat. Cach kiem tra nh sau: Tren bang la chon che o MODE SELECT van tay gat v tr EDIT, tren ban phm ieu khien nhan [ SFG ], man hnh chng trnh hien th nh (hnh 1) ben di, chon SEARCH, go ten chng trnh vao dong nhap d lieu, nhan [ INPUT ], man hnh hien th ra chng trnh can tm, chon CHECK e kiem tra chng trnh, NI GO TEN CHNG TRNH chon STEP chay mo SFG phong tng CHECK STEP ERASE SEARCH cau lenh ma khong co hnh SEARC anh mo ta i 777 N13-0 Fc 0.000 GRAPHIC kem, chon [MACHINE] G54 G90 G0; TRACE la X 1344.567 T6; X-85. Y-30; Y 0.000 chay mo G43 Z50. H6; S800 M03; INPUT Z 0.000 Z-2 M8; G1 Y170; F60; phong co hnh G90 G0 Z100. M9; anh mo ta i G91 G28 Z0 M5; Z kem. M30;
Y

7. Chay chng trnh va cat got Trc khi gia cong cat got tren may, cong viec

X TRACE EXECUTION TRACE PROGRAM ERASE MENU

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quan trong va khong the thieu c la ieu chnh may, ieu chnh may la lam sao cho may CNC biet c chi tiet gia cong c at au tren may va dung cu cat co kch thc ra sao. Muon gia cong c chnh xac th chuoi kch thc cong nghe cua he thong cong nghe gom: May-dao-ga-chi tiet phai khep kn. Khi thiet ke va che tao mot may CNC, ngi thiet ke a at cho may mot iem chuan o lng. iem chuan co the co nh tai mot v tr, nhng cung co the khong co nh, tuy vao cau truc moi loai may. Khi gia cong tren may CNC, viec chuan b cong nghe va lap chng trnh ieu khien c thc hien ben ngoai may CNC. Vay khi ket noi chung lai (may-dao-ga-chi tiet) phai tuan theo mot chuoi kch thc cong nghe khep kn. Luc o may CNC mi ieu khien gia cong theo chuan cua no mot cach chnh xac. Gia cong chi tiet tren may CNC can phai chuan b phoi, dao cat va o ga. o ga c co nh trong khong gian gia cong tren ban may, phai c ra vuong goc hoac song song vi cac phng chuyen ong cua may. Chi tiet phai c nh v va kep chat tren o ga. Cu the tren may VMC 650 e chay chng trnh va cat got, tren bang la chon che o MODE SELECT van tay gat v tr AUTO va s dung phm CYCLE START. Sau khi a soan thao va kiem tra xong chng trnh, may-dao-ga-chi tiet a san sang th nhan CYCLE START chng trnh bat au chay, ong thi may thc hien cong viec cat got. Chng trnh c chay tng cau lenh theo th t, ong thitr so cua toa o X, Y. Z cung bien oi theo s di chuyen cua dung cu cat. Thay oi toc o chay dao: khi ang chay chng trnh va may ang cat got, co the thay oi toc o chay dao (t 0 ~ 6000mm/ph) bang cong tac nh hnh ben. Thay oi toc o vong truc chnh va toc o cat: khi ang chay chng trnh va may ang cat got, co the thay oi toc o cat (t 0 ~100%), toc o truc chnh (t 50 ~ 120%) bang cong tac nh hnh ben.

Ban may
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Truc chnh